Vashishti Jalarakhada Final - Maharashtra · Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management...

Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.

1

Government of Maharashtra

Water Resources Department

Executive Director

Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation

Thane

Chief Engineer

Konkan Region, Mumbai

Superintending Engineer

Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri

Phone No. 02352-228406, Fax No. 02352-228407

E mail – [email protected]

Executive Engineer

Ratnagiri Irrigation Division, Ratnagiri

Phone No. 02352-228404,

Draft Report

INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR VASHISHTI

VALLEY


2

Abbreviations:

A

ACZ Agro climatic Zone

AER Agro Ecological Region

AI/DC Area Irrigated /Day Cusecs

amsl Above mean sea level

APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee

ARG Automatic Rain gauge Station

ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency

Avg Average

AWC Available Water Capacity

B

bgl Below Ground level

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

C

C Celsius

CA Catchment Area

CADA Command Area Development Authority

CAFO Chief Accounts and Finance Officer

CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power

CCT Continuous Contour Trench

CDAP Comprehensive District Agricultural Planning

CDB Coconut Development Board

CDO Central Designs Organisation

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

cm Centimetre

CNB Cement Nalla Bund

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

Cr Crore

CWC Central Water Commission

D

DGPS Differential Global Positioning System

DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development

DOA Department of Agriculture, GOM

DOLR Department of Land Resources, GOI

DPA Drought Prone Area

DSS Decision Support System

E

Ecdsm Electrical Conductivity of soil

EGS Employment Generation Scheme

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

etc Excreta


3

F

FCC False Colour Composite

FCS Full Climatologically Station

FLD Front Line Demonstration

G

GCA Gross Command Area

GD Gauge and Discharge Station

GIS Geographical Information System

GOI Govt. of India

GOM Govt. of Maharashtra

GOS Gate Operation Schedule

GPS Global Positioning System

GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,Pune

GSI Geological Survey of India

GUI Graphical User Interface

GW Groundwater

H

Ha Hector

HP Hydrology Project, WRD

HW Hot weather

I

IBWT Inter ValleyWater Transfer

ICA Irrigable command area

ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture Research

ICPO Irrigation cum power outlet

IDMWRP Integrated Development and Management of Water Resources

Plan

IIT Indian Institute of Technology

IM D India Meteorological Department

IPI Irrigation Projects Investigation

ISWP Integrated State Water Plan

IWRDM Integrated Water Resources Development and Management

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

IWWA Indian Water Works Association

J

JSA Jalyukt Shiwar Abhiyan

K

Kg Kilogram

Km Kilometre

KmPH Kilometre Per Hours

KIDC Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation

K.T.Weir Kolhapur /Konkan Type Weir

L


4

LBS Loose Bolder Structure

LIS Lift Irrigation Scheme

lpm Litters per Minute

LPCD Litter Per Capita Day

LUMAPS Land Use Management Activities And Practices

LU/LC Land Used and Land Cover

L/S Left Side

M

m meter

mm millimetre

Mcum million Cubic meter

Mm3 million Cubic meter

MERC Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission

MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute

MI Minor Irrigation

MIDA Maharashtra Industrial Development Act

MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

MIS Modern Irrigation System

Min Minimum

MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran

MLD Million Litters Per Day

MMDB Maharashtra Marketing Development Board

MMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers

(MMISF)

MNB Mati Nalla Bund

MNRE Ministry of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy

MOA Ministry of Agriculture, GOI

MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MOWR Ministry Of Water Resources

MPCB Maharashtra Pollution control Board

MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre

MSAMB Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board

MSEB Maharashtra State Electricity Board

MSNA Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan

MSRTC Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation

MT Metric Tone

MTDC Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation

MTPD Metric Ton Per Day

MUS Million Units (Million kWh)

MW&IC Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission

MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority

MWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project

Max Maximum


5

N

N.A. Not Available

NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning,Nagpur

NE North-East

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NFS Non Farm Sector

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NGRI National Geophysical Research Institute

NH National Highways

NHM National Horticulture Mission

no numbers

NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme

NWC National Water Council

NWDA National Water Development Authority

NWDPRA National Watershed Development Project in Rain fed Area

NWQMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme

NW North-West

NWP National Water Policy

O

OB Observation well

O & M Operation and Maintenance

OPS Other Priority Sectors

ORG Ordinary Rain Gauge

P

PIM Participatory Irrigation Management

PLF Plant Load Factor

PLP Potential linked credit plan

PT Percolation Tank

PWD Public Works Department

R

Rs Rupees

R/S Right Side

R & RV Renovation and Revitalisation

R& R Rehabilitation and Resettlement

RBA River ValleyAgency

RIF Rainfall Infiltration Factor

ROS Reservoir Operation Schedule

RR Rainfall Runoff

RRSSC Regional Remote Sensing Services Centre

RS Remote Sensing

RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate

S


6

SAA Service Area Approach

SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio

SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

SE South-East

SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission

SEZ Special Economic Zones

SH State Highways

SRG Standard Rain gauge Station

SSI (WC) Small Scale Irrigation ( Water Conservation)

STP Sewerage Treatment Plant

Sq.Km Square Kilo meter

SW Surface water

SW South West

SWB State Water Board

SWC State Water Council

SWQMP State Water Quality Monitoring Program

SWP State Water Policy

S'shwar Sangmeshwar

T

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TGA Total Geographical Area

TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet

TOR Terms of Reference

U

UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme For Small And

Medium Town

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USSSL U.S.Soil Salinity Laboratory

W

WALMI Water and Land Management Institute

WAMADSS Watershed Management Decision Support Scheme

WER Water Evaporation Retardant

WF West Flowing

WLF Water Level Fluctuation

WMO World Meteorological Organisation

WRD Water Resources Department

WSS Water Supply Scheme

w.r.t with respect to

WTP Water Treatment Plants

WUA Water Users Association

Z

Z.P Zilha Parashad


7

Executive Summary

This report provides valuable information related to the topographic,

demographic, climatic, surface and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological

and water quality scenario of Vashishti valley. The core components of the water

network include the river Vashishti and its principal tributaries.

The entire Vashishti river system flows through the state of Maharashtra in

Raigad, Satara and Ratnagiri district. This river receives several tributaries on both

the banks, out of which its principal tributaries joining Vashishti valley are the

Jagbudi, Vaitarani, Dubi, Pimpli and Jog. The overall catchment comprises of 6

Watersheds.Vashishtivalleycomprises of 2671.01 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur ) and

2628.07Sq.Km (As per Hydrology study chp. No.06 Report) catchment area falling

entirely in the state of Maharashtra.

The Vashishti valley falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Vashishti

valley has a tropical climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than 4112.55 mm.The

mean July temperature varying between 14 °C and 39 °C and mean January

temperatures between 37 °C and 42 °C.

The valley falls into one major agro-climatic zones. Major part of the

valley325.9339 sq.km is covered with agricultural area. Approximately 18.53 % of the

valleyarea is covered by forest; Wasteland covers around 28.83 % of the total

valleyarea. The important soil types found in the valley are black soils, red soils,

lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and black, red and yellow, etc.) and saline

and alkaline soils. As per 2011 census, the total population in the valley is about 6.05

Lakhs falling in 3 districts with more than 85.51 % population residing in rural areas.

There is not significant floating population in the valley. Vashishti valley

consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc.

Generally the water bodies in the valleyprovide water suitable for irrigation, and

water supply. Water Resource project reservoirs are the most predominant with the

total number of 957 in the valley. There are 0 Major,1Medium, 18 Minor, 3 Barrages

(state sector) , 37 Minor,53 Barrages,5 PT,29 K.T. 22 JalyuktShivar (local sector + Z.P


8

projects) and 789 Jalyukt Shivar (278 Zilla Parishad projects and 511 Agriculture

projects).

At present there are two hydroelectric projects having total capacity 320.30

MW . Kolkewadi HEP having capacity 320 MW and Pimpalwadi project having

capacity 0.30 MW The important project in the valley is Kolkewadi HEP, Remaining

all projects are multipurpose.

There are 9 Rain Gauge stations, 2 Gauge Discharge (GD) stations in Vashishti

valley. The GSDA is monitoring the ground water levels four times a year through a

network of 23 ground water observation wells. The net annual groundwater

availability is 134.73 Mm3 and the gross draft for all purposes comes to 12.98 Mm3.

Allocation for domestic is 7.09 Mm3 and available for irrigation is 95.8353 Mm3.

The major crops grown in the valley are mangoes, cashew nuts, jackfruits,

etc. Presently 36198.78 ha are provided with irrigation facility. As per planning

proposed in this report, all cultivable command can be irrigated with the available

resources. Import of water from other valley is not necessary.

The water dependability of Vashishti valley at 50% is 10013.40 Mm3 and at

75% is 9544.56 Mm3.


9

Salient features of State Water Plan Of Vashishti valley

Valley:- Shastri/Maharashtra Salient Features

1 Geographical area 2628.07Sq km(As per Hydrology study chp. No.06)

2671.07.Km (MRSAC Nagpur )

2 Cultivable area 325.9339 Sq.Km (As per Agriculture Dept.)

3 Districts Covered 1) Satara, 2) Raigad, 3)Ratnagiri

4

Taluka Covered 1)Ratnagiri District

1)Chiplun 2) Dapoli 3)Khed 4) Mandangad 5)

Guhagar

2)Raigad District

1) Poadpur

4) Satara District

1)Jaoli 2) Patan

5 Population (Lakhs)

*(As Per census 2011)

Year Total

2011 6.05 lakh

2030 7.58 lakh

6 No. ofWatersheds 6

7 Main River Vashishti

8 Main Tributaries Jagbudi, Vaitarani, Dubi, Pimpli and Jog.

9 Geology

Major portion of valley consists of Basalt – 79.34%

,laterite formation 18.26 % & remaining consists

of Alluvium .

10 Soils

i) Soil type and Fertility Major texture – Gravelly,sandy clay loam, shallow

to very deep soils. 66.25% of good arable land

.The soils are laterite and coastal alluvial.

ii) Soil Suitability for crops Rice, coconut, oilseeds, millets, pulses and are the

main crops.

iii) Land Development 32593.39 ha (As per Agriculture Dept.chp. No.09)

11 Land Use Pattern

i) Agro Climatic Zone Vashishti valley fall in Agro climatic zone no.( xii)

i.e.Western coastal plains and Ghats.

ii) Present Land Use( Lakhs ha)

1. Forest- 12892.63ha

2. Net sown area- 19319.11 ha

3.Cultivable area- 32593.39 ha

4. Gross Cropped area- 34496.35 Ha

(Data from Agriculture Department)

12 Hydrology

i) Annual Rainfall in mm The mean annual rainfall is more than 200 cm.

ii)

Surface water

Availability(Mm3)

50%

Dep. Average Dep. 75% Dep.

10013.40 10287.98 9544.56


10

iii)

Categorization of Valley:

Surface water available per ha

of CA

CA – 267107 Ha, Surface Water Available -

9544.56Mm3

= 0.0357 Mm3

iv)

Ground water availability

(mm3) 1) Net GW: 134.73, 2) Utilizable GW (70%):94.311,

3) Current Draft: 12.98,

v) No of wells in valley

1. Wells in command area : 4Nos

2. Wells in Uncommand area :19Nos

vi) Watershed No & category

Over exploited:00; Critical:00; Semi critical:00;

Safe:06, Total watersheds: 06

13 Water Quality a) Surface Water

b) Ground Water

(polluted)

Polluted stretches length: NA No of Villages:NA

Water Balance of Vashishtii Valley

Sr.No Availability Ref

Table

Planning Mm3 Sr.No Use Ref

Table

Planning Mm3

Present 2030 Present 2030

1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation

Use

0 0

1a Natural Water

Available

9544.56 9544.56 1.1 Domestic 20.378 29.098

2 Manually Managed a Urban 0 0

Regeneration 0 0 b Rural +Live Stock 0 0

a Urban

b Regeneration

industrial

0 0 Total (a+b) 0 0

Total (a+b) 0 0 1.2 Industrial Use 7.72 51.56

3 Intra Basin/ Basin

Transfer (Import)

0 0 Total (1.1+1.2) 28.098 80.658

4 Water Required

through River

0 0 2 Intra Valley/

ValleyTransfer

(Import for

Industry)

0 0

3 Water for

Environment

0 93.318

5 Recharge from

Irrigation

0 0 Total (1+2+3) 28.098 173.976

6 Ground water 12.9771 94.311 4 Irrigation Use 182.33 226.404

4.1 Major + Medium 0 0

State + Local

From Import 0 0

Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 9557.54 9638.87 Total 210.428 400.380

Balance water for

Irrigation 9347.109 9238.491


11

Konkan in Vashishti - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance

`Status Available Water (Mm3) Total

Wate

r

(2+3+

4+5)

Water Use (Mm3) Balance

Total

Water

available

Surface

+

Ground

Recycle

d

water

from

domest

ic &

industri

al use

Import

Do

me

stic

Ind

ust

rial

Irri

gati

on

Eco

logy

1%

Export Total

(7+8+9

+10+1

1)

(6-7)

Intra

valley

Inter

Valley

Int

ra

val

le

y

Inter

Valle

y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Present

Status

9557.537

1

0 0 - 9557.5

371

20.378 7.72 182.33 0 0 0 210.428 9347.109

Status

by 2030

9638.871 0 0 - 9638.8

71

29.098 51.56 226.404 93.318 0 0 400.380 9238.491


12

Officers involved in Preparing ISWP for Vashishti Valley

ValleyIncharge :- Shri. Dabhade, S.E. Konkan Irrigation Circle ,Ratnagiri

Sr.

No. Contribution of Following Officer For Preparation Of ISWP

1 Shri. A.A.Dabhade, S.E. Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri.

2 Shri. D.B.Sale, E.E. Ratnagiri Irrigation Division, Ratnagiri.

3 Shri. R.S.Pandey, E.E. Irrigation Project Construction Division, Ratnagiri.

4 Shri.S.C.Malgave, Dy.S.E. Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri.

5 Shri. Kunjir S.D.O.

6 Shri. G.H. Shrimangale, Asst. Executive engineer, Irrigation Division,Natunagar.

7 Shri. R.B. Dambal S.D.E, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed

8 Smt. V. V. Rasal Sectional Engr, Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri.

9 Shri. D. B. Bagli,A.E.II, Ratnagiri Irrigation Division, Ratnagiri.

10 Shri. K.L. Pise, JE, Irrigation Division,Natunagar

11 Shri. M. Y. Tikekar, JE, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed

12 Shri. M.A. Modak, JE, Irrigation Division,Natunagar

13 Shri. B.Y. Pawar, CE Asst. , Irrigation Division, Natunagar.

14 Shri. H.V Dhavan, CE Asst. , Irrigation Division, Natunagar.

15 Shri. Sheth, JE, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed

16 Shri. Chandole, Sectional Engr, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed


13

PREFACE

State Water Plan (SWP) or Jal-arakhada is compiled study proposal for

the Vasishtii valley of the Konkan Region, Maharashtra State .This study gives

the total available Water in this valley and its planned utilisation up to 2030.

This proposal includes data from various Departments such as Water

Resources Department, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation,

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, GSDA, Agriculture, Maharashtra Jeevan

Pradhikaran, Municipal Corporation, Zilla Parishad, etc.

Assistant Executive Engineer

Irrgation Sub-Division, Natunagar

Executive Engineer,

Ratnagiri Irrigation Division,

Ratnagiri.

Superintending Engineer,

Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle,

Ratnagiri .

Chief Engineer,

Water Resources Department,

Konkan Region, Mumbai

Executive Director,

Konkan Irrigation

Develpoment Corporation,

Thane.


14

INDEX

Sr. No. Name Page No.

From To

1 Introduction

1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And

Management Of Water Resources (IDMWR)

1.2 Objectives Of A State Water Plan For A Valley.

1.3 State Water Plan

1.4 Location of valley

1.5 Catchment Area

1.6 Topographical description

22 26

2 River System

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Status of Rivers & Tributaries 2.3 Topographical Description

2.4 Prominent Features

2.5 Geomorphology:

27 30

3 Geology and Soils

3.1 Introduction: Geology

3.2 Geology

3.2.1 Deccan Basalts

3.2.2 Laterite

3.2.3 Recent to Recent

3.3 Introduction: Soil

3.4 Land Capability Classification: 3.5 Soil Erodibility

3.6 Soil Physical Properties

3.6.1 Soil Depth Classification of Vashishti Valley

3.7 Physio-Chemical Properties

3.8 Irrigability Classes

3.9 Saline and Alkaline soil :

3.10 Details of area of textural class :

3.10.1 Details of area of textural class

3.11 Soil suitability and soil health

3.11.1 Land development 3.11.2 Soil Series

31 55

4 Hydrometeorology

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Climatic conditions of Valley

4.2.1 Rainfall Data

4.3 Meteorology

56 60

5 Agriculture

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Land Use Pattern in Vashishti Valley:

5.3 Land Holding in Vashishti Valley:

5.4. Area & Production for various Crops in Vashishti Valley

5.4.1 Production for Various Crops Vashishti Valley

5.4.2 Production for Fruit Crops Vashishti Valley 5.5. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Vashishti

Valley

5.6. Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg. /ha.) in

Vashishti Valley

61 72


15

5.7. Water Saving Techniques in Vashishti Valley

5.8. Agricultural Research Institutions in Vashishti Valley

5.9 Agricultural Extension Services:

5.9.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):

5.9.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission

5.9.3 Extension

5.9.4 Horticulture 5.9.5 Soil Conservation

5.9.6 Input and Quality Control

6 Surface Water Resources

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Vashishti Valley

6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water

6.4 Data Available:

6.5 Weighted Average Rainfall

6.6 River Guage Data

6.7 Water Availability

6.8 Approval Of Chief Engineer , Planning & Hydrology, Nasik

73 83

7 Ground Water Resources

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Groundwater occurrence

7.2.1 Hydrological Properties of Hard Rock

7.2.1.1 Porosity and Permeability

7.2.1.2 Cleavage

7.2.1.3 Joints

7.2.2 Static Water Level Data

7.2.3 Groundwater level maps of the Vashishti Valley

7.3 Ground Water Availability

7.3.1 Ground water recharge

7.3.1.1 Norms for estimation of recharge 7.3.2 Ground water draft

7.3.3 Stage of groundwater development and

categorization of units

7.3.3.1 Categorization of areas for groundwater

development

7.3.4 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization

7.3.5 Poor quality ground water

7.3.6 Apportioning of ground water assessment from

watershed to development unit

7.3.7 Additional Potential Recharge 7.3.8 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee

7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment

Units

7.3.8.2 Future allocation of groundwater resources

7.3.9 Groundwater Recharge in Vashishti Valley

7.3.10 Groundwater draft in Vashishti Valley:

7.3.11 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development

in Vashishti Valley

7.3.12 Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater 7.3.13 Groundwater Status:

7.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and

Management) Act 2009

84 107


16

8 Irrigation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Area

8.3 Yield

8.4 Directives in state water board meeting

8.5 Irrigation

8.5.1 Flow Irrigation 8.5.2 Lift Irrigation Schemes

8.5.3 Well Irrigation

8.5.4 Sewage Irrigation

8.6 Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring

8.7. Micro Irrigation

8.8. Industrial Water use

8.9 Summary

108 115

9 Water Conservation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Watershed Development and Management

9.2.1 Water Conservation Works in Vashishti Valley 9.2.2 Small Scale Irrigation

9.3 Soil & WaterConservation Works

9.4 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes

9.4.1 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan

9.4.2 Agriculture Department

9.5 Review of Impact

9.6. Construction & Maintenance

9.7 Summary

116 122

10 Floods

10.1 Introduction :

10.2 Flood Prone Area of Vashishti river valley

10.2.1 Prominent floods in History 10.2.2 Flood damage in the year 2005-06

10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy

10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control

10.4 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern

10.5 Preventive Actions

10.5.1 Alert signal

10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention of Damage

10.5.3 The prohibitive zone

10.5.4 The restrictive zone :

10.6 The Caution Zone. 10.6.1 The information regarding the same is

communicated immediately to Revenue and Police

Authorities by WRD.

10.6.2 Blue Zone

10.6.3 Green Zone

10.6.4 Red Zone

10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Vashishti river

10.8 Reference:

123 134

11 Drainage

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area 11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.

