VALUES FOR URBANISM: PUBLIC GOODSprepared by Roberto Rocco

SPATIAL PLANNING AND STRATEGY, DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Delft University ofTechnology U

UR

BANISM SPS

spatialplanning&strategy

VALUES IN DEMOCRATIC SYSTEMS AND THE CREATION OF PUBLIC GOODS

AS AN URBAN DESIGNERS, PLANNER OR MANAGER, YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO RECOGNISE AND IDENTIFY THE STAKEHOLDERS’ VALUES OF AND BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND FACILITATE THE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC GOODS

LET’S EXPLORE

Liberty leading the people,

Eugène Delacroix (1830)

FRANCE, POSTAGE STAMPS FRENCH REVOLUTION COMMEMORATIVES, 1989, LIBERTE, EGALITE FRATERNITE

is not an empty slogan

rooted in a philosophical and scientific revolution

RATIONALITYthe first system of government that was

manifestly based on principles of rationality

(not divine intervention or the ‘right of the blood’)

Light emanates from TRUTH (the central figure), helped by

SCIENCE and PHILOSOPHY on the

right

(this is the cover of l’Encyplopédie)

BY BENOÎT LOUIS PRÉVOST - FROM ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA: ENCYCLOPEDIE FRONTISPICE ; ORIGINAL SOURCE: [1], PUBLIC DOMAIN, HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/W/INDEX.PHP?CURID=314800

BY NBC TELEVISION - EBAY ITEM FRONT RELEASE, PUBLIC DOMAIN, HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/W/INDEX.PHP?CURID=30262781

RATIONALITY? AIN’T NOBODY GOT TIME FOR

THAT!

DISCLAIMER

LIBERTYFRATERNITY

EQUALITY

emphasised by the rightemphasised by the leftindividualcommunity

The rule of law

NEGATIVE RIGHTSPOSITIVE RIGHTS

EQUALITY

the right to be free from something

(individual)

the right to something (societal)

The promotion of balance

FRATERNITY

These rights are NOT

ABSOLUTE RIGHTS

but are exclusive (albeit complementary)!

LIBERTY

POSITIVE RIGHTS + NEGATIVE RIGHTS

TELL US ABOUT THE ROLES AND EXPECTATIONS OF

STAKEHOLDERS

GENERALLY (BUT NOT ALWAYS) THE STATE IS IN CHARGE OF ORGANISING AND CREATING PUBLIC

GOODS

PUBLIC GOODSA PUBLIC GOOD IS A PRODUCT THAT ONE

INDIVIDUAL CAN CONSUME WITHOUT REDUCING ITS AVAILABILITY TO ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL, AND FROM WHICH NO ONE IS

EXCLUDED.

ECONOMISTS REFER TO PUBLIC GOODS

PUBLIC GOODS ECONOMISTS REFER TO PUBLIC GOODS AS

“NON-RIVALROUS" AND “NON-EXCLUDABLE."

NATIONAL DEFENCE, SEWER SYSTEMS, PUBLIC PARKS AND OTHER BASIC SOCIETAL

GOODS CAN ALL BE CONSIDERED PUBLIC GOODS.

SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.URBANCAPTURE.COM/20130819-AERIAL-DOWNTOWN-THE-HAGUE-THE-NETHERLANDS/?DOING_WP_CRON=1486758418.4101200103759765625000

PUBLIC GOODS The city of The Hague in the

Netherlands offers many public goods to its

inhabitants:

clean air

safety

excellent mobility

heathy environments

green spaces

etc.

HTTPS://WWW.BASF.COM/EN/COMPANY/NEWS-AND-MEDIA/NEWS-RELEASES/2016/09/P-16-315.HTML

SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE

THE SEWERAGE INFRASTRUCTURE DELIVERS THE PUBLIC GOODS OF HEALTH, WELL BEING, CLEANENESS

BY ANDY ROBERTS FROM EAST LONDON, ENGLAND - FLICKR.COM - IMAGE DESCRIPTION PAGE, CC BY 2.0, HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/W/INDEX.PHP?CURID=341229

FLOOD DEFENCE/ TIDAL BARRAGES

THE BARRIERS ARE THE INFRASTRUCTURE THAT DELIVER THE PUBLIC GOODS OF SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY

BY ROBERTO ROCCO, LONDON 2011.

