Value Hardware and Software

Revision: page 46 -93

Chapter 2

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Introduction

Today's use of technology is practical. It is intended to yield real business benefits.

Employing information technology and providing additional processing capabilities can increase employee productivity, expand business opportunities, and allow for more flexibility.

That’s why we focus on hardware and software components of a CBIS.

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Fig 2.1

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Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology

In order to assemble an effective and efficient system, you should select and organize components while understanding the trade-offs between

overall system performance and cost, control, and complexity.

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Hardware Components:

Computer system hardware components include devices that perform the functions of input, processing, data storage, and output.

Central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and control unit.

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Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity

System’s Unit Clock Speed: The clock speed for personal

computers is in the multiple gigahertz (GHz), or billions of cycles per second

Physical Characteristics of the CPU: Most CPUs are collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon wafers, or chips, each no bigger than the tip of a pencil eraser.

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Memory Characteristics and Functions

Storage Capacity: Data is stored in memory as a combination of on or off circuit states. Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa

Types of Memory: random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).

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Multiprocessing:

Multicore Microprocessor: microprocessor combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so that they can share the workload and boost processing capacity. Parallel Computing: The most frequent business

uses for parallel processing are modeling, simulation, and analysis of large amounts of data.

Grid computing: What?

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Cont.:

Grid Computing: Key to the success of grid computing is a central server that acts as the grid leader and traffic monitor. It divides the computing tasks into subtasks and assigns the work to computers on the grid that have surplus processing power.

Cloud Computing: Supports a wider variety of applications than grid computing and pools computing resources so they can be managed primarily by software rather than people

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Secondary Storage:

Compared with memory, secondary storage offers the advantages of non-volatility, greater capacity, and greater economy

Access Methods Sequential access and direct access

Sequential access storage devices (SASDs), Direct access storage devices (DASDs).

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Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic Tapes: Although access is slower, magnetic tape is usually less expensive than disk storage.

Magnetic Disks: Magnetic disks are direct-access storage devices that enable fast data retrieval and are used by companies that need to respond quickly to customer requests.

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Cont:

RAID: Note that this is a method of storing data so that if a hard drive fails, the lost data on that drive can be rebuilt. “Stripping”

Virtual Tape: This is a storage technology for less frequently needed data so that it appears to be stored entirely on tape cartridges, although some parts might actually be located on faster hard disks.

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Cont:

SAN: A storage area network (SAN) uses computer servers, distributed storage devices, and networks to tie everything together.

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Cont:

Optical Discs: A common optical disc is the compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) with a storage capacity of 740 MB of data.

Digital Video Disc (DVD): Software programs, video games, and movies are common uses for this storage medium. Capacity: 4.7 GB DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM

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Cont:

Blu-ray: blue-laser technology for high –definition video Capacity: 3x DVD

HVD: holographic Versatile Disc Transfer rate: 1 – 20 GB/second Capacity: 6 TB

Solid State Secondary Storage Devices: These store data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media. Examples?? x4

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Input Devices:

Touch Screen: I/O Optical Data Readers:

Bar code readers: OMR: “ mark sense form” OCR:

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR); Use special magnetic ink. Example: help clear

and route checks is placed on the bottom of a check.

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RFID: page 58,59

It’s a tag, consisting of a microchip and antenna, transmitting data, like id, location, and other detail.

Signal is picked up by a reader, that sends it to a server computer for processing

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Output devices:

Terms pixel, plasma display, LCD display, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display.

Digital Audio Player: MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3)

E-Books: Amazon.com Kindle, the Barnes and Nobel Nook, the Samsung Papyrus, and the Sony Reader all use e-paper displays that look like printed pages.

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Computer System Types

Computer systems can range from desktop (or smaller) portable computers to massive supercomputers that require housing in large rooms.

Single-user systems Portable Non-portable

Multiple-user systems Servers, mainframes and super computers

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Software

Computer programs, documentation, system software, and application software.

To achieve business objectives: Organizations supply application SW and

Information Systems to employees Classification: to identify the scope of the

problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization, called the sphere of influence.

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System Software

Controls the operations of the HW and supports the application programmer’s problem-solving capabilities OS Utility programs

OS: page 71 Activities: p72 HW functions: p72

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Hardware Independence

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Current OS:

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Utility programs;

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Application SW:

Helps you perform common tasks, such as create and format text documents, perform calculations, or manage information, though some applications are more specialized

What is meant by the terms application service provider (ASP) and software as a service (SaaS)? Page 82, 83

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Programming Languages:

Sets of keywords, symbols and rules for constructing statement that people can use to communicate instructions to a computer.

Written in coding schemes, called programming languages.

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Evolution of programming languages

Generation Language Appr. Date Example

FirstSecondThirdFourthFifth

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Translation and Execution Process

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