135 138


17

11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area

11.3 Drainage system

11.4 Land Damage Index –

12 Drinking Water (Municipal and Rural)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The ValleyVashishti.

12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply –

12.4 Management Of Water Resources

12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested 12.5 Distribution And Management (O&M)

12.6 Management plan and Infrastructure

12.7 Sspecialconsiderationfor rural water supply schemes

12.8 Recycle & Reuse Of Water For Irrigation

139 147

13 Industries

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas

13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors

13.4 Present Scenario

13.5 Present use of Water in Vashishti Valley 13.6 Annual Turnover and No. of Workers

13.7 Reduction in water losses

13.8 Recycling Reuse of Water

13.9 Future industrial water requirement for the valley

148 154

14 Legal Issues (Tribunal Awards / Inter State Agreements)

14.1 Legal Issues

14.2 Water Laws

14.3Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra

State

155 159

15 Trans ValleyDiversions

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Inter-Basin Diversions At National Level

15.3 Intra-Basin Diversion At State Level 15.3.1 Existing Infrastructure

15.3.2 Import and export of water from valley

160 161

16 Other Special Requirements

16.1- Area Under Study

16.2 Hydro Power Generation in Vashishti Valley

16.3 Tourism

16.3.1 Anjarle Beach

16.3.2 Suvarnadurg Fort

16.3.3 Dabhol

16.3.4 Crocodile Safari

16.3.5 Lord Parshurama

16.4 Navigation 16.5 Recreation

16.6 Forecast of Generation of Wealth and Emploment

162 177

17 Environmental Management And Ecology

17.1 Inrtroduction

17.2 Vashishti Valley

17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Vashishti Valley

178 188


18

17.3.1 Urban Development

17.3.2 Industrial Wastewater

17.3.3 Agricultural Practices

17.3.4 Sand Dredging

17.3.5 Lack of maintaining minimum water level in river

17.3.6 Algal Growth

17.3.7 Siltation 17.4. Sewage General Potential

17.5. Industrial Effluent Potential

17.6. Hydraulic and Organic Load

17.7 Local Estimation for Sewage

17.8 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations

17.9 Environment Management

17.10 Control of Pollution at the Source

17.10.1 Sewage Treatment Plants

17.10.2 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief)

17.11 Control of Pollution in the Path (Short & Long Term

Relief) 17.11.1 Nallah Treatment using In-situ Phytoremediation

17.11.2 Control of Pollution at End of Pipe

17.11.3 Desilting

17.11.4 Mechanical Aeration

17.11.5 Marine Adaption or Biological rejunevation

17.12 Physical Cleaning & Beautification

17.12.1 Minimum Flow in the River

17.13 Conservation& Best Possible Options for Improvement

17.14 Enviornmental and Ecology water requirement for the

valley

18 Institutional Arrangements

18.1 River ValleyAgencies 18.1.1 At present, five Irrigation Development

Corporations

18.1.2 State Water Policy, 2003

18.1.3 The MWRRA Act 2005

18.1.4 Maharashtra Act No. III of 1998

18.1.4.1 Constitution of KIIDC

18.1.4.2 Present Scenario of Vashishti River

18.1.4.3 Finance Management

18.1.5 Priority of Water Usage in State Water Policy

189 194

19 Use of Modern Tools

19.1 Introduction 19.2. Watershed Important:

19.3. Geographic Information System:

19.4. The components of a GIS

19.4.1 Data-

19.4.2 Software-

19.4.3 Platform-

19.4.4 User-

19.5 Environmental application of GIS

19.6 Software used

19.7 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management 19.8 Groundwater modeling in watershed

195 209


19

19.8.1 Related Technologies

19.8.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)

19.9 Agriculture tools and implements in Konkan

19.10 References

20 Water Balance

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Yield in the Valley

20.3 Per capita availability of water

20.4 Water Balance

210 214

21 Financial Aspects

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Irrigation Potential Status

21.3 Cost Efficiency

21.4 Water Supply Scheme

215 220

22 Action Plans

22.1 Development Plan 22.1.1 New Irrigation

22.1.2 Water Conservation

22.1.2.1 Agriculture Department

22.1.3 Water Conservation Departmnet

22.1.3 Drinking Water MJP Action Plan

22.1.3.1 MJP Development Plan

22.1.3.2 MJP Action Plan

22.1.3.3 Measures to be taken after completion of

schemes

22.2 Flood Management 22.3 Rainfall

22.4 Recommendations of Study Groups/Committees/

Commissions

22.4.1 Recommendations related to floods

22.5 Management Plan

22.5.1 MPCB- Water Quality Management Plan

22.5.1.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution

22.5.1.2 Industrial pollution

22.5.1.3 Financial Management

22.6 GSDA Ground Water Plan

221 233


20

List of Annexures Annxure

No.

Name of Annexure Chapter

no.

Page no.

From To

Annexures

I Village Wise,Taluka wise Popullation and Area of

Vashishti Valley 1 249 264

II Village Wise,Taluka wise and Watershed wise Area of

Vashishti Valley 1 265 279

III Watershed and year wise Water levels in the

Observation Wells in Vashisthi Valley 7 280 281

IV Groundwater Recharge in South Kankan valley 7 282 -

V Groundwater Draft in Vashishti valley 7 283 -

VI Groundwater Availability And Stage of Development in

Vashisthi Valley 7 284 -

VII Groundwater Development & Management in Vashisti

Valley 7 285 -

VIII All Project From WRD 8 286 287

IX S.S.I. (W.C.) Division Ratnagiri + Z.P. Rural Water

Supply Division, Ratnagiri. 9 288 297

X Jalyukt Shivar Scheme ( Agriculture) 9 298 304

XI Water Supply Scheme Z.P + MJP 12 305 310

XII Water Consumption, Wastewater Generation and

Treatment capacity 17 311 -

XIII Details of individual industries & industrial estates in

Vashishti Valley 17 311 -


21

List of Maps

Sr. No. Name of Maps Chapter no. Page no.

1 Satelite Image of the Valley 1 26

2 Index Plan of the Valley 2 28

3 River Map of the Valley 2 30

4 Administrative Map map of the Valley 3 43

5 Land use land cover map of the Valley 3 44

6 Geology map of the Valley 3 45

7 Rocktype Map of the Valley 3 46

8 Slope map of the Valley 3 47

9 Soil Capability Map of the Valley 3 48

10 Soil Drainage map of the Valley 3 49

11 Soil erosion of the Valley 3 50

12 Soil Series of the Valley 3 51

13 Soil Taxonmy of the Valley 3 52

14 Soil Texture of the Valley 3 53

15 Stratigraph Map of the Valley 3 54

16 Watershed Map of the Valley 3 55

17 Vashishti Valley watershed map 7 99

18 Vashishti Valley Geological map 7 100

19 Vashishti Valley Observation Wells 7 101

20 Vashishti Valley Post Mansoon G.W. level in 2014 7 102

21 Vashishti Valley Depletion G.W. level in oct.2014 7 103

22 Vashishti Valley Pre mansoon 2014 G.W. level 7 104

23 Vashishti Valley Deplection G.W. level obsered in

may2014 compared with last 5 year average

7 105

24 Vashishti Valley Post mansoon water quality map 7 106

25 Vashishti Valley Premansoon TDS map 7 107

26 valley map showing Irrigation Peojects 8 115

27 Flood map of Vashishti Valley 10 125

28 Anjarle Beach Tourism Place 16 165

29 Suvarndurg fort Tourism Place 16 166

30 Dabhol Tourism Place 16 167

31 Crocodile safari near Maldoli village Tourism Place 16 170

32 Lord Parshuram Tourism Place 16 172

34 Vashishti scenery from parshuram ghat Tourism Place 16 173

35 Sawatsada water fall Tourism Place 16 173

36 Gowalkot fort Tourism Place 16 174

37 Kumbharli Ghat Tourism Place 16 175


22

Vashishti

Valley Chapter No. 1.

Introduction


23

Chapter No. 1

Introduction

1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And Management Of

Water Resources (IDMWR) The need for preparing an Integrated Water Resources Development a

Management Plan arise because water is a limited commodity with respect to its

multiple uses like agriculture, industry, domestic, power generation, flood control

and navigation. These uses lead to the demands that are not static over time and

continue to grow with increase in population and urbanization. The need for IDMWR

is also due to the fact that development of water resources comes only at a cost

which changes over time and in a welfare state the principle of maximum benefit to

maximum people with minimum cost has to be followed.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF A STATE WATER PLAN FOR A VALLEY.

The objectives of the master plan of the valley are:

The objectives of a State Water Plan for a valley are:

a. To prepare a long term integrated plan for the development of the valley’s

surface and ground water resources.

b. To identify and set priorities for promoting water resources development

projects

c. To formulate a short term action plan consistent with financial allocations

and priorities of the State Government.

d. To identify steps to promote water conservation, preservation and

enhancement of water quality.

The Total 75% dependable availability of water in this valleyis 9544.56 Mm3.

Considering the culturable command statistics, the per hectare availability is

30,000 Ha. This suggests that the entire culturable command can be brought under

irrigations even after deductions for domestic purposes. It further appears that most


24

intensive irrigation is possible in this area. Even with slightly decreased per capita

availability in 2030, all water needs of this valleycan be made available for the future

industrial growth and sequent urbanization. In future environmental issues like

minimum environmental flow and other environmental demands can also be met

with without stretching any human needs.

1.3 STATE WATER PLAN.

Based on the water resources management and development plans

developed by the respective river valleyagencies, the State shall prepare a State

Water Resources Plan to promote a balanced development and by proper

coordination among diverse water uses, which shall include structural measures,

operational measures, watershed management measures, demand management

measures such as conservation, scarcity scheduling and efficient technologies, water

pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure comprehensive

sustainable management of the water resources and equity in water distribution for

the benefit of the State and its people.

1.4 Location of Valley

Vashishti Valley originates near Nive, Tal-Khed, Dist- Ratnagiri.

Table 1.5.1 Location details of valley.

From To

Latitude 17º20״00׳N 17º56״00׳N

Longitude 73º02״00׳E 73º45״00׳E

(Source – Topo sheets)

1.4.1 RAIN FALL VARIATION IN (WF-56 to 61) VALLEY

Rainfall variation in WF-56, 57, 58,59,60,61 valleyranges from maximum 5959 mm to

min 2831 mm, Average rainfall is 4277 mm.


25

1.5 Catchment Area

1.5.1. Total Catchment Area of (WF-72) Valley& Area in State

The geographical area of Vashishti Valleyin Maharashtra is 2671.01 Sq. Km.

with length

1.5..1. Talukas in (WF-56 to 61) Valley & their area

Table1.6.2 – Taluka wise catchment area details of valley.

Sr.

No.

Description District

Taluka Area in

Sq. Km.

1 2 3 4 5

1) Area in (WF-56

to 61)

Valley(Sq.Km)

Ratnagiri Mandangad 5.67

Dapoli 815.55

Khed 1035.57

Chiplun 631.23

Guhagar 155.72

Raigad Poladpur 8.35

Satara Jaoli

13.00

Patan 5.92

Total 2671.01

(Source- GSDA, Pune)

Map of valley is attached as per Map


26

Table1.5.2 – Boundary details of valley.

Sr.No. Direction Particular

1 North Bharaja Valley

2 East Sahyadri Mountains

3 West Arebian Sea

4 South Shastri Valley

(Source- Topo sheet)

1.6 Topographical description

Vashishti valley (WF-56 to 61) covers part of western side of Sahyadri ranges .Area divided in

two parts 1.Ghat Area and 2. Rest part.

Table 1.6.1 – Elevation details of valley

Area of valley Elevation in Meter

From To

Ghat Area 1012.00 25.00

Rest area 25.00 3.00

(Source- Google earth)

Satellite image of Vashishti valleyattached herewith.


27

Vashishti

Valley Chapter No. 2.

River System


28

Chapter No. 2

River System

2.1 Introduction

The Vahishti River and its tributaries have a West flowing river system flowing

through the states of Maharashtra. K.W.D.T. has classified West flowing Basin in 25

valleys. Out of 25 Valleys of West flowing Basin, drainage area of Vashishti valley is

covered in Maharashtra and the map of Vashishti valley is attached herewith.

2.2 Status of Rivers & Tributaries

The Vashishti River is Main River in west flowing rivers. It is originating at

Nive Tal. Khed Dist Ratnagitri. Total length of Vashishti river is 74 Km, having

catchment area 2671.01 Sq.Km. The details are as under.


29

Table-2.2.1 Rivers

Sr.

No.

Name of

river

Length

(Km)

Catch-

ment

Area

(Sqkm)

Origin Elevation

(m)

Confluence Elevation

(m)

Average

Gradient

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Vashishti 74 2671.01 Nive 1012 Dabhol

(Arabian

sea)

0 1: 73

A Jagbudi 67 Vadgaon

Bk.

1006 Karanbavane 5 1:67

B Vaitarni 31 Sonpatra 842 Pimpali

Burduk.

14 1:37

C Dubi 26 Shirgaon 886 Kudoshi 20 1:30

D Pimpali 24 Jogale 245 Pangari 10 1:102

E Jog 38 Palgad 289 Anjarla

(Arabian

sea)

0 1:131

The spread of the valley under study lies in the following Ratnagiri District in below

mentioned Talukas.

Table-2.2.2 Talukas Covered

Sr.No. Particulars Districts Taluka

1 ValleyVashishti Ratnagiri 1) Mandangad partialy, 2)Dapoli, 3)Khed,

4)Chiplun partialy, 5)Guhagar partialy.

2 Satara 1) Jaoli, 2) Patan

(Source- MRSAC)

2.3 Topographical Description

The Topographical Description showing the four sides of the valley is as under Table-

2.3.1 Topography

Sr.No. Direction Particulars

1 North Bharaja Valley

2 East Sahyadri Mountains

3 West Arebian Sea

4 South Shastri Valley


30

The other prominent features regarding this valleysuch as Topographical Area

Watersheds, Culturable Area, and Population etc as are under.

2.4 Prominent Features

Table- 2.4 .1 Prominent Features

Sr.No. Features Unit Quantity

1 Topographical Area Sq.km 2671.01

2 Watersheds (mega) No. 6

3 Main Tributaries No. 5

4 Villages No. 558

5 Main Urban Centers (Nagar Parishad) No. 3

6 Mahanagarpalika No. 0

7 Population (2011) Lakhs 6.05

8 Culturable Area Thousand Ha. 32.593

9 Groundwater Net Availability as per GSDA

Publication

Mcum 134.73

2.5 Geomorphology :

The valley is roughly rectangular in shape. Eastern end of the area is flanked

by western ghat (sahyadri ranges). The physiography of the valleyhas given rise to

three major characteristics land form (1) hills, ghats and plateau (2) The foot hill zone

(3) plains. This valley consists of 70% hilly area and 30% flat plateau which are fit for

cultivation.

River map of Vashishti valley is attached herewith.


31

Vashishti

Valley

Chapter No. 3

Geology &

Soils


32

Chapter No. 3

Geology & soils

Part I - GEOLOGY

3.1. Introduction: Geolagy The Vashishti river and its important tributaries Vaitarni, Jagbudi, and Pimpali drain

through the western part of the Ratnagiri district. The river has developed a narrow valley

with dendritic to -parallel drainage pattern having general flow towards the west. Vashishti

River originates at Nive in Khed tehsil & flows through Khed & Chiplun Tehsil & finally meets

to Arebian Sea at Village Dabhol. The slope in the upper reaches is 1:73. The river is having

length of about 74 km. in the district.

Vashishti Valley comprises of 6 watersheds extending over an area of 2628.07 sq.km

which includes parts of seven tahsils, five tahsils in Ratnagiri district namely Chiplun (partly),

Guhagar (partly), It also includes very small area of Mandangad Taluka in Ratnagiri

District. Jaoli and Patan Taluka in Satara district and Poladpur Taluka in Raigad

district. The annual rainfall in the area varies between 2865.88 mm to 5193.25 mm. The

maximum rainfall occurs in Khed and Chiplun taluka and minimum rainfall in Guhagar

taluka. Groundwater availability in the valleyis controlled by topography, geo-morphology,

lithology and geo-hydrology of the surface and surface rocks. The net annual groundwater

availability is 134.73 Mcum and the gross draft for all purposes comes to 12.98 Mcum.

Allocation for domestic is 7.09 Mcum and available for irrigation is 95.8353 Mcum.

3.2. Geology: (Source: A Report of the hydrogeological conditions of the South konkan (Ratnagiri) valleyby GSDA)

Geologically Deccan trap basalt is the most predominant formation in area. Laterite

which is formed due to tropical weathering of Deccan trap basalt is found at many places,

similarly on river banks & on sea shore at many places shallow alluvium & beach sand also

occur. Geological sequence of area tabulated as below.

Table – 3.2.1 Taluka wise Geological sequence in the valley.


33

Age formation occurrence in district

Recent to recent Alluvium, beach sand Dapoli, Guhagar

Pleistocene Laterite, lateritic spread Dapoli, Khed, Chiplun,

Guhagar Cretaceous to Eocene Deccan trap lava flows Dapoli, Khed, Chiplun, Guhagar

Structurally area is not much disturbed one but features like lineaments, joints,

fractures etc. are formed & found at many places & has hydrological significance. (Plate-II)

3.2.1 Deccan Basalts:

Entire area is covered by Deccan traps. In the Northern and Western part the

Deccan trap form isolated patches separated by river valleys. The lava flows in the North-

Eastern portion occur as hard compact formations near Sahyadri ranges as also in the

Eastern part of the area while those towards north and west occur as boulder outcrops, the

continuity of which is observed by weathering and thick layer of laterite spread.

The Deccan lava flows are horizontally disposed and are traversed by vertical and

horizontal joints. Two sets of vertical joints striking NW-SE and NE-SW and horizontal joints

are common.

3.2.2 Laterite

Laterite both primary and secondary in nature occupy Extensive areas of low lying

tracts and coastal part, concealing wholly or partially the underlying Deccan traps. Such

large patches of laterite are seen around Coastal line and central part of Konkan.

Primary laterite restricted to plateau tops along the coast exhibit vermicular to

pisolitic texture are red to brownish earthy colour and are underlain by lithomarge clay of

variegated colures. The laterite is generally ferruginous in character with occasional

concentration of pisolitic bauxite. The thickness of the laterite generally does not exceed 20-

25 meters. The exposed surfaces of laterite are frequently irregular, rough and couscous.

The thickness various from place to place and ranges from 5 meters to as much as 25.0

meters.

3.2.3. Recent to Recent

Recent deposits occurring in the area are of two types i) Beach sands and ii) River

alluvium.


34

Part II - Soils

3.3 Introduction

In any agricultural region or valleychoice of appropriate crop is a basic need for

successful farming. Soil is one of the most important factors for deciding crops and cropping

systems. Information on soils and their characteristics are very useful to planners,

administrators and decision makers for planning the valley for sustainable agricultural

production. To take full advantage of soils for increasing productivity of crops, soil

properties such as land capability class, texture, depth, slope, infiltration rate of water,

available water content of soil, irrigability class etc. have been described below. The

information given below shows mean characteristics of total geographical area of Vashishti

valley WF-56 to 61.

3.4 Land Capability Classification:

The suitability of land for irrigation depends on physical and socio-economic factors

in addition to soil irrigability class.

Six land irrigability classes are defined. The definitions for these six land irrigability

classes are as below –

Class I : Lands that have few limitations.

Class II : Lands that have moderate limitations.

Class III : Lands that have severe limitations.

Class IV : Lands that are marginal for sustained use under

irrigation.

Class V : Lands that are temporarily classed as not suitable for

sustained use under irrigation.

Class VI : Lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation.

Land irrigability classes fixed for this area is given as below.


35

Table-3.4.1 Land capability classification in the area of Vashishti Valley -WF 56 to 61.

Sr.

No.

Land Capability class - ValleyDistrict

Area (ha.)

% of total

area in each

class

1 Class-I Very good cultivable land 0 0.00

2 Class-II Good cultivable land 19223.99 7.20

3 Class-III Moderately good cultivable land 33784.25 12.65

4 Class-IV Fairly good land suitable for

occasional cultivation

38555.86 14.43

Total Area of arable class (useful for crop

production)

91564.10 34.28

5 Class-V Nearly level land not suitable for

cultivation because of stoniness

wetness etc.

0.00 0.00

6 Class-VI Steep slope highly erosion with

shallow soil.

76913.84 28.80

7 Class-VII

Steep slope with severe soil

erosion resulting in eroded stony

and rough soil surfaces with

shallow soil depth.

81015.34 30.33

8 Class-VIII

Very steep slope with very severe

soil erosion resulting in very

eroded stony and rough soil

surfaces shallow.

1547.79 0.58

Total area of non arable class (useful for live stock

production, forestry, recreation, tourism and

wildlife)

16059.60 6.01

Total

267100.67 100

(Source: Commissioner, Agriculture Department, Pune.)

3.5 Soil Erodibility

The large area in this valley is hilly having steep gradient, hence survey to know the

extent of erodibility is necessary.(See Map No. 3.2 on Page No. )


36

3.6 Soil Physical Properties

Soils are dark reddish brown, dark brown & yellowish red in colour. The parent

material from which soils are derived is Lateritic & basalt. The infiltration ranges between

2.0 to 7.0 cm / hour.

The soils depth determines the quality of soil from the point of view of crop

production. Deep soils offer more volume for proliferation of plant roots and large area for

absorption of water and nutrients. Table 4.3 below indicates that the soils in Vashishti

valley are extremely Very shallow 4.19 %, shallow 56.26 %, slightly deep to moderately deep

19.26 % & deep soils are 13.10 %.

Table-3.6.1 – Soil Depth Classification of Vashishti Valley

Sr.No. Depth Range (cm) Area in Ha. Area (%)

1 Very Shallow soil (< 10 cm) 11191.93 4.19

2 Shallow (10 to 25 cm) 150260.50 56.26

3 Shallow to very shallow < 25 7939.34 2.97

4 Moderately deep 25 - 50 30200.54 11.31

5 Deep to very deep > 50 16462.27 6.16

6 Deep 50 - 100 27074.22 10.14

7 Very deep > 100 7912.35 2.96

8 Area under habitation,

waterbody etc.

16059.60 6.01

Total 267100.75 100

(Source: Commissioner, Agriculture Department, Pune.)

3.7 Physio-Chemical Properties

Study about chemical properties of soil in the valley is not carried out specifically.

But from study done for assessment of physio-chemical properties in soil from mango

orchards of Ratnagiri District, the general physio-chemical properties of soil in the Vashishti

valley are as below.


37

Table 3.7.1 Fertility status of soils in Vashishti Valley

Sr.No. Parameter Mean Persentage/Value

1 Sand 0.00 %

2 Silt 67.52 %

3 Clay 32.48 %

4 Textural class SC

5 MWHC 63.71%

6 B.D. 1.22 mg m-3

7 P.D. 2.37 mg m-3

8 pH 5.16

9 E.C. 0.049 dS m-1

10 O.C. 13.63 g kg-1

(Source : International journal of agriculture science & research Vol.5, Issu 2, Apr 2015)

Most of the soils of Vashishti valley (WF-56 to 61) are acidic in soil reaction. There is

no problem of salt accumulation in view of low electrical conductivity. The soil analysis

shows that electric conductivity is in the 0 – 1 dS/m ranges which is non saline.

