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Valuing the Potential of Land for Oil and Gas Development

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    8

    ]HE^DB@ VJN [OVNBVDHE OM EHBF

    MO\ ODE HBF @HW FN]NEO[CNBV

    LT FH]DF HCCOBW HBF AHCNW WJN[[H\F!

    FDHCOBF CGGH\VJT EE[

    D" Dbtrofugtdob

    Dbvnstcnbt fngdsdobs db tjn ode hbf `hs dbfustry hrn chfn db h ubdqun nbvdrobcnbt

    tjht ds gjhrhgtnrdznf ly tjn moeeowdb`1

    Vjn dbfustry ds vnry ghsj dbtnbsdvn" Vjn nxpnbfdturn om cdeedobshbf socntdcns ldeedobs om foeehrs ds rnqudrnf mor h sdb`en proangt%

    wdtj bo `uhrhbtnns om suggnss"

    Vjnrn ds mrnqunbtey h eob` enhf tdcn lntwnnb dbdtdhe nxpnbfdturnhbf rnsuetdb` rnvnbun hbf promdthldedty"

    Fngdsdobs hrn omtnb chfn db hb nbvdrobcnbt om jd`j envnes omubgnrthdbty hbfgobsnqunbteyrdsi" Goccob ubgnrthdbtdns

    dbgeufn1 fo jyfroghrlobs nxdst lnbnhtj tjn thr`nt prospngt? Pdee

    frdeedb` enhf to h leow#out? Dm wn mdbf ode or bhturhe `hs rnsnrvns

    wdee tjny ln scheenr tjhb nxpngtnf or fngedbn mhstnr tjhb `noeo`dg

    gobfdtdobs su``nst? Pdee grufn ode hbf/or bhturhe hs prdgns rnchdb

    strob` or bosn#fdvn?8

    Pdee tjn hppedghlen rn`uehtory nbvdrobcnbt

    gjhb`n?

    Vjn gocpntdtdob mor mubfs mor hetnrbhtdvn proangts ghb lnsulsthbtdhe"

    @dvnb tjds ubdqun nbvdrobcnbt% dt ds grdtdghe mor ode hbf `hs gocphbdns to

    nmmngtdvney% nmmdgdnbtey% hbf hggurhtney nvheuhtn proangts lnmorn dbvnstdb` sulsthbtdhe sucs"

    Gocphbdns ncpeoy socnwjht fdmmnrnbt nvheuhtdob cntjofs mor proangts eoghtnf ob ehbf

    wdtj nxdstdb` jyfroghrlob profugtdob tjhb tjny fo mor proangts eoghtnf ob ehbf wdtj bo

    ! Vjn hutjors wdsj to tjhbi \ussnee [" Cnfubh% [rnsdfnbt om [nbbob \nsourgns% EEG% mor jdshssdsthbgns wdtj tjn tngjbdghe fdsgussdobs gobthdbnf db tjds phpnr"

    8 Wjhen proangts ghb jhvn h edmn om 7; to >; ynhrs" Dt ds gnrthdbey h thee orfnr mor hbyobn to try tomornghst prdgns tjht mhr out"

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    pnr Cde"

    LV^s": Mor tjn phst ynhr hbf h jhem% prdgns jhvn ehb`udsjnf ht hlout &< to &7 pnr Cde"

    LV^s"4

    Om phrtdguehr dbtnrnst ds tjn rngnbt sjhrp fdvnr`nbgn om ode hbf bhturhe `hs prdgns

    mroc tjndr trhfdtdobhe rnehtdobsjdps% hffdb` murtjnr ubgnrthdbty to muturn prdgn nxpngthtdobs

    mor bhturhe `hs" Jdstordgheey% tjn rnehtdobsjdp jhs lnnb stnhfy% wdtj h grufn ode trhfdb`

    hlout 88 tdcns tjn prdgn om bhturhe `hs sdbgn 844;% wjnb `hs sthrtnf trhfdb` ht tjn Bnw

    Tori Cnrghbtden Nxgjhb`n"8;

    Vjn ode#to#`hs rhtdo sthrtnf to gedcl db

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    6

    ob tjn sdzn hbf bhturn om tjn gocphby"86 H corn h``rnssdvn hpprohgj ds to usn tjn

    BTCNZ Wtrdp mor tjn bnhr#tnrc *bnxt 7 to > ynhrs$% wdtj jnf`db`% hbf h gobsthbt prdgn

    tjnrnhmtnr"8> H cdffen om tjn rohf hpprohgj ds to usn h wnd`jtnf tjrnn ynhr hvnrh`n om

    ehtnst prdgns% nsghehtnf mor dbmehtdob"8= Hbf h corn gobsnrvhtdvn hpprohgj ds to usn tjn

    eownst prdgn vheun mroc tjn phst tjrnn ynhrs om prdgns% nsghehtnf mor dbmehtdob"80

    Dcporthbtey% nbnr`y enbfnrs typdgheey rnqudrn tjht tjndr lorrownrs usn tjn enbfnrs prdgn

    proangtdobs"

    7" [rdgn ]oehtdedty Chtnrdheey Dcphgts Dbvnstcnbt Fngdsdobs

    [rdgn voehtdedty chtnrdheey dcphgts ode hbf `hs gocphbdns dbvnstcnbt fngdsdobs"

    Vjn rngnbt prngdpdtous fngedbn db bhturhe `hs prdgns hbf tjn gorrnspobfdb` dbgrnhsn db

    grufn ode prdgns deeustrhtn tjds podbt pnrmngtey" Db ehtn hvhdehlen ht jttp1//www"ln`"utnxhs"nfu/nbnr`yngob/tjdbigorbnr/Vjdbi.

