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VALUE ENGINEERING FOR DRAINAGE AND STREAM WAY IN ROADS
AND HIGHWAYS CONSTRUCTION
BEHROUZ ANDABIZADEH
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2017
brought to you by COREView metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk
provided by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository
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Specially Dedicated To…
My Wife and My Children
Thanks for all the love, support, motivation and always being there
whenever I need them
My Supervisor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono
For his guidance and assistance throughout the whole thesis
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
By praising the Almighty Allah SWT and the Seal of the Prophets Allah
SAW and his progeny RA.
At first, I would like to thank my supervisor and advisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono, for his kind encouragement, earnest guidance,
appreciative advices, and friendly motivations. Without continuous support from my
supervisor, this research would not be the same as presented in this thesis.
In second, I would like to thank the Dean, staff of the Faculty of Civil
Engineering UTM for the facilities provided by them that support me to do this
research.
Last but not least, I want to express grateful thanks to my family; specially
my wonderful wife, their unlimited supports. Without their consistent supports and
encouragement, it was impossible for me to accomplish this work.
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ABSTRACT
Value Engineering (VE) is a total management approach to improve the
quality of construction projects. It increases the efficiency and performance of the
projects to gain the best integrated benefits. The VE focuses on function analysis of
the researched subjects and strives to achieve the required function reliably at the
lowest Life Cycle Cost (LCC). It seeks optimizing and improving decision making
to realize the optimal expenditure of owner funds while meeting required function.
The VE teamwork involving construction, design and maintenance staff reviewed
the construction project features and acquire for ways to improve quality, control
costs and time. This study focused on investigating the role of VE for existing main
road construction projects. It uses the Drainage Engineering Systems (DES) and
Surface Stream Way Drain (SSWD) after rainfall in the environmental health view
point related to VE. It predicates to decrease the air pollution and increasing the
health of environment. The main goal of this study is to design an enhanced VE
framework with main factors of drainage management in the main road. In this
study, VE questionnaire was sought to determine the overall thoughts, vistas, notion,
comprehending and understanding in addition to the connection to LCC price for
drainage and runoff of main roads, highways and streets. The quantitative data were
analyzed using one-way ANOVA technique and Factor Analysis of smart PLS. The
expert respondent provides scientific data, on the initial questionnaire with thirty
perfect answers. The qualitative data was used to support the quantitative results to
provide a mathematical framework between the twelve important main factors of
VE, DES and SSWD related to the factors of Construction Management (CM),
Materials (M), Environment (E), Human Resource (HR), Quality (Q), Aesthetic (A),
Cost (C), Time (T), Waste Materials (WM), Safety and Safety Driving (S and SD)
and Recycling (R). The findings revealed that the VE by working team can increase
performance and increase runoff collection of main roads, highways and streets. The
framework also decrease within the lowest possible cost, time, waste materials and
increase possible quality, aesthetic, safety driving and most possibly can effect
construction management, materials, recycling, human resource and environment.
The new framework of VE accepts all twelve main factors with only aesthetics factor
being rejected. The new VE framework is capable to save cost, time and increase
quality of road drainage system.
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ABSTRAK
Kejuruteraan Nilai (VE) adalah pendekatan pengurusan untuk meningkatkan
kualiti projek pembinaan. Ia meningkatkan kecekapan dan prestasi projek untuk
mendapatkan manfaat terbaik secara bersepadu. VE memberi tumpuan kepada
analisis fungsi subjek yang dikaji dan berusaha untuk mencapai fungsi yang
diperlukan pada tahap kos kitar hayat (LCC) yang paling rendah. Ia bertujuan
mengoptimum dan meningkatkan proses membuat keputusan untuk merealisasikan
perbelanjaan optimum pemilik di samping memenuhi fungsi diperlukan. Pasukan
kerja VE yang melibatkan staf pembinaan, reka bentuk dan penyelenggaraan
pembinaan memperoleh jalan untuk meningkatkan kualiti, kawalan kos dan masa.
Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada penyelidikan tentang peranan VE untuk projek
pembinaan jalan utama sedia ada. Ia menggunakan Sistem Kejuruteraan Saliran
(DES) dan Laluan Peparitan Permukaan (SSWD) selepas hujan dari sudut
pandangan kesihatan alam sekitar yang berkaitan dengan VE. Ia juga mengurangkan
pencemaran udara dan meningkatkan kesihatan alam sekitar. Matlamat utama kajian
ini adalah untuk merekabentuk rangka kerja VE baru dengan faktor-faktor utama
pengurusan perparitan di projek jalan utama. Dalam kajian ini, soal selidik VE telah
di peroleh dari pendapat, pandangan, tanggapan dan pemahaman responden yang
berkaitan dengan harga pada LCC untuk saliran dan air larian jalan raya utama,
lebuh raya dan jalan biasa. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan teknik ANOVA
sehala dan Faktor Analisis PLS pintar. Responden pakar menyediakan data saintifik
pada soal selidik awal dengan tiga puluh jawapan yang munasabah. Data kualitatif
telah digunakan untuk menyokong keputusan kuantitatif dalam menyediakan rangka
kerja matematik di antara kedua belas faktor utama. Faktor utama VE pada DES dan
SSWD adalah berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor Pengurusan Pembinaan (CM), Bahan-
bahan (M), Alam Sekitar (E), Sumber Manusia (HR), Kualiti (Q), Estetika (E), Kos
(C), Masa (T), Bahan sisa (WM), Keselamatan dan Keselamatan Memandu (S and
SD) dan Kitar Semula (R). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa VE oleh pasukan
kerja boleh meningkatkan prestasi dan meningkatkan pengumpulan air larian jalan
raya utama, lebuh raya dan jalan biasa. Rangka kerja ini juga berkemungkinan dapat
mengurangkan kos, masa, merendahkan bahan sisa dan meningkatkan kualiti,
estetika, keselamatan memandu. Ia juga memberi kesan terhadap pengurusan
pembinaan, bahan-bahan, kitar semula, sumber manusia dan alam sekitar. Rangka
kerja baru VE ini menerima kesemua dua belas faktor utama dengan hanya menolak
faktor Estetika di dalam rangka kerjanya. Rangka VE baru ini mampu untuk
menjimatkan kos, masa dan meningkatkan kualiti sistem saliran jalan raya.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Background of The Study 3
1.3 Objectives of The Study 8
1.4 Scopes of Study 8
1.5 Research Significant 10
1.6 Operational refinition of Terms 10
1.7 Brief of Research Methodology 12
1.8 Structure of Thesis 13
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Engineering Economic 16
2.3 Review of Relevant Research on VE 19
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2.3.1 VE in construction 19
2.3.2 VE in Main Roads and Highways
Construction 23
2.3.3 Value Planning 26
2.4 Value Management (VM) 27
2.5 Value Engineering (VE) 28
2.5.1 Main Characteristics of Value
Engineering 28
2.5.1.1 Value 28
2.5.1.2 Worth 29
2.5.1.3 Function 29
2.5.1.4 Life Cycle Costs 30
2.5.1.5 Systematic and Organized 31
2.5.1.6 Alternatives 31
2.5.1.7 Cost 31
2.5.1.8 Quality 33
2.5.1.9 Time Scheduling (TS) 33
2.6 Value Creation (VC) 34
2.7 Methodology of VE 34
2.8 Potential Applications For VE 37
2.8.1 Criteria for Evaluating VE In Main Roads
and Highways Construction 39
2.8.2 VE In Design of Main Roads and
Highways Construction 40
2.8.3 Rules Of Design And Build for Main
Roads And Highway Construction 41
2.9 Value Management and Decision Making 44
2.10 VE in Pre-Construction for Main Roads and
Highways Projects 46
2.10.1 Project Selection 46
2.10.2 Time 47
2.10.3 Participation 48
2.10.4 Standard Plans (SP), Specifications and
Design Criteria (DC) 48
2.10.5 VE Teams 48
2.10.6 Owner’s Engineering Scope 49
2.10.7 Front-End Engineering 49
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2.10.8 Framework of Cost 51
2.11 Value Engineering Workshops In Main Roads and
Highways Construction 51
2.11.1 Information Phase (IP) 52
2.11.2 Function Phase (FP) 53
2.11.3 Creative Phase (CP) 53
2.11.4 Judgment Phase (JP) 54
2.11.5 Development Phase (DP) 54
2.11.6 Recommendation Phase (RP) 55
2.12 Post-Study Procedures 56
2.12.1 Value Engineering Study Time Schedule 56
2.12.2 Relations Between Value And Worth 56
2.12.3 The Function Analysis System Technique
(FAST) Diagram 57
2.13 Integration with Various other Initiatives 58
2.13.1 Main Road Safety (MRS) 59
2.13.2 Value Opportunities During Construction 59
2.13.3 Accelerated Development of Construction 60
2.13.4 Best Value Contracting 61
2.13.5 Design and Build 61
2.13.6 Relationship of Value, Function, Cost
And Worth 61
2.14 Benefit of Value Analyze 62
2.15 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis 63
2.16 VE During Operations And Support 65
2.17 Criteria of Cost, Time and Quality) of VE for
Highways and Main Roads Projects 67
2.18 Drainage Engineering System (DES) and Surface
Stream Way Drain (SSWD) 69
2.18.1 Expression Related to the DES and
SSWD 70
2.18.2 Road Drainage Engineering System
Components 73
2.18.3 Requirements and tasks of drainage
engineering 74
2.18.4 Drainage criteria 77
2.19 Domain work area 78
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2.20 Clearing and Cleaning 78
2.21 Summary 79
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 80
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Development VE Framework 80
3.3 Framework Methodology 81
3.3.1 First Part for Framework of Research
Methodology 81
3.3.1.1 Literature review on VE for
Main Roads Construction
Projects 81
3.3.1.2 Investigation of VE for main
roads construction projects 82
3.3.1.3 Identify VE criteria for main
roads construction Projects 82
3.3.1.4 Priority of VE criteria in main
roads construction Projects 82
3.3.1.5 Quantitative Criteria 82
3.3.1.6 Qualitative Criteria 83
3.3.2 Second Part for Framework of Research
Methodology 83
3.3.2.1 The selection of VE criteria in
Main Roads Construction
projects for DES & SSWD 83
3.3.2.2 Design of questionnaire and Data
analysis 83
3.3.3 Hypothesis and Develop of a framework
of VE for main roads construction
projects of DES and SSWD 84
3.3.4 Validation 85
3.4 General Format of Questionnaires Study 86
3.4.1 The Content Questionnaire for VE of
DES & SSWD 87
3.4.2 Zone of Data collection 88
3.5 Statical Package Science Statistical Package for
the Social ( SPSS) and Smart Partial Least
Squares ( Smart PLS) 89
3.5.1 Exploratory factor analysis with SPSS 90
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3.5.2 Confirmatory factor analysis with Smart
PLS 90
3.5.3 Target Respondent for Pilot 90
3.6 Data Analysis for Initial Study 92
3.7 List of hypothesis of main factors 97
3.8 Respondents' Categories For Actual Study 98
3.8.1 Response Rate of actual study 101
3.8.2 Sampling Respondent of actual study 102
3.9 Tools and Methods of Data Collection of VE for
Actual study 102
3.9.1 Respondent of Study 103
3.9.2 Software 103
3.10 Sample Space 103
3.11 Questionnaires Format for the Pilot Study 104
3.12 Selection of Province Main Roads, Highways and
Street Construction Projects 104
3.13 Quantitative Criteria for VE and DES, SSED in
Roads, Highways and Streets Construction
Projects 105
3.14 The measurement of variables 105
3.15 Summary 106
4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 108
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 Exploratory Analysis of main factors 109
4.3 Descriptive analysis of main factors and
corresponding sub factor 114
4.3.1 Construction Management (CM) Sub
Factor Analysis 114
4.3.2 Drainage Engineering System and Surface
Stream Way Drain (DES & SSWD) at
main roads, highways and streets sub
factor analysis 115
4.3.3 Recycling (REC) Sub factors Analysis 116
4.3.4 Human Resource (HR) Sub factor
Analysis 117
4.3.5 Cost (Cost) Sub factor Analysis 118
4.3.6 Quality (QL) Sub factor Analysis 119
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4.3.7 Material (MT) Sub factor Analysis 119
4.3.8 Time (Time) Sub factor Analysis 120
4.3.9 Environment (ENV) sub factor analysis 120
4.3.10 Waste Materials (WM) sub factor analysis 121
4.3.11 Aesthetic and Safety and Safe Driving
(S&SD) sub factor analysis 122
4.4 Preliminary Data Analysis 122
4.4.1 Normality test 122
4.4.2 Outliers 122
4.4.3 Common-method variance 123
4.4.4 Multi - Collinearity 123
4.5 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 124
4.5.1 Measurement model 125
4.5.2 Convergent Validity 126
4.5.3 Discriminant validity 131
4.6 Path Analysis 135
4.6.1 Predictive Relevance Q2 140
4.6.2 Effect Size f 2 140
4.6.3 The Importance-Performance Matrix
Analysis (IPMA) 141
4.7 Summary 146
5 CONCLUSION 147
5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 Discussion 147
5.3 Conclusion 153
5.4 Limitation of the Research 155
5.5 Recommendations and Future Research 155
REFERENCES 157
APPENDIX A-B 169-231
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 he difference between value engineering and engineering
economics (Opencourseware, 2009) and (Galloway, 2007) 18
2.2 he previous studies of quality and the VE in Construction 22
2.3 he continue previous studies of quality and the VE in
Construction 24
2.4 Summary of Criteria for Evaluating VE in Main Roads and
Highways projects (AASHTO, 1987) 39
2.5 Summary of past VE savings Federal- Aid Lands Highway
Programs (SIVE, 2016) 60
3.1 Scale ranking of questionnaire 86
3.2 Characteristics of Tehran Province (Kavosi et al., 2012) 89
3.3 Respondent categories for pilot study 91
3.4 Initial component analysis put Variance for factor extaction 93
3.5 Respondents of VE actual study 99
3.6 Education level of respondents for qualitative criteria in
highways projects criteria 100
3.7 Experiences of respondents for qualitative criteria in actual
study 101
3.8 Survey responses of second study 102
4.1 Results of EFA with Varimax rotation for 56 items related
to value engineering dimension (N = 160) 111
4.2 Descriptive statistic for related items to Construction
Management (CM) (n=160) 115
4.3 Descriptive statistic for related items to DES & SSWD at
main roads, highways and streets (n=160) 116
4.4 Descriptive statistic for related items to recycling (n=160) 117
4.5 Descriptive statistic for related items to human resource
(n=160) 118
4.6 Descriptive statistic for related items to Cost (n=160) 118
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4.7 Descriptive statistic for related items to Quality (QL)
(n=160) 119
4.8 Descriptive statistic for related items to Material (MT)
(n=160) 120
4.9 Descriptive statistic for related items to Time (n=160) 120
4.10 Descriptive statistic for related items to Environment
(ENV) (n=160) 121
4.11 Descriptive statistic for related items to waste materials
(n=160) 121
4.12 Common-method variance result 123
4.13 Multicollinearity test based on correlation coefficients 124
4.14 Multicollinearity test based on VIF 124
4.15 The result of Convergent Validity 127
4.16 T-Statistics of Outer Loadings based on boot strapping
method 129
4.17 T-Statistics of Outer weight based on boot strapping
method 130
4.18 Correlation of latent variables and discriminant Validity 133
4.19 Cross Loading Output Using SmartPLS 134
4.20 List of Hypotheses and Relative Paths 136
4.21 Test of the total effects using bootstrapping for model 1 139
4.22 Results of R2 and Q2 Values in the model 140
4.23 Results of effect size f2 for all exogenous variables 141
4.24 Importance and Total Effects for the IPMA of DES &
SSWD 142
4.25 List of Hypotheses and Relative Path 144
5.1 Discussion and Result Data Analysis 152
5.2 The objectives and conclusions of the study 154
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Water stream effect source; in (Flooding rainfall in Tehran,
2011). 6
1.2 Tehran Province in the North of Iran 9
1.3 Steps of the methodology 13
2.1 Differences between Value Planning (VP) and Value
Engineering (VE)(Othman, 2008) 27
2.2 Potential Savings in Lifecycle of a Project (AASHTO,
1987) 40
2.3 Relations between increase value and cost or saving (Daniel
P, 2006) 43
2.4 Relations between Value Increment, Cost and Function
(Aminzadeh Rahim, 2013) 45
2.5 Improvement to the project with implementation of Front-
End Engineering (Aminzadeh, 2013) 50
2.6 Technical-Oriented FAST Diagrams (Miles, 2015) 58
2.7 Criteria influencing Main Roads performance (Chen et al,
2010) 68
2.8 Configuration of the paved and unpaved road (Mahbub,
1994) 69
2.9 Slopes on Pavement of Cross-Section for Main Roads(Yang
et al., 2013) 70
2.10 DES & SSWD implementation(Mahbub, 1994) 70
3.1 Twelve factor framework for Research Methodology 85
3.2 Map of Iran whit neighboring countries 88
3.3 Provinces of Iran 88
3.4 Tehran’s highways and streets 89
3.5 Respondent categories in initial study 91
3.6 Initial framework path 95
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3.7 Initial framework of intraction between DES & SSWD with
other factors 96
3.8 Initial framework of intraction between DES & SSWD and
CM with other factors 97
3.9 Respondent categories for qualitative criteria in highways
projects of actual study 99
3.10 Education levels of respondents for qualitative criteria of
actual study 100
3.11 Experiences of respondents for qualitative criteria in actual
study 101
4.1 Path model between independent variables and dependent
variable 138
4.2 Importance and Total Effects for the IPMA of DES &
SSWD 143
4.3 Path model between independent variables and dependent
variable 145
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
A
AHCO
ASHTTO
-
-
-
Aesthetic
American Heritage College Dictionary
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials
BV - Best Value
C - Cost
CBR - Case-Based Reasoning
CC - Conduct Current
CM - Construction Management
CP - Creative Phase
CPII - Construction Project In IRAN
CPM - Critical Pass Method
CR - Cost Reduction
DB - Design Build
DBD - Decision Build Design
DC - Design Criteria
DES - Drainage Engineering System
DES &
SSWD
- Drainage Engineering System and Surface Stream Way
Drain
DOD - Department Of Defence
DOT - Department Of Transportation
DP - Development Phase
DSS - Decision Support System
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E - Environment
EC - Energy Cost
EE - Engineering Economic
EFA - Exploratory Factor Analysis
EOOI - Engineering Organization Of IRAN
EP - Evaluation Phase
EP - Expensive projects
EVM - Earned Value Management
FAH - Federal -Aid Highway
FAP - Function Analysis Phase
FAS - Federal -Aid System
FH - Federal Highway
FHWA - Federal High Way Administration
FLHP - Federal Lands Highway Programs
FM - Framework Methodology
FP - Functional Performance
FP - Function Phase
GEC - General Electric Corporation
HR - Human Resource
IC - Initial Cost
IDA - Institute Defence Analysis
IVES - Indian Value Engineering Society
IP - Implementation Phase
IPABO - Iranian Programming And Budget Organization
JP - Judgment Phase
LCA - Life Cycle Assessment
LCC - Life Cycle Cost
