Vaccines
Overview• Vaccine production
methods• Vaccine types and
Diseases preventable by vaccines
• Vaccine modifications• Routes of administration• Reverse vaccinology• Safety concerns about
vaccination
• What are vaccines• Concept of drug and
vaccines• Vaccination and
immunization concept• Imunity and its types• Immune responses
produced by vaccines• Vaccines timeline
Overview
• Vaccine trials• Potential Shortcomings of
Vaccines• Vaccine effectiveness
and failures• Vaccine approval
What are vaccines?
• stimulate the immune system
VACCINOLOGY
Concept of drug and vaccines
Concept of drug and vaccines
• Concept of Drug– Kill invaders or foreign pathogens– Inhibit the growth of pathogens– Patients – therapeutic
Concept of drug and vaccines
• Concept of Vaccine– Generate memory cells– Prophylactic or therapeutic
Vaccination and immunization
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ACTIVE VACCINE
Stimulates
• Humoral Immune Response,
• Cellular Immune Response
• or Both
the aim of protecting against or eliminating a
pathogen
Humoral
Vaccines timeline
• 18th century
Edward Jenner
1796----- observed
1798----- introduced the practice
of vaccinations
First vaccine ever developed
Vaccines timeline
• 19th century
1853---- vaccination act UK
Compulsory childhood vaccination
First vaccines for cholera, rabies, tetanus, typhoid fever, bubonic plague
Vaccines timeline
• 20th centurydiphtheria,
tuberculosis,
whooping cough,
yellow fever,
typhus, influenza,
Japanese encephalitis,
anthrax,
polio,
measles,
mumps, rubella, chicken pox,
pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae),
meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis),
hepatitis B,
Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB),
hepatitis A,
Lyme disease
Vaccines timeline
Vaccines timeline
Vaccines timeline
1982 ---- Hepatitis B vaccine becomes available.
1986 ---- The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act established
Vaccines timeline
1988 ---- Worldwide Polio Eradication Initiative launched; supported by
WHO,
UNICEF,
CDC and others.
Vaccines timeline
1990 ----- The Vaccine Adverse Reporting System (VAERS), a national program monitoring the safety of vaccines established.
Vaccines timeline
1990 ---- Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine licensed for infants.
1991 ---- Hepatitis B vaccine was recommended for all infants
Vaccines timeline
1994 ---- Polio elimination certified in the USA.
1994 ---- Vaccines for Children(VFC) program established to provide access to free vaccines for eligible children at the site of their usual source of care.
1995 ---- Hepatitis A vaccine licensed
Vaccines timeline
1998 ---- First rotavirus vaccine licensed.
1999 ---- Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from the market as a result of adverse events
FDA recommends removing mercury from all products, including vaccines
Vaccines timeline
• 21st century
2000 ---- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine recommended for all young children.
Worldwide measles initiative launched
Vaccines timeline
2001 ---- September 11 results in increased concern of bioterrorism.
Vaccines timeline
2003 ---- Measles declared no longer endemic in the USA.
First live attenuated influenza vaccine licensed
2004 ---- Inactivated influenza vaccine recommended
2005 ---- Rubella declared no longer endemic in the United States.
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