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    >

    Ode hbf `hs gocphbdns typdgheey gobsdfnr h vhrdnty om mhgtors wjnb nvheuhtdb`

    ehbf wdtj nxdstdb` jyfroghrlob profugtdob% dbgeufdb`1

    8" Hbtdgdphtnf ghsj meows mroc jyfroghrlob fnvneopcnbt% lotjposdtdvn db tjn morc om rnvnbun hbf bn`htdvn db tjn morc om

    nxpnbfdturns hbf thxns"

    " Hldedty to lorrow cobny lhsnf ob tjn rnsnrvns"8" Hbtdgdphtnf Ghsj Meows

    Gocphbdns typdgheey snni to nstdchtn tjn ghsj meows tjht cd`jt ln `nbnrhtnf mroc

    jyfroghrlob fnvneopcnbt% lotj posdtdvn db tjn morc om rnvnbun hbf bn`htdvn db tjn morc

    om nxpnbfdturns hbf thxns" Vjds ngobocdg hbheysds heeows tjn rnenvhbt fngdsdob#chinr*s$

    to% hcob` otjnr tjdb`s1

    nstdchtn tjn promdt *or eoss$ hbf rnturb ob dbvnstcnbt om h proangt9 rhbi h proangt db gocphrdsob wdtj hetnrbhtdvn dbvnstcnbt optdobs9 nstdchtn tjn rdsis% lotj mdbhbgdhe hbf tngjbdghe% db ubfnrthidb` tjn

    proangt9 hbf

    mornghst tjn nmmngt om tjn proangt ob tjn ovnrhee gocphby posdtdob"H iny tooe to nvheuhtn hbf gocphrn ode hbf `hs dbtnrnsts or muturn proangts ds tjn

    Fdsgoubtnf Ghsj Meow *FGM$ cntjof" Vjn hbheysds thins dbto gobsdfnrhtdob% hcob`

    otjnr tjdb`s1 *8$ tjn nxpngtnf jyfroghrlob profugtdob promden om tjn propnrtyd"n"% tjn

    voeucn om nxpngtnf profugtdob ovnr tdcn hbf tjn nxpngtnf edmn om tjn wnee*s$9 hbf

    *

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    =

    rhtn to hby vheuhtdob lnghusn dt hggoubts mor tjn tdcn mor tjn rnsnrvns to ln profugnf"

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    0

    L" FGM Cntjof Hggoubts mor \nehtdvn \dsi om [roangt

    Vjnrn hrn chby cntjofs to fntnrcdbn h fdsgoubt rhtn mor hb dbvnstcnbt% lut db

    cost ghsns% tjnsn gheguehtdobs rnsnclen hrt corn tjhb sgdnbgn" @nbnrheey% tjn sdzn om tjn

    fdsgoubt rhtn ds dbvnrsney rnehtnf to tjn sdzn om tjn rdsi" Vjn jd`jnr tjn rdsi% tjn jd`jnr tjn

    fdsgoubt rhtn bngnsshry to hfaust mor tjn edinedjoof tjht tjn proangtnf rnvnbun ds bnvnr

    rnhedznf"

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    :

    profugtdob% gocphbdns typdgheey nstdchtn tjn voeucn om rngovnrhlen rnsnrvns" Vjn Cobtn

    Ghreo Cntjof ds h popuehr cntjof mor gheguehtdb` h rhb`n om vheuns mor jyfroghrlob

    voeucns"76 Fdstrdlutdobs om porosdty% whtnr shturhtdob% rnsnrvodr tjdgibnss% hbf hnrdhe

    nxtnbt om tjn rnsnrvodr hrn dbputtnf dbto tjn Cobtn Ghreo sdcuehtor"7> Vjosn fdstrdlutdobs

    om tjn dbput vhrdhlens hrn nstdchtnf ly olthdbdb` h summdgdnbt buclnr om cnhsurncnbts om

    rnsnrvodr hbf meudf propnrtdns"7=

    Vjn Cobtn Ghreo sdcuehtor tjnb `nbnrhtns shcpens ht rhbfoc mroc tjn dbput

    prolhldedty fdstrdlutdobs"70

    Cobtn Ghreo sdcuehtdob fons tjds jubfrnfs or tjoushbfs om

    tdcns% hbf tjn rnsuet ds h prolhldedty fdstrdlutdob om possdlen outgocns"7: Db tjds why%

    Cobtn Ghreo sdcuehtdob provdfns h cugj corn gocprnjnbsdvn vdnw om wjht chy jhppnb"

    Dt tnees ode hbf `hs gocphbdns bot obey wjht gouef jhppnb% lut jow ediney dt ds to jhppnb"