3.8 Irrigability Classes:

The interpretation of soil & land conditions for irrigation is concerned primarily with

predicting the behavior of soil under greatly altered water regime brought about by

introduction of irrigation.

For irrigation projects special interpretations & classification of the soils for

sustained use under irrigation are often required.

The soil survey of the command area is designed to ensure that all the

interpretations are gathered during the course of soil survey. The soils are first grouped into

soil irrigability classes according to their limitations for sustained use under irrigation.

Special attention is given to the factors namely the drainability of the land and the predicted

effect of the irrigation water as to soil salinity and alkalinity status of the soils under

equilibrium condition with the irrigation water.


38

Soil irrigability classes are defined in terms of the degree of soil limitations for

development and their requirement for irrigation as follows.

Class A : None to slight soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class B : Moderate soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class C : Severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class D : Very severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class E : Not suited for irrigation (or non-irrigable soil classes)

Most of the soils occur A, B, D class of soil irrgability. The limitations need to be

modified through adoption of irrigation and land management. No soil survey is carried out

under Vashishti valley(WF-56 to 61) for soil irrigability class. Land use class classification of

Vashishti valley(WF-56 to 61) is as under.

Table-3.8.1 –Land Use Classes

Sr. No. Land Use Class Area Ha

% age

1 Agricultural Land

a Kharif 48452.42

b Rabi 1667.65

c Cropped In 2 Seasons 8828.91

d Cropped In More Than 2

Seasons

7450.31

e Fallow Land 13360.37

d AgriCulture Plantation 83480.01

Total 163239.67 61.13 %

2 Non agriculture 103829.00 38.87 %

(Source : MRSAC, Nagpur.)

From the above Classification it is clear that about 61.13 % land is agricultural land. &

as all the land is moderate to well drained class it will give better results under irrigation.

Still about 17.61 % land is waste land which can be brought under agriculture/horticulture

using advanced irrigation techniques.


39

3.9 Saline and Alkaline soil :

With the introduction of irrigation, salt accumulation in soils may induce. It is,

therefore essential to monitor the nature of the salt affected soils. The entire valley consists

of well drained to moderately well drained soil. So that there will not be problem of water

logging (except some flatter paddy land near river banks).

At present no project command is monitored by DIRD for delineating water logging

and salinity.

3.10 Details of area of textural class: Soil texture is more important in deciding crops, cropping systems and their

productivity. It has a great influence upon soil structure, bulk density, infiltration rate,

hydraulic conductivity, porosity and aggregate formation. It determines the soils suitability

for the crops. This character of soil is related to storage of water and nutrients. Medium and

course textured soils can store maximum amount of moisture and nutrients and is more

favorable to the crops. In Vashishti valley (WF-56 to 61), about 33.38 % of the area has

Medium textured soils and 66.25 % with coarse textured soils.

The textural classes clearly indicate that the valley can be put to use for cultivation of

different crops including horticulture. The soils are productive if managed properly.

Table 3.10.1 – Details of area of textural class

Sr. No. Soil Texture Area in Ha. % age

1 Clay loam 16511.06

2 Clayey 65082.45

3 Silty clay 1806.53

4 Silty loam 5761.81

Total 89161.85 33.38

5 Gravelly clay 35865.72

6 Gravelly clay loam 18442.01

7 Gravelly sandy clay loam 88852.31

8 Gravelly sandy loam 17265.22

9 Gravelly silty clay 0.00

10 River island 451.16

11 Sandy 0.08

12 Sandy clay loam 1453.96

13 Sandy loam 5761.81

14 Waterbody Mask 8866.57

Total 176958.83 66.25



40

3.11 Soil suitability and soil health.

The soil in Vashishti Valley contains very much good condition as seen. It has shown

good to fairly good land capability class with 34.28 % of land is in aerable class. While the

soil erosion is most important part of the study, as there is need to have measures regarding

soil erosion. The depth of soil in Vashishti Valley is quite good as maximum percentage of

soil lies in middle depth. Also chemical properties of soil in this region perform good, as

some measures are needed to take care. The irrigability of soil in this region is moderately

good for irrigation purpose. Hence it is seen that the soil in Vashishti Valley has good health

& have suitability for agriculture.

3.11.1 Land development

In Vashishti Valley the drainability of soil is quite good. In this region no any drainage

schemes are undertaken yet. As the region is having much flatter as compared to hilly. The

land grading & levelling for the purpose of agriculture has been done in the region.

3.11.2 Soil Series

Some important soil series done with soil series already formed as mentioned

below.(See Map No. 3.4 on Page No.51)

Table-3.11.1 – Major So

il Series in Vashishti Valley WF-56 to 61.

Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley

41

Table-3.11.1 – Major Soil Series in Vashishti ValleyWF-56 to 61.

Sr.

No.

Series Depth Texture Erosion Drainage AREA HA %

1 Ambad Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy

clay loam

Moderate to severe Well drained 65670.96 24.59

2 Avakaliwadi Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Moderate Excessively drained 41387.17 15.49

3 Bahal Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy

clay loam


4 Bandar Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy

clay loam

Moderate to severe Somewhat excessively drained 4057.04 1.52

5 Barpani Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy

loam


6 Budhewadi Moderately deep (25 to 50

cm)

Clay loam Moderate Well drained 4239.56 1.59

7 Dadar Moderately deep (25 to 50

cm)

Clay loam Slight to moderate Well drained 11927.57 4.47

8 Desaibandh Very deep (> 100 cm) Silty clay None Poorly drained 1218.37 0.46

9 Habitation

Mask

Habitation Mask Habitation Mask Habitation Mask Habitation Mask 6741.87 2.52

10 Kalbadevi Very deep (> 100 cm) Sandy Slight Excessively drained 0.08 0

11 Kandar Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly clay Moderate Moderately well drained 4364.90 1.63

12 Kasari Very deep (> 100 cm) Silty clay None Poorly drained 588.16 0.22

13 Katalwadi Very shallow (< 10 cm) Gravelly sandy loam

Slight to moderate Excessively drained 1547.79 0.58

14 Kelwal Very shallow (< 10 cm) Gravelly clay Moderate Well drained 8966.02 3.36

15 Khairwadi Very deep (> 100 cm) Clay loam Moderate Well drained 343.93 0.13

16 Khalliwadi Very deep (> 100 cm) Sandy loam Slight Well drained 5761.81 2.16

17 Kharsai Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey None to slight Poorly drained 680.55 0.25

18 Kunbiwadi

(Rampur)

Shallow to very shallow (< 25

cm)

Gravelly sandy

clay loam



42

Sr.

No.

Series Depth Texture Erosion Drainage AREA HA %

19 Lingayatwadi Deep to very deep (> 50 cm) Clayey Slight Moderately well drained 8244.64 3.09

20 Loharwadi Moderately deep (25 to 50

cm)

Gravelly sandy

clay loam


21 Lote Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly clay

loam


22 Mahabaleshwar Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Severe Well drained 768.65 0.29

23 Mandangarh Deep (50 to 100 cm) Gravelly clay Moderate Moderately well drained 21856.68 8.18

24 Morewadi Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly clay loam


25 Nivsar Deep (50 to 100 cm) Gravelly sandy

clay loam

Slight to moderate Well drained 3763.58 1.41

26 Patan Moderately deep (25 to 50

cm)

Gravelly clay

loam

Moderate Well drained 10816.34 4.05

27 Pophli Deep to very deep (> 50 cm) Clayey Moderate Well drained 8217.63 3.08

28 River Island River island River island River island River island 451.16 0.17

29 Sarvar Very shallow (< 10 cm) Gravelly clay Severe Well drained 678.12 0.25

30 Sendwadi Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy

clay loam

Slight to moderate Well drained 2148.24 0.8

31 Sibnery Shallow to very shallow (< 25

cm)

Gravelly sandy

loam

Severe Well drained 5007.85 1.87

32 Talwali Deep (50 to 100 cm) Sandy clay loam Slight to moderate Well drained 1453.96 0.54

33 Vite Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Moderate Well drained 4147.29 1.55

34 Wahegaon Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Moderate Moderately well drained 1636.52 0.61

35 Waterbody

Mask

Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask 8866.57 3.32


43


44


45


46


47


48


49


50


51


52


53


54


55


56

Vashishti

Valley Chapter No. 4

Hydrometerology


57

Chapter No. 4

Hydrometerology

4.1 Introduction

Hydrometrology is a branch of metrology that deals with problems involving the

hydrologic cycle, water budget, and rainfall statistics of storms.

Rainfall is the most important input for the water resources of a valley. A clear

understanding of the rainfall pattern in the valleyand its spatial and temporal variability is

thus essential. Other Metrological parameters like wind speed, normal sunshine hours,

radiation, humidity, maximum and minimum temperature are important for crop planning.

4.2 Climatic conditions of Valley

The Vashishti valleyexperiences a tropical monsoon type of climate, similar to

the state. The important factor which influences the climate is the towering

presence of the Western Ghats on the western part of the valley, blocking the

monsoon bearing winds coming from the Arabian Sea, thus causing rainfall. The

onset of the monsoons in the early June gives relief to the scorching summers from

the month of March. The climate becomes cold from October end. The rainfall plays

an important role in the lives of the people involved in agriculture. Sometimes, the

frequency of the rainfall varies along with harsh climate conditions in summer

months, which add to the woe of the peasants. The total annual rainfall varies in

different regions and so does the temperature. The average annual rainfall of the

valleyis 4112.55 mm and occurs for 3-4 months in a year. Maximum amount of

rainfall occurs in the month of July-August. More area of the valleyfalls in medium

rainfall zone. The maximum and minimum temperature recorded in the valleywas

39oC and 14oC respectively. The months of March, April and May, experience very

high temperatures and climate become very unpleasant. Winter arrives in the month

of November and persists till February. The weather is generally pleasant with clear

skies and cool gentle wing. The humidity range is 96%.to 49% The wind velocity is

more in the month of June/July (Approx. 10-11 kmph) the wind velocity increases

upto 14 kmph. The maximum wind velocity is observed due to Southwest monsoon.


58

The Vashishti River rises near Nive, Tal-Khed. The total length of this West

flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 74 km.

The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni,

Pimpali, Jog and Dubi are the major right bank tributaries which together accounts

for 55.7% of the total catchment area of Vashishti .

The Catchment area of entire Vashishti River is 2628.07 km2 which lies

completely in Maharashtra.

4.2.1 RAINFALL DATA

There are 9 rain gauge stations located in and around the Vashishti valley. The details

of average annual rainfall and data gaps are given below in Table

Sr.

No.

Station Name Rainfall in mm

Average Maximum Minimum

1 2 3 4 5

1 Chatav 4873.35 6773 3682

2 Poynar 3586.98 4754.60 2395

3 Kashedi 4514.86 5797.30 3131.50

4 Latwan 3666 5303.80 1963.60

5 Kudup 3884.18 4944.60 2809.20

6 Kolthare 2661.94 3946.40 1533.20

7 Mahabaleswar 5662.28 8624 3938.70

8 Navaja 5983.80 8330 3682

9 Dapoli 3658.83 5161.40 2346.50

Valleyspreads

Sr.

No.

District

Name

Area

In Sq.km

1 Ratnagiri 2601.26

2 Raigad 8.15

3 Satara 18.66


59

4.3 Meteorology

The major metrological attributes are temperature, humidity, evaporation & wind speed.

The Various metrological parameters for Stations Awalegaon & Karak are as follows.

Awalegaon –

If we observe the meteorological data from 2003 to 2014, the min. temps. Observed

at this station was 15.78deg. Celsius & maximum temperature was 37.14 deg. Celsius .The

hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available in the

valleywhile the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water

requirement & seasonal irrigation planning. Various monthly meteorological parameters for

this station are shown in sheet attached separately.

Karak–

If we observe the meteorological data from 2001 to 2011, the min. temps.

Observed at this station was 17.91 deg. Celsius & maximum temperature was 38.7 deg.

Celsius .The hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available

in the valleywhile the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water

requirement & seasonal irrigation planning. Various monthly meteorological parameters for

this stations shown in sheet attached .


60

Based on hydrometrological data for this valley, a suitable cropping pattern was suggested

by agricultural university at Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri.

Monthly Average of Parameters for Awalegaon Station

Parameter/

Month

Avg.

Evaporation

(mm)

Avg. Relative

Humidity(%)

Avg. Min. Daily

Temp( C).

Avg. Max. Daily

Temp(C ).

Avg. Wind

speed (Km./

Hr.)

Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng.

January 1.43 2.70 87.60 58.12 15.78 22.76 31.37 35.74 0.52 2.22

Feb 1.58 3.00 85.64 53.89 16.49 24.01 32.64 37.14 0.54 2.93

March 1.83 3.33 82.77 55.47 20.08 26.76 34.38 38.96 0.69 3.70

April 2.10 3.81 80.06 61.68 23.74 29.39 34.08 39.44 0.90 4.17

May 2.36 3.67 79.27 65.29 25.62 30.45 33.73 38.21 0.87 4.34

June 1.38 2.50 90.53 85.41 24.85 27.03 29.61 31.79 0.89 2.67

July 0.93 1.76 93.81 90.27 24.01 25.38 27.50 29.18 0.45 1.60

August 0.95 1.81 93.56 88.66 23.94 25.40 27.59 29.30 0.41 1.53

Sep. 1.08 1.93 92.56 86.35 23.63 25.97 28.50 30.80 0.37 1.48

Oct. 1.10 2.25 90.29 81.90 22.91 26.50 30.05 33.67 0.34 1.41

Nov. 1.28 2.35 86.51 75.86 20.17 25.85 31.16 34.86 0.47 1.61

Dec 1.38 2.53 86.38 66.90 16.47 23.58 30.94 34.72 0.57 1.84

Monthly Average of Parameters for Karak Station

Parameter/M

onth

Avg.

Evaporation

(mm)

Avg. Relative

Humidity(%)

Avg. Min. Daily

Temp( C).

Avg. Max.

Daily Temp(C

).

Avg. Wind

speed (Km./

Hr.)

Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng.

January 1.88 2.65 74.44 49.50 16.87 19.77 30.49 29.99 2.12 5.96

Feb 2.09 3.36 69.36 43.47 19.04 21.52 34.62 35.14 1.78 6.90

March 2.27 4.19 72.57 45.23 22.84 25.44 37.14 36.66 1.61 6.55

April 2.45 4.45 76.26 53.99 25.91 29.02 38.29 38.92 2.30 7.73

May 2.37 1.67 77.67 60.19 27.61 30.18 37.35 37.73 2.65 8.18

June 13.84 0.15 90.31 83.86 26.67 27.69 31.74 32.10 2.65 8.18

July 10.02 3.20 94.21 90.61 24.75 24.28 28.24 27.33 2.12 5.72

August 1.45 1.19 94.55 87.15 24.51 22.57 27.89 25.64 2.11 1.30

Sep. 0.87 5.20 92.21 81.27 24.32 21.74 29.66 26.29 0.88 14.53

Oct. 1.31 1.81 85.09 79.73 24.12 26.55 32.19 32.76 1.11 3.85

Nov. 1.60 2.03 72.98 65.49 21.46 25.74 33.39 33.83 1.71 4.29

Dec 1.76 2.08 70.35 57.71 14.54 15.86 27.34 24.79 2.13 5.00


61

Vashishti


Agriculture


62

Chapter No. 5

Agriculture

5.1 Introduction:

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than 52 % of the population in

rural areas. The arrival of monsoon and its distribution over the state of Maharashtra

decides the production and productivity of food grains and other crops. Hence, the

sustainability of agricultural production relies mainly on arrival of monsoon. It also governs

the volume of water in irrigation reservoirs, limiting the area under irrigation in different

cropping seasons. Therefore, state has the natural limitations for agricultural production in

irrigated and scarcity areas.

The main source of production is expected from the irrigated command areas of

major, medium and minor projects. The state government is continuously striving for

increasing the production and productivity of rainfed as well as of irrigated agriculture.

Accordingly various schemes and projects are initiated and effectively implemented in the

State by Agriculture Department. But it was necessary to improve productivity of water of

irrigated agriculture by intensification and diversification under irrigation projects.

The need to grow more food was felt during the 19th Century because of the

increasing pressure of population. According to the recommendation of Famine

Commission(1881), Agriculture Department was established in 1883. Work started with the

aim of helping the rural community to achieve higher productivity in agriculture. Agriculture

and Land Records Departments were functioning together till 1907. After getting

encouraging results in an effort made during 1915-16 to stop soil loss, Mr Kitting, the then

Agriculture Department started soil conservation work from 1922.

Agriculture Department took up various land development activities with the

enactment in 1942 and sequent enforcement of Land Development Act in 1943. For the first

time in 1943, the then Government prepared a comprehensive Agriculture Policy


63

considering the problems in agriculture and allied sectors. According to this policy, emphasis

was given on use of water as irrigation for agricultural crops.

The post independence period from 1950 to 1965 is recognized as pre Green

Revolution period. During this period several schemes were launched to boost growth of

agriculture sector. Production of quality seeds through Taluka Seed Farms started during

1957. Emphasis was given on increase in irrigated area along with cultivated area during this

period. A special campaign was launched in 1961-62 to encourage use of chemical fertilizers.

Development of hybrid varieties of different crops since 1965-66 laid down the

foundation of Green Revolution. Five year plans following this period specially emphasized

development of agriculture. Nala bunding work was taken up along with land development

work by the department since 1974 which led to increase in well and ground water level.

Introduction of intensive agriculture, comprising of large scale use of improved seed,

fertilizers, pesticides and available water helped increase in agriculture production. Lateron,

considering the need for providing guidance to the farmers for proper and judicious use of

these inputs, Training and Visit Scheme was launched in 1981-82. Valuable contribution of

this scheme through effective implementation of programs like Crop Demonstrations, Field

Visits, Corner meetings, Workshops, Fairs, Exhibitions etc. aimed at transfer of technology

from Agriculture Universities to farmers fields was evident from the increased agricultural

production.

Though we have become self sufficient in food grain production inspite of the

tremendous increase in population, self sufficiency in agriculture is not the only aim of the

state but assurance of more and more net income to the farmers through the efficient and

sustainable use of available resources is more important. To achieve this, commercial

agriculture should be practiced. Different schemes are implemented to increase agricultural

production, export promotion and to encourage the agro processing industry with a view to

take advantage of liberalized economy and Global trade. Thus, agriculture department is

firmly stepping towards economic progress along with self sufficiency through agriculture

and to achieve important position in the global agriculture produce market. The innovative

horticulture plantation scheme under employment guarantee scheme implemented since

1990-91 by the state is a part of this policy.


64

Recently the Department of Agriculture Government of Maharashtra is using the

Information Communication technology to make the agriculture services more farmer

driven and accountable.

5.2. Land Use Pattern in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61):

The land use pattern of districts in Vashishti valley(WF-56 to 61) is given in the Table

No.3. The total cultivable area of this Valleyis 61% of the geographical area of total valley.

The area brought under cultivation is very less as compaired to available cultivable land.

Area sown more than once is very less. The cropping intensity is 102.38 %.

Table No.5.2 Land Use Pattern in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61) (Area in Ha.)

Sr. No. Particulars Area Ha. (%)

1 Kharif 8775.23 12.61

2 Rabi 251.47 0.36

3 Cropped In 2 Seasons 1059.33 1.52

4

Cropped In More Than 2

Seasons 422.01 0.60

5 Fallow Land 6744.60 9.69

6 AgriCulture Plantation 15340.76 22.05

Total Agricultural Land 32593.39 46.84

8 Built Up 2647.19 3.80

9 Forest 12892.63 18.53

10 Wastelands 20063.74 28.83

11

Other non-agriculture

land 376.87 0.54

12 Water bodies 1010.67 1.45

13 Gross Cropped area 34496.35 49.57

14 Cropping Intensity (%) 105.84%



65

5.3 Land Holding in in Vashishti ValleyWF-56 to 61:

In Vashishti -valley(WF-56 to 61) the percentage of marginal hoding is (50.64 %)

,small holding is 28.74 %, and others is 20.64% to the total land holdings. The average

holding of this - valleyis 1.82 ha.

Table-5.3 – Land Holding in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)

Sr.

No.

Category No. of

Farmers

Area (Ha) Average Area Per

Head ( Ha)

1 Marginal 37758 55714 0.68

2 Small 62046 31621 1.96

3 Large 100982 22666 4.45

Total 200785.8 110001 1.83

(Source : District Agriculture officer)

5.4 Area & Production for various Crops in Vashishti Valley (WF-56 to 61)

Area & Production for various Crops in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61) is given in the

table No. 5.31. This - valleyis having maximum area under cereals (80.46%), and other crops

(19.54%).

Table-5.4.1 Production for various Crops Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)

Sr.

No

Crop

Total Area of

Crop in

Valleyha.

Avg. yield of

crops in

valleyKg/ha

Front Line

demonstration

Kg/ha.

State

Avg.

Kg/ha.

1 Rice (paddy) 27009.40 2900 3100 1925

2 Nagali 4314.12 1100 1200 1152

3 Other cereals 199.2 950(cosidered

as Nagli)

1000 1035

Total cereals 31522.72


66

Sr.

No

Crop

Total Area of

Crop in

Valleyha.

Avg. yield of

crops in

valleyKg/ha

Front Line

demonstration

Kg/ha.

State

Avg.

Kg/ha.

4 Pulses 1067 650 950 1144

5 Oil seeds 158.3 550 1200

6 Coconut 1098.76 9500-10500

Nos. per ha.

10000-11000 6676

7 Arecanut 378.31 3.0-3.5 MT/ha 5-7 MT/ha. 533


Areas under different fruit crops are given in Table No.5.3.1 .The major fruit crops grown in

the -valleyincludes Mango, and Cashew. The area and productivity and state averages are

also given.

