28-10-2009
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Vacuum infused thermoplastic composites for wind turbine blades
Julie Teuwen, Design and Production of Composites Structures
2Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Introduction
WIND ENERGY:
• Promising renewable energy source
• Fast growing market share in energy supply
WIND TURBINE BLADES:
• Length > 50 m• Life expectancy ≈ 20 years
3Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Large Wind Turbine Blades
• Dedicated Offshore Wind Power Systems:• Stronger and more constant wind
• Increasingly large blades to increase power output per turbine and
reduce cost per kWh
• No noise-pollution and aesthetical issues
• Larger blades require:• Materials with higher specific properties (E/ρ, σ/ρ):
• Carbon fibre based composites
• More efficient structural design
mblade ∼∼∼∼ (Rblade ) 32.35
4Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Current blade manufacturing technology
• Material:• Glass fibres (NCF’s)
• Thermoset resin
• Process:• Vacuum infusion
• Prepregging
• Design:• 2 skins and 1 spar
• Structural bonding
Design
Material
Process
5Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Alternative structural design
• Re-introduction of ribs:• Higher structural efficiency (E/ρ)
• Reduces buckling of the spar
• Provides attachment points and load paths for smart actuators,
control surfaces and sensors
6Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Why thermoplastics?
• Processing:• Forming
• Assembly by welding
• Properties:• Good impact properties
• High toughness, also at low temperatures
• Abrasion resistant
• Chemical resistant
• Life cycle:• Unlimited shelf-life of raw materials
• Short production cycle time
• Fully recyclable
Pre-cut laminate sheet material
Infra red heating panels
Rubber die
Metal die
Rubber press
Final thermoplastic composite part
Heating element
Clamp connection
Welded parts
Voltmeter
Ampmeter
7Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
What still stands in the way?
• Costs:• Technology costs:
• New technologies and expensive equipment
• Material costs:
• Need for intermediates
• Processing:• High processing temperatures (>200°C):
• High costs, thermal stresses
• Melt pressing technology:
• Limits part size and thickness
• Properties:• Fatigue performance:
• Weak fiber-to-matrix bond
Monomer
Polymer
PowderGranules
Film Solution
Laminate Prepreg
Finalproduct
Tradit
ional
Proce
ssing
of
Therm
oplas
t ic Com
posi
tes
8Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Vacuum infusion of thermoplastic
composites
• Reactive processing:
• Processing:
• From the monomer directly to the polymer
• Large, thick, integrated parts
• Commonly used technology
• Below melting temperature of polymer
• Properties:
• Improved fibre-to-matrix bond
9Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Vacuum infusion of thermoplastic
composites
• Selection of resin:• Low processing
temperature (150-180˚C)
• Low viscosity (10 mPa.s)
• Low price/performance
(2-3€/kg)
Anionic Polyamide-6:
• AP-Nylon®
• World wide availability
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Processing temperature [ºC]
Mel
t vi
scos
ity [
Pa·
s]
epoxyvinylester
polyester
PMMA
PA-6
PBT
PA-12
PEK
ETPUPC
PMMAPA-12
PA-6
PBTPPS
PES
PEI
PEEK
PEKK
Reactive processing of thermoset resins
Reactive processing of thermoplastic resins
Melt processing of thermoplastic polymers
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Processing temperature [ºC]
Mel
t vi
scos
ity [
Pa·
s]
epoxyvinylester
polyester
PMMA
PA-6
PBT
PA-12
PEK
ETPUPC
PMMAPA-12
PA-6
PBTPPS
PES
PEI
PEEK
PEKK
Reactive processing of thermoset resins
Reactive processing of thermoplastic resins
Melt processing of thermoplastic polymers
• Selection of resin:• Low processing
temperature
• Low viscosity
• Low price/performance
10Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Alternative blade manufacturing
technology
11Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
What is done on material development?
• Polymer chemistry and physics
• Resin infusion process
• Composite properties
σσσσ
εεεε
12Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Polymer chemistry and physics
• Resin composition
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time [min]
Degre
e o
f conve
rsio
n [%
] .
Fast system
Slow systeminfusion
cure CAPROLACTAM
ACTIVATOR C20 INITIATOR C1
13Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Polymer chemistry and physics
• Resin constitution• Identify important parameters• Understand & simulate the reaction
Polymerisation at different temperatures and compar ison with pure ε-caprolactame, inner temperature record, same beginning
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
time [s]
tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
pue CL, 140°C, 1.measur.