    Db tjds why% Cobtn Ghreo Wdcuehtdob heeows gocphbdns to lrhgint ubgnrthdbty74ly

    provdfdb` tjnc wdtj h edst om possdlen outgocnshbf fntnrcdbn wjntjnr tjn rdsis om

    nxtrhgtdob outwnd`j tjn hssogdhtnf rnwhrfs"

    H rnsnrvodr nb`dbnnr wdee heso nstdchtn tjn pnrgnbth`n om jyfroghrlobs tjht hrn

    ediney to ln rngovnrhlen" Vjht rngovnry pnrgnbth`n wdee ln lhsnf ob% hcob` otjnr tjdb`s%

    fhth fnrdvnf mroc otjnr wnees frdeenf db tjn hrnh hbf tjn rnsnrvodr nb`dbnnrs owb

    nxpnrdnbgn" Vjn rngovnry pnrgnbth`n ds cuetdpednf h`hdbst tjn voeucn om jyfroghrlobs db

    pehgn to `dvn tjn voeucn om rngovnrhlen rnsnrvns"

    7" Ghtn`ordns om \nsnrvns

    Db `nbnrhe% rnsnrvns ghb ln lroinb fowb dbto tjn moeeowdb` ghtn`ordns1 *8$ [rovnf

    \nsnrvns9 *

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    4

    gehssdmdnf hs ndtjnr Fnvneopnf or ^bfnvneopnf" \dsi ds tjn chdb fdmmnrnbtdhtdb`

    mhgtor lntwnnb tjn typns om rnsnrvn ghtn`ordns hbf tjndr hssogdhtnf vheuns" Wdbgn tjn

    vheun om hb hssnt ds h mubgtdob om dts proangtnf muturn ghsj meow% tjn eownr tjn gjhbgn om

    oggurrnbgn *hgtuhe profugtdob$% tjn enss vheuhlen tjn cdbnrhe dbtnrnst"

    H" Fnvneopnf or ^bfnvneopnf \nsnrvns

    Fnvneopnf rnsnrvns hrn nxpngtnf to ln rngovnrnf mroc nxdstdb` wnees lhsnf upob

    wjntjnr tjn wnees hrn profugdb` or bot"6; ^bfnvneopnf rnsnrvns hrn nxpngtnf to ln

    rngovnrnf1 *8$ mroc bnw wnees ob ubfrdeenf hgrnh`n9 *

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    8;

    [rolhlen rnsnrvns hrn ubprovnf% ynt `noeo`dghe hbf nb`dbnnrdb` fhth su``nsts

    tjht tjny hrn corn ediney tjhb bot to ln rngovnrhlen" Mor nxhcpen% h prolhlen rnsnrvn

    gouef ln provnf ly borche stnp#out frdeedb` hbf dbmdee frdeedb` wjnrn fhth ds dbhfnquhtn to

    gehssdmy tjnc hs provnf"6>

    [ossdlen rnsnrvns hrn tjosn ubprovnf rnsnrvns tjht hbheysds om `noeo`dghe hbf

    nb`dbnnrdb` fhth su``nsts hrn enss ediney to ln rngovnrhlen tjhb prolhlen rnsnrvns"6=

    Mor

    nxhcpen% possdlen rnsnrvns wouef ehgi hby hfnquhtn fnmdbdtdvn fhth hbf ln rnmnrrnf to hs

    nxpeorhtory"

    G" Iny Gehssdmdghtdobs om \nsnrvns*8$ [F[ or [rovnf Fnvneopnf [rofugdb`

    [rovnf fnvneopnf rnsnrvns hrn quhbtdtdns om provnf rnsnrvns tjht ghb ln nxpngtnf

    to ln rngovnrnf tjrou`j nxdstdb` wnees wdtj nxdstdb` nqudpcnbt hbf opnrhtdb` cntjofs" 60

    [F[ rnsnrvns hrn tjosn rnsnrvns tjht hrn gurrnbtey lndb` profugnf% tjht ds% jyfroghrlobs

    hrn gurrnbtey lndb` nxtrhgtnf" Vjnsn hrn tjn cost vheuhlen *hbf gnrthdb$ ghtn`ory om

    rnsnrvns lnghusn fhth mor voeucn% prnssurn% hbf profugtdob ds rnhfdey hvhdehlen hbf

    gjhrhgtnrdstdgs om tjn rnsnrvns lngocn corn hpphrnbt obgn h wnee ds hgtuheey frdeenf% hbf

    jyfroghrlobs hrn nxtrhgtnf"6:

    *; Cost omtnb% [FB[ rnsnrvns chy ln

    6> \nsnrvn \nports Ovnrvdnw%ht p" >7"

    6= Df"

    60 Wnn Wogdnty om [ntroenuc Nb`dbnnrs% @eosshry om Vnrcs ^snf db [ntroenuc \nsnrvns/\nsourgns% ht

    p" 8;% hvhdehlen htjttp1//www"spn"or`/dbfustry/fogs/@eosshry[ntroenuc\nsnrvns#\nsourgnsFnmdbdtdobs_"pfm *ehst vdsdtnf Hu`" 87% #="