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LCIA - Life Cycle Impact Assessment
LCP - Life Cycle Project
MA - Maintenance Ability
M - Materials
MCR - Main Construction Roads
MRCP - Main Road Construction Projects
MRS - Main Road Safety
MS - Mathematical Standard
NCHRP - National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NHS - National Highway Systems
O - Operability
OP - Orientation Phase
OR - Owner Requirement
PMBOK - Project Management Body Of Knowledge
PMO - Project Management Office
PP
PV
-
-
Presentation Phase
Present Value
Q - Quality
QM - Quality Management
R - Recycling
RFP - Request For Proposals
RM - Runoff Management
ROA & V - Regard Of Aesthetics and Environment
ROI - Return On Investment
ROP - Return Of Profit
RP - Recommendation Phase
S - Safety
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S & SD - Safety and Safe Driving
SAVE - Society American Value Engineering
S - Scalability
SIVE - Society Iranian Value Engineering
SP - Standard Plans
SSWD - Surface Stream Way Drain
SW - Support Weight
SWS - Surface Water Stream
T - Time
TS - Time Scheduling
TT - Transmit Torque
VA - Value Analysis
VC - Value Creation
VD - Value Design
VE - Value Engineering
VECP - Value Engineering Change Proposal
VEITPM - Value Engineering Information Technology Project
Management
VEP - Value Engineering Plan
VI - Value Iimprovements
VI - Value Index
VM - Value Methodology
WM - Waste Materials
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Pilot study for Factor Analysis 169
B Actual Study 231
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CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Value Engineering (VE) is a way of evaluating a process by studying the
functions of. It includes a critical evaluation of processes carried out in terms of
components, equipment and all cost occurring items in producing a product or
projects. The implementation of the VE procedure on a project typically involves
some combination of performance evaluation such as; quality, reliability,
durability, safety, effectiveness, or other desirable characteristics. The main aim of
VE is to focus on cost saving, and on the other areas of a client needs during the
constructional projects such as building, dams, and transportation. VE introduces
sub- systems and makes a relationship among them in order to highlight the most
prominent aspect of construction project. Consequently, the efficiency and quality of
the project can be enhanced (Chung et al., 2009). VE can be presented as a pre-
designed model to conquer the challenges of the construction projects (Abidin and
Pasquire, 2007). VE also helps to reduce costs and manage time ((Robichaud and
Anantatmula, 2011) and at the similar time enhances quality and effectiveness with
the addition of benefit to the projects. It is truly carried out to stabilize price and
offers a very well-considered method by using of functional plan and team of
specialists (Issa et al., 2013)
VE helps corporations to be more efficient in handling initiatives both
locally and globally by:
Detailing on cost breakdown;
Usefulness and profitability;
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Enhancing Quality and Values;
Managing time (scheduling) efficiently;
Enhancing team working;
Optimizing Design and Operation (production);
Using all resources efficiently and
Solving methodically for problematic projects and special projects
VE is an inventive and also problem-solving soft application, also it is a
systematic framework to optimize values within a particular scope of work through
process engineering (Ross and Rhodes, 2008). The profit of VE application tend to
be superiorly realized from the project’s goals by getting much more worthy with
investment along with the particular client’ desires for improve spacing the
characteristics and challenges, (Chi et al., 2014).
A VE program typically involves a several specific venture and course of
action to create merchandise through a simple and effective ideas and productive
venture decision (Davis, 2013).
During the World War II (1939-1945), due to the shortage of resources for
reconstruction of the buildings, the development was connected to an innovation
based on the idea of VE. The solution was often sorted in situation along with fewer
change. After that, analytical discipline had been formulated in exclusive market
sectors which are targeted to be able to question the standard ways of design to find
the less price alternatives (Zarandi et al., 2011a). In the 1940s, the VE was initially
used by Lawrence D. Miles who discussed one method, which has been applied in
the General Electric Corporation (GEC) by considering a different problem -solving
solution to fulfill the actual asks. This particular action spied out the door
(throughout World War II) with regard to other new methods to watch out to any
work needed within multiple methods.
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In 1947, Mr. Miles and his team developed a step-by-step system, called
Value Analysis (VA) it analyze a product’s cost that relate to a function to ferret out
unnecessary costs. As a result of substantial investment in knowledge, the new
methodology called Value Analyze (VA) was developed, tested, and proven to be
highly effective. However, until 1952 that VA began its growth throughout various
industries. The Federal-Aid Highway (FAH) act of 1970 in USA to made as the first
Federal Highway (FH) reference to VE. It is requiring that in such cases the
Secretary of determines an advisable plans, specifications and estimation for
proposing projects on any Federal-Aid System (FAS) which is accompanied by a VE
or other cost reduction analysis. The USA congress extended the federal VE role
with the passage of the National Highway Systems (NHS) (Aminzadeha and Ismailb,
2011).
It was absolutely determined that all federally financed Country National
Highway System (NHS) projects worth more than US$25 million (RM 75 million)
should be worked with VE in order to calculate price tag as well as budget. It was
then considered to apply VE in every government assignments or, particularly
assignments wherever price tag is cut and received possibility for cost savings. It
absolutely was the decision through Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) that
every condition will utilizes VE, within their interstate along with highway
undertaking design advancement and constructing (Chi et al., 2014).
1.2 Problem Background of The Study
Annually, an enormous sum of money is needed on investing of
infrastructure and building advancement that needs to be completed with lowest
price tag and in the smallest moment doable. There is a requirement to Return On
Investment (ROI) as the particular challenge that need to support financial savings a
high. VE has been defined as a cost lowering process which is able to discover and
determine price lowering methods across the challenge of prerequisite decreasing the
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) projects, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle
Impact Assessment (LCIA). All of mentioned issues feasible by means of method of
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assessing which impacts on product or service during its life in VE (Hischier et al.,
2009; Finnveden et al., 2009). Also, one of the key requirements of each project is to
define ROI that VE recognised as most appropriate value to avoid on increasing cost
(Giel and Issa, 2011). Clearly such actions are usually obtained to optimize cash to
build the main roads, freeways, highways and streets construction projects. VE is
usually one in a position to resolve conditions that may appear throughout the project
implementation; spending additional tasks. VE affords the alternative to choose the
easiest method to enhance efficiency for the lowest probable cost by supporting a
good quality (Miles, 2015).
VE is associated with project management body of knowledge “Project
Management Body Of Knowledge (PMBOK)” and Earned Value Management
(EVM) as a powerful project management method that is implemented in
engineering and construction projects. There are various recommended methods and
frameworks for EVM practices, such as ANSI/EIA-748, PMI’S and the practice
standard for EVM (Kwak and Anbari, 2012).
However, VE is not being fully utilized in developing countries, because
there is a little technical knowledge and expertise in this area that are available in
these countries. In the construction project such as highways, main roads and
freeways, Iran is considered as one of the developing country which suffering from
the need to implement of new concept such as VE. Performing the VE in roads and
highways in developed countries indicate that repeating the same procedure of Iran
as developing country is a promising idea. Introducing VE can dedicate the
functionality to the Engineering Organization Of Iran (EOOI). Observing VE in
construction of roads and highways by introducing a true model including the key
constructs cause, the estimation of project can become close to the final
implementation of the project by saving time, money and other capital advantages.
Moreover, a reliable model of VE can be regarded as novel paradigm for other
Construction Project In Iran (CPII). Some are dilemma regarding to the construction
project in Iran are as follow:
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The average life of the nation’s main roads and highways is 2 to 9
years(Larson, 1993);
The number of unfinished projects is 8000;
27% of highway projects was implemented partially;
28% of projects have difficulties in the operation; every year due to
lack of proper and efficient operation of the construction system,
the country loses an equivalent of US$1650 million (RM4950
million)(IHWTI, 2009), (Institute High Ways Transportation Iran,
2009). Therefore, most problems are caused by the following:
Lowest quality in main roads and highways construction (Xia,
2013).
Wastage in construction materials.
Cost construction more than budgeted (Kelly and Male, 1991); and
Lack of human expert in main roads and highways construction
VE might be utilised in deriving worth for main road, freeway and highway
projects. It can be made through technology associated with design in order to
optimize the purposes. VE model keep a value for money technique with regard to a
Life Cycle Project(LCP) and time (Petroutsatou et al., 2012).
Some researchers who have study on the main road construction projects by
applying VE to include: cost management and reduction, quality improvement,
resource optimization implementation, the detailed costs breakdown, improve
teamwork, improve the quality and quantity indicators, methodical system for
specific projects and problematic projects (Vilasini, 2014).