140°C, 1.measurement150°C, 1.measurement
160°C, 1.measurement
pure CL, 150°C, 1.measur.pure CL, 160°C, 1.measur.
160°C 150°C140°C
14Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Polymer chemistry and physics
• Resin constitution• Identify important parameters• Understand & simulate the reaction• Characterise the properties• Comparison with currently used material
σ2
σ1
0.1
σσσσ
εεεε0.2 εεεεf
σσσσm
Compared to injection molded PA-6
Condition Young’s modulus [GPa]
Maximum strength [MPa]
Strain at failure [%]
23ºC, dry 4.2 (+ 41%) 96 (+ 14%) 9 (-) 23ºC, 50% RH 2.1 (+ 59%) 61 (+ 4%) 28 (-)
80ºC, dry 1.6 (+ 65%) 51 (+ 32%) 29 (-)
15Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Resin infusion process
• Development of resin infusion process:• Fabric (fine and coarse weave)
• Glass
• UD
• Glass
110°C
110°C
160-180°C
60 minutes
250 mbar
16Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Resin infusion process
• Development of resin infusion process• Homogeneous properties:
• In flow direction
• Through thickness
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time [min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
Tmould = 160°C (inlet)
Tmould = 160°C (center)Tmould = 160°C (outlet)
Outlet Inlet
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185
Temperature (ºC)
Laye
r Thermofoil+CarbonCarbonResistiveThermofoilPlated press
17Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Resin infusion process
• Development of vacuum infusion process• Homogeneous properties• Identify important parameters• Optimise infusion process• Good mechanical properties
• Good fibre-to-matrix bond
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Mould temperature [°C]
Inte
rlam
inar
sh
ear
stre
ng
th [
MP
a]
APA-6 composite (unsized/outlet)
APA-6 composite (sized/outlet)
18Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Composite Properties
• Static properties (Dry conditioned)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Compressive strength Tensile strength Shear strength
[MP
a]
APA-6 Epoxy PA-6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Compressive modulus Tensile modulus Shear modulus
[GP
a]
APA-6 Epoxy PA-6In dry state, APA-6 outperforms
all other reference material
19Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Composite Properties
• Static properties (moisture conditioned):
0
50
100150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Compressive strength Tensile strength Shear strength
[MP
a]
APA-6 Epoxy PA-6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Compressive modulus Tensile modulus Shear modulus
[GP
a]
APA-6 Epoxy PA-6
20Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Composite Properties
• Dynamic properties: • APA-6 composite
manufactured at 180C has
better fatigue properties
than the melt processed PA-
6 composite:
• Same toughness
• Higher interfacial bond
strength0
50100150200250300350400
1.0E+
02
1.0E+03
1.0E+
04
1.0E+
05
1.0E+06
1.0E+
07
n
S [M
Pa]
APA-6 (180ºC)PA-6EpoxyLog. (Epoxy)
21Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Conclusions
• For rib/spar/skin-structures, thermoplastic composites are favoured over thermoset composites. Parts can be rapidly melt processed and assembled through welding. Blades will be fully recyclable.
• Vacuum infusion of thermoplastic composites is introduced to overcome the classical drawbacks of these materials.
• The cure of a semi-crystalline thermoplastic resin is more complicated than of a thermoset resin.
• AP Nylon® has a low viscosity (10 mPa.s), good availability, a low price (2-3 €/kg), and a relatively low processing temperature (150-180°C).
22Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Conclusions• Homogeneous composites were obtained after optimisation of infusion process. Temperature, pressure and time are the key parameters.
• Reactively processed PA-6 outperforms melt processed PA-6 in all temperatures and humidities tested.
• Static properties of APA-6 composites are better than of their HPA-6 and epoxy counterparts in dry conditions. When moisture conditioned, the performance of APA-6 composites drops rapidly.
• Reactive processing of thermoplastic composites results in a strong interfacial bond strength and leads consequently to better fatigue performance compared to melt processing.
23Thermoplastic wind turbine blades
Vacuum infused thermoplastic
composites for wind turbine blades
Questions?
Julie Teuwen
Delft University of TechnologyFaculty of Aerospace Engineering
Design and Production of Composite Structures