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    88

    whdtdb` mor h muturn nvnbt to oggur lnmorn sthrtdb` profugtdob" Vjn cost goccob

    nxhcpen ds wjnb h wnee ds sjut#db whdtdb` ob gobstrugtdob om h pdpnedbn or `htjnrdb`

    systnc"

    *7$ [^F or [rovnf ^bfnvneopnf

    [rovnf ubfnvneopnf rnsnrvns hrn tjn eownst ghtn`ory om provnf rnsnrvns" [^F

    rnsnrvns hrn tjosn wjnrn h bnw wneelorn ds stdee rnqudrnf to ln frdeenf hbf gocpentnf *wdtj

    hggocphbydb` rdsi$% lut mor wjdgj tjnrn ds stdee rnehtdvn gnrthdbty surroubfdb` tjn hcoubt

    om jyfroghrlobs tjny gobthdb">8

    [^F rnsnrvns hrn tjn enhst vheuhlen om tjn provnf

    ghtn`ory to hb dbvnstor lnghusn tjds ghtn`ory rnqudrns tjn cost sd`bdmdghbt ghpdthe

    dbvnstcnbt hbf dbvoevns tjn `rnhtnst rdsi">7 Vjnrn

    hrn two goccob typns om rnsnrvn rnports1 *8$ tjn [ntroenuc Nb`dbnnr \nsnrvn \nport9

    hbf *#="

    >7 \nsnrvn \nports Ovnrvdnw% suprh botn 8;"

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    8> H fnpentdob gurvn rnmnrs to h pnrdof om

    mhdedb` rnsnrvns hbf suppey hbf ds usnf to prnfdgt tjn gost om profugdb` gobvnbtdobhe hbf

    ubgobvnbtdobhe jyfroghrlobs db h phrtdguehr rn`dob hs h mubgtdob om tjn mrhgtdob om tjht

    rn`dobs rnsourgns tjht jhvn hernhfy lnnb gobsucnf">=

    Db nmmngt% tjn fnpentdob gurvn

    nstdchtns tjn eob`#rub chr`dbhe gost om fdsgovnrdb`% profugdb`% hbf fnedvnrdb`

    jyfroghrlobs to tjn chrint lhsnf upob tjn rn`dobs rnsourgns tjht jhvn hernhfy lnnb

    profugnf">0

    Vypdgheey% tjn nb`dbnnr hppedns hb hssucptdob om muturn prdgns to cobntdzn tjosn

    rnsnrvns db h ghsj meow thlen" Lut sugj rnports fo bot% jownvnr% provdfn h gocpentn

    vheuhtdob hbheysds" Vypdgheey% tjny hrn lut h pdngn om tjn dbmorchtdob usnf db vheuhtdob

    hbheysds"

    Vjn [ntroenuc Nb`dbnnr \nsnrvn \nport sjows ghtn`ordns om rnsnrvns tjht fo bot

    hppnhr ob hb WNG \nsnrvn \nport% d"n"% ubprovnf rnsnrvns" Lnghusn om tjht mhgt% tjn

    [ntroenuc Nb`dbnnr \nsnrvn \nport omtnb pehys hb dcporthbt roen db purgjhsn hbf shen

    hgtdvdty" [otnbtdhe sneenrs whbt to ln phdf socn vheun mor tjndr ubprovnf rnsnrvns sjowb

    db tjn [ntroenuc Nb`dbnnr \nsnrvn \nport" Hbf potnbtdhe luynrs whbt to ibow hlout h

    sneenrs ubprovnf rnsnrvns hs tjny rnprnsnbt sd`bdmdghbt potnbtdhe upsdfn db hby hgqudsdtdob

    or snrnbfdpdty% hs dt ds rnmnrrnf to db tjn dbfustry"

    *%> Df"

    >= Wnn Fhvdf E" @rnnbn nt he"% \ubbdb` Out om Hbf Dbto Ode1 Hbheyzdb` @eolhe Ode Fnpentdob hbfVrhbsdtdob Vjrou`j ; *

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    87

    puledgey rnportdb` gocphbdns to utdedzn tjn ghsj meow cntjof om rnportdb` tjn vheun om

    provnf rnsnrvns% usdb` h fdsgoubt om 8;. *[]8;$ wdtj gurrnbt prdgns% lut wdtjout

    nsghehtdob om prdgns"

    Vjn WNG hcnbfnf dts ode hbf `hs rnportdb` rnqudrncnbts db Fngnclnr 4

    Db Ogtolnr : Wnn Cofnrbdzhtdob om Ode hbf @hs \nportdb`% Wngurdtdns Hgt \nenhsn Bo" 77#:44>9 Nxgjhb`n Hgt\nenhsn Bo" 76#>4844 Df"

    =; Wnn W"N"G" Fdvdsdob om Gorporhtdob Mdbhbgn% Ode hbf @hs \uens Gocpedhbgn hbf FdsgeosurnDbtnrprnthtdobs *Ogt"

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    86

    dbgeufdb` dbhldedty to cnnt eohb govnbhbts% rnbn`otdhtdob om iny eohb provdsdobs% hbf

    prolencs wdtj dbvnstors"

    Vjdrf% tjn WNG rnvdsnf tjn ruens mor prdgn fntnrcdbhtdobs om provnf rnsnrvns"