Table-5.4.2 Production for Fruit Crops Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)

Sr.No Crop

Total Area of

Crop in Valley

Ha.

Avg. yield of

crops in

valleyMT/ha

Front Line

demonstration

MT/ha.

State

Avg.

MTs/ha.

1 Mango 10811.78 1.5-2.0 - 2-2.2

2 Cashewnut 25387.52 1-1.5 - 1.16


5.5 Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to

61)

The crop duration, water requirement and irrigation requirement of different crops grown in

this - valleyis given in the Table No5.4


67

Table-5.5.1 Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to

61)

Sr.No Crops Crop Duration

Days

Water Requirement

(mm)

1 Rice 130-135 1994

2 Ground nut 110-130 660

3 Chavli 110-130 540

4 Green gram 110-130 480

5 Nagli 110-130 --

6 Mango Rainfed after 5 year

Winter 120 lit/mth/tree

Summer 240 lit/mth/tree

7 Cashew nut Winter 30 lit/mth/tree

Summer 60 lit/mth/tree

8 Coconut Summer 3-4days & Winter 6-7 days interval

9 Arecanut Summer 4-5days & Winter 7-8 days interval

5.6 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg./ha.) in Vashishti

Valley(WF-56 to 61) The irrigation water is always beneficial for different field crops to increase the production

and productivity of crops. The increase in yield of crops is due to irrigation availability during

critical growth stages of crops. Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigeted conditions for year

2014-15 is shown in Table No. 5.5

Table-5.6 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield q/ha.) in Vashishti

Valley(WF-56 to 61)

Sr. No.

Crop

Average yield in q/ha.

Rainfed Irrigated % Increase by irrigation

1 Mango 25 35 28

2 Turmaric -- -- --

3 Vegetable (Brinjal) 90 323 70

4 Supari (Arecanut) -- 15-20 --

5 Tur -- -- --

6 Cashew nut -- -- --

7 Paddy 35-40 55-60 33

8 Nagali -- -- --

9 Chillies (Red Dry) 85.1 166.37 49

10 S. groundnut -- 22-24 --

11 Sugarcane (Sure) -- 800-1000 --

12 Banana -- 391.40 --

13 Chiku 200-300 300-400 35

14 Natural Fodder -- -- --

15 Cultivated Fodder (Sweet corn) -- 191.40 --


68

(Ref. : Central Resurch Center, Vakavali Under Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Krishi Vidyapeeth,

Dapoli)

5.7 Water Saving Techniques in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)

The valleyis in a heavy rainfall zone. There is very vast scope of irrigation in the

valley. Still about 61% i.e. 9379 ha. land is waste and that can be brought under

irrigation/horticulture. But there is a lack of irrigation mindset in the valley. Also there are

so many other reasons in connection to irrigation failure. Now use of water saving

techniques like micro irrigation is negligible.

5.8 Agricultural Research Institutions in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to

61)

There is one Agricultural Reseasrch Institutions in Vashishti Valley.

Table No 5.8.1

District Name of Research Station Address

Ratnagiri Dr. Balasaheb Kokan Krushi

Vidyapeeth

Dapoli, Dist.Ratnagiri.

5.9 Agricultural Extension Services :

Agriculture department considers farmer as the focal point and the whole

department is organized in such a fashion that a single mechanism is working to facilitate

the farmer for adoption of advanced technology and sustainable use of available resources.

Every agriculture assistant working at village level has a jurisdiction of three to four villages

with number of farmers limited to 800 to 900 which facilitates more interaction for easier

transfer of technology.

Agriculture Assistant at village level undertakes soil conservation work, horticulture

plantation and various extension schemes. He is supervised by Circle Agriculture Officer at

circle level. Administrative control, laison with other departments, monitoring and training


69

programs etc. are facilitated by Taluka Agriculture Officer at taluka level, Divisional

Agriculture Officer at division level, District Superintending Agriculture Officer at district

level and Divisional Joint Director at division level. In addition, Agriculture Officer at

Panchayat Samiti level, working under Agriculture Development Officer, Zilla Parishad at

district level also implementing various agro-inputs related schemes.

At district level, an autonomous registered society called, Ägricultural Technology

Management Agency (ATMA) has been created under the chairmanship of District Collector.

The main object of this ATMA body is to coordinate all agriculture related research -

technology and marketing linkages through convergences and to promote sustainable

farming systems for various categories of farm communities. It is a participatory approach in

planning and implementation wherein farmers as stake holders have been nominated at

various levels to give their valuable inputs in planning and implementation of various

agricultural and allied activities considering the existing agro-ecological situations within

each agro-climatic zone.

All the schemes implemented in the field are supervised technically and

administratively by respective directorates of Soil Conservation, Horticulture, Extension and

Training, Inputs and Quality Control, Statistics, Monitoring and Evaluation and Planning and

Budget at state level in the Commissionerate of Agriculture. Also separate sections are there

for the Establishment and Accounts related matters.

5.9.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented to promote holistic

growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, roots and tuber crops,

mushroom, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, cashew and cocoa. Programme for the

development of coconut will be implemented by the Coconut Development Board (CDB),

independent of the Mission.

5.9.2 Dry land Agriculture Mission

The state is having predominantly rainfed agriculture system. State is also having

limitations to bring more area under irrigation due to its topography. Hence, in coming years

about 70 per cent area is still likely to remain rainfed. So it has become imperative to


70

develop dryland agriculture to make it remunerative to farming community. The present

constraints are limited sources of irrigation, drought prone area, degraded and light soils.

Major area under degraded and light soils limits the production and productivity. The

percentage of drought prone area in the state is 52 per cent and 39 % of the soils are light.

This mission is being implemented to minimize risk and to make dryland farming sustainably

viable. The main objectives of this mission are to increase the production, productivity of

crops thereby income of households. To create sustainable source of irrigation for in-situ

soil moisture conservation activities, farm ponds and other water conserving structures,

improving water use efficiency through use of micro irrigation system, promoting protective

irrigation, value addition and marketing to get remunerative prices.

5.9.3 Extension

1 Accelerated Fodder Development Programme

2 Coarse Cereals Under NFSM Guideline

3 Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project

4 Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Krushi Seva Ratna Puraskar

5 Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Shetkari Din 29 August

6 Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krushi Ratna Puraskar

7 Dryland Farming Mission

8 National Mission of Oil seed and Oil Palm(NMOOP)

9 Integrated Paddy Development Programme

10 SCP Programme

11 Jijamata Krishibhushan Puraskar

12 Krushi Din 1st July

13 National Mission on Oilseed and Oil Palm


71

14 National Food Security Mission (Pulses)

15 National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture(NMSA)

16 Pest Disease Monittoring Information System(PDMIS}

17 Publicity through R.K.V.Y Preparation of Exhibition Material

18 Rainfed Area Development Under NMSA

19 Shetkari Masik

20 Vasantrao Naik Krishibhushan Award

21 Vasantrao Naik Sheti Mitra Award

22 Vasantrao Naik Sheti Nisht Shetkari

5.9.4 Horticulture

1 Coconut Development Board

2 D.P.D.C Sponsored Plant Protection Scheme

3 EGS and MREGES Nursery

4 Employment Guarantee Scheme

5 Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project

6 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

7 Mangonet Vegnet Guidelines

8 NMSA On Farm Water Management

9 Strengthening of Govt. Nurseries Guidelines


72

5.9.5 Soil Conservation

1 Integrated Watershed Development programme

2 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan Part 1

3 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan Part 2

4 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jalmitra Puraskar

5 Soil and Water Conservation works by Machinary

6 Soil Conservation Training

5.9.6 Input and Quality Control

1 Agro Polyclinics

2 -Mission on Agricultural Mechanization

3 Supply of Bio Pesticide Under Govt Programme

4 Supply of Chemical Pesticides

5 Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme

6 Insecticide Testing Laboratories

7 Bio Pesticide Testing Laboratories

8 Fertilizer Testing Laboratories

9 Seed Testing Laboratories

10 Residue Testing Laboratories

11 Soil Survey and Soil Testing


73

Vashishti

Valley

Chapter No. 6

Surface Water

Resources


74

Chapter No. 6

Surface Water Resources

6.1 Introduction

Water being a precious resource without which no life can sustain on earth. The level

of availability and development of infrastructure to harness the water influence to a

considerable extent the quality of life. The rapid growth of population coupled with

increasing economic activities has put a tremendous pressure on the available water

resources. Although irrigation is the major consumer of water at present in our country and

may continue to be so in the years to come demands from other sectors such as drinking

and industries have been growing significantly. Water conservation measures to improve

the efficiency of water use are being stressed upon for meeting the ever increasing

demands. Inter-valleytransfer of water from surplus valleys to deficit valleys is being studied

as one of the long term strategies.

A proper assessment of water resources potential has, therefore, become a

prerequisite for its sustainable development and management. Without a precise estimate

of the availability of the resource, it is impossible to properly plan, design, construct,

operate and maintain water resources projects catering to competing demands like

irrigation, drought and flood management, domestic and industrial water supply, and

generation of electrical energy, fisheries and navigation. The correctness of assessment of

water resource is totally dependent upon the accuracy and length of hydrological data.

Thus, the hydrological data such as gauged flows of river, the measurement of abstractions

of water in the catchment etc. are essential for proper assessment of water resource for

appropriate planning.

An attempt has been made in this chapter to compile the available hydrological data

for ascertaining the water availability Chatav, and Poynar G.D. sites various parts


75

Sr. No. Parts Area

1 Part- 1 Jagbudi River from origin to confluence with Dubi River. 740.31

2 Part- 2 Dubi river from origin to Confluence with Jagbudi River 99.82

3 Part- 3 Vashishti Vaitarni River Confluence to confluence with Sea. 954.53

4 Part- 4 Vaitarni River from Origin to confluence with Vashishti River 330.69

5 Part- 5 Jog River from Origin to confluence with Sea. 271.31

6 Part-6 Local Nallas directly draining in to sea R/S of Jog River. 76.03

7 Part-7 Local Nallas directly draining in to sea between Jog & Vashishti River. 155.38

6.2. Vashishti Valley

The Vashishti river rises in the Sahyadri hill ranges near village Nive In Khed taluka of

Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra State and traverses a total distance of about 74 km before

discharging into the Arabian Sea. The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are

Jagbudi, Dubi, Vaitarani, Pimpali. The Vashishti valleylies between the North latitudes of

17º2017 & ׳º56׳ and East longitudes of 73º02’ & 73º45’and drains total area of 2628.07

Sq.Km lying in Maharashtra State only.

The District wise distribution of the drainage area is shown in Table 1.

Sr.

No

District Taluka Drainage area

Sq.km.

Percentage of Area

w.r.t. valleyarea

1 Ratnagiri Mandangad 5.67 0.21

Dapoli, 815.55 30.53

Khed 1035.57 38.77

Chiplun 631.23 23.63

Guhaghar 155.72 5.83

2 Raigad Poladpur 8.35 0.31

3 Satara Jaoli 13.00 0.49

Patan 5.92 0.22

Total 2671.01 100

However, the effective drainage area of the valleyis 2671.01 sq km

6.3. Past Assessments of Availability of Water:

The committee on ‘Assessment of water resources of rivers flowing into Arabian Sea

and their utilization’ constituted by the Planning Commission has assessed the average

annual yield of the Vashishti valley. This Committee assessed the 75% dependable annual

yield to be 6402.30 Mm3. However the valley area estimated by the committee was 2238.00

sq. kms only.


76

6.4. Data Available:

Rainfall data:

The catchment area of Vashishti valleyup to confluence with Sea is 2628.07

sq km. The length of river up to confluence with sea is about 74 km Vashishti river

flows through a well-defined channel with a change in direction from North-East to

South-South-West.

There are 11 rain gauge stations located in and around the Vashishti valley.

The details of period of availability of data average annual rainfall is given below in

Table 2.

Sr.

No.

Place Latitude Longitude Type Agency Data Availability

N E From To

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Chatav 17 o45’59’’ 73o32’26” ARG

GD

NHP

HP

1/6/1984

13/6/1984

31/12/2008

22/10/2011

2 Poynar 17 o46’20’’ 73o20’00” ARG

GD

NHP

HP

1/6/1984

12/6/1984

31/10/2013

31/10/2011

3 Kashedi 17 o52’45’’ 73o25’45” ARG

NHP

1/6/1989 31/10/2011

4 Latwan 17 o55’55’’ 73o20’51” GD HP 1/6/1984 31/10/2009

5 Kudup 17 o24’22’’ 73o33’10” SRG HP 1/6/1989 31/10/2013

6 Kolthare 17 o39’10’’ 73o08’07” SRG HP 1/6/1990 31/10/2013

7 Sanglat 17 o41’01’’ 73o20’30” SRG HP 1/6/2009 3/8/2012

8 Kashedi 17 o52’45’’ 73o25’45” ARG NHP 1/6/2009 31/10/2010

9 Mahabaleswar SRG WRD 1/6/1983 31/10/2014

10 Navaja SRG WRD 1/6/1983 31/10/2014

11 Dapoli SRG IMD 1/6/1983 31/10/2014


77

6.5 Weighted Avarege Rainfall in Vashisti Valley

There are 11 raingauge stations in and around the Vashisti Valey. The

Weighted average Rainfall for the various parts and G&D sites have been estimated

by Thiessen Polygon Method.

The Influence Factors of the rain-gauge stations for catchments upto different

locations viz. G & D sites where rainfall-runoff relations have been developed are as under:

Sr.

no.

Name of

Raingauge station

.Part-1 - Jagbudi River from origin to

confluence with Dubi River.

Part-2 - Dubi river

from origin to

Confluence with Jagbudi River

Jagbudi Origin

to Dubi Confl.

Jagbudi dubi confl. to

vashisthi Confl.

Dubi river Origin to

Jagbudi Confl.

influen

ce area

influen

ce factor

influence

area

influence

factor

influence

area

influence

factor

1 Kashedi 52.04 0.1965 82.10 0.1726 -- --

2 Latvan -- -- 0.10 0.0002 -- --

3 Chatav 10.31 0.0389 73.50 0.1545 99.82 1.00

4 Poynar -- -- 306.60 0.6447 -- --

5 Miravane -- -- 13.23 0.278 -- --

6 Mahabaleshwar 202.43 0.7645 -- -- -- --

Total 264.78 1.00 475.53 1.00 99.82 1.00

Sr.

no.

Name of

Raingauge station

.Part-3 - Vashishti Vaitarni River Confluence to

confluence with Sea.

Part-4 - Vaitarni River

from Origin to

confluence with Vashishti River

Vashishthi Origin to

Vaitarni Confl.

Vashishthi Vaitarni

confl. to Sea

vaitarni river Origin to

Vashisthi Confl.

influence area

influence factor

influence area

influence factor

influence area

influence factor

1 Kudap 42.69 0.1706 44.46 0.0631 135.37 0.4093

2 Miravane 7.55 0.0301 328.65 0.4666 -- --

3 Poynar -- -- 75.48 0.1071 -- --


78

4 Dapoli -- -- 89.87 0.1276 -- --

5 Kolthare -- -- 165.81 0.2354 -- --

6 Chatav 186.55 0.7454 -- -- 0.49 0.0014

7 Navaja 13.47 0.0538 -- -- 194.83 0.5891

Total 250.26 1.00 704.27 1.00 330.69 1.00

Sr.

no.

Name of

Raingauge

station

.Part-5 Jog River from

Origin to confluence

with Sea.

Part-6 Local Nallas

directly draining in

to sea R/S of Jog

River.

Part-7 Local Nallas

directly draining in to

sea between Jog &

Vashishti River.

jog river Origin to

Confl.to Sea

Local Nalas Draining

to Sea from Right

Side ofjog river

Local Nalas Draining to

Sea Between jog &

Vashishthi river

influence

area

influence

factor

influence

area

influence

factor

influence

area

influence

factor

1 Kashedi 62.59 0.2307 -- -- -- --

2 Latvan 1.12 0.0041 -- -- -- --

3 Poynar 60.84 0.2242 -- -- -- --

4 Dapoli 146.76 0.5409 76.03 1.00 74.35 0.4785

5 Kolthare -- -- -- -- 81.03 0.5215

Total 271.31 1.00 76.03 1.00 155.38 1.00

6.5. The weighted Average rainfall of catchments upto various locations are given attached

herewith.

Sr.

No.

Year Jagbudi

Origin

to Dubi

Confl.

Jagbud

i dubi

confl.

to

vashist

hi

Confl.

Dubi

river

Origin

to

Jagbu

di

Confl.

Vashish

thi

Origin

to

Vaitarni

Confl.

Vashish

thi

Vaitarni

confl.

to Sea

vait

arni

rive

r

Orig

in

to

Vas

hist

hi

Con

fl.

jog

river

Origi

n to

Conf

l.to

Sea

Local

Nala

s

Drai

ning

to

Sea

from

Righ

t

Side

of

jog

river

Local

Nalas

Draini

ng to

Sea

Betw

een

jog &

Vashi

shthi

river

WAR

of

Vashi

shthi

C.A. in sq.

Kms

264.78 475.53 99.82

250.26 704.27

330

.69

271.

31

76.0

3

155.3

8

2628.

07

I.F. 0.1007 0.1809 0.037 0.0952 0.2679 0.1 0.10 0.02 0.059 1


79

507 427 9822 258 7992 258

3

3235

5

893 1232

1

1984

-85

4457.

60

3050

.00

2

1985

-86

4291.

00

5452

.00

3

1986

-87

3923.

20

2873

.00

4

1987

-88

4103.

60

3787

.00

5

1988

-89

5036.

40

4123

.90

6

1989

-90

6378.9

6

3545.1

5

4309.

40

4372.5

4

602

1.1

0

3584

.25

3558

.00

7

1990

-91

5928.7

9

4713.9

9

5877.

80

5601.7

7

3999.8

6

559

4.1

7

5068

.28

5161

.40

4192.

15

4903.

17

8

1991

-92

4919.9

6

4080.2

6

4696.

40

4459.1

8

3264.7

9

460

3.2

2

4022

.21

3827

.30

3022.

11

3995.

75

9

1992

-93

5775.9

4

3392.4

7

3901.

20

4012.7

6

3071.5

1

574

9.4

4

3211

.27

2943

.10

2950.

09

3863.

70

10

1993

-94

7402.5

5

4738.9

7

4966.

60

5102.5

6

4552.5

4

653

1.7

8

4765

.33

4542

.20

4231.

49

5193.

25

11

1994

-95

4236.7

0

3907.2

7

4767.

60

4569.3

5

3057.8

7

453

4.8

5

3571

.39

2922

.30

2583.

80

3746.

11

12

1995

-96

4732.9

4

3576.6

3

3836.

60

3876.4

2

3395.0

3

444

4.9

3

3296

.90

3013

.80

2942.

72

3709.

51

13

1996

-97

5745.6

2

3462.1

6

3939.

70

3963.1

2

3078.3

1

510

5.4

2

3359

.43

3151

.10

3054.

47

3818.

26

14

1997

-98

4903.5

1

3708.4

0

4735.

60

4623.2

1

3311.5

6

511

2.4

6

3803

.78

3726

.00

3364.

19

4015.

27

15

1998

-99

4724.0

4

3697.6

7

4299.

30

4386.1

7

3400.0

0

562

5.9

2

3853

.91

3866

.50

3331.

91

4051.

74

16

1999

-00

4100.3

8

3861.0

3

4980.

30

4803.3

8

3526.4

2

480

5.1

9

4040

.61

4115

.10

3442.

74

4047.

69


80

17

2000

-01

4349.8

0

3993.2

2

4325.

20

4279.0

9

3935.9

9

442

8.2

5

3937

.78

3824

.60

3676.

18

4079.

03

18

2001

-02

4488.5

7

2618.6

8

3008.

80

3052.7

7

2192.8

3

399

7.4

2

2544

.37

2346

.50

1922.

37

2865.

88

19

2002

-03

4223.9

0

3190.9

0

4060.

91

3884.6

8

2594.7

3

410

2.6

1

3005

.11

2757

.20

2457.

13

3273.

93

20

2003

-04

5869.7

3

3609.0

9

4337.

40

4193.4

4

3138.5

0

480

7.7

1

3339

.54

3004

.70

2761.

84

3849.

47

21

2004

-05

7680.9

5

3920.0

6

5044.

60

4844.7

6

3010.3

4

604

4.5

6

3763

.57

3531

.60

3065.

82

4375.

38

22

2005

-06

7693.1

6

4949.0

5

6773.

00

6415.0

6

3755.7

4

681

3.8

9

4307

.49

3749

.40

2986.

71

5132.

31

23

2006

-07

5978.8

5

4562.0

2

6283.

60

5955.2

9

3389.6

9

588

8.6

9

4138

.04

3547

.30

2880.

05

4583.

04

24

2007

-08

5423.8

7

4422.6

1

5767.

20

5456.2

1

2877.5

4

540

7.0

6

4385

.61

4284

.90

3705.

05

4332.

58

25

2008

-09

4301.2

8

3643.1

2

4775.

60

4490.5

1

2869.0

3

370

1.8

8

3319

.49

3044

.20

2330.

12

3504.

73

26

2009

-10

4053.0

6

3106.6

2

4327.

40

4068.5

3

2671.7

8

386

8.7

8

2754

.81

2566

.50

2547.

73

3234.

33

27

2010

-11

5820.8

3

4304.5

5

5545.

60

5378.8

7

4154.8

4

558

6.0

9

4393

.67

4731

.60

4092.

14

4736.

89

28

2011

-12

5510.2

1

5029.6

2

5748.

80

5566.4

0

4109.9

0

541

3.1

9

5065

.91

5012

.60

3577.

76

4875.

69

29

2012

-13

5044.3

4

4053.0

1

5344.

00

4876.8

9

2820.2

9

427

0.9

5

3829

.54

3655

.20

2857.