But there is not any research from the view point of VE on the Surface
Stream Way Drain (SSWD) after each rainfall. Surface waters are one of the most
noticeable polluted waters and are deranging the road and highway. Therefore, this
research focused on investigating the role of VE of main road construction projects
that uses the Surface Stream Way Drain (SSWD). Figure 1.1 show the uncontrolled
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water stream on the surface of the roads and highways that create difficulties to
driver and pedestrian.
Figure 1.1 Water stream effect source in Flooding rainfall, Tehran, 2011.
Construction projects have numerous dependencies that come from concept
of construction operations such as policy, environment, culture, budget, and many
other that cause changes in the construction project consequently. In such varying
condition any proposed method and algorithm by specialist in construction field need
revision and improvement by others for a new situations. Therefore, this work would
be treated differently, but the main architecture or prime framework would be
preserved.
The absolutely obvious challenge with respect to the VE method in main road
construction in Tehran is a Surface Water Stream (SWS) (handling the main road
SWS). The influential remedy of that could be executed explicitly is including the
VE principles in this case. The surface water stream drain is not alone in a prominent
component of VE in the main road construction instead, a technical part, costs,
environment, human resource and quality are also a parameter in order to cast a
complete algorithm. This matter is the main consideration of this study.
Soil, water and weather are also the main parameters in SWS study, in
contrast to the structures, but less attention to the water effects (drainage and stream
way) in highways and roads (Jochimsen et al. 2004) are also found. Various studies
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have been done on the main road construction projects by implementing
VE including: cost management and reduction, quality improvement, resource
optimization implementation, the detailed costs, improve teamwork, enhance the
quality and quantity indicators, methodical system for particular projects and
problematic projects. However, there is not any research from the VE point of view
on the Surface Stream Way Drain (SSWD) and Drainage including a Runoff
Management (RM) there are very important after each rainfall. Surface water is one
of the most polluted waters and have very noticeable effect on the environment.
Therefore, this research focused on investigating the role of VE of main road
construction projects specifically, the Surface Stream Way Drain (SSWD) to
decreasing the air pollution and increasing the health of environment.
Main roads and highways construction projects regulation may vary not only
among countries but also between regions on state in a country. As matter of fact,
streets, main roads and highways drainage has becomes a controversial issue for
highways and roads in Iran (Tajrishi Masoud, 2013). The Iran government has
introduce a DES&SSWD that associated items as the main part of a construction
projects such as; cost, time, human resource, construction management, aesthetic,
quality, safety and so on. In other word, DES & SSWD is not only pivoted on
deviation of water from surface but also can be regarded as influential matter in
construction of roads and highways as discussed in this chapter.
According to Iranian Programming And Budget Organization (IPABO) (PBO
country, 2016), drainage is a special item from designing and execution of
construction. Thus it is crucial to know the relationship between DES & SSWD and
other items then may in dude. Climate and environment situation in Iran that causes
DES & SSWD implementation become more flexible than other items. In DES &
SSWD the traditional material and novel material can be used to provide desired
design characteristics. Different engineering methodology is used as well. Clearly,
DES & SSWD is regarded as one of the prime factor and can develop VE concept in
Iran.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to develop a framework for value engineering in road
construction projects. This framework is to include drainage eingineering system,
surface stream way drain in construction management of main roads, highways and
streets to increase projects value while reducing costs, maintaining quality and
implementing the manpower efficiently, reduce the construction materials and
materials disposal. The proposed framework can be generalised and implemented for
other type of construction projects as well.
The following are the key objectives of this research work:
1. To identify the criteria of value engineering and drainage
eingineering system, surface stream way drain for main roads
construction in Iran.
2. To categorize and prioritize the extracted criteria of value
engineering and drainage eingineering system, surface stream way
drain for main roads, highways and streets at construction projects
in Iran.
3. To develop a new framework of value engineering and drainage
eingineering system, surface stream way drain for main roads,
highways and streets in construction projects.
4. To validate the framework for value engineering and drainage
eingineering system, surface stream way drain for main road
construction
1.4 Scopes of Study
The provincial selected for this study for (pilot and actual survey) is Tehran,
as one of the large-population province of Iran, It is located in the north. (Figure
1.2). As one of the most strategically important investment and development areas.
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Figure 1.2 Tehran Province in the North of Iran
In this study a total of twelve criteria for VE considered are as follow for
exising roads network:
1. Drainage Engineering System (DES) and Surface Stream Way
Drain (SSWD)
2. Construction Management (CM)
3. Time ( T )
4. Cost ( C )
5. Quality ( Q )
6. Safety and Safe Driving (S & SD)
7. Environment ( E )
8. Human Resource (HR)
9. Materials (M)
10. Aesthetic (A)
11. Recycling ( R )
12. Waste Materials (WM)
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Other VE criteria such as reduce design problem, trouble-free project
implementation, durability and stability, increase life cycle projects, performance
improvement, investment improvement, reduced amount of rework, flexibility,
increase maintenance, satisfaction of project stakeholders and development plan, etc.
are not included in this study.
