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Vegetable oil economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vegetable oil economy deals with the potential ofvegetable oilto replacefossil fuelsin the economy and how

it compares to other potential replacements. Vegetable oils are the basis ofbiodiesel, which can be used likeconventionaldiesel. Somevegetable oil blendsare used in unmodified vehicles, butstraight vegetable

oilneeds specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce itsviscosityandsurface

tension. Another alternative isvegetable oil refining.

The availability ofbiodiesel around the worldis increasing, although still tiny compared to otherfossil

fuelsources. There is significant research inalgaculturemethods to makebiofuel from algae.

Concerns have been expressed about growing crops for fuel use rather than food and the environmental

impacts of large scale agriculture and land clearing required to expand the production of vegetable oil for fuel

use. These effects/impacts would need to be specifically researched and evaluated, economically and

ecologically, and weighed in balance with the proposed benefits of vegetable oil fuel in relation to the use of

other fuel sources.

Attribution: Soybean Board of Nebraska[1]

Contents

[hide]

1 Future of energy for world economy

2 Net CO2 or greenhouse gas production

3 Safety

4 Generation and storage

5 Type of vegetable oil

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6 Transportation

7 Electricity generation

8 Market, cost, price, and taxes

9 Production in sufficient quantity

10 Environmental effects

11 Food vs fuel debate

12 Algae for vegetable oil production

13 See also

14 References

15 External links

[edit]Future of energy for world economy

There is a limited amount offossil fuelinside theEarth. Since the currentworld energy resources and

consumptionis mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for bothtransportationandelectric power

generation. TheHubbert peak theorypredicts thatoil depletionwill result in oil production dropping off in the

not too distant future. As time goes on our economy will have to transition to somealternative fuels. Fossil fuels

have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source ofprimary

energyand ofenergy storage. Along withstraight vegetable oilandbiodiesel, some energy technologies that

could play an important part in the future include:

hydrogen economy

methanol fuel

ethanol fuel

lithium economy

zinc-air battery

liquid nitrogen economy

synthetic fuel

solar energy/photovoltaics

nuclear power (fission power)

fusion power

wind power

compressed air energy storage

flywheel energy storage

biofuel

[edit]Net CO2 or greenhouse gas production

Plants usesunlightandphotosynthesisto takecarbon dioxide(CO2) out of theEarth's atmospheretomakevegetable oil. The same CO2 is then put back after it is burned in an engine. Thus vegetable oil does not

increase the CO2 in the atmosphere, and does not directly contribute to the problem ofgreenhouse gas. It is

really a way of catching and storingsolar energy; it is arenewable energy.

However, as with other "renewable" energy sources, there may be a (relatively small) carbon footprint

associated with production or distribution of vegetable oil.

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[edit]Safety

Plantains frying in vegetable oil

Vegetable oilis far less toxic than other fuels such asgasoline, petroleum-baseddiesel,ethanol, ormethanol,

and has a much higherflash point(approximately 275-290 C)[2]. The higher flash point reduces the risk of

accidentalignition. Some types of vegetable oil areedible.

[edit]Generation and storage

Technologies ofhydrogen economy,batteries,compressed air energy storage, andflywheel energy

storageaddress theenergy storageproblem but not the source ofprimary energy. Other technologies

likefission power,fusion power, andsolar poweraddress the problem of a source ofprimary energybut

notenergy storage. Vegetable oil addresses both the source ofprimary energyand ofenergy storage. The cost

and weight to store a given amount of energy as vegetable oil is low compared to many of the potential

replacements forfossil fuels.

[edit]Type of vegetable oil

Thelist of vegetable oilsarticle discusses which types of vegetable oil are used for fuel and where different

types are grown.

[edit]Transportation

Vegetable oil is used for transportation in four different ways:

Vegetable oil blends- Mixing vegetable oil with diesel lets users get some of the advantages of burning

vegetable oil and is often done with no modification to the vehicle.[3]

Biodiesel- If vegetable oil istransesterifiedit becomesbiodiesel. Biodiesel burns like normal diesel and

works fine in any diesel engine. The name just indicates that the fuel came from vegetable oil.