CRIME CONTROL/ PUBLIC SAFETY

THE POLICE FORCE IS THE “TECHNOLOGY” THAT DELIVERS THE PUBLIC GOOD OF SAFETY, ORDER, ETC

BY DRONEPICR (EDITED BY KING OF HEARTS)EDIT CORRECTS CA AND SHARPENS IMAGE - DUBLIN STEPHEN'S GREEN, CC BY 3.0, HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/W/INDEX.PHP?CURID=52447595

PUBLIC GREEN/ PUBLIC PARKS/ HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTS

PARKS ARE THE “INFRASTRUCTURE” THAT DELIVERS THE PUBLIC GOOD OF WELL BEING, CLEAN AIR, BEAUTY, ETC

BY DILIFF - OWN WORK, CC BY-SA 3.0, HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/W/INDEX.PHP?CURID=29904221

FREE KNOWLEDGE/ CULTURAL FACILITIES (NOT ALL)

IN THE UK, MANY MUSEUMS ARE FREE. THEY ARE ONE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURES THAT DELIVERS THE PUBLIC GOOD OF EDUCATION, ART,

APPRECIATION, AESTHETIC PLEASURE, ETC

BY SANDRA RUGIO - HTTP://WWW.AGENCIAMINAS.MG.GOV.BR/ADMIN/FOTOS/12082008010856VACINA_OFELIA.JPG, CC BY 3.0, HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/W/INDEX.PHP?CURID=5636463

PUBLIC HEALTH/ HEALTHY CITIES

IN THE EXAMPLE, A PUBLIC FREE VACCINATION CAMPAIGN IS THE TECHNOLOGY THAT DELIVERS THE PUBLIC GOOD OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

HTTPS://WWW.GARDENISTA.COM/POSTS/10-GARDEN-IDEAS-TO-STEAL-FROM-SUPERSTAR-DUTCH-DESIGNER-PIET-OUDOLF/

THE DOMESTIC CITY GARDEN AS A SOURCE OF PUBLIC GOODS

BUT PRIVATE CITIZENS CAN PRODUCE PUBLIC GOODS TOO. A WELL TENDED GARDEN PRODUCES SEVERAL PUBLIC GOODS RELATED TO ENJOYMENT,

BEAUTY AND ECOLOGICAL BALANCE

PHOTO BY EGBERT STOLK

PUBLIC PLACES AS SOURCES OF IDENTITY, MEANING AND WELL-BEING

IN THIS CASE , THE TECHNOLOGY IS THE POLICY THAT PROTECTS THE HISTORIC HERITAGE SO THAT WE CAN ENJOY THE VIEW, AND BUILD OUR

OWN IDENTITIES IN FUNCTION OF THE HISTORIC HERITAGE

PHOTO BY FRANK VAN DER HOEVEN

THE LANDSCAPE AS SOURCE OF IDENTITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY/ OPEN SPACES AS A PUBLIC GOOD

IN THIS CASE , THE TECHNOLOGY IS ALSO THE POLICY THAT PROTECTS THE LANDSCAPE SO THAT WE CAN ENJOY THE VIEW, AND BUILD OUR OWN

IDENTITIES IN FUNCTION OF THE LANDSCAPE

LIBERTY? What liberty can

you have if you are not in society?

Here, I own a plot in the middle of the

desert. I can build whatever I want on it, but what is the

value of this?

MY PLOT

SOCIAL FUNCTION OF PROPERTY

LIBERTY? How much

liberty can you have when you live in society?

Here, I can’t build whatever I want, but my plot is close to infrastructure, public space,

other buildings. I can enjoy

public goods!

MY PLOT

INDIVIDUALCOMMUNITY

PROMOTION OF BALANCE (AND REDISTRIBUTION)

the private sectorcivil society

FRATERNITY LIBERTY

EQUALITY

the public sector

PRIVATE SECTORCIVIL SOCIETY

PUBLIC SECTORGOVERNANCE

INFORMAL INSTITUTIONSTHE RULE OF LAW

ENTERPRISES (THE PRIVATE SECTOR)

GOVERNMENT (THE PUBLIC SECTOR)

COMMUNITY (CIVIL SOCIETY)

The rule of law are the formal institutions that regulate the relationships between public sector, private sector and civil society.

Informal institutions are related to culture, values, practices, inherited worldviews, etc that influence the way in which formal institutions

work.

Some informal institutions can be quite negative, such as corruption, nepotism,

patronage. Other are very positive: informal agreements and contracts, practices of trust and

respect, etc

So? What is the role of planning, and of planners in

democratic societies?

Crick, B. 2002. Democracy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Currie, D. 1986. Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights. The University of Chicago Law Review, 53(3), 864-890

Dietz, T., et al. 2003. "The Struggle to Govern the Commons." Science 302(5652): 1907-1912.

Munck, G. and J. Verkuilen 2002. "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices." Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5-34.

Stiglitz, J. 2000. Formal and Informal Institutions. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin. Washington DC, World Bank: 59-70.

References

Thanks for watching!

Are there questions?if you have further questions, please write to

r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl