198

Vascular plant survey of Greenwoods Conservancy, summer 1997

Jeane Bennett-O'Dea·

INTRODUCTION

Greenwoods Conservancy is a nature preserve of approximately 1,100 acres located in the Town Of Burlington, New York (Warner, 1997). This conservancy was established by Dr. Earl Peterson through the Otsego County Land Trust (Taylor, 1996). Conservation easements are used to protect the nature of undeveloped land. They are legal agreements which landowners voluntarily make with land trusts restricting the type and amount of development that can take place on the property under protection. These restrictions hold regardless of who owns the property in the future. Thus, it can be said that properties under such easements can be protected in perpetuity (Green, 1997). Much of Greenwoods Conservancy has been designated as being "forever wild". Some areas are selectively logged, mowed, and otherwise maintained in order to sustain them at a particular stage of succession (Taylor, 1996). Several trails were established through Greenwoods Conservancy early in its existence making movement from place to place considerably easier than it was at first.

Within Greenwoods Conservancy there are many communities with a rich diversity of vascular plants. This study is an expansion of earlier work which attempted to compile a preliminary list of the vascular plants found throughout a select area within Greenwoods Conservancy (Taylor, 1996).

METHODS

Specimens had been collected throughout the summers of 1994 and 1995. Some were identified upon collection. The specimens were pressed and dried in a convection oven at 100­150 OF (Taylor, 1996). Most of the summer of 1996 was spent examining the copious collections to either verify or correct preliminary identifications. Those which evaded identification were set aside in a "mystery" pile. After the entire collection of dried specimens had been surveyed, it became clear that some speciespresent at Greenwoods had escaped notice. Weekly trips to hunt for these overlooked species were made. Once collected, these specimens were handled in the same manner as the others.

In 1997, an effort was made to expand the collecting interval. Whereas the bulk of the previous collections were made from the end of May to mid-August, this year's collection began in early May and will continue through October. Another change made was in the handling

• Graduate student: SUNY Oneonta Biological Field Station.

199

of the collected specimens. Instead of being oven dried, they were allowed to dry naturally in their presses. Naturally dried specimens retained their colors to a better degree than "cooked" specimens. A concerted effort was made to explore regions which were further from marked trails. With few exceptions collections were made at least once a week. When there were less than five individuals of a particular species present, I choose to leave the species undisturbed and to photograph them for documentation. Photographic slides of particularly dramatic, less common, or especially photogenic flora have been made during the past two years using a 35 mm Minolta or 35 mm Canon camera. When photographing these rarer species was not possible, they were identified in the field and the identification was verified by another researcher.

Most field identification was done using either Peterson and McKenny (1968), Niering and Olmstead (1979), Petrides (1958), Cobb (1956), or Brown (1979). Each field identification was followed through Gleason, Vol. I, II, III (1968). These three volumes were used for the ultimate identification of all specimens. This ensured a more rigorous determination as well as providing more consistency in taxonomic system usage. Occasionally, a specimen defied field identification. In such a case, an excellent, but challenging, taxonomic key was used (Gleason, 1968) or a "bigger and better picture book" was employed. Rickett (1966) was valuable for several difficult specimens and Jackson (1988) was used as a primary reference in one especially difficult case.

Herbaria specimens were screened to be sure that diagnostic characteristics of each species were represented as fully as reasonably possible. Fertile fronds of ferns were preserved instead of sterile fronds; female specimens were favored over male specimens when dioecious plants were involved; basal leaves as well as cauline leaves were represented; specimens in flower were selected over those not in flower.

Finally, the results of the collection were listed according to family and species. The location of the specimens was noted by reference to quadrant numbers. These quadrants were estabJished by Taylor (1996) during earlier studies (Figure 1).

2

3

4

~

~:

M~RCY SOUTH POWER LINE

LOCAL POWER LINE MAINTAINED ROADS

OTIIER ROADS TRAILS WETI.ANDS DI'I!N WATER BOUNDARY

Fig. 1.'Map oft~'Greenwoods C~nservancy with quadrant references.

200

Vascular Plant Survey of Greenwoods

I. Pteridophyta Equisetaceae

Equisetacea sylvaticum

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium annotinum Lycopodium ohscurum Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium complanatum

(now known as L. flabelliformes) Lycopodium lucidulum

Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomae Osmunda c!aytonia

Polypodiaceae Adiantum pedatum Athyrium jelix-jemina Dennstaedia punctilobula Dryopteris campyloptera Dryopteris intermedia Dryopteris spinulosa Matteuccia Struthiopteris Onoc!ea sensihilis Polystichum acrostichoides Pteridium aquilinum Thelypteris novahoracensis Thelypteris palustris Thelypteris phegopteris

II. Gymnospermae Pinaceae

Picea abies Picea glauca Picea pungens Picea rubens Pinus resinosa Pinus strohus Tsuga canadensis

Wood horsetail

Stiff clubmoss Tree c1ubmoss Ground pine Running cedar

Shining c1uhmoss

Cinnamon fern Interrupted fern

Northern maidenhair Lady fern Hay-scented fern Mountain wood fern Wood fern Spinulose wood fern Ostrich fern Sensitive fern Christmas fern Bracken fern New York fern Marsh fern Long beech fern

Norway spruce White spruce Blue spruce Red spruce Red pine White pine Eastern hemlock

F1F2

E1E2 E1E2 E1E2 E1E2

E1E2

F1F2 E3E4

F1F2 F1F2 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 F1F2 0304 FJF2 E1E2 E3E4 F1F2 E3E4 E1E2

E3E4 F1F2 D5e5 E1E2 F1F2 E1E2 F1F2

201

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Included is a taxonomic compilation of all the vascular plants that have been collected at Greenwoods Conservancy to date; common names and areas of collection are also given. It is clear that Greenwoods supports a diverse flora. Still, there are many species waiting to be found. Future studies must focus on expanding the areas of study as well as more intensively surveying the areas already studied. Considering the size of the Greenwoods Conservancy, this is a fonnidable, yet exciting, prospect.

REFERENCES

Brown, Lauren. 1979. Grasses, an identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 232 pp.

Cobb, Boughton. 1956. A field guide to the ferns and their related families. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 259 p.

Gleason, Hemy. 1968. The new Britton and Brown illustrated floraofthe northern United States and Canada, Vol. I. Hafner Publishing Co. New York. 476 pp.

Gleason, Henry. 1968. The new Britton and Brown illustrated floraof the northern United States and Canada, Vol. II. Hafner Publishing Co. New York. 646 pp.

Gleason, Henry. 1968. The new Britton and Brown illustrated floraofthe northern United States and Canada, Vol. III. Hafner Publishing Co. New York. 545 pp.

Green, Martha. 1997. How green is my valley. Nature Conservancy. S/O, '97. pp. 19-23.

Jackson, Michael. 1988. The new world guide to beer. Quarto Publishing pIc. London. 246 pp.

Niering, William and Nancy Olmstead. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American wildflowers. Chanticleer Press, Inc. New York. 837 pp.

Peterson, R.T. and Margaret McKenny. 1968. A field guide to wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 393 pp.

Petrides, George. 1972. Field guide to trees and shrubs. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 400 pp.

Rickett, Harold. 1966. Wild flowers of the United States, Vol. I part 1 & 2. McGraw Hill. New York. 525 pp.

Taylor, Linda. 1996. Biological survey of Cranberry Bog, summer 1994. In 27th Ann. Rept. (1994). SUNY Oneonta Bio. Fld. Sta., SUNY Oneonta. pp. 105-124.

Warner, David. 1997. Personal communication. SUNY Oneonta Bio. Fld. Sta., SUNY Oneonta.

202

III. Angiospermae A. Monocots

Alisamataceae Saggitaria latifolia

Araceae Arisaema triphyllum

Cyperaceae Carex aestiva!ormes Carex hrunnescens Carex canescens Carex crinita Carex dehilis Carex lurida Carex scoparia Carex stipata Carex stricta Carex trisperma Dulchinum arundinaceum Eleocharis ohtusa Eleocharis ovata Scirpus atrovirens Scirpus cyperinus Scirpus lineatris SCirpus ruhrotinctus

Graminae Agropyron trachycaulum Agrostis scahra Anthoxanthum odoratum Brachyelytrum erectum Dactylis glomerata Danthonia spicata Glyceria canadensis Glyceria melicaria Glyceria striata Panicum ensifolium Phalaris arundinaceae Phleum pratense Poa palustris

Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria americana

Broad leaved arrowhead F1F2

Jack-in-the-pulpit E3E4

Sedge E3E4 Sedge E3E4 Sedge E3E4 Sedge E1E2 Sedge E3E4 Sedge F1F2 Sedge E3E4 Sedge E3E4 Tussock Sedge E1E2 Sedge E3E4 Three way sedge F1F2 Spjkerush E1E2 Ovoid spikerush E3E4 Dark green bulrush F1F2 Wool grass E3E4 Sedge FJF2 Barber pole sedge E3E4

Slender wheat grass E3E4 Hair grass F1F2 Sweet vernal grass E3E4 Long awned wood grass E3E4 Orchard grass E3E4 Poverty grass F1F2 Rattlesnake manna grass E3E4 Slender manna grass E3E4 Manna grass E3E4 Panic grass F1F2 Reed canary grass F1F2 Timothy grass F1F2 Fowl meadow grass E3E4

Wild celery FIF2

203

Iridaceae [ris versicolor Sisyrinchium augustifolium

Juncaceae .funcus canadensis Juncus efJusus Juncus tenuis

Liliaceae Allium stellatum Clintonia borealis Erythronium americanum Hemerocallis fulva Maianthemum canadense Medeola virginiana L. Lilium canadensis Polygonatum biflorum Smilacina trifolia

Trill ium erectum Trillium undulatum Uvularia sessilifolia Vagnera racemosa Veratrum viride

Najadaceae Potamegeton gramineus Potameteton natans

Orcbidaceae Cypripedium acaule Goodyera repens Habenaria orbiculata Pogonia ophioglossoides SerapiusHelleborine

Sparginaceae Sparganium americanum

Sparganium chlorocarpum Sparganium diversifolium

Blue flag E3E4 BJ ue-eyed grass F1F2

Rush EIE2 Softmsh F1F2 Rush E3E4

Wild onion EIE2 Clintonia ElE2 Trout lily AIA2 Day Jjly D1D2 Canadian mayflower E3E4 Indian cucumber root ElE2 Canada lily EIE2 Solomon's seal A1A2 Three leaved false E3E4

Solomon's seal Wake robin E3E4 Painted trillium E3E4 BeUwort E3E4 False Solomon's seal E3E4 False hellebore EIE2

Pond weed FlF2 Pond weed F1F2

Moccasin flower E3E4 Rattle snake pJantain FJF2 Round leaved orchis D102 Rose pogonia E3E4 Helleborine F1F2

Bur-reed E3E4 Bur-reed FJF2 Bur-reed E3E4

I

204

B. Dicots Aceraceae

Acer pensylvanicum Acerruhrum Acer saccharum A cer spicatum

Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis Panax trifolium Panax qUinquefolium

Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca Asclepias incarnata

Balsamaceae [mpatiens capen'lis

Berberidacea Podophyllum peltatum Caulophyllum thaliclroides

Betulaceae Alnus rugosa Betula lenla Betula lutea Carpinus caroliniana Corulus americana Corylus cornata Ostrya virginiana

Caprifoliaceae Samhucus puhens Vihurnum alnifolium Vihurnum recognitum

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium semidecandrum

Dianthus deltoides Steflaria graminea

Compositae Achillea millefolium

Striped maple FIF2 RedmapJe FIF2 Sugar maple EIE2 Mountain mapJe E3E4

Wild sarsaparilla E3E4 Dwarf ginseng E1E2 Ginseng A1A2

Milkweed E3E4 Swamp milkweed DJ02

Spotted touch-me-not EIE2

Mayapple FIF2 BJue Cohosh E3E4

Speckled alder FIF2 BJack bjrch E3E4 Yellow birch 0102 Ironwood E3E4 American hazelnut E3E4 Beaked hazelnut ElE2 Hop hornbeam FIF2

Red elder E3E4 HobbJe bush E3E4 Nothern Arrowwood FIF2

5 stamened mouse earred E3E4 Chkkweed

Maiden pjnk E5 Lesser stitchwort FIF2

Yarrow FIF2

205

Ambrosia artemesiafolia Anaphalis margari/aceae Arctium lappa Aster acuminatus Aster cordifolius Aster divaricatus Aster Lowl'ienus Aster puniceus Aster tenebrosis Biden.'! cernua Carduus crispus Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Cirsium arvense Cirsium palustre Cirsium vulgare Crepis tectorum Erigeron annus Erigeron strigosus Eupatorium maculatum Eupatorium perfoliaturn Galinsoga ciliata Hieracium pratense Hieracium aurantiacum Hieracium floribundum Prenanthes alba Prenanthes altissima Rudbeckia hirta Senecio aureus Solidago altissima Solidago canadensis Solidago elongata Solidago gigantea Solidago graminifolia Solidago juncea Solidago neglecta Solidago ohioensis Solidago odorata Solidago rugosa Solidago serotina Solidago tenuifolia Solidago uliginosa Solidago ulmifolia Tanacetum vulgare Taraxacum ojficinale Tu.'1s ilago farfara

Ragweed Pearly everlasting Greater burdock Whorled white aster Heart leaved aster White wood aster Lowrie's aster Purple stemm:ed aster Long-leaved wood aster Bur-marigold Welted thistle Ox-eye daisy Canada thistle Marsh thistle Bull thistle Hawk's beard Daisy fleabane Daisy fleabane Spotted joe-pye weed Boneset Gallant soldier YeHow hawkweed Orange hawkweed Hawkweed White lettuce TaJl white lettuce Black eyed Susan Golden ragwort Tall goldenrod Canada goldenrod Goldenrod Late goldenrod Goldenrod Early goldenrod Swamp goldenrod Goldenrod Fragrant goldenrod Rough stemmed goldenrod Late goldenrod Slender goldenrod Bog goldenrod Elm-leaved goldnerod Tansy Dandeljon Coltsfoot

FIF2 E3E4 FlF2 EIE2 FlF2 EJE2 EIE2 F1F2 EIE2 FJF2 E3E4 FIF2 FIF2 E3E4 EIE2 G3G4 FIF2 FIF2 EIE2 EJE2 FIF2 F1F2 FIF2 E3E4 E3E4 FJF2 EIE2 G3 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 EIE2 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 .E3E4 E3E4 E3E4 FIF2 F1F2 E3E4

206

Tragopogon pratensis

Cornaceae Cornus alternifi)lia Cornus canadensis

Crassulaceae Sedum telephium

Cruciferae Alliaria ojJicinalis Barharea vulgaris Rrassica rapa Cardamine palustris Cardamine pennsylvanica Dentaria diphylium Nasturtium officinale Thlaspi arvense

Droseraceae Drosera rotul1d~folia

Ericaceae Andromeda glaucophylla ChamaedapJzne calycufata Gaultheria hispida Gaultheria procumhens llex verticilla L. Vaccinium augustifolium Vaccinium corymhosum Vaccinjum macrocarpOl1 Vaccinium oxycoccus

Fabaceae (Leguminaceae) Coronilla varia Lotus corniculatus Tr~folium agrarium Vida cracca

Fagaceae Castanea dentata Fagus grandifofia Quercu'l mue/enhergii Quercu'l ruhra

Goat's beard

Alternate leaved dogwood E3E4 Bunchberry 81E2

Orpine FIF2

Garlic mustard E3E4 Winter cress E3E4 Field mustard FIF2 Cress EIE2 Pennsylvania Bittercress EIE2 Tootbwort E3E4 Watercress EIE2 Field pennycress EIE2

Round leaved sundew E3E4

Bog rosemary E3E4 Leatberleaf FIF2 Creeping snowberry FIF2 Wintergreen FJF2 Wimerberry FIF2 Blueberry EIE2 High bush blueberry EIE2 Cranberry E3E4 Small cranberry E3E4

Crown vetch E3E4 Bird's foot trefoil F1F2 Hop clover FIF2 Cow vetch FIF2

American chestnut DID2 Beech EJE2 Chinkapin oak E3E4 Red oak 83E4

207

Fumariaceae Bicuculla canadensis

Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum

Guttiferae Hypericum boreale Hypericum denticulatum Hypericum mutUum Hypericum perjiJratum Hypericum virgatum

Triadenum virginicum L.

Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana

Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum

Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Galeopsis tetrahit Galeopsis ladanum Leonurus cardiaca Lycopus virginicwi L Prunella vulgaris Satureja vulgaris Scutellaria epUobiifolia Scutellaria galericulala Scutellaria laterifolia

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia vulgaris

Lobeliaceae [,obelia injlata

Malvaceae Malva moshata

Monotropaceae Monotropa uniflora

Squirrel com A1A2

Herb Robert E3E4

Northern St. John's wort E3E4 St. John's wort E1E2 Dwarf St. John's wort F1F2 St. John's wort F1F2 Copper colored St. John's E3E4

wort Marsh St. John's wort F1F2

Witch Hazel EIE2

Virginia waterleaf A1A2

Hemp nettle FIF2 Hemp nettle B3 Motherwort E3E4 Bugleweed F1F2 Heal-all FIF2 WiJd basiJ FIF2 Skullcap F1F2 SkuJJcap E1E2 Mad-dog skullcap E182

Greater bladderwort F1F2

Indian tobacco E1E2

Musk mallow FIF2

Indian pipes E1E2

208

Moraceae Humulus IUPlllliS

Nymphaceae Brassenia schreheri Nuphar variegatum

Oleacea Fraxinlls americana Fraxinus nigra

Onagraceae Circea alpina

Fpilohillm augustifolium Fpilohium coloratum Epilohium glandulosum Epi/ohillm leptophyllum Oenothera hiennis Oenothera !rlliticosa

Oxalidaceae Oxalis europaea Oxalis montana Oxalis stricta

Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana

Plantaginaceae Plantago major Plantago lanceolata

Polygonaceae Polygonllm coccinellm Polygonum Persicaria Polygonum sagittatum Polygonum scandens Polygonum punctatum Rumex ohtusifolius

Hops E3E4

Water shield E3E4 Bull lily E3E4

White ash E3E4 Black ash E3E4

Smaller enchanter's F1F2 Nightshade Fireweed G3G4 Purple leaved willow herb E1E2 Northem willow herb E1E2 Narrow leaved willow herb DID2 Common evening primrose EIE2 Sundrops EIE2

Yellow wood sorrel E1E2 Common wood sorrel FJF2 Yellow wood sorrel E3E4

Bloodroot AIA2

Pokeweed G1G2

Common plantain F1F2 Engljsh plantain FIF2

Swamp smartweed EIE2

Arrow leaved tear-thumb E3E4 False Climbing Buckwheat FJF2 Smartweed EIE2 Bitter dock E3E4

209

Portulacaceae Claytonia caroliniana Carolina spring beauty A1A2

Primulaceae r,ysimachia terrestris Swamp candles F1F2 Naumhurgia thyrsifolia E1E2 Trientalis borealis Star flower E1E2