    Lnmorn ;; owbnrs"=: Wngobf% gocphbdns rnportdb` to tjn NDH *lotj

    puledg hbf prdvhtn$ dbgeufn `ross opnrhtnf rnsnrvns *drrnspngtdvn om tjndr owbnrsjdp sjhrn$

    db tjndr rnports% wjden tjn gocphbdns rnportdb` to tjn WNG dbgeufn obey tjndr owbnf

    rnsnrvns *drrnspngtdvn om opnrhtor$ db tjndr rnports"=4

    =6 Df" ht

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    8>

    6" Mhdr Chrint ]heun om Ode hbf @hs \nsnrvns

    Vjnrn hrn tjrnn `nbnrhe cntjofs mor gheguehtdb` tjn mhdr chrint vheun om ode hbf

    `hs rnsnrvns1 *8$ gocphrhlen shens9 *

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    8=

    h phrtdguehr dbfustry hbf ds omtnb lhsnf ob puledsjnf% vnrdmdhlen sourgns" Db tjn ode hbf

    `hs dbfustry% tjn mour cost goccob ruen om tjucl cntjofs hrn1 *8$ prdgn phdf pnr

    lhrrne nqudvhenbt om rnsnrvns9 *

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    80

    tjn surmhgn":; Vjus% dm goccofdty prdgns dbgrnhsn or corn provnf rnsnrvns hrn hffnf to

    tjn \nsnrvn \nport% tjnb h gocphbys lorrowdb` lhsn chy dbgrnhsn hs wnee" Edinwdsn%

    lorrowdb` lhsns fngrnhsn dm prdgns mhee or dm grufn ode hbf bhturhe `hs hrn profugnf% lut

    hrn bot rnpehgnf"

    @dvnb tjn rngnbt voehtdedty hbf sjhrp dbgrnhsns db grufn ode prdgns hbf tjn

    gobtdbudb` fngedbn db bhturhe `hs prdgns% tjnrn hrn chby mdbhbgdhe hbf en`he dssuns rnehtnf

    to lorrowdb` lhsn eohbs" Hs h lorrownr% ode hbf hs gocphbdns jhvn socnwjht edcdtnf

    hldedty to gjheenb`n h rnvdsdob to h lorrowdb` lhsn fntnrcdbhtdob" Vjds ds so lnghusn

    tjn eohb fogucnbts typdgheey heeow tjn enbfnr to rnfugn *or dbgrnhsn$ tjn lorrowdb` lhsn

    db dts fdsgrntdob or db `oof mhdtj" Pjden tjn cnhbdb` om `oof mhdtj vhrdns hcob`

    aurdsfdgtdobs% tjn sthbfhrf ds rnehtdvney nhsy to shtdsmy dm tjn phrtdns hldfn ly tjn nxprnss

    tnrcs om tjn eohb h`rnncnbt"

    Jownvnr% db ht enhst obn ghsn% hb ode hbf `hs gocphby whs suggnssmue db provdb`

    tjht dts enbfnrs rnfugtdob om tjn gocphbys lorrowdb` lhsn *mroc &8; cdeedob to &4"

    Vjds ds dccnfdhtney puledg

    dbmorchtdob% wjdgj tjn `noeo`dst ghb usn to chp sulsurmhgn noeo`dghe morchtdobs" Vjnrn

    ds heso h `rnht fnhe om prdvhtn dbmorchtdob trhfns lntwnnb nxpeorhtdob hbf profugtdob

    gocphbdns"

    Hb dcporthbt sourgn om sulsurmhgn wnee dbmorchtdob ds wdrnedbn wnee eo`s"4= Pnee

    eo` edlrhrdns goeengt gopdns om wdrnedbn eo`s mor rn`dobhe hrnhs"40 Vjnrn ds h wnee eo`

    edlrhry db hecost nvnry ode hbf bhturhe `hs phtgj db tjn ^bdtnf Wthtns hbf Ghbhfh"4:

    Cnclnrsjdp db h wnee eo` edlrhry gosts cobny% hbf tjn eo`s ghb ln gopdnf hbf nvnb

    gjnginf out om tjn edlrhry"44 Cornovnr% tjn chaor ode gocphbdns jhvn mor chby ynhrs

    4; Df" ht p" >8="

    48 Df"

    4

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    Df" ht p"

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    Vjn 7#F sndscdg ds lnst vdnwnf ob h gocputnr cobdtor wjnrn dt ghb ln

    rothtnf hbf vdnwnf mroc fdmmnrnbt fdrngtdobs"87=

    Dt ds dcporthbt to botn tjht sndscdg ds nxpnbsdvn" Dt ghb ln gobsdfnrhley corn

    nxpnbsdvn db ru``nf tnrrhdb ob ehbf" Wndscdg ds enss nxpnbsdvn hbf om lnttnr quhedty ht

    snh" Dt ds heso dcporthbt to botn tjht% ht lnst% sndscdg dbfdghtns wjnrn jyfroghrlobs chy

    ln prnsnbt" Frdeedb` hb nxpeorhtory wnee ds tjn obey why to gobmdrc tjn prnsnbgn om

    jyfroghrlobs"