83

3872.

21

30

2013

-14

5863.2

1

4449.7

4

6181.

20

5782.5

7

3553.7

0

560

7.1

0

4588

.86

4486

.70

3358.

55

4641.

26

Avera

ge

5365.5

1

3957.9

6

4896.

85

4735.1

2

3322.2

0

508

5.2

3

3848

.62

3658

.83

3138.

96

4112.

55

Maxi 7693.1 5029.6 6773. 6415.0 4552.5 681 5068 5161 4231. 5193.


81

mum 6 2 00 6 4 3.8

9

.28 .40 49 25

Mini

mum

4053.0

6

2618.6

8

3008.

80

3052.7

7

2192.8

3

370

1.8

8

2544

.37

2346

.50

1922.

37

2865.

88

6.6 River gauge data:

Sr.

No.

Name of

discharge/gauge

site

River /Tributary Catchment

area (Sq Km)

Period of

availability of data

1 Chatav Jog 28.99 1984 to 2013

2 Poynar Jagbudi 131.66 1984 to 2014

The observed discharge data used in this study & final monsoon Rainfall - Runoff

relations Developed @ Chatav and Poynar is attached in the study. All these stations have

no upstream utilization. Hence, the relations based on this data gives virgin yield for the

valley.

The flow pattern of all the stations appears to be similar.

RAINFALL- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP

The discharge availability at nodal point Chatav and Poynar Gauging station has been

worked out on the basis of observed hydrological data. The quantum of available water has

been worked out at dependabilities of 50%, and 75%. The lengths of available observed

annual inflow at Chatav and Poynar of Vashishti are from from1984 to 2014 and 1984 to

2013 for Chatav and Poynar respectively that is 30 years and 29 years.

.The rainfall-runoff relations developed at the G & D sites for monsoon period are given

below

Sr.

No

.

Name of

Rivergauge stn.

Catchment

Area

Sq.Km.

Discharge data

period.

RR relation developed 'r'

1 Poynar 28.99 1984 to 2013 R =1.1593*P-1324.2086 0.8617

2 Chatav 131.66 1984 to 2014 Runoff is greater than Rainfall, Hence

RR relation not Developed


82

This above two relations are not suitable for Vashishti valley, so relation of Kangule

in Savitri valleywhich is nearest to vashishti valleyis use for yield estimations.

2) Kangule HP WRD station Y =0 7979 X -148.4708 & coeff. (r) =0.778460018

6.7 Water Availability :

The monsoon model is generally found more robust and realistic to the catchment

compensated. Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield.

The non-monsoon yield in this study is miniscule, so it is not considered in this study.

behavior as compared to monthly models as it represents lumped rainfall (from June to

Oct.) of entire season and most of the monthly fluctuations get compensated. Therefore,

monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield. The relations so developed

were used judiciary to obtain realistic yields. All yields using all formulae were compared to

with Inglis and Ghat formulae. The realistic values are chosen. All these calculations and

comparisons are given in the annexure.

Above is the total water availability in parts and in entire Valley is as

summarized:

Sr.

No.

Description of Part Catchment

area SqKm

Yields in Mcum

50% 75% Average

1 Part- 1 Jagbudi River from

origin to confluence with

Dubi River.

740.31 2477.64 2257.37 2527.69

2 Part- 2 Dubi river from origin

to Confluence with Jagbudi

River

99.82 360.79 323.21 366.54

3 Part- 3 Vashishti Vaitarni

River Confluence to

confluence with Sea.

954.53 3072.78 2790.75 2667.77

4 Part- 4 Vaitarni River from

Origin to confluence with

Vashishti River

330.69 1299.86 11221.53 1142.58

5 Part- 5 Jog River from Origin

to confluence with Sea.

271.31 788.73 680.49 790.58

6 Part-6 Local Nallas directly

draining in to sea R/S of Jog

76.03 212.60 171.40 212.47


83

River.

7 Part-7 Local Nallas directly

draining in to sea between

Jog & Vashishti River.

155.38 353.61 322.31 366.09

Total 2628.07 10013.40 9544.56 10287.98

Thus, it is observed from the above table that the yield for entire valley is 10013.40

Mm3 for 50 % dependability and 9544.56 Mm3 for 75 % dependability while 10287.98 mm3

is average yield. It may also be observed that the summation for parts I to part III differs

slightly from these figures because the number of years for parts (35) are different than that

of series for entire valley.

Classification of Vashishti Valley on the basis of Water Availabilty

Name of

Valley

CCA in Ha Natural

Availabilty

MCum

Ground

Water

Availabilty

MCum

Total

Water

Available

MCum

Total m3 /

Ha

Class

Vashishti

Valley

32593.39 9544.56 94.311 9638.87 295731 A

Norms for Categorization of Valley

Sr. No Surface Water Availability Unit Category of Valley

From To

1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit

2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit

3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal

4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus

5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant

Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160

6.8 Approval Of Chief Engineer , Planning & Hydrology, Nasik

The water availability study of Vashishti Valley, Maharashtra was submitted to Chief

Engineer planning & hydrology, Nashik for approval which is approved vide their letter No.

जा.�. नवज/ताशा-1/(206/2015)/1561/2016 �दनांक 05/12/2016. attached saperately page

no. 234 to 247


84

Vashishti

Valley

Chapter No. 7

Ground Water

Resources


85

Chapter No. 7

Ground Water Resources

7.1. Introduction:

The river Vashishti and its important tributaries Vaitarni, Jagbudi, and Pimpali drain

through the western part of the Ratnagiri district. The river has developed a narrow valley

with dendritic to -parallel drainage pattern having general flow towards the west. Vashishti

River originates at Nive in Khed tehsil & flows through Khed & Chiplun Tehsil & finally meets

to Arebian Sea at Village Dabhol. The slope in the upper reaches is 1:73. The river is having

length of about 74 km. in the district.

Vashishti Valley comprises of 6 watersheds extending over an area of 2628.07 sq.km

which includes parts of seven tahsils, five tahsils in Ratnagiri district namely Chiplun (partly),

Guhagar (partly), It also includes very small area of Mandangad Taluka in Ratnagiri

District. Jaoli and Patan Taluka in Satara district and Poladpur Taluka in Raigad

district. The annual rainfall in the area varies between 2865.88 mm to 5193.25 mm. The

maximum rainfall occurs in Khed and Chiplun taluka and minimum rainfall in Guhagar

taluka. Groundwater availability in the valleyis controlled by topography, geo-morphology,

lithology and geo-hydrology of the surface and surface rocks. The net annual groundwater

availability is 134.73 Mcum and the gross draft for all purposes comes to 12.98 Mcum.

Allocation for domestic is 7.09 Mcum and available for irrigation is 95.8353 Mcum.

7.2. Groundwater Occurrence:

The major parameters viz. porosity, permeability and hydraulic gradient decide the

occurrence and movement of groundwater. It is important to note that the crystalline hard

rock formations do not themselves have any primary porosity however the basaltic lava

flows do develop some porosity due to vascularity but secondary processes like weathering;

jointing, sheeting and fracturing allow developing space for storage in such formations.

Storage capacity of the lava flows depends upon intensity of fracturing, fissuring,

jointing and weathering both in lateral and vertical extent. Intensity of these factors varies


86

widely from place to place and even within the same lavaflow. Ultimately, storage capacity

will necessary vary greatly from place to place and from area to area.

7.2.1 Hydrological Properties of Hard Rock

i) Porosity and Permeability, ii) Cleavage, iii) Joints IV) Fissures, v) Hydraulic gradient

7.2.1.1 Porosity and Permeability:

Hard rock by themselves is not porous and therefore is incapable of holding

or transmitting water in their primary stages. Basaltic flows however may develop a

vesicular character especially on the top layers due to escaping of steam and gases during

their formation process. Cavities may also be produced in lava flows by movement of lavas

in its course of solidification; such vesicular basalt can become important water bearing

formation.

In the Valley area of the district, Vesicular Zeolitic Trap and Amygdaloidal basalt act

as important water bearing aquifer.

Granite and Gneisses (DharwarSuper group) due to their low porosity and

permeability are incapable of holding and transmitting much water. Only a few dug wells

are observed in the weathered zone of these rocks.

For Hydrogeological studies crystalline rocks (granites and basalts) can be divided in

to two groups.

a) Decomposed crystalline rocks encountered between 10 to 13 m. from surface.

b) That lies below the above mentioned depth. In above first zone porosity ranges

between 0.5 to 50 percent and usually holding ¼ to 3 gallons of water / cubic foot.

Good examples of the occurrence of water in decomposed crystalline (i.e.

weathered massive trap are observed in the area. Permeability is induced in hard rocks

through fracturing and fissuring allowing for free passage of water. Intensed decomposition

of rocks yields much water. Supply of water can be expected only when well pass through

permeable zone. Field coefficient of permeability can be defined as aquifer 1’ thick and 1

mile wide under a hydraulic gradient of 1’ per 1 mile at field temperature.


87

The coefficient of transmissibility (T) equals the field coefficient of permeability

multiplied by aquifer thickness in feet. Transmissibility varies widely in basaltic rocks which

display great variation in productivity.

7.2.1.2 Cleavage:

Cleavage is the plain along which rock split as in salty rock. This adds to the

permeability of the rock. However, Basalt and Quartzite occur in ValleyThis factor is of least

importance. Micro cleavages are not important but micro cleavages may help in canalizing

the groundwater.

7.2.1.3 Joints:-

The joints are quite common in Deccan trap. Thin lava flows are broken in to

innumerable jointed blocks. Most of the joints are right angle to the cooling surface of the

lava flows. It clearly indicates that they have formed due to shrinkage of cooling. Closely

spaced and inter connected joints and vesicles contribute to the porosity. Massive lava

flows which have neither vesicles nor joints have the least porosity while the vesicles and

joint system contribute generally to the yield flow. The yield is generally considerably

affected by degree of weathering and topographic setting. Weathering increases porosity

and permeability of the media and topographic setting affects the movement and discharge

of groundwater.

Thus, highly weathered, vesicular and jointed lava flows have highest porosity and

permeability and proved to be good producer. The fresh un-jointed massive rock is non-

productive or poorest producer. But the same flow when highly weathered and jointed and

favorably situated proves to be much better producer than any other flows. In short, the

nature, size, distribution of vesicles the joints and extends and degree of weathering control

the productivity of lava flows. Pyroclastic deposits such as bed of ash, tuff tends to become

clayey and is very often poor producer.

Groundwater flow in lava occurs under the water table unconfined conditions. The

massive flows and thick red bole tends to inhibit the vertical movement of groundwater and

thus act as a confining aquicludes. The productive layers, when favorably situated, receives

the recharge and groundwater moves down deep till it is withdrawn by well, bore well or


88

naturally discharged by means of spring or other zone of seepage. The piezometric surface

of water in the confined aquifer rise to different level up to the altitude of recharging areas

and frictional losses suffered by groundwater during the movement. Therefore, it happens

that in a thick succession of lava flows there may be one or more confined aquifer capable

of yielding water to the well. The water level and yield of each aquifer are function of their

permeability, thickness and area of recharge. In short the entire succession of lava flow act

as a multi-aquifer system.

There is a wide variation among lava flows in regards to their ability to store and

transmit groundwater. The physical characteristic like porosity and permeability play an

important role forming productive zone in Deccan trap. Uniformly distributed

interconnecting vesicles and closely spaced interconnected joints are responsible for the

movement of groundwater. Apart from the above controlling factors, degree of weathering

and geomorphologic setting also contribute for forming productive zones. The fresh rock

which is devoid of vesicles and joints are poorest producer. At the same time, a massive

flow if weathered and controlled by topography is better producer.

7.2.2 Static Water Level Data :

There are 23 number of observation wells located in the Vashishti Valley. The pre-

monsoon water level data and post- monsoon water level data is summarized in the

Annexure III. It is revealed from the above Annexure, that the average water level of post-

monsoon ranges from 0.23 to 5.75 m. and Pre-monsoon ranges from 2.18 to 9.74 m.

7.2.3 Groundwater level maps of the Vashishti Valley:

The pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ground water maps are generated from the

static water level data recorded from the observation wells within the valley area.

Post-monsoon groundwater level map: The post-monsoon groundwater map (see plate.IV)

for year 2014 shows that maximum area of the Valleyrecords less than 5 m. of static water

level. Some portion in the western part of the valleythe water levels exceed 5 m. of the

groundwater level. This may be due to the hilly area comprising lateritic formation where

the average rainfall is about 4112.55 mm but evident by quite higher rates of run-off.


89

Pre-monsoon groundwater level map: The pre-monsoon groundwater map (see plate IV)

for year 2014 shows that maximum area of the Valleyrecords groundwater levels between

5 to 8 m. Some portion in the western part of the valleythe water levels exceed 8 to 10 m.

of the groundwater level. This may be due to the moderate to steeper geomorphic

conditions, supported by the lateritic formations; the water levels are quite deeper as

compared to rest of the area of the valley; but the water levels are well maintained

consistently by annual replenishment by means of the rainfall.

7.3. Ground Water Availability:

The Groundwater Estimation Committee 1984 methodology was modified in the

light of enhanced database and new findings of experimental studies in the field of

hydrogeology. The present methodology used for resources assessment is known as Ground

Water Resources Methodology - 1997 (GEC'97). In GEC'97 two approaches are

recommended-water level fluctuation method and norms of rainfall infiltration method. The

water level fluctuation method is based on the concept of storage change due to difference

between various input and output components. Input refers to recharge from rainfall and

other sources and surface inflow into the unit of assessment. Output refers to ground water

draft, ground water evapotranspiration, and base flow to streams and surface outflow from

the unit. Since the data on surface inflow / outflow are not readily available, it is

advantageous to adopt the unit for ground water assessment as valley/ valleywatershed, as

the inflow / outflow across these boundaries may be taken as negligible.

Thus in general the ground water resources assessment unit is Watershed,

particularly in hard rock areas. In case of alluvial areas, administrative block can also be the

assessment unit. In each assessment unit, hilly areas having slope more than 20% is deleted

from the total area to get the area suitable for recharge. Further areas where the quality of

groundwater is beyond the usable limits should be identified and handled separately. The

remaining area after deleting the hilly area and separating the area with poor quality

groundwater quality is to be delineated into command and non-command areas and the

assessment is done separately for monsoon an non-monsoon seasons.


90

7.3.1 Ground water recharge

Monsoon Season

The resources assessment during monsoon season is estimated as the sum total of the

change in storage and gross draft. The change in storage is computed by multiplying

groundwater level fluctuation between pre and post monsoon periods with the area of

assessment and specific yield. Monsoon recharge can be expressed as:-

R = h × Sy × A + DG

where,

h = Rise in water level in the monsoon season, Sy = specific yield

A = Area for computation of recharge, DG = gross ground water draft

The monsoon ground water recharge has two components- rainfall recharge and

recharge from other sources. Mathematically it can be represented as-

R(Normal) = Rrf(normal)+Rc + Rsw + Rt + Rgw + Rwc

Where,

Rrf is the normal monsoon rainfall recharge. The other sources of groundwater

recharge during monsoon season include Rc , Rsw , Rt , Rgw , Rwcs which are recharge

from rainfall, seepage from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks and ponds, ground water

irrigation, and water conservation structures respectively.

The rainfall recharge during monsoon season computed by Water Level Fluctuation

(WLF) method is compared with recharge figures from Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF)

method. In case the difference between the two sets of data are more than 20%, then RIF

figure is considered, otherwise monsoon recharge from WLF is adopted. While adopting the

rainfall recharge figures, weightage is to be given to the WLF method over adhoc norms

method of RIF. Hence, wherever the difference between RIF and WLF is more than 20%,

data have to be scrutinized and corrected accordingly.

Non- Monsoon season

During the non-monsoon season, rainfall recharge is computed by using Rainfall

Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. Recharge from other sources is then added to get total non-


91

monsoon recharge. In case of areas receiving less than 10% of the annual rainfall during

non-monsoon season, the rainfall recharge is ignored.

Total annual ground water recharge

The total annual groundwater recharge of the area is the sum-total of monsoon and

non-monsoon recharge. An allowance is kept for natural discharge in the non-monsoon

season by deducting 5% of total annual ground water recharge, if WLF method is employed

to compute rainfall recharge during monsoon season and 10% of total annual ground water

recharge if RIF method is employed. The balance ground water available accounts for

existing ground water withdrawal for various uses and potential for future development.

This quantity is termed as Net Groundwater Availability.

Net Groundwater Availability = Annual Ground Water - Natural discharge during non

Recharge monsoon season

7.3.1.1 Norms for estimation of recharge

GEC97 Methodology has recommended norms for various parameters being used in

ground water recharge estimation. These norms vary depending up on water bearing

formations and agroclimatic conditions. While norms for specific yield and recharge from

rainfall values are to be adopted within the guidelines of GEC'97, in case of other

parameters like seepage from canals, return flow from irrigation, recharge from tanks and

ponds, water conservation structures, result of specific case studies may replace the ad-hoc

norms.

7.3.2 Ground water draft

The gross yearly ground water draft is to be calculated for irrigation, domestic and

industrial uses. The gross ground water draft would include the ground water extraction

from all existing ground water structures during monsoon as well as during non-monsoon

period. While the number of ground water structures should preferably be based on the

latest well census, the average unit draft from different types of structures should be based

on specific studies or ad -hoc norms in GEC'97 report.


92

7.3.3 Stage of groundwater development and categorisation of units

The stage of ground water Development is defined by:

Stage of groundwater = Existing Gross Ground water draft for all uses × 100

Development (%) Net annual Groundwater Availability

7.3.3.1 Categorisation of areas for groundwater development

The units of assessment are categorized for groundwater development based on two

criteria - a. stage of groundwater development, and b. long term trend of pre and post

monsoon groundwater levels. Four categories are- Safe areas which have groundwater

potential for development; Semi-Critical areas where cautious groundwater development is

recommended; Critical areas; and Over-exploited areas where there should be intensive

monitoring and evaluation and future ground water development be linked with water

conservation measures. The criteria for categorization of assessment units are as follows:

Table No. 7.3.3.1 Categorization

Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline Category

No. Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon

1 < 70 % No No SAFE

2 > 70 to < 90 % No No SAFE

Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL

3 > 90 to < 100 % Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL

Yes Yes CRITICAL

4 > 100 % Yes/No No/Yes OVER EXPLOITED

Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED

The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10 years. The

significant rate of water level decline/rise may be taken greater than +5 or less than -5 cm

per year depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. If this rate is between -5 to

+5 cm per year then the trend will be treated as neither “Neither Rise nor fall”.

7.3.4 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization

The net annual ground water availability is to be apportioned between domestic,

industrial and irrigation uses. Among these, as per the National Water Policy, 2002,


93

requirement for domestic water supply is to be accorded priority. The requirement for

domestic and industrial water supply is to be kept based on the population as projected to

the year 2025. The water available for irrigation use is obtained by deducting the allocation

for domestic and industrial use, from the net annual ground water availability.

7.3.5 Poor quality ground water

Computation of ground water recharge in poor quality ground water is to be done on

the same line as described above. However, in saline areas, there may be practical difficulty

due to non-availability of data, as there will usually be no observation wells in such areas.

Recharge assessment in such cases may be done based on Rainfall Infiltration Factor

method.

7.3.6 Apportioning of ground water assessment from watershed to

development unit

Where the assessment unit is a watershed, the ground water assessment is

converted in terms of an administrative unit such as Block/Taluka/Mandal. This is done by

converting the volumetric resource in to depth unit and then multiplying this depth with the

corresponding area of the Block.

7.3.7 Additional Potential Recharge

In shallow water table areas, particularly in discharge areas rejected recharge would

be considerable and water level fluctuation area dued resulting in underestimation of

recharge component. In the area where the ground water level is less than 5 m below

ground level or in water logged areas, ground water resources have to be estimated up to

5m bgl only based on the following equations:

Potential ground water recharge = (5-D) x A x Specific yield

where,

D = depth to water table below ground surface in pre monsoon in shallow aquifers

A = area of shallow water table zone.


94

7.3.8 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee

To get a more appropriate methodology for groundwater resources estimation for

hard rock terrain, which will supplement GEC – 1997, the GoI has decided to constitute a

Committee for Estimation of Ground Water Resources in Hard Terrain. The Ministry of

Water Resources, Govt. of India, constituted a committee vide circular No. 3/7/2001-GW II

dated 03.09.2001. The committee after detailed deliberations recommended following

modifications in the GEC1997 methodology.

7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Units

The criterion for categorization of assessment units as recommended by GEC-1997

methodology has been modified. The modified criteria as given in the protocol are as

follows;

a) Long – term ground water level trend

The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10

years. The significant rate of water level decline may be taken between 10 and 20 cm per

year depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. Accordingly in Detailed

Guidelines for Implementing the Ground Water Estimation Methodology - 1997 page 153-

154, the value of ‘Z’ would be read as 10 to 20 cm per year.

b) Categorization of Units

In order to remove ambiguities in the categorization by the existing methodology,

the following procedure is suggested.

Table No. 7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Unit

Sr.

No.

Stage Of GW

Development

Significant Long Term Decline Category

Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon

1 < 70 %

No No SAFE

Yes/No Yes/No To be re-assessed

Yes Yes To be re-assessed

2 > 70 to < 90 %

No No SAFE

Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL

Yes Yes To be re-assessed


95

Sr.

No.

Stage Of GW

Development

Significant Long Term Decline Category

Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon

3 > 90 to < 100 %

No No To be re-assessed

Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL

Yes Yes CRITICAL

4 > 100 %

No No To be re-assessed

Yes/No Yes/No OVER EXPLOITED

Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED

Note: 'To be re-assessed' means that data is to be checked for the purpose of

categorization.

The above modifications are to be adopted in all type of rock formations including soft rock

and hard rock terrains.