Pyrolaceae Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf E3E4

Ranunculaceae Actea alba Baneberry E3E4 Anemone qUinque/olia Wood anemone E3E4 Caltha palustris Marsh marigold E1E2 Caulophyllum thalictroides BJue cohosh E1E2 Clematis virginiana Virgin's bower F1F2 Coptis trifolia Gold thread E3E4 Hepatica acutiloha Sharp lobed hepatica Ranunculus acris Buttercup EIE2 Ranunculus ahortivus Kidney leaved buttercup A1A2 Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup EJE2 Ranunculus recurvatus Buttercup E1E2 Ranunculus septroinalis Swamp buttercup EIE2 Thalictrum polygamum TaU meadow rue F1F2

Rhamnaceae Rhamnus alnifolia Alderleaf buckthorn E3E4

Rosaceae Agrimonia rostellata Agrimony E1E2 Crataegu.r;; sp_ Hawthorn E1E2 Dalihardia repens Dewdrop E1E2 Fragaria canadensis Wnd strawberry EJE2 Fragaria virginiana Wild strawberry E1E2 Geum canadense White avens E1E2 Potentilia argentea Rough fruited cinquefoil E1E2 Potentilla canadense Dwarf cinquefoj] E3E4 Potentilla intermedia Cinquefoil F1F2 Potentilla norvegica Rough cinquefoiJ E1E2 Potentilla palustris Marsh cinquefoil E1E2 Pofentilla recta Rough fruited cinquefoil F1F2 Pofentilla simplex Decumbent cinquefoil . E1E2 Prunus pensylvanica Pin cherry E3E4 Prunur;; serotina Black cherry E3E4

210

Pyrus melanocarpa Rosa multiflora Rosa palustris Ruhu.'\ allegheniemis Ruhus jlagellaris Rubus hispidus Ruhu'\ ideaus Ruhus occidentalis Spirea latifolia Waldsteinia fragarioides

Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis Galium aspre/lum Galium horeale Galium pilosum Galium triflorum Mitchella repens

Salicaceae Populus heterophylla Populus tremu/oides Salix humilis Salix servicea

Sarraceniaceae Sarracenia purpura

Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium americanum Mite/la diphylla Rihes cyanoshati Saxifraga pensylvanica

Scrophulariaceae Chelone glahra Unaria vulgaris Mimulu'\ ringens Verhascum Thaspus Veronica americana Veronica chamaedrys Veronica officinalis Veronicascutte.l1£ll£l

Black chokecherry E3E4 Multiflora rose F1F2 Swamp rose E3E4 Blackb~rry E3E4 Prickly dewberry EIE2 Brjstly dewberry E1E2 Red raspberry FIF2 Black raspberry ElE2 Meadowsweet F1F2 Barren strawberry ElE2

Button bush E3E4 Rough bedstraw E1E2 Northern bedstraw D1D2 Bedstraw F1F2 Fragrant bedstraw FIF2 Partridge berry F1F2

Swamp cottonwood E3E4 Quaking aspen EIE2 Tall prairie willow FIF2 Silky wjJJow E3E4

Northern pitcher plant E3E4

Water blanket E3E4 Mjtrewort F1F2 Pasture gooseberry E3E4 Swamp saxifrage EIE2

Turtlehead E3E4 Butter and Eggs E1E2 Monkey flower E3E4 MulJein DJD2 American brookline E3E4 Bird's eye speedwell E3E4 Common speedwell F1F2 Marsh speedwell ElE2

211

Solonaceae Solanum dulcamara

Tiliaceae TWa americana

Umbelliferae Cicuta hulhi/era

Daucus carota Hydrocotyl americana

Urticaceae !,aportea canadensis Urtica gracilis

Valerianaceae Valeriana officinalis

Verbenaceae Verhena hastata

Violaceae Viola canadensis Viola pal/ens Viola rostrata

Purple nightshade FIF2

American basswood

Bulb bearing water F1F2 Hemlock Wild carrot E1E2 Water pennywort E1E2

Wood nettle E3E4 Slender nettle E3E4

Garden heliotrope G3G4

Blue vervain FIF2

Canada violet A1A2 Northern wood violet EIE2 Long spurred violet F1F2