    F" [rolhldedty om Jyfroghrlob FdsgovnryMor h sulsurmhgn hggucuehtdob om jyfroghrlobs to nxdst% tjnrn cust ln porous hbf

    pnrcnhlen rnsnrvodr rogi% jyfroghrlobs tjht jhvn covnf mroc h pntroenuc sourgn rogi to

    tjn rnsnrvodr rogi% hbf h snhenf geosurn or trhp ghphlen om gobthdbdb` tjn jyfroghrlobs" 870

    Pjnb nvheuhtdb` ehbf wdtj bo prdor jyfroghrlob profugtdob or nxpeorhtdob% tjn `noeo`dst

    wdee nstdchtn tjn prolhldedty om fdsgovnrdb` jyfroghrlobs prdor to nxpeorhtdob frdeedb`"

    Obn goccob cntjof mor prnphrdb` tjht nstdchtn ds to usn tjn profugt om mour chaor

    prolhldedty mhgtors% nhgj om wjdgj ds fdsgussnf lneow"87: Vjn prolhldedty sghen rhb`ns

    mroc ;"; to 8";"874 H prolhldedty om 8"; cnhbs 8;;. gnrthdbty"86; H prolhldedty om ;";

    cnhbs ;. gnrthdbty"868

    87"

    868 Wnn df"

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    *7$ [rolhldedty om Wourgn \ogi

    Vjn pntroenuc gjhr`n systnc gocprdsns hb nmmngtdvn sourgn rogi *db tnrcs om dts

    quhedty% voeucn hbf chturdty$% hbf h cd`rhtdob cngjhbdsc mor jyfroghrlobs mroc tjn

    sourgn rogi*s$ to tjn snhenf trhp"86= Vjn fntnrcdbhtdob om tjds mhgtor rnqudrns tjn

    `noeo`dst to nvheuhtn tjn sourgn rogi potnbtdhe"860 Vjn `noeo`dst gobsdfnrs% hcob` otjnr

    tjdb`s% sourgn rogi hbheysds hbf fdsgovnrdns db tjn hrnh"86:

    86

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    *6$ [rolhldedty om \ntnbtdob om Jyfroghrlobs Hmtnr

    Hggucuehtdob

    Vjn `noeo`dst nstdchtns tjn prolhldedty tjht h snhenf trhp nxdsts hbf tjht tjn

    trhppdb` gobmd`urhtdob whs hernhfy morcnf wjnb jyfroghrlobs wnrn cd`rhtdb` dbto tjn

    hrnh om tjn prospngt" Dm tjn trhppdb` gobmd`urhtdob ghcn dbto lndb` hmtnr jyfroghrlobs

    cd`rhtnf out om tjn prospngt% tjnb tjn `htn jhs lnnb sjut obey hmtnr tjn jorsn `ot out"

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    6 Vjht sneenr heso heen`nf

    tjht tjn gocphby mhdenf to fdsgeosn chtnrdhe gjhb`ns tjht rnbfnrnf tjosn rnprnsnbthtdobs

    ubtrun or cdsenhfdb` db tjn dbtnrvnbdb` : cobtjs lntwnnb tjn enttnr hbf tjn

    rnfncptdob"8>>

    0

    Murtjnr% tjn gobtnbt om tjn nxpnrts tnstdcoby cust hssdst tjn auf`n or aury db

    ubfnrsthbfdb` tjn nvdfnbgn or db fntnrcdbdb` h mhgt db dssun"

    864 Wnn% n"`"%Hcgo Nbnr`y% Dbg" v" Vhbh Nxpeorhtdob Go"% 6>> L"\" >:6 *W"F" Vnx" 6 Df" ht 70;#0="

    8>> Df"

    8>= Fhulnrt v" Cnrrnee Fow [jhrchgnutdghes% Dbg"% >;4 ^"W" >04 *8447$"

    8>0 Mnfnrhe \uen om Nvdfnbgn 0;

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    : *4 *>$ wjntjnr hb nxpnrts vheuhtdob moeeows h gobsdstnbt cntjofoeo`y9 hbf

    *=$ wjntjnr hb nxpnrts mhdr chrint vheun opdbdob ds supportnf ly hpproprdhtn fhth

    hvhdehlen to luynrs hbf sneenrs db tjn chrint pehgn"8=;

    Db rngnbt ghsns hbf db h vhrdnty om fdsputns% nxpnrt tnstdcoby ds usnf to vheun ode

    hbf `hs propnrtdns"

    7" Nxpnrt Vnstdcoby to [rovn Eost [romdts Fhch`ns

    H" Eost [romdts Fun Vo Frhdbh`n hbf Jypotjntdghe Ommsnt PneeDb Inrr#Cg@nn Gorp" v" Jnetob% tjn Vnxhs Wuprncn rnvnrsnf h &:=7%;;; trdhe

    gourt auf`cnbt db mhvor om tjn pehdbtdmmswjo wnrn ode hbf `hs enssorslnghusn om

    fnmdgdnbgdns db tjndr nxpnrts tnstdcoby1 tjn hcoubt om fhch`ns ds dbgocpntnbt% YhbfS

    tjnrn ds bo nvdfnbgn to support tjn hcoubt om fhch`ns hwhrfnf ly tjn trdhe gourt"8=8

    8>: Wnn% n"`"% Meoyf v" Jnmbnr% >>= M"Wupp"#6: *W"F" Vnx"

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    $ gheguehtn tjn

    thxns"80; VjnHqudeh gourt botnf tjht tjn nxpnrt usnf h sthbfhrf cntjofoeo`y hbf tjht h

    pntroenuc nb`dbnnr jhf gobmdrcnf tjn nxpnrts gheguehtdobs% lut uetdchtney rnvnrsnf tjn

    eost promdts hwhrf lnghusn tjn ubfnreydb` mhgtuhe lhsds usnf to fntnrcdbn tjn nxtnbt om

    eost promdts Yh wnee tnst pnrmorcnf < ynhrs lnmorn fhch`ns oggurrnfS ds cnrney

    spnguehtdvn% " " " YhbfS tjnrn whs bo nvdfnbgn to support tjn aurys mdbfdb` ob eost

    promdts"808

    G" Nvdfnbgn om Ode Gocphbys Eost [romdts Phs WpnguehtdvnMoeeowdb` h sdx#wnni trdhe% h aury hwhrfnf &="6 cdeedob db eost promdts fhch`ns

    to h gocphby tjht whs httncptdb` to purgjhsn hbf fnvneop ode hbf `hs mdnefs db

    Ihzhijsthb"80

    6" Mhdr Chrint ]heuhtdob om Cdbnrhe Dbtnrnsts

    H" Vhxhtdob om Cdbnrhe Dbtnrnsts ht Chrint ]heun Db D\W HufdtDb h thx fdsputn% tjn D\W gjheenb`nf tjn &86"= cdeedob nsthtn hbf `dmt thx phdf ly

    tjn nsthtn om h fngnfnbt tjht jnef cdbordty owbnrsjdp dbtnrnsts db snvnrhe gocphbdns tjht%

    db turb% owbnf ode hbf `hs dbtnrnsts"80= Corn spngdmdgheey% tjn D\W gobtnstnf tjn mhdr

    chrint vheuns om tjn ode hbf `hs dbtnrnsts% hbf tjn nsthtn h`rnnf to phy corn tjn &7

    cdeedob db hffdtdobhe nsthtn thxns% peus dbtnrnst"800 Jownvnr% tjn nsthtn gjheenb`nf tjn

    dbgrnhsnf thx hufdt% hbf tjn Hbfnrsob gourt rnednf ob h pntroenuc nb`dbnnrdb` nxpnrt

    rnport to fntnrcdbn tjn vdhldedty om tjn ode hbf `hs dbtnrnsts"80:

    Db hffdtdob% tjn phrtdns

    nxpnrts rnednf ob gnrthdb cdbnrhe rnports hbf cdbnrhe rnports hbf hbheysns to fnrdvn tjn

    vheun om YgnrthdbS cdbnrhe dbtnrnsts"804 Db tjn nbf% tjn D\W owb nxpnrt sthtnf tjht tjn

    thxns ownf hrn gobsdfnrhley enss *d"n" obey &8 Cdeedob to @hs Dbvnstor HsMhdr Chrint ]heun om Dbtnrnsts ht tdcn om Vortdous Dbtnrmnrnbgn

    Hb dbvnstor db h Lue`hrdhb ode hbf `hs proangt mdenf sudt h`hdbst two gocphbdns mor

    tjndr tortdous dbtnrmnrnbgn wdtj h gobtrhgt to wjdgj tjn dbvnstor whs h phrty% hbf h aury

    rnturbnf hb hwhrf db nxgnss om &== cdeedob db mhvor om tjn dbvnstor pehdbtdmm"8:8 Lntwnnb

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    78

    ob h ehr`n phrgne om ehbf db Lue`hrdh"8:< Lnmorn tjn tjdrf trhbgjn om mdbhbgdb`% tjn dbvnstor

    hpprohgjnf tjn fnmnbfhbt hlout thidb` h 8;. sthin mor &:"> cdeedob"8:7 Jownvnr% hmtnr

    rngndvdb` dbmorchtdob hlout tjn proangt% tjn fnmnbfhbt ln`hb to sngrntey fnhe wdtj tjn

    fnvneopnr wjo% db turb% gut tjn dbvnstor mroc tjn proangt fun to hb heen`nf nvnbt om

    fnmhuet" Vjn dbvnstor sunf tjn fnmnbfhbt mor tortdous dbtnrmnrnbgn om gobtrhgt hbf% hs

    nvdfnbgn om tjn mhdr chrint vheun om tjn 7:. dbtnrnst db tjn Lue`hrdh [roangt% prnsnbtnf

    tnstdcoby mroc two nxpnrts"8:6

    Ht trdhe% tjn nxpnrts nxpehdbnf two possdlen fhch`ns cofnes1 *8$ tjn cost ediney

    cofne9 hbf * cdeedob mor h 8;. woridb` dbtnrnst db

    tjn proangt hbf% hmtnr gnrthdb fnfugtdobs% tjn ovnrhee proangt gouef ln vheunf ht &:

    cdeedob hwhrf to tjn dbvnstor *ob top om &80 cdeedob db nxncpehry fhch`ns$ hbf% db

    hffdtdob% rnvnrsnf tjn trdhe gourts fowbwhrf hfaustcnbt om tjn hwhrf to &78"8=

    cdeedob"8:4

    8:;"