7.3.8.2 Future allocation of groundwater resources

The criteria given in the GEC-1997 has been modified and the modified criterion for

future allocation of groundwater resources for utilization to be computed as given below

Case I, when GWav > Dgi + Alld

In such cases allocation for future domestic requirement = Alld

Case II, When GWav < Dgi + Alld

In such cases Allocation for future domestic requirement = (GWav-Dgi) or Dgd, whichever is

more.

Where,

GWav = Net Annual Ground Water Availability

Dgi = Existing Ground Water draft for Irrigation

Dgd = Existing Ground Water draft for Domestic use

Dg = Existing Ground Water draft for all uses


96

Alld = Computed value of allocation for domestic use

(Based on projected population, fractional load and per capita requirement)

7.3.9 Groundwater Recharge in Vashishti Valley:-

The groundwater recharge by different means in Vashishti Valley is shown in the

Annexure IV P.No. 282

7.3.10 Groundwater draft in Vashishti Valley:

The Groundwater draft in the Vashishti Valleyis shown in the Annexure V P. No. 283

7.3.11 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in Vashishti Valley

On the basis of groundwater recharge and the draft conditions, the groundwater

balance is estimated and is shown in the Annexure IV P.No. 282

The data from the Annexure VI shows that there is a groundwater balance

available in the watershed; which indicates that there is a scope for groundwater

development in the watershed.

7.3.12 Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater

Watershedwise Groundwater Exploitation:-

All the area of Vashishti valley is in safe category.

7.3.13 Groundwater Status:

The net groundwater availability for the Vashishti Valley is 134.73 Mm3 Considering

71.15 % of the net use; around 95.8553 Mm3 is the water availability for use. In Vashishti

Valley (WF-56 to 61) which clearly indicates that there is a scope for the future groundwater

development. Annexure VII.

7.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009

1. Maharashtra is probably the first State in the country to enact a community driven tool

named The Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 (Act


97

No. XXVI of 2013) for the sustainable groundwater development and management in the

State. The Act came in force from 1st June 2014.

a. The groundwater resource in the State will be treated as a common property

resource and the community will take care of their resource with GoM support.

i.e. they will be acting as trustee of this precious natural resource.

2. The objective is to facilitate and ensure sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater

of prescribed quality for various category of users through supply and demand

management measures, protecting public drinking water sources and to establish the

State Groundwater Authority, District Level Authority and Watershed Water Resources

Committee to manage and to regulate with community participation and the

exploitation of groundwater within the State of Maharashtra. In the non-notified areas

the powers of groundwater planning and development are with the Grampanchayat.

3. Now there will be one Authority in the State for the surface water and groundwater. The

Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority established by the Maharashtra

4. Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act 2005 will act as the State Groundwater

Authority in the State.

5. The State will now be statutorily following the principle of Integrated Water Resources

Management.

6. Protection of Public Drinking Water Sources along with the polluters pays principle for

protection of public drinking water sources due to contaminations.

7. Preparation of prospective crop based groundwater use plan is mandatory in notified

areas.

8. Prohibition on the sale of groundwater from the notified areas along with the cess on

groundwater withdrawal from the deep wells.

9. Water scarcity declaration and mitigation measures along with preventive management

are integral part.

10. The State Authority shall constitute a Watershed Water Resources Committee as per

Section 29 of the Act for each notified area declared by the State Authority. Separate

Watershed Water Resources Committee for each Notified area shall be constituted

11. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted for the notified area shall be

responsible for regulating the available replenishable groundwater recharge for

sustainable management by the different users of groundwater by exercising controls to

reduce groundwater extraction as well as taking measures to augment groundwater

recharge structures.

12. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted under this Act shall be

responsible for regulating groundwater utilization for different user sectors and for

development and management of annually replenishable groundwater recharge

available for utilization.

13. The District Authority shall organize workshops in the taluka having Over-Exploited and

Semi - critical watersheds , on rain water harvesting at the District Collectors with the


98

participation of the Tahsildars, Block Development Officers, Municipal Engineers, Chief

Educational Officers and public representatives for motivating communities, groups,

associations, industries and commercial establishments to adopt rainwater harvesting to

meet their water requirements.

(Source:- Report of the hydrogeological conditions of the South Konkan (RATNAGIRI) valley,

by directorate of GSDA, Pune)

Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of water resources of Vashishti Valley

99

PLATE – I

VASHISHTI VALLEYWATERSHED MAP


100

PLATE – II

VASHISHTI VALLEYGEOLOGICAL MAP


101


102


103


104


105


106


107


108

Vashishti


Irrigation


109

Chapter No. 8

Irrigation

8.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with development of water resources in the valley through lift

Irrigation on K.T.weir. It also deals with use of water for various purposes such as irrigation,

non-irrigation (domestic and industrial).

8.2 Area

Vashishti valley having catchment area is 2671.01 Sq km. Vashishti valley

consist of part catchment area of Seven valley namely Part-1(Jagbudi River from

origin to confluence with Dubi River.), Part-2 (Dubi river from origin to Confluence

with Jagbudi River), Part-3 (Vashishti Vaitarni River Confluence to confluence with

Sea), Part-4 (Vaitarni River from Origin to confluence with Vashishti River), Part-5

(Jog River from Origin to confluence with Sea.), Part-6 (Local Nallas directly draining

in to sea R/S of Jog River.) and Part-7(Local Nallas directly draining in to sea between

Jog & Vashishti River.) spread over five talukas in Ratnagiri district namely

Mandangad (partly), Dapoli, Khed, Guhagar (partly), Chiplun (partly), Poladpur

(Partly,Raigad Dist), Jaoli Partly and Patan (Partly,Satara Dist) the catchment area of

these valley740.31 Sq km, 99.82 Sq km, 954.53 Sq km, 330.69 Sq km, 271.31 Sq km,

76.03 Sq km, and 155.38 Sq km respectively.

The development of water resources in this valley is taking place through

following ways –

i) Development through construction of State Sector irrigation Projects by Water

Resources Department and minor project up to 250 Ha. by Local sector

departments.

ii) Development through watershed based soil and water conservation measures in

interdisciplinary manner by various Government Departments like Agriculture, Forest,

Water Resources Department, Groundwater Survey Development Agency (GSDA), etc.

iii) Development through use of Groundwater through wells by indivisual users.


110

8.3 YIELD

The total yield in the valleyat 75% dependability is 9544.56 Mm3 & at 50%

dependability is 10013.40 Mm3.

8.4 DIRECTIVES IN STATE WATER BOARD MEETING:-

The yield calculations of river valley, the requirement of water for drinking, industrial

requirement, ecological and environmental flow required for downstream etc considered as

per the directives given by the Hon’ble chairman of state water board in the various

meetings as listed below.

a) In 2nd meeting of state water board it is directed that drinking water is basic need

and while preparing the plan the norms of 135 lpcd for urban area and 100 lpcd including

cattle for rural area should be considered. In Par valleyall population is rural population

hence water use for drinking purpose is considered as 100 lpcd this chapter.

b) It is further directed that it may take some time to finalize the percentage of water in

the dam or reservoir that needs to be allotted or reserved for the environmental flow,

hence 10% average non monsoon flow is taken as the requirement for environmental and

ecological flow

c) In the sixth meeting of the state water board, it was decided to prepare the water

plan for the river valleybased on 75% dependable yield.

Considering the above directives we have prepared the water plan at 75 %

dependability for all purpose.

8.5 Irrigation

8.5.1 Flow irrigation.

Irrigation-activity being the largest consumer of water in the valleyneeds to

be attended first. Present practice of irrigation in this valleyis through flow irrigation.

In general the farmers are not interested to use water for irrigation from already

completed irrigation projects, due to several reasons such as less availability of man

power, hindrance from wild animals. Due to these reasons farming in less land


111

holding is not financially viable. Hence they are using water coming from natural

nalla by diverting it towards their agricultural area mostly in kharif season.

Considering the total completed under-construction projects and future

Projects from State Government authorities, the following Table No 8.5.1 gives the

clear idea about the status of planning in the valley at present.

Table No. 8.5.1. (A): Status of potential created - completed project.

Sr.

No.

Category of

Projects

Nos. Planned

Area

Irrigated

(ha)

Live

Storage

(Mm³)

Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Irrigation

.

Drinking Industry Total

1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Medium. 1 2050 27.23 25.00 2.230 0.00 27.23

3 Minor S.S. 11 1322 19.648 16.689 2.714 0.245 19.648

Total. 12 3372 46.878 41.689 4.944 0.245 46.878

B. Projects Under-Construction.

Sr.

No.

Category of

Projects

Nos. Planned

Area

Irrigated

(ha)

Live

Storage.

(Mm³)


Irrigation

.

Drinking Industry Total.

1 Major. 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Medium. 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Minor S.S. 9 7214 115.592 103.418 11.524 0.650 115.592

Total. 9 7214 115.592 103.418 11.524 0.650 115.592

A+B. Projects Completed and Under-Construction.

Sr. No Category

of

Projects

Nos. Planned

Area

Irrigated

(ha)

Live

Storage.

(Mm³)


Irrigation. Drinking. Industry Total.

1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Medium. 1 2050 27.23 25.00 2.23 0.00 27.23

3 Minor S.S. 20 8536 135.24 120.107 14.238 0.895 135.24

Total. 21 10586 162.47 145.107 16.468 0.895 162.47


112

C. Future Projects.

Sr.

No

Category of

Projects

Nos. Planned

Area

Irrigated

(ha)

Live

Storage.

(Mm³)


Irrigation Drinking. Industry Total.

1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Medium. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Minor S.S. 1 239 4.100 2.980 1.120 0.00 4.100

Total. 1 239 4.100 2.980 1.120 0.00 4.100

D) Abstract of Total Projects Planned (All Categories) in Vashishti Valley.

Sr.

No

Category of

Projects

Nos Planned Area

Irrigated (ha)

Live Storage.

(Mm³)



1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Medium. 1 2050 27.23 25.00 2.23 0.00 27.23

3 Minor S.S. 21 8775 139.34 123.087 15.358 0.895 139.34

Total. 22 10825 166.57 148.087 17.588 0.895 166.57

E) Abstract of Total Projects Planned (All Categories) in Vashishti Valley.

Sr.

No

Category of

Projects

Nos. Planned

Area

Irrigated

(ha)

Live

Storage.

(Mm³)



1 Completed 12 3372 46.878 41.689 4.944 0.245 46.878

2 Under

construction 9 7214 115.592 103.418 11.524 0.650 115.592

3 Future 1 239 4.100 2.980 1.120 0.000 4.100

Total. 22 10825 166.570 148.087 17.588 0.895 166.570

Notes : Minor S.S – Denotes M.I. schemes under Water Resources Dept.

(Source: Respective Divisions Prapatra1 of all projects)


113

The details showing completed Major and Medium and Minor and a statement

showing List of Ongoing, Major, Medium & minor projects is enclosed in Annexure VIII -

page no286 to 287

The Map showing irrigation’s schemes in Vashishti Valley is enclosed herewith.(Map

- 1) page no 115

8.5.2 LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEMES ---

In Vashishti valley there is no any Goverment Lift irrigation schemes.

8.5.3 WELL IRRIGATION

No Well Irrigation in Vashishti Valley.

8.5.4 SEWAGE IRRIGATION

At present there is no sewage irrigation use in Vashishti Valley.

8.6. SILTATION IN RESERVOIRS AND SILT MONITORING:-

The siltation in reservoir is often caused by Soil erosion or sediment spill which is

nothing but the population of water by fine particulate terrestrial plastic material with

particle size dominated by silt or clay.

To ascertain the net available storage regular periodic sedimentation survey of

reservoir must be conducted. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute at Nasik

under the control of Maharashtra WRD has been monitoring the lakes & reservoirs of major

and medium size mainly in the context of sedimentation by adopting remote sensing

technology.

At present situation Vaghotan valleyhave no major dams. SO there is no any need of silt

monitoring required.

8.7. Micro Irrigation

No Area is under Micro Irrigation in the valley. Presently Government of

Maharashtra has issued a GR dated_____ for promoting micro irrigation. Though water

scarcity cannot be motive for this valley, better yield and effective farm management

objectives can induce farmers to resort to micro irrigation. Active government support from

agriculture extension services is necessary for this. The target of 2400 Ha by 2030 as set by

agriculture department appears quite conservative.

Maharashtra as a state has gained a lot of experience in the field of micro irrigation.

A list of valuation of this activity is presented in the table given on below:


114

projects:-

In this valley at present there is no lift Irrigation Projects for Domestic water supply.

Hence the water use with lift Irrigation Project is nil.

8.8 Industrial Water Use:-

Water requirement for Industry in 2011 is 0.00 Mm3 and water requirement for

Industry in 2030 is 11.381 Mm3.

8.9 Summary Table:

Sr.No Particulars Present Used

2015-16 Mcum

Future Use 2030

Mcum

Potential Ha.

1 Irrigation 145.107 148.087 10825

2 Drinking 16.468 17.588

3 Industries 0.895 0.895

4 Diversion 0 0

5 Ecology 0 0

Total 162.47

166.57 10825

Evaluation of Drip and sprinkler irrigation sidy schemes in Maharashtra5

The important observations and recommendations are summarized below:-

1. The aim of the drip and sprinkler program should be to increase agricultural production per unit volume of water, per unit area of cropped land. Scientific management of irrigation provides the best insurance against weather induced fluctuations in total food production.

2. Proper designing in drip and sprinkler is essential for getting desired success. More than 95% of the systems were found to be designed by dealers themselves.

3. The role of appropriate pump in drip/sprinkler system has been grossly neglected. 4. Overall quality control of various components is a major grey area. Installation of testing facilities

with agriculture department and agriculture universities is urgent need of the scheme. 5. Overall research support from the State Agricultural Universities is inadequate. A perspective plan

for various research supports should be considered. 6. The thrust areas could be alternative system in micro-irrigation, optimization with different water

quality, development of low cost technology along with various fertigation systems and development of micro-irrigation for intercropping as well new crops of Fruit crops-vegetables..

7. Considering the water needs and water policies of the government, there is immediate need to have a policy decision to make mandatory budget provisions with certain fixed percentage as a part of irrigation budget of the state. Agriculture Department also should earmark the budget provision on similar grounds.

8. The co-ordination among canal irrigation managers and agriculture department is essential as the drip or sprinkler system is not compatible within rotation of water, as is being practiced at present. Suitable legal changes in distribution and on farm storages (farm pond/cement bandhara) are necessary in irrigation command areas so that irrigation, drip & sprinkler can be increased on large area with suitable cropping pattern changes (Views of Dr. S. B. Varade, Soil Scientist, Aurangabad). Farmers installing drip/sprinkler systems in command areas of irrigation projects should get


115


116

Vashishti


Water Conservation


117

Chapter No. 9

Water Conservation

9.1 Introduction

The water conservation works are helpful for distribution of water and increasing the

agricultural productivity. These works conserve the water at local level and provides

flexibility for water management by the farmers. The integrated approach for watershed

development helps for protecting the environment. It also useful for controlling the siltation

of irrigation reservoirs.

The Schemes are implemented by State and Zilla Parishad Irrigation

Department, as well as Agriculture Department, Forest Department. Different irrigation

storage structures are taken, such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal Tanks,

Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Earthen Nalla bunds, Farm ponds etc.

9.2. Watershed Development & Management

The Vashishti Valley (WF-56 to 61) comes under Ratnagiri district. It covers

total 267100.82 Ha. area. Out of which 32593.39 ha. area is proposed for watershed

development works in this valley, and treated area up to March, 2015 is 19319.11

ha (59.27%) (10825 Ha from WRD + 8494.11 Ha from SSI) . The balance area for

watershed activites in this - valleyis of 13274.28 ha. District and (Taluka wise)

proposed area, Treated area and Balance area is as given below

9.2.1 Water Conservation Works in Vashishti Valley

The status of total 96 Nos. of completed watershed development work carried out

by Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Divisionand ZillaParishad Irrigation

Department is given below,

1) Minor Irrigation Tanks. : 1

2) Kolhapur Type Weirs : 39

3) Diversion Bandhara : 52

4) PT/ VT /L.I. Schemes : 4


118

9.2.2 Small Scale Irrigation

Table No 9.2.2.1 S.S.I. (W.C.) Division Ratnagiri + Z.P. Rural Water Supply Division,

Ratnagiri. Annexture IX page no 288 to 297 0 to 100 ha.

Sr.

No.

Type of

project

no of

projects

Gross

Storage

(Mm3)

Live

Storage

(Mm3)

ICA

(ha)

Water -Use proposed (Mm3) COST Rs

in Lacs Irrigation Drinking Industry Total

A)

Work

Completed 95 1.632 1.604

1087.

84 1.604 0 0 1.604 715.64

B)

Work in

progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C)

Project in

future 16 6.387 6.003 532 5.4102 0.5928 0 6.003 5278.73

Total Valley 111 8.019 7.607

1619.

84 7.0142 0.5928 0 7.607 5994.37

Table No 9.2.2.2 S.S.I. (W.C.) DivisionRatnagiri + Z.P. Rural Water Supply Division, Ratnagiri.

Annexture IX page no 288 to 297

101 to 250 ha.

Sr.

No.

Type of

project

no of

projects

Gross

Storage

(Mm3)

Live

Storage

(Mm3)

ICA

(ha)

Water -Use proposed (Mm3) COST Rs

in Lacs Irrigation Drinking Industry Total

A) Work

Completed

1 1.807 1.749 134 1.749 0 0 1.749 473.96

B) Work in

progress

14 43.009 38.60 2187 32.28 3.91 0.21 36.40 17654.05

C) Project in

future

20 42.726 38.099 2512 33.9345 2.5225 0.16 36.62 29754.25

Total

Valley

35 87.542 78.448 4833 67.9635 6.4325 0.37 74.769 47882.26

9.3 Watershed wise Status of Soil & Water Conservation Works in Vashishti

Valley comes under Ratnagiri district.

a) Soil & Water Conservation works include Different area treatments & drainage

line treatments are implemented by Soil & Water Conservation Department. In area

treatment, on upper ridges the treatments like continuous contour trenches (CCT), deep

CCT, loose bolder structure, earthen structure, etc. are taken. It checks the soil erosion and

stores water. Stored water is percolated in soil, which increases the water level of nearby

wells in lower-side areas. On landsides, Compartment bunding (0-4% slope) & terracing (0-

6%) are taken. It stores the rain water & checks the soil erosion.


119

On Lower ridges, drainage line treatments like Mati nala bund, Cement nala bund,

Diversion bunds are taken. The water is stored & percolated in soil, which recharge the

ground water. Water becomes available for crops during dry spell & critical growth stages of

crops. It increases the productivity and production.

b) Water shedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation in Vashishti Valley.

Annexture X page no 298 to 304

9.3.1 Watershed wise Status of Soil & Conservation Work are given in the Following Table

ub

Val

ley

Dis

tric

t

Wat

ers

he

d N

o

Water Conservation work

Total

Soil Conservation Work-area

ha/ noof structure

Total

Ear

the

n

Stru

ctu

re

Ce

me

nt

Nal

la

Bu

nd

Farm

Po

nd

Div

ers

ion

Bu

nd

Mat

i Nal

la

Bu

nd

Maj

gi

Co

mp

artm

en

t B

un

din

g

CC

T

Gab

ian

Stru

ctu

re

Pad

kai

ha ha ha

Vashishti Ratnagiri

WF-

56 to

61

254 179 5 73 42 553 8 17570 846 0 0 18424

Total For Valley 254 179 5 73 42 553 8 17570 846 0 0 18424

9.4- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 0 to 100 ha [ for details see Appendix-II]

(Minor Storage Tanks, K.T.Weir, Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks and CNB under Jalyukt

Shivar Abhiyan)

9.4.1 Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan A flagship programm “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” (JSA) is being implemented as

“Sarvansathi Pani – Tanchaimukt Maharashtra 2019” by Government of Maharashtra to

permanently overcome scarcity situation in the State. Irregularity and uneven rainfall

consistency always creates scarcity which result impact on agricultural sector and drinking

water as well. “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” is being implemented by Water Conservation

department for sustainable agriculture and drinking water problems in rural area.

Objectives of “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan”

1. Assimilate rain water in the village itself.

2. Increase ground water level.

3. Creation of sustainable irrigation in drought prone area.

4. Availability of enough water in rural area.

5. Create decentralise water storages.

6. Restoration & increase in the capacity of existing water resources.

7. Repairing and Silt removing of existing schemes.

8. Effective use of water in Agriculture.

9. To encourage and increase the participation of the people for water assimilation.


120

The following works are being taken under JSA

1. Watershed development works.

2. Series of Cement Concrete Nalla Bandh.

3. Restoration of old water bodies.

4. Repairs of existing Water bodies (K.T. Weir / Storage Tank / Storage Weir etc.).

5. Repair and Renovation of Minor Irrigation Tanks & Percolation Tanks etc.

6 Silt removing of Percolation Tank / Village Tank / Tank constructed during Shiv, British,

Nizam period / Mati Nalla Bandh etc.

9.4.1 Abstarct Small Scale Irrigation Annexture X page no 298 to 304

Rs.in Lakhs

Sr.

No.

Type of

Schemes

No of Schemes Potential

Completed ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm3

No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp

a Irrigation Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

b Storage Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

c K.T.Weir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

d CCT 86 65.79 29 22.18 0 0 115 87.97 227.27 0.188

e LBS 80 95.36 27 32.18 0 0 107 127.54 0 0

f CNB 10 86 0 0 0 0 10 86.00 0 0.16

g Div.Bund 5 18.87 0 0 0 0 5 18.87 0 0

h M N B 1 3.77 0 0 0 0 1 3.77 0 0.013

i Gabion 0 0 36 1.40 0 0 36 1.40 0 0

j Form Ponds 4 1.63 0 0 0 0 4 1.63 0 0.016

Total 18

6

271.4

2

92 55.76 0 0 278 327.18 227.27 0.377

9.4.2 Agriculture Department Water Conservation Works in Vashishti Valley:

The various types of Completed Water conservation schemes, there are mainly

four types of water conservation works carried out by Agriculture Department i.e. Earther

structures ,cement Nala Bund, Farm Pond & Diversion Bunds. These structures created

approxly 2.962 Mm³ storage potential. Hence 1814 ha. area indirectly created irrigation

potential in the valley, which helps to increases ground water level appr.1 to 3 mtrs. The

details are given below.

