Values

ValuesConcepts, Types and Formation of Values

ValuesValues represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct.According to Milton Rokeach, Values are beliefs that guide actions and judgments across a variety of situations.Cont..Value determine what people consider to be good or bad for a civilized society. In relation to business, social values determine the objectives of business as well as the manner in which business affairs should be conducted.For example- Honest Dealings and Team Building

Features of valuesValues are usually fairly stable, yet they don't have strict limits or boundaries. Also, as you move through life, your values may change. For example, when you start your career, success measured by money and status might be a top priority. But after you have a family, work-life balance may be ,what you value more.ActivityStep 1: Identify the times when you were happiestFind examples from both your career and personal life. Step 2: Identify the times when you were most proudWhy were you proud?Did other people share your pride? Who?What other factors contributed to your feelings of pride?

Cont..Step 3: Identify the times when you were most fulfilled and satisfiedAgain, use both work and personal examples.What need or desire was fulfilled?How and why did that experience give your life meaning?What other factors contributed to your feelings of fulfillment?Step 4: Determine your top values, based on your experiences of happiness, pride, and fulfillmentWhy is each experience truly important and memorable? Use the following list of common personal values to help you get started and aim for about 10 top values. (As you work through, you may find that some of these naturally combine. For instance, if you value philanthropy, community, and generosity, you might say that service to others is one of your top values.)

8Cont..Step 5: Prioritize your top valuesThis step is probably the most difficult, because you'll have to look deep inside yourself. It's also the most important step, because, when making a decision, you'll have to choose between solutions that may satisfy different values. This is when you must know which value is more important to you.

Cont..Step 6: Reaffirm your valuesCheck your top-priority values, and make sure they fit with your life and your vision for yourself.Do these values make you feel good about yourself?Are you proud of your top three values?Would you be comfortable and proud to tell your values to people you respect and admire?

Formation of ValuesFamilyReligionPeer GroupGeographyMediaWork-PlaceOrganizational FactorsTypes of ValuesClare Grave (psychologist) believed that people evolved through levels of psychological existence, He has identified seven values ranging from lowest (reactive) to highest (existential):

1.ReactiveUnaware of oneself and others as human beings Reacts to basic physiological needs. An inwardly pointing world view, dependent on outside support for its survival.

2.TribalisticHigh degree of dependence, strongly influenced by tradition and the power exercised by authority figures:wants strong directive leadership.Types of values3. Egocentrism: Believes in rugged individualism, aggressive and selfish, responds primarily to power, desires individual; responsibilities, wants to work alone in an entrepreneurial style4. Conformity: Lower tolerance for ambiguity, difficulty in accepting people with divergent values, desires5. Manipulative: Strives to accomplish goals by manipulating things and people, materialistic, actively seeks status and recognition

Types of values6. Sociocentric: Desires to be liked and go along with others rather than get ahead, dislikes materialism, manipulation and conformity, seeks primarily the social relationship which a job provides. 7. Existential: High tolerance for ambiguity and for people with divergent values, outspoken on inflexible systems, seeks full expression of growth

Types of ValuesTerminal ValuesVALUESInstrumental ValuesMilton Rokeach has developed the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) which consist of two set of value system: Types of valuesTerminal-Is an ultimate goal or aim of a person, it might include comfortable life, family security, sense of accomplishment, self respect, freedom A Comfortable Life a prosperous life. An Exciting Life a stimulating, active lifeInstrumental -Relates to the means for achieving the desired outcome or end Obedient dutiful; respectful Broadminded openminded

Terminal ValuesDesirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental ValuesPreferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values.

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