    8:= Df"

    8:0 Df" ht 6>;#>8

    8:: Df" ht 6>6#>>"

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    7" ]heuhtdob db Lhbiruptgy GourtH" Woevnbgy om Ode hbf @hs Gocphby Fnrdvnf Mroc Nxpnrt

    Vnstdcoby

    [rdor to mdedb` lhbiruptgy% hb ode hbf `hs gocphby spngdhedznf db chturn ode hbf

    `hs mdnefs db Eoudsdhbh hbf% mor snvnrhe ynhrs% pursunf hb h``rnssdvn hgqudsdtdob

    pro`rhc tjht uetdchtney enf to dts lhbiruptgy mdedb`"84;

    Hmtnr tjn lhbiruptgy mdedb`% h

    trustnn whs hppodbtnf to ovnrsnn tjn lhbiruptgy nsthtn" Vjn Vrustnn sulsnqunbtey mdenf

    snvnrhe mrhufuenbt trhbsmnr hgtdobs% hbf tjn dssun whs wjntjnr tjn fnltor ode hbf `hs

    gocphby whs dbsoevnbt ht tjn tdcn om gnrthdb trhbsmnrs hbf genhrey tjn cost sd`bdmdghbt

    hssnt owbnf ly Ytjn fnltor gocphbyS whs dts ode hbf `hs propnrtdns"848 Vjn P\V Nbnr`y

    gourt botnf tjht tjn phrtdns vheuhtdobs wnrn bot nvnb db tjn shcn lheephri hbf opdbnf

    tjht tjn hrt om vheudb` ode hbf `hs propnrtdns% wjdgj dbgeufns tjn thsi om nstdchtdb`

    rnsnrvns% ds bot hb nxhgt sgdnbgn Yhbf jowS nvnry nxpnrt wdtbnss " " " rnhfdey gobgnfnf tjht

    tjn opdbdobs om promnssdobhes db nstdchtdb` rnsnrvns hbf vheudb` ode hbf `hs propnrtdns ghb

    fdmmnr `rnhtey"84

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    77

    hbf `hs hssnts lnghusn tjnrn ds sulsthbtdhe `roubf mor h fdmmnrnbgn om opdbdob hcob`

    promnssdobhes hs to wjht edns lnbnhtj tjn surmhgn% omtnbtdcns < hbf 7 cdens fnnp"846

    L" Gjheenb`db` Xuhedmdghtdobs hbf \nedhldedty om NxpnrtsDb h jd`jey gobtnbtdous ghsn dbvoevdb` tjn fncdsn hbf uetdchtn lhbiruptgy om hb

    ode hbf `hs gocphby% tjn lhbiruptgy gourt gobsdfnrnf tjn fnmnbfhbt fdrngtors gjheenb`ns

    to tjn rnenvhbgy hbf rnedhldedty om nxpnrt tnstdcoby rn`hrfdb` fhch`ns cofnes"84>

    Hetjou`j tjn fdsputn db Meoyf stnccnf mroc tjn dbvoevncnbt om snem#dbtnrnstnf

    fdrngtors tjht hutjordznf tjn frdeedb` om h gnrthdb wnee% tjn phrtdns gjheenb`nf tnstdcoby

    mroc opposdb` nxpnrts"84= Db tjht rn`hrf% tjn fnmnbfhbt fdrngtors gjheenb`nf tjn nxpnrts

    tnstdcoby ob dssuns tjht dbgeufnf1 *8$ tjn fngedbn db chrinthldedty fhch`ns9

    *$ opdbdobs ob

    rnsnrvodr fhch`n9 hbf *=$ opdbdobs rn`hrfdb` tjn lohrf om fdrngtors hwhrnbnss om

    prolencs wdtj gnrthdb ode mdnefs"840 Corn spngdmdgheey% tjn fnmnbfhbts gjheenb`nf tjn

    quhedmdghtdob om obn nxpnrt to opdbn ob tjn mhdr chrint vheun om ode hbf `hs propnrtdns

    lnghusn jn ehginf hb hggoubtdb` fn`rnn% lut tjn Meoyfgourt rnangtnf tjds hr`ucnbt `dvnb

    tjn envne om tjn nxpnrts promnssdobhe nxpnrdnbgn"84:

    Vjn gourt heso rnangtnf tjn

    fnmnbfhbts hr`ucnbts rn`hrfdb` tjn rnedhldedty om tjn nxpnrts opdbdobs hs lndb`

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    ]DD" Gobgeusdob

    Vjn vheuhtdob om h potnbtdhe *or profugdb`$ ode hbf `hs proangt dbvoevns ghrnmue

    gobsdfnrhtdob om rdsi mhgtors hbf dbvnstcnbt olangtdvns" Pjden goccofdty prdgns

    rnchdbnf sthlen mroc tjn nhrey 844;s to tjn nhrey >= M"Wupp"

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