Table 9.4.2 Abstract of Water Conservation Schemes in in Vashishti Valley:

Sr.No Type Of Schemes No of Schemes Potential

Completed Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm³

1. Earthen Structure 254 0 0 254 508 1.524

2. Cement Nala Bund 179 0 0 179 716 1.432

3. Farm Pond 5 0 0 5 6 0.006

4. Diversion Bund 73 0 0 73 584 0.00

Total 511 0 0 511 1814 2.962


121

Note- For Storage potential factors used for

No. of Earthen Structure ×6 =TCM,

No.of C.N.B. × 8 = TCM,

No.of Farm Pond × 1.20 = TCM

No.of Stone Bund × 0.08 = TCM

For area potential factors used for

Earthen Structure × 2 = ha,

C.N.B. × 4 = ha,

Farm Pond × 1.20 = ha,

No. of Diversion Bund × 8 = ha

No.of Stone Bund × 0 = 0 ha

9.5 Review of Impact

A] The report of Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee June 1997 [GOI] indicated

about impact of watershed development as given below-

1] Recharge form storage tanks and ponds is 1.4 mm/day for the period in which the tanks

has water [Based on average area of water spread]

2] Recharge form percolation tanks-50% of gross storage considering number of fillings

3] Recharge due to check dams and nalla bunds provided annual desilting is done 50% of

gross storage provided annual desilting is done.

4) As per information furnished by GSDA

5] Case studies

9.6. Construction & Maintenance. As per present Government Rules, Schemes up to 100 ha are being executed by

ZillaParishad, Schemes from 100 to 250 ha are to be Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Department

and Schemes above 250 ha irrigation potential are being executed by Water Resources

Dept.As per present government Rules, some of the Schemes like K.T. weirs etc after

completion are, are to be handed over to Water User Associations/Societies for

maintenance and management. However it is seen that for last 30 years or so no such

Scheme has been taken over by Farmers Association for one reason of the other. Hence it is

recommended that all the schemes after construction shall be looked after by respective

department for maintenance and management who have constructed the Scheme.


122

9.7 Summary Table:

9.7.1 Status of water conservation Works [area upto 100 ha] The details of percolation tank, village tank at local sector level is given in Appendix –

II giving details about location, storage capacity, irrigation potential etc. The abstract of

which is as given below in Table- 9.6

9.7.1 Table Status of water conservation Works

Sr

No

Taluka

Water

shed

No

Percolation Tank Village Tank

Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing

No

Capa

city

Mm3

Exp No

Capa

city

Mm3

Exp No

Capa

city

Mm3

Exp No

Capa

city

Mm3

Exp

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Chiplun&

Dapoli

Wf-61

& 59 0 0 0 3 7.918 755.09 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 3 7.918 755.09 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 9.7.2 Total Abstract of area treated up to March, 2015 in Vashishti Valley.

Sr.No Particulars Present

Used

2015-16

Mcum

Future

Use 2030

Mcum

Potential

Ha.

Balance

area to be

treated

(ha.)

A) Local Sector

1 Irrigation 33.884 74.9777 6452.84

2 Drinking 3.91 7.0253

3 Industries 0.21 0.37

4 Diversion 0 0

5 Ecology 0 0.44102

B) Z.P Jalyukt shivar

1 Irrigation 0.377 0.377 227.27

2 Drinking 0 0

3 Industries 0 0

4 Diversion 0 0

5 Ecology 0 0

C) Agriculture Jalyukt

shivar

1 Irrigation 2.962 2.962 1814

2 Drinking 0 0

3 Industries 0 0

4 Diversion 0 0

5 Ecology 0 0

Total A+B+C 41.343 86.15302 8494.11 78650.68


123

Vashishti


Floods


124

Chapter No. 10

Floods

10.1 INTRODUCTION

The Vashishti River is Main River in west part of Konkan reagion falling into the

Arabian Sea. It is originating at near Nive, Tal-Khed, Dist Ratnagiri. Total length of Vashishti

river is 74 Km, having catchment area 2671.01 SqKm.

.The boundary of the valley consists of the main Sahyadri hills on the East, Westerly

off shoots on the North and South and on the West, a narrow opening at the end leading to

the sea. The Vashishti valley lies between North latitudes of 17º20״00׳N to 17º56״00׳N and

East longitudes of 73º02״00׳E to 73º45״00׳E.

The average rainfall in the Vashishti valley is 4113 mm. The valley receives most of

the rainfall from the South-West monsoon during June to October. Almost 99% of the total

rainfall in the valleyis received during this period. The average maximum and minimum

temperatures are 42 C and 14 C respectively. May is the hottest month of the year and

January is the coldest month of the year.

The Water Resources Department (WRD) of Government of Maharashtra (GoM) is

entrusted with the surface water resources planning, development and management. A large

number of major, medium and minor water resources development projects (reservoirs and

weirs) have been constructed in Maharashtra. Though, the reservoirs in Maharashtra are not

specifically provided with flood cushion, they have moderated flood peaks to considerable

extent by proper reservoir operations.

The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni, and Pimpali.

10.2 Flood Prone Area of Vashishti River Valley:

Flood, by definition means an overflow of water that merges land which is usually dry.

It can also be described as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water.


125

10.2.1 Prominent Floods In History

Vashishti river has its source in the Nive and meets the Arabian sea at the Dabhol as a

Dabhol Creek. The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni, and

Pimpali.

The often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation

always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy

rains. Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating

holding ponds and as such often experience heavy flooding.

Flood Map

The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban

areas of Chiplun and Khed damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas

including loss of human life.

Considering the devastation of 2005 floods, actions have already been initiated at the

state Government level.


126

10.2.2 Flood damage in the year 2005-06

Flood Photos in Khed and Chiplun

Loss of life – The worst flood at Vashishti and Jagbudi River was recorded in 2005. 11

loss of life in the floods of 2005-06 at Vashishti river valley. The total compensation

paid for their rehabilitation was Rs. 60.79 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and

Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples.

Loss of livestock - Rainfall intensity high in the Vashishti valley so that 395 animals

are escaped by flood.

Loss to agricultural production – As Vashishti river valley is pre-dominantly post

monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods

occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a

better position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 2500 Ha land is affected


127

by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue

authorities.

Loss of Infrastructure - In 2005-2006 flood 282 houses are completely

destroyed where as 5749 houses have same structural damages. For this

compensation was given to people.

List of raingauge stations with rainfall figures on 24th to 28th July 2005 in Vashishti Valley

Sr.

No

Name of

station District Tahsil

Rainfall (mm) 2005

24/7 25/7 26/7 27/7 28/7

1 Chatav Ratnagir

i Khed

152.40

298.30 561.60 174.60 70.50

2 Poynar Ratnagir

i Khed

124.60

325.70 477.30 98.40 56.20

3 Kudup Ratnagir

i Chiplun

93.20

292.60 320.00 48.80 30.80

4 Kolthare Ratnagir

i Dapoli

42.60

145.60 135.60 30.60 14.60

5 Sanglat Ratnagir

i Khed

178.60

300.60 342.00 145.60 49.00

6 Mahabaleshw

ar Satara Mahabaleswar

90.00

186.00 380.00 255.00 132.00

7 Navaja Satara Patan 205.00 552.00 170.00 100.00 85.00

8 Dapoli Ratnagir

i Dapoli

89.10

223.20 188.40 50.20 20.20

Table No. 10.2.2. Details of Medium Projects in Vashishti Valley

Sr.

No

Name of

Projects

Catchment

Area in

Sq.km

Live Storage in No.

Of

Gates

Size of Gates Max. Design

Flood in

cumecs

1 Natuwadi 25.16 27.23

3 12m x 5m

Radial Gates 690.63


128

Table No. 10.2.3. Average Maximum Flood Level at Vashishti ValleyRivers

Sr. No. Vashishti River

Tal. Chiplun (m)

Jagbudi River

Tal. Khed (m)

River Bed Level (Mtr.) 1.00 0.80

Bank RL (Mtr.) 4.80/ 6.00 6.50/6.75

HFL (Danger Level) Mtr.) 7.00 7.00

2005 (Maximum evel) 8.25 N.A

2006 N.A N.A

2007 7.05 N.A

2008 N.A N.A

2009 N.A N.A

2010 N.A N.A

2011 N.A N.A

2012 N.A N.A

2013 N.A N.A

2014 N.A N.A

2015 N.A N.A

2016 N.A 12.50

10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy:

Maharashtra State water Policy (July 2003) States that (Para 8.0 Flood Control

and management) an adequate flood cushion shall be provided in water storage

projects wherever feasible to facilitate better flood management. The flood control

space is provided in the reservoir for storing flood water temporarily in order to

reduce peak discharge and to minimize flooding on down streams locations.


129

10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control :-

From past experience and floods caused in July 2005 and in the year 2006 it is

seen that at some critical places, concentration of floods has been likely more. Hence

to prevent floods, this critical points are to be paid utmost attention. Work of Survey

of flood lines in Urban areas has been started be from MMRDA Dt.16/4/2006 and

complete the same From Floods caused in year 2005 and in the year 2006, Some

critical points in Vashishti Valleyhave been identified and are as below

Table No. 10.3.1 Critical Points in Vashishti Valley

Area Sources Critical Points Telephone nos.

1) Khed 1) Jagbudi

River

Civic Areas of

Khed

02352-228404 (O)

7218626268 (M)

1) Chiplun 2) Vashishti

River

Civic Areas of

Ratnagiri

02352-228404 (O)

02355-252176 (O)

9423873750 (M)

10.4 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern

The occurrence of water from atmosphere is in the form of rain, dew and

rarely in hails. However it is mainly in the form of rain in this valley. It occurs from

South-West monsoon mostly in June to September and rarely due to cyclonic

showers in May.


130

Table No. 10.4.1 Rainfall Details for Ratnagiri District

Month Averag

e

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

Percenta

ge

June 600 206 663

112

9 645

165

8 220

132

8 710 136.65

July 1500 162

1

187

6

172

4

147

5

198

6

156

4 575

184

0 105.51

August 1000 700 720

145

5

125

4 648

100

2 441

114

4 92.05

Sept. 400 503 606 588 661 426 609 448 954 149.84

Octo. 230 369 308 180 258 355 149 138 141 103.15

Novemb

er

20 74 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 146.25

Total 3750 347

3

433

3

507

6

429

3

507

3

354

4

293

0

478

9 111.70

Table No. 10.4.2 Vashishti River valleyFlood affected Villages

Sr. No. Village Taluka Population

1 70 villages and

1 city in

Chiplun Taluka

Chiplun

Total

10.5 Preventive Actions

10.5.1 Alert Signal :

The Deputy Engineer will give ‘Action’ signal in same manner as Alert signal if he is of

the opinion that the situation has worsened and a breach is apprehended.

a) The Deputy Engineer, give Dam Breach signals and timing of flood.

b) On receipt of ‘Action’ signal Collector, Thane to Supervise arrangements on spot.

c) The District Superintendent of Police Thane to supervise arrangement on spot.

d) The District Superintendent of Police Thane District to assist Collector.


131

Emergency Action Committee of the following officers may be constituted for

important Cities/Towns by the District Collector.

a) District Collector.

b) Chief Executive Officer of Thane Zilla Parishad.

c) Superintendent of Police of Thane District.

d) Executive Engineer, Irrigation )

e) Executive Engineer, (P.W. and Housing.)1-13

f) Representative of the post and telegram Deptt.

g) A Representative of Railway if any railway line in inundation.

h) A representative of the State Transport Deptt.

i) A representative of the Civil supplies Deptt.

j) A representative of Fire Brigade.

k) District Agricultural officer.

l) District Health officer.

m) District Commandant of Home Guards.

n) District Publicity Officer.

The District Collector should be the Chairman of the Committee. He may

nominate any additional persons considered useful in the effective implementation

of the Emergency Action Plan to set as members of the committee.

10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention of Damage

The extent of Damage will be very less if the new constructions in the caution

zone and Red zone are restricted.


132

10.5.3 The Prohibitive Zone

This is the zone consisting of normal river channel for discharge of regular

flood from free catchments. This prohibitive zone is shown on village map in blue

colour. The area in prohibitive zone may not be used for building any development

of land or dwelling.

It is seen from records that intensity of flood in 25 years. Since these floods

satisfy the criteria the same are considered for marking prohibitive zone. This zone

practically lies in the river channel only. This is marked with Blue colour.

10.5.4The restrictive zone :

The area required to pass the maximum design outflow flood should be

treated as restrictive zone. The restrictive zone is shown on village map in Red

colour. In the red zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for the

plinth level or the lowest floor level. The same is to be considered for defining

restrictive zone as per Design note.

10.6 The Caution Zone.:

The caution zone may extend beyond the limit of the restrictive zone to the

boundary of the dam break flood zone. As mentioned in Dam safety Manual 2 times

Maximum Design flood is considered for caution zone definition. No typical failure of

monoliths are considered as dam is based on sound foundation condition.

10.6.1The information regarding the same is communicated immediately to

Revenue and Police Authorities by WRD.

The list of villages likely to be affected by the flood of Vashishti river

valleybased on the discharge released showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green Zone and c)

Red Zone.

10.6.2 Blue Zone: The Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times more

than river channel capacity. This area may be used only for the open land type of use


133

such as playgrounds, gardens, river side esplanades or cultivation of light crops

wherever such riparian rights exists.

10.6.3 Green Zone: This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design

flood capacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe

height for the plinth level or the lowest floor level and the type of building method to

prevent collapse of the structure during floods.

Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be

specified. This will take into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone

and also necessity of all prompt evacuation of people, cattle and goods at short

notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss of life. While framing constructions in

such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to be considered.

10.6.4 Red Zone:

This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation

Zone. Flooding in this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The

regulation for land use in this zone should only include a caution about the flood risk

and likely flood height in this area and necessary building precautions for safety

under such circumstances, wherever a contingency may arise.

10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Vashishti river valley :

1. There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood

prone valley.

2. Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever

feasible, to facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood

control be given overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the

cost of sacrificing some irrigation or power benefits.

3. While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue

to been necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures,

such as flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for


134

the minimization of losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.

4. There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the

flood plain zones along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and

property on account of floods.

5. The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended

to other uncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for

their effective regulation.

6. The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization,

Government of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.

7. NGT orders for fixing blue and red lines.

10.8 Reference:

A) Dams in Maharashtra Major, Medium and Minor River Project, WALMI

Aurangabad, Year-2000

B) State Water Policy includes Chapter of Hydrology of Vaghotan Valley.

C) As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7.

D) District Disaster Management Programme 2012 District Ratnagiri

Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin

135

Vashishti


Drainage


136

Chapter No. 11

Drainage 11.1 Introduction

Maharashtra has a long history of irrigation. During British era, in the year 1885,

Irrigation from Nira Left and Right Bank Canal started. In the command of these canals, it was

observed that some area of the irrigated land in the command became waterlogged and

saline. The fertility of land goes on reducing. No crop could be grown on these lands. It is due

to excessive use of irrigation water and topographical features. The Bombay Government has

set up a Special Irrigation Division at Pune in 1916, to study the problems of water logged

area and suggest remedial measures. DIRD (Directorate of Irrigation Research &

Development) has been established in the year 1916. Since then DIRD is collecting data of

water logged and saline land from the command of various major projects and monitoring

the affected area. DIRD is working with 7 Irrigation Research Divisions and 32 divisions all

over the state. DIRD, monitors damaged area of major and medium irrigation projects.

11.2 IDENTIFICATION AND NORMS OF DAMAGED AREA

Damaged area can be classified in two categories.

1. Water logged area

2. Saline area.

11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.

Water logged area is identified by observing ground water table levels in the

command. Generally, water levels in the wells are observed twice a year i.e. pre monsoon

(March, April & May) and post monsoon (Nov. Dec. and Jan.) period. The water logged area is

classified in two categories as fully waterlogged and slightly water logged. The area where

ground water is observed on the ground in period 1st Nov. to 31st Jan. is classified as fully

water logged area. The area where water table is within 2 m from the ground surface is

classified as slightly or partially water logged area.


137

11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area

Saline soils contains excess amount of soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium

sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate etc.

The saline soil patches are identified by visual inspection and by laboratory test.

A ) Visual inspections

The saline soil patches are identified initially by visual inspection. The key points in the visual

inspections are as follows.

• These soils often have white patches.

• A white line of salt deposition is seen along the field channel and field courses.

• In some cases visible signs of salt injuries such as pick burn of leaves and chlorosis

(Pale yellow colour of crops) of leaves are seen.

B ) Laboratory test

After identifying the saline patches, PH value and Ec (electrical conductivity) tests are carried

out on soil to evaluate exact severity.

a) Test to obtain PH value of soils.

b) Test to determine electrical conductivity of soil (Ec)

When Ec is upto 1 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is non saline. When Ec is in the

range of 1 to 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is demarked as slightly or partially

saline. Where the Ec values are more than 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is termed

as fully saline.

11.3 Drainage system –

In the Vashishti Valley (WF 56 to 61), Irrigation Research Division, Kalawa-Thane is not

monitoring the affected area. The availability in this valley is highly abundant. One medium

and 9 minor projects are in the valley. Soil is drainable and slopes are steep, No damaged

area is noticed.


138

11.4 Land Damage Index –

Land Damage Index for command area is defined as percentage ratio of damaged

area and irrigable command area.

Land Damage Index = Damage area in Ha. X 100

Irrigable command area in Ha.

The damage area (in Ha) in the above definition includes both, Water logged area and

area affected due to soil salinity. Every year DIRD collects data of damaged area and the land

damage index is worked out and monitered.


139

Vashishti

Valley

Chapter No. 12

Drinking Water


140

Chapter No. 12

Drinking Water (Municipal And Rural)

12.1 INTRODUCTION

All water supply schemes designed for 15 years projected population. As per the

availability, Bore wells, Percolation Wells, Percolation Tanks, Dams are the main sources for

water supply schemes. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Zilla Parishad and local bodies

under takes various type of schemes i.e. Regional/Individual Schemes, Full Deposit Schemes

depends upon the requirement of local bodies. As the Govt. of India incorporated Bharat

Nirman Programme for drinking water in rural areas. i.e. NRDWP (National Rural Drinking

Water Programme.)

There are various type of heads like, UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development

Scheme for Small & Medium Town), MSNA (Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan),

NAGAROTTHAN etc. to execute the schemes in Urban areas, depends upon the cost of the

scheme or requirement of local body. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran executes the

schemes, cost more than Rs. 7.50 crores and the schemes up to Rs. 7.50 crores executed by

local Zilla Parishad as per the Govt. resolution. After the successful completion of the one

year trial runs all the scheme (individual/regional) handed over to the local body for regular

operation and maintenance.

In rural area rate of water supply is 40 to 70 LPCD depends upon the population. In

Urban areas the design rate of water supply scheme is 100 LPCD. For the underground

drainage system, design rate of water supply scheme is considered as 135 LPCD which is

minimum requirement for running the drainage system. All water supply schemes are based

on guideline issued by GOI/GOM. All projects have been developed based on sector reforms

adopted of GOI/GOM.

Our approach in this respect should therefore be that the local bodies should

essentially stick up to the supply norms after fulfillment of the conditions prescribed by


141

CPHEEO Manual. Till the time this is achieved, they should be content with and accept a

lower supply rate from the municipal system. In other words the local bodies even for larger

towns and cities should manage their present demand with 100 LPCD supply. Concurrently

they should take up sewerage schemes and after the schemes are completed (which is a time

consuming process) proposals for augmentation of water supply for increasing supply rate

from 100 LPCD to 135 LPCD a requisite for sewerage schemes can be initiated. It is possible

that this would be resisted by the people at large and also by the local Politicians. However in

the larger interest this has to be insisted.

As per the State Water Board guidelines, requirement of rural water is worked @100

LPCD including cattle demand and the Urban Water demand is considered @ 135 LPCD.

Alternative source for the local bodies, such as,

a) Roof rain water harvesting,

b) Recharging /restoring of groundwater,

c) Making best use of local wells which might have been abandoned,

12.2 Coverage of Scheme in the Vashishti Valley

Vashishti Valley includes 4 talukas.

Municipal Corporation : 00 No

NagarParishad Grade :

A : 00 No

B : 00 No

C : 02 No

Nagar Panchayat : 01 No

No of Schemes Urban Completed : 03 No

Rural Completed (by ZP) - : 434 Nos.

Rural Completed (by MJP) - : 12 Nos.

12.3 POPULATION, WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY – Estimation of Rural Population – The details of rural area such as the village names,

population (Year 2014) and projected population (Year 2030). The population growth rate is

depend upon last five decades population. The trend of population growth is reducing due

to urbanization as well as due to up-gradation of few villages from Village Panchayat status to


142

Municipal Council level, and therefore the future growth of village population in the villages

under Vashishti Valleyis considered as 16 % per decade up-to year 2030.

For rural area (villages), the design rate of water supply is at 40 liters/capita/day. The

water demand at 100 liters/day/person including live stock. (gross at source) for the year

2030 is considered which includes the system losses and other use and at this rate of

supply, the gross annual water demand at the abstraction points would be 29.098 Mcum of

ground and surface water.

