VA/US SOL Review of Unit 1:SOLs 2- 3

Exploration & Colonization

European Exploration & Colonization

• Resulted in a redistribution of the world population (voluntarily & involuntarily)

Exploration & Colonization…

• Initiated worldwide commercial expansion due to Columbian Exchange of agricultural products.

• Colonization also led to new ideas about representative government & religious tolerance.

Columbian Exchange

America

• Already populated by Native Americans (Indians)

• Seen as “Savages” by Europeans

Exploration & Colonization

• Exploration & settlement of the English in America & the Spanish in the Caribbean, Central & South America, often led to violent conflicts with the Indians.

• Yet, French exploration in Canada didn’t.– Why not?

• Indians lost traditional territories & died from diseases.

Different Colonies

New England• Use of town

meetings (like Athens) as a form of direct democracy

Southern Colonies• Maintained

stronger ties w/ England, but had representative colonial legislatures

Middle Colonies

Incorporated a number of democratic principles that were similar to Englishmen

Slavery/ Indentured Servitude

• The first Africans were brought against their will in 1619.

• The African slave trade resulted from labor shortages.

• Slaves were brought over on the Middle Passage• Some indentured servants had worked before

slaves. Not many more came after slavery became prominent.

• Slavery eventually led to the Civil War.

13 Original Colonies

• New England• Middle Colonies• Southern

Colonies

New England Colonies

• Mainly settled by Puritans seeking religious freedom

• Also settled by Pilgrims• Sought economic opportunities• Direct-democracy (town meetings)• Covenant Community– God-like– Mayflower Compact & Puritan religious beliefs

• Intolerant of Non-Puritans

New England Colonies…

• Economy– Shipbuilding, Fishing, Lumbering, Subsistence

farming & (eventually) manufacturing– Valued hard work & thrift

• Society– Family centered– Religious Standing– Intolerant of dissenters

New England Colonies…

• Society…– Intolerant• Rhode Island: Roger Williams• Anne Hutchinson

• Politics– Church leaders• Mix Church & State

– Male-dominated– Town Meetings

Middle Colonies

• Settled mainly by English, Dutch & German-speaking immigrants– NY used to be New Netherlands

• Wanted religious freedom & economic opportunity

• Most diverse population

Middle Colonies…

• Economy– Shipbuilding, Small-scale farming & Trading

• Skilled artisans• NYC & Philly became commercial centers

• Society– Home to multiple religious groups who believed in

religious tolerance• Quakers (PA), Huguenots & Jews (NY), Catholics (MD),

Presbyterians (NJ)

– Flexible social structures– Middle-class of artisans, entrepreneurs & farmers

Middle Colonies…

• Political– Incorporated a number of democratic principles

that reflected the basic rights of Englishmen– Did not mix Church & State/ Tolerant of other

religions

Southern Colonies

• Mainly settled by the English Cavaliers & poorer English & Scots-Irish– Cavaliers = English nobility who received large

land grants in eastern VA from the King– Indentured Servants, Debtors, Prisoners– African slaves

• Wanted economic opportunities– Jamestown was a business venture established by

the VA Company of London

Jamestown

• 1st Permanent English Settlement, established by the VA Company of London in 1607

• In the middle of Powhatan Nation• 1st settlers were mainly Gentlemen– “Don’t Work = Don’t Eat!” was John Smith’s rule

• Headright System• “Starving Time” due

to weather• John Rolfe planted

tobacco & marriedPocahontas

Southern Colonies…

• Economy– Large plantations in the coastal lowlands grew “cash

crops:” Indigo, Rice, Tobacco– Western foothills & mountains they had small-scale

subsistence farming, hunting & trading• Society– Based on family status & ownership of land– Large landowners dominated colonial government– Closer ties to England & the Church of England than other

colonies– Western VA had a lot of Scots-Irish & English men

Southern Colonies…

• Political– Maintained stronger ties with Britain– Large landowners dominated colonial legislatures– VA House of Burgesses• 1st Elected Legislature in the New World• Representative Democracy• Today it’s known as the VA General Assembly

Indentured Servitude & Slavery

• Indentured Servant = Someone who works for 4-7 years in exchange for passage over to the New World. – Headright system = promise of land

• Growth of southern plantation-economy required cheap labor in large numbers. Originally met by indentured servants.

Indentured Servitude & Slavery…

• Most tobacco plantation needs eventually were filled by importation of Africans.– Some were indentured servants & free– Middle Passage – Slave Codes = laws that limited what slaves could

do• Development of slavery-based economy

eventually led to Civil War.

Question Time!!!

Show me what you know

Establishment of Early American Colonies

Roanoke Massachusetts 1587 1620

/--------/--------/-----------/ 1565 1607 St. Augustine Jamestown

1. Which date on this timeline represents the beginning of a permanent British presence in North America?

A. 1565B. 1587C. 1607D. 1620

2. Which colony was established as a business venture?

A. ConnecticutB. MassachusettsC. GeorgiaD. Virginia

3. The initial French exploration of North America resulted in ---

A. economic colonies in FloridaB. competition with Spanish settlersC. plantations using slave laborD. cooperation with native groups

4. The Treaty of Alliance of 1778 was signed by the United States and ----

A. SpainB. PortugalC. RussiaD. France

5. Which factor contributed to colonial victory in the American Revolution?

A. Shortages of British troopsB. Disloyalty of British generalsC. Lack of British popular supportD. Weakness of the British Navy

6. The land area located between 800W & 900W and 250N & 300N represents the acquisition of ---A. Land won through the French & Indian WarB. Territories according to the Northwest OrdinanceC. Land as a result of the Revolutionary WarD. Florida through a treaty with Spain

7. The town meetings held by colonists in buildings such as this one were important because they demonstrated a form of ---A. Religious tolerationB. Direct democracyC. Multicultural integrationD. Representative

governmentOld South Meeting House, Boston

8. The different types of economies found in the original colonies were primarily a reflection of the ---A. Nationalities of the settlersB. Geography of the areasC. Provisions of the chartersD. Religion of the settlers

9. How did the Great Awakening most influence the American Revolutionary movement?A. It supported the practice of slave laborB. It established official state religionsC. It challenged the established government

orderD. It discouraged trade with foreign countries