The criteria of VE of Aesthetic (A), Safety and Safe Driving (S&SD),
environment (E) and quality (Q) one included to create an acceptable and
comfortable level for customer and users. Human Resources (HR) is criteria to
improve the relationship between engineering and experts. In Materials (M) criteria
the scope is to find a simple method of solution to material consumption efficiently
in doing the projects and implementation. In SWS, DES and SSWD criteria is to find
a technical solution for sustainability to achieving its values. The Time (T), Cost (C)
and Construction Materials (CM) and Waste Materials (WM) is to reach a minimum
value during construction.
1.5 Research Significant
This study is important in determining the following benefit:
1. Identification of VE criteria for main road construction.
2. Prioritization of VE criteria for main road construction.
3. Finding the relationship among main road construction criteria.
4. Introducing a new VE framework for main road construction.
1.6 Operational definition of Terms
There are various businesses that apply the VE techniques such as product
and process procedure system in manufacturing industry, service in business or
economy activity in construction, governance, health care, and other service sector.
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The focuses of value features are actually from the client point of view or to fulfil the
stakeholder requirement. Obviously, VE can provide maximum benefits for
stakeholders, and especially for government in infrastructure projects. Then VE is an
expert procedure of finding the most effective technique for the engineering in
finding the most effective technique for doing the work. By focusing on function, the
maximum value from the activity is achieved with identification, processing and
innovation of the work, that benefit the stakeholders and government. There are
some definitions about VE as follows:
According to Kelly, Male and Graham, (2004), VE is the process
of making explicit functional benefits a client requires from the
whole or parts of a project at an appropriate cost during design and
construction. VE is also identifying and reducing unnecessary cost
calculation method during design and construction of the project.
VE is a systematic procedure aimed at achieving the required
functions at the least, cost. In VE, all parties should realize the
functions required and conditions of all design alternatives mast
fulfill the same performance and selecting the best one(Dell isola,,
A, 1969).
According to the Indian VE Society (INVEST, 1977) (Gordon et
al., 1977), VE is a function oriented, systematic team approach and
a study to provide a good value in a product, system or services.
This improvement is also focused on cost reduction; however,
other important areas such as customer perceived quality and
performance are also of paramount importance in the value
equation.
According to the International Society of American Value Engineering
(Save, 1972) (Michel and Woodhead, 1997), VE is a systematic application of
recognized techniques, which identify the monetary value for a particular function,
and provide the necessary function reliability at lowest overall cost.
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Based on the definition of VE, it can be summarized that VE is systematic
techniques of procedures to get the best alternative or improvement of design at the
lowest cost with the same or better quality and performance during the assigned
construction phase.
1.7 Brief of Research Methodology
This research will be carried according to Figure 1.3 to propose and develop
a new framework of Value Engineering (VE) based on Surface Water Stream
(SWS), Drainage Engineering System (DES) and Surface Stream Way Drain
(SSWD) for existing main roads, highways and streets construction. It also check the
validity of VE framework for drainage management system in main roads
construction. The obtain VE characteristics way also useable for a new main roads
constructions. VE for SWS, DES and SSWD one also mean that drainage
construction.
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Figure 1.3 Steps of the methodology
1.8 Structure of Thesis
The thesis is structured into five chapters to include; Chapter 1 that mentions
about the issue of the study. The chapter also includes the study aim and objectives.
In addition, scope of the study brief of methodology and overall thesis structure are
also introduced in this chapter.
Chapter 2 reviews the literature and previous works on VE for Highways and
Main Roads and Streets construction. It review a development of VE in order to
obtain comprehensive framework for VE in drainage constructions, Therefore this
chapter has two section of one section about a VE in a few construction work
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14
industry, and another section is about Drainage and Surface Stream Way Drain. Both
sections are focusing on VE in existing Highways, Main Roads and Streets for
Drainage and Surface Stream Way Drain.
Chapter 3 presents the research methodology, data collection explaining,
statistical analysis technique and tools, respondent's characteristics, sampling
explaination survey, and response rate and framework test.
Chapter 4 is about the data analysis. It include the primitive data analysis
such as Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), descriptive data analysis and inferential
data analysis encompassing correlation test and multiple linear regressions. The
gathered data is analyzed using computer tools for interpretation.
Chapter 5 presents a conclusion of the entire thesis and derived
the suggestions and recommendations for future research.
Page 35
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