It is a common experience that villages face water scarcity during summer. It is

therefore proposed that every village shall have a storage tank (similar to village tank) to

store raw water and its capacity shall be to meet needs for 100 days. This will be in the form

of a water bank and would enable villages to tide over the situation during scarcity period the

combined grid system, every year.

The details of rural and urban Water Supply Schemes as received from MJP, ZP and

other local bodies. The drinking water requirement for urban and rural area is given in

following Table-12.1 –The rural water requirement including live stock is considered @ 100

liters/capita/day and the urban water requirement is considered @ 135 liters/capita/day.

TABLE 12.1 -DOMESTIC USE

Category No. of

Scheme

s

Present Present Water Populati

on

Water Requirement

Population

(in lakhs)

Use in (Mm3) @ 100 Liters/day/

capita for rural & @

135Liters/day/capita for

Urban

(Mm3) 2030

(in

lakhs)

Surface Ground Total Surface Ground Total

Water Water Water Water

Urban

Councils

3 0.88 2.8457 0 2.8457 1.10 5.4044 0.00 5.4044

Rural 446 5.18 1.9336 5.7204 7.654 6.48 5.8159 17.879 23.694

4

Total 449 6.06 4.7793 5.7204 10.499

7

7.58 11.220

3

17.878

5

29.098

8


143

Note: In future, the supply rate in rural areas is expected to be adopted as 100 LPCD (which

would be inclusive of demand of cattle) and in that case the requirement of water would be

5.8159 Mcum from surface water and 17.8785 Mcum from groundwater. For scarcity

purpose, Water requirement of 0.016 Mcum @ 20 lpcd is assumed.

There are 03 No. Urban schemes covering their future population 1.10 lakh with total

demand of water 5.4044 Mcum. This requirement will be met with from surface source.

Similarly, requirement of rural population 6.48 lakh will also be met from surface & ground

source. The total water requirement for non-irrigation purpose as seen from above table is

23.6944 Mcum and total future requirement by 2030 is 29.098 Mcum.

12.4 MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES The Rural as well as Urban Water Supply Schemes (WSS) are based on lifting the water from

some source like irrigation tanks or weirs and supplying water through piped distribution

system. At present the water supply is not metered but water meter fixing work is in

progress, so in future the supply will be made on meter basis.

To calculate the actual water losses for schemes the water audit is in progress and

accordingly the remedies will be done.

Following problems are faced by domestic water supply agencies –

i) The water supply schemes are not self supporting.

ii) The supply is not metered.

iii) Losses are high due to illegal connections/ tapings, leakages in pipes and valves. Local

organizations (Gram Panchayat /Municipalities /Corporations) are not willing to take WSS

for O&M.

iv) In some areas, there is no sewerage system so much water is used to drain sewage. Also

polluted water directly mix in source causing high load on purifying the water.

v) Refusing permissions to use tap water from municipal system for activities like

construction of buildings, gardening etc.


144

TABLE 12.4.1- STATUS OF COMPLETED WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

Annexure XI P.No. 305 to 310

Sr.

No.

Valley Name of

District

No. of Rural W.S.

Schemes

No. of Urban

Schemes

1 Vashishti Ratnagiri 446 03

Total 446 03

TABLE 12.3- INCOME AND O&M EXPENDITURE

Sr.

No.

Valley Dist Type of

Connections

No. Rate/No

. In Rs.

(Av.)

Income

(Lakhs)

O&M

Expenditure

(Lakhs)

1 Vashishti Ratnagiri

Domestic

Not available Commercial

Note :- Type of connections, No., Rate/No in Rs., Income and O&M expenditure of water

supply schemes are not available from MJP and ZP Departments.

12.4.1 FOLLOWING PLANS ARE SUGGESTED

• Total domestic water requirement for the village/town to be worked out based on

standard norms. Deduct from it the existing water supply available from the local sources

(e.g. Wells, Tanks, etc.)

• Augmenting the existing water sources through watershed development works and

deducts it from the total requirement.

• Balance requirement, if any, may be satisfied from the resource available outside of the

area.

• Supply should be metered and charged on volumetric basis.

• Training should be provided to operating staff.

• Sewerage system in each area shall be done to avoid water pollutions.

• Recycling of waste water.

• Participation of Local bodies, (e.g. G.P., M.C.s,) for operation and maintenance of water

supply scheme.

• While permission for Construction of buildings, roof rain water harvesting should be

made compulsory.

• Making best use of local sources (wells, bores ,tanks etc)


145

12.5 DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT (O&M) In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water is through underground pipeline

network. The Zonal Elevated Service Reservoirs supply water to the distribution network.

Mostly, there is limited time (1 to 2 hours/day) water supply and timing varies from area to

area in the city.

There are no sincere efforts from local bodies to minimize the losses but these are

about 20% to 30% or may be more in some towns. There is prime need to identify the

leakage spots and rectify the leakages regularly. Zone wise water meter should be provided

to control uniform distribution of water.

Assessment of the present situation of the O and M of water in cities / towns reveals:

i) Meters are fixed at source.

ii) Flow meters should be provided as per the zones.

iii) As well as water meters should be provided in distribution system.

12.6 MANAGEMENT PLAN AND INFRASTRUCTURE i) Survey of leak detection in the distribution system is taken up. In the mean time there

should be focus on replacement of old, unserviceable distribution mains.

ii) Installation of ultrasonic flow meters for raw as well as treated water system.

Requirement of meters needs to be assessed and provided. In addition adequate staff for

measurement and maintenance needs to be provided.

iii) Installation of wireless flow monitoring system for better water supply management has

to be adopted. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition i.e. "SCADA" system to be

adopted.

iv) Improve quality of services of old water supply system.

v) Ensure connectivity to 100% area should be tanker free.

vi) a) Supply of water through piped system from source.

b) Financial management.

c) Telescopic tariff.

d) Water Quality Monitoring.


146

12.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES It is a common experience that Rural Schemes are not properly operated and

maintained. This is observed both in case of individual as well as Regional water

supply Schemes. Reasons are however different. In case of individual schemes, apart

from source getting dried up, there are un-attended leakages and that electricity bills

are not paid which is often the result of poor recovery of water charges.

In case of Regional water supply Schemes, another aspect needs serious

consideration. Since electricity bill charges are not paid, the system stops functioning

but this is mostly due to differences among villages covered and Apex committee.

Sustainability of the schemes is thus in danger. With the result valuable assets remain

unutilised and this is a serious case of wastage of assets. There are cases where,

instead of finding a solution, New individual schemes are proposed and

implemented.This is essentially a sensitive issue but nobody appears to pay any

attention.

It is, therefore, suggested that in case of Regional water supply Schemes, the

Statewide agency (MJP) shall be involved, which has a long standing experience and

technically expertise. This Agency shall take responsibility of supplying water upto the

point of bulk supply (Metered) on the village boundary. If required, an underground

storage be constructed to store day's requirement. The local body shall be

responsible for further pumping and distribution including additional disinfection if

required. The statewide agency shall bear all the expenses for bulk supply inclusive of

electric bills, so that the system does not stop functioning for non payment of

electricity bills. The agency shall fix water charges to recover both the operating

charges as well as capital cost.


147

12.8 RECYCLE & REUSE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION

In view of recycling of water it is proposed to construct a sewage

treatment plant in urban areas by which the B.O.D. & C.O.D. can be brought to

accepteble limits so that the treated water can be use for irrigation & other

purpose.

At the Municipal council area, waste water can be collected from Sewerage

Treatment Plant (STP) and any other measures available with local body. As per the

water supply norms, nearly 80% waste water is proposed for Irrigation & other

purpose after recycle and reuse.

In future, out of 80 % of waste water, nearly 40 to 70 % waste water is

proposed for recycle and reuse.

No water is to be recycling proposed under this Shastri Valleyvillage. Hence,

additional water that can not be made available after recycling for non irrigation &

other purpose would be 0.00 Mm3 by the year 2030. The details are given in table

12.4 below,

TABLE 12.8.1- RECYCLE & REUSE

Sr.

No

.

Valley Dist. Use of

Water

for

Urban/

Rural &

Industri

es

(Mm3)

Return

flow

expected

(80%)

(Mm3)

Qty. of

water

for

recycle

& Reuse

(Mm3)

Investme

nt Cost.

Rs. Crores

Remark

1 Vashishti

Ratnagiri

Urban 0 0 0 0 No STP

Unit in

Working. Rural 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0


148

Vashishti

Valley

Chapter No. 13

Industries


149

Chapter -13

Industries

13.1 Introduction :-

Industries department is instrumental for development of industries in the state. To

speed up the industrial development, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

(MIDC) was constituted on August 1, 1962 under the provisions of Maharashtra Industrial

Development (MID) Act, 1961. Industrial areas managed by MIDC are located in different

parts of the States with major industrial centers at Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, Nasik,

Nagpur and Kolhapur. These industrial areas have been classified as five star industrial area,

major industrial area, minor industrial area and growth centers based on certain criteria. The

broad objectives of MIDC are as follows:

• To achieve balanced industrial development of Maharashtra with an emphasis on

developing parts and underdeveloped parts of the State

• Infrastructural development of each and every district of Maharashtra.

• Facilitate entrepreneurs in setting up industries at various locations

The MIDC has been declared as an agent of the State Government for carrying out the

activities within the framework of the MID Act and the MID Rules. These activities can be

divided under following 3 broad categories.

• Acquisition and disposal of land

• Provision of infrastructure facilities

• Providing of services.

In the context of provision of various services, the Corporation provides water supply services

to the units in its industrial areas. The investment on the water supply scheme (Head works)

made by MIDC is more than Rs. 1000 Crore with installed capacity of water supply of 1941

Million Liter per Day (MLD).


150

13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas

For the purpose of regulating the water supply operations of the Corporation the

GoM has prescribed a legal and financial mechanism between them. The salient features of

the mechanism are as given below:

• A water supply scheme providing water to more than one industrial area in grid system is

termed as centralized water supply scheme, the asset ownership of which remains with the

MIDC. On the other hand a water supply scheme catering the need of only one industrial

area is termed as localized water supply scheme with asset ownership remaining with

Government.

• The water supply made either from centralized or localized water supply scheme is treated

as supply made on behalf of Government and the revenue thus collected is shown as revenue

accruing to the Government.

• The operating expenditure of centralized water supply scheme is debited to the

Corporations account while the operating expenditure of localized water supply scheme is

debited to the account of Government through its function agency.

• The Corporation is allocated the portion of the water revenue so as to meet its net

operating and other expenses.

• The surplus/deficit accrued after deducting operating expenses for water supply from the

water revenues is borne by the Government.

13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors

� Boiler and Cooling

� Paper Pulp and Processing

� Beverages and Food processing

� Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals

� Textiles, Jute fiber, Wool Silk etc

� Repair and Services

� Washing, Cleaning, Solvent


151

The deatils of water use in various sectors

Type of Industry Water Use Intensity

Manufacture of Food Products Medium

Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco & Related Products High

Manufacture of Cotton Textiles Low

Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Man – made Fibre Textiles Low

Manufacture of Jute and other Vegetable Fibre Textiles (except

Cotton)

Low

Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing,

Publishing & Allied Industries

High

Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products, Fur & Leather

stitutes

Medium

Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Chemical Products (Except

Products of Petroleum and Coal)

Medium

Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Products;

Processing of Nuclear Fuels

Low

Manufacture of Non Metallic Mineral Products Low

Basic Mental and Alloys Industries Low

Manufacture of Metal Products and parts, except machinery

and Equipment

Low

Electricity Medium

Gas and Steam Generation and Distribution Through Pipes High

13.4 Present Scenario

Rapid industrialization and urbanization coupled with continuous decline in per capita

water availability is putting a lot of pressure on the available water resources. As per the

Central Water Commission (India) estimates, the future water requirements for meeting the

demands of various sections would be about 1093 BCM for the year 2025 and 1447 BCM for

the year 2050. The increasing gap between water availability and demand highlights the need

for conservation of water.

All the water supply schemes in designated Industrial area of MIDC are based on

efficient Water Use and Conservation Efficient water use means reducing the demand by

improving personal habits; reducing wastes; creating an adequate rate schedule; deriving

benefits from technical developments as well as from water management techniques,

coordinating the management of hydraulic resources with that of the land and economical

and social aspects; promoting norms and regulations. In short, efficient water use consists of


152

optimizing water usage. There is absolute efficiency, to use the least amount of water

possible; economic efficiency, which seeks to derive maximum economical benefits; social

efficiency, which strives to fulfill the needs of the user community; ecological efficiency,

which guarantees natural resources \conservation; and institutional efficiency, which

qualifies the function of an institution regarding its water related tasks.

13.5 Present use of Water in Vashishti Valley: In Vashishti valley there are four MIDCs viz. Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and

Lote Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC. There are 341 no of Industries. These industries

use water from Vashishti river of Vashishti valley.

The present and future water requirement for industries is as follow.

Table.13.5.1 :- Status of Water for Industries (Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and Lote

Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC)

Sr.

No.

Category of

Industries

No.

of

Units

Present Water Use

(Mm3)

Industrial

Development

in 2030

Water req.

for

Industries

in 2030

Surface

Water

Ground

Water

Total

1) Agro based

industries

341

7.72

0

7.72

51.56

2) Chemical industries

3) Paper industries

4) Iron & Steel

industries

5) Ruber @ Plastic

6) Auto spare

7) Leather industries

8) Educational

Institute

The provision for industrial water use in this valleyis 51.56 Mm3 through Vashishti

river. The total present water requirement for above industries is actual water is being used

7.72 Mm3.

At present neither the Nagarparishads nor the industries are measuring the return

flows and recycling and reuse effluent.


153

13.6 Annual Turnover and no. of Workers --

From the details of industries the abstract of turnover and no. of workers are given as below.

Table 13.6.1 Details of Industries (Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and Lote

Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC)

Sr.

No.

Type of Industries Annual Turnover

(in Lacs)

No. of

Workers

A. Agro based industries

1) Agro based industries (Milk Production)

2) Agro based industries (Textile)

B. Non Agro based industries 242652.34 14972

1) Non Agro based industries (Chemical)

2) Non Agro based industries (Metal & Alloy)

3) NonAgro based industries (Auto Spares parts)

Total 242652.34 14972

Another aspect of dealing with demands of water for industrial use is , to estimate

the demand of the water for the industrial estate or individual industry on the basis of nature

of the industry and requirements of that type of industry.

When the question of reservation of surface water crops up, blanket permissions

should not be granted. This is in context of experience that actual consumption of water is

far less than quota reserved. Since the entire quota is reserved irrigation department also

cannot make any use of it. Initially a beginning should be made with minimum quantity to be

reserved, which can be reviewed when more number of industries start functioning.

The losses of water are not seen from the Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and

Lote Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC.


154

13.7 Reduction in water losses…

Present status of water losses on centralized WSS is to the tune of average 13.50%

since last 4-5 years. MIDC is exercising drive to minimize losses by way of frequent checking

& calibration of water meters of users, recommendations to use Class-B water meters.

Moreover accurate measurements for Area Group/Zone are monitored at

Section/division/Division level with large size flow meters. These supplies are cross checked

with actual assessment by every month & such review is taken up frequently. Preventive

maintenance & minimizing breakdowns on system as well as on pipelines is being punctually

attended, which resulted to keep wastage of water within considerable extent. Considering

huge network & water loss quantity, vigorous efforts are being taken up. It is also given to

understand that, MIDC has undertaken program of replacement of assets, modernization &

up-gradation of equipment’s to improve system efficiency.

13.8 Recycling & Reuse of water…

At present there is no any use of water in Vashishti valley for industries. So there is no

question of recycling water.

13.9 Future industrial water requirement for the valley.

Future industrial water requirement as obtained from various industries in the

valley is 51.56 Mm3. The provision of water for Industrial purposes for year 2030 valley is

51.56 Mm3.


155

Vashishti


Legal Issues


156

Chapter No. 14

Legal Issues 14.1 LEGAL ISSUES Vashishti Valley having area 1671.01 Sq KM and Vashishti is the main river originating in

sahyadri ghat ranges near Nive and flows to west and meet aeriban sea near Dabhol having

length 74 Km . Total maximum and minimum rainfall is 5193 mm & 2866 mm . Total available

yield in Vashishti valleyis - 9544.56 Mcum.

In Vashishti valley no any legal issue related to water .

14.2 WATER LAWS

Following are the Water Laws is operation in the State/Country.

The list of water laws is as given below –

1) Article 21 of the Constitution.



4) Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

5) Indian Forest Act, 1927.

6) The Bombay Land Improvements Schemes Act, 1942.

7) River Boards Act, 1956.

8) Land Revenue Code, 1956.

9) Inter State Water Dispute Act, 1956.

10) The Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1958.

11) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960.

12) Maharashtra Zilla Parishad & Panchayat Act, 1961.

13) Insecticides Act, 1968.

14) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.

15) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

16) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976.

17) Water Cess Act, 1977.


157

18) Maharashtra Kharland Development Act 1979.

19) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980.

20) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

21) Environmental Protection Act, 1986.

22) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act, 1986.

23) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993.

24) Krishna Basin Development Corporation Act, 1996.

25) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996.

26) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.

27) Kokan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.

28) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998.

29) Maharashtra District Planning Committees Act, 1998.

30) Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001.

31) Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

32) National Water Policy, 2002.

33) The Biodiversity Act, 2003.

34) State Water Policy – Maharashtra, 2003.

35) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005.

36) Hydro-power Policy Water Resource Department (WRD), Government of Maharashtra

through its Policy No. PVT-1204/(160/2004)/HP, dated 15th September, 2005.

37) Guidelines for EIA, 1997, 2006.

38) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF) Act, 2005.

39) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights) Act,

2006.

40) SC Green Bench, NEAA-2009.


158

14.3 Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra State-

1. State Water Policy, 2003

Objectives-

The objectives of Maharashtra State Water Policy, 2003 are to ensure sustainable

development and optimal use and management of the State’s Water Resources to provide

the greatest economic and social benifits for the people of Maharashtra in a manner that

maintens importnat ecological values within rivers and adjoining lands.

To adopt an Integrated, multi-sectoral and river valley Approach to the water resources

planning, development and management on a sustainable basis taking a river valley and

valleyas the unit. The State Water Policy also stipulates that the river valley agencies shall

have the responsibility and authority for the integrated planning, development and

management of the water resources and watersheds of their respective river valleys; for

flood management, drought management and operation and maintenance of water storage

and delivery infrastructure. These river valley agencies shall prepare integrated river

valleyplans with the effective inclusion and participation of representative of all valley water

user entities, categories of water users and other stake holders. Such valley plans shall

include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a comprehensive

watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water conservation plan and a

waste minimization and water quality management plan.

2. The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005

(ACT NO. XVIII OF 2005)

At the beginning of this century, the State faced the following problems in the water sector:

i. Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral conflicts amongst various categories of water users.

ii. Fragmented approach to water resources planning and development

iii. Low water use efficiency

iv. Fiscal strain in meeting operation and management costs from water tariff revenue

v. Large number of incomplete irrigation projects and inadequate funds to complete them.

These problems necessitated a radical change in the approach to water resources

development and management in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century. An act to

provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority to


159

regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra, facilitate and ensure judicious,

equitable and sustainable management, allocation and utilisation of water resources, fix the

rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other purposes, and matters

connected therewith or incidental thereto

It was expedient to make a law to provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra Water

Resources Regularity Authority to regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra,

facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and

utilisation of water resources, fix the rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking

and other purposes, and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto, for the purposes

aforesaid, realising such a need, the state government initiated a number of administrative

and legal reforms which constitute broadly what is known as the ‘Water Sector Reforms’.

These include the formulation of the comprehensive State Water Policy 2003,

implementation of a Water Sector Improvement Project to rehabilitate 286 irrigation projects

(major, medium and minor) and the enactment, in March 2005, of two statutes namely the

Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Famers (MMISF) Act and the Maharashtra

Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) Act. The MWRRA was established in August

2005 and became operational in mid-2006.

3. PROPOSED NEW ACT

The Integrated Water Resources Management Plan after finalization will have to be

implemented by various Agencies such as WRD, Agriculture Department, GSDA, MPCB, MJP,

MIDC, etc. under overall control of River Valley Authority (RBA). A new act with respect to

this will have to be enacted.


160

Vashishti


Trans-Basin Diversion


161

Chapter No. 15

Trans-Basin Diversion

15.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with Inter Valley Diversions identified at National level and State

level. The intra-basin transfer of water within Valley is also assessed. Vashishti, Vaitarni,

Jagbudi, Dubi, Pimpali and Jog are the rivers flowing in this valley. Vashishti Valley has 75%

dependable yied of 9544.56 Mcum. (75% dependability) (270.27 TMC) of available water.

The valleyhas present use of 302.31 Mcum and future use of 502.77 Mcum. Against

available 9544.56 Mcum. (75% dependability) (i.e. 270.27 TMC) Balance water after present

and futere use is 8739.475 Mcum.

15.2 Inter-Valley Diversions at National Level

Quantity of water 2262.09 Mcum water is diverted from Krishna Basin (Koyna Dam)

after Hydro electric genaration from Koyna Stage I, II, III and IV in Vashishti River.

15.3 Inter-ValleyDiversion at State Level:-

There is no reference about transfer of water from Vashishti Valley to another valley

at State Level.

15.3.1 Existing Infrastructure

The existing infrastructure in Vashishti valley in Maharashtra has capability to use 302.31

Mcum inspite of Maharashtra’s use. Tatal available water in Vashishti valley is 9544.56

Mcum. (75% dependability).

15.3.2 Import and export of water from Valley.

In Vashishti valley the storage created is 147.82 Mcum against 9544.56 Mcum

and future storage planed as 177.25 Mcum (Ongoing and future Irrigation Projects).

This water will be more than sufficient to fulfill the needs of valley hence there is no

any requirement of import from another valley.

Date post:	21-Jan-2019
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