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Straight vegetable oil- Straight vegetable oil works in diesel engines if it is heated first.[4]Some diesel

engines already heat their fuel, others need a small electric heater on the fuel line. How well it works

depends on the heating system, the engine, the type of vegetable oil (thinner is easier), and the climate

(warmer is easier). Some data is available on results users are seeing.[5]As vegetable oil has become more

popular as a fuel, engines are being designed to handle it better. TheElsbettengine is designed to run on

straight vegetable oil.[6]However, as of the start of 2007, it seems that there are not any production

vehicles warrantied for burning straight vegetable oil, althoughDeutzoffer a tractor andJohn Deereare

known to be in late stages of engine development. There is a German rapeseed oil fuel

standardDIN51605. At this point straight vegetable oil is only a niche market although the market

segment in Germany is rapidly growing with large haulage vehicle fleets adopting the fuel, largely for

economic reasons. A growing number of decentralised oil mills provide a large part of this fuel.[7]

Vegetable oil refining- Vegetable oil can be used as feedstock for anoil refinery. There it can be

transformed into fuel byhydrocracking(which breaks big molecules into smaller ones using hydrogen)orhydrogenation(which adds hydrogen to molecules). These methods can producegasoline,diesel,

orpropane. Some commercial examples of vegetable oil refining areNExBTL,H-Bio, and the

ConocoPhilips Process.[8]

The transition can start withbiodiesel,vegetable oil refining, andvegetable oil blends, since these technologies

do not require the capital outlay of converting an engine to run on vegetable oils. Because it costs to convert

vegetable oil into biodiesel it is expected that vegetable oil will always be cheaper than biodiesel. After there

are production cars that can usestraight vegetable oiland a standard type available at gas stations, consumers

will probably choose straight vegetable oil to save money. So the transition to vegetable oil can happen

gradually.

[edit]Electricity generation

Other methods, likenuclear power,fusion power,wind powerandsolar power, may provide cheaper electricity,

so vegetable oil may only be used inpeaking power plantsand small power plants, as diesel is limited to today.

There is at least one 5 MW power plant that runs on biodiesel.[9].MAN B&W Diesel,Wrtsiland other

companies produce engines suitable for power generation that can be fueled withpure plant oils.

[edit]Market, cost, price, and taxes

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ki/MAN_B%26W_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_refininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Biohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NExBTLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocrackinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_refininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsbetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oil

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In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel.

Availability ofbiodiesel around the Worldis increasing. It is estimated that by 2010 the market for biodiesel will

be 7.5 billion litres (2 billion USgallons) in the U.S and 9.5 billion litres (2.5 billion USgallons) in

Europe.[10]Biodiesel currently has 3% of the diesel market in Germany and is the number 1 alternative

fuel.[11]The German government has a Biofuels Roadmap in which they expect to reach 10% biofuels by 2010

with the diesel 10% coming from fuel made from vegetable oil.[12]

From 2005 to 2007 a number of types of vegetable oil have doubled in price. The rise in vegetable oil prices is

largely attributed to biofuel demand.[13]

Much of the fuel price at the pump is due tofuel tax. If you buy vegetable oil at the grocery store it does not

have such high taxes. So at times people have bought vegetable oil at the store for their cars because it was

cheaper. They did this in spite of the fact that packaging by the gallon adds to the cost and it was illegal to use

in a car since no fuel tax had been paid on it.[14]

Since vegetable oil (even as biodiesel) does not contribute togreenhouse gas, governments may tax it much

less than gasoline as they have done withethanol.[15]This would help them reachKyoto protocoltargets.

[edit]Production in sufficient quantity

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AfricanOil Palm (Elaeis guineensis

The World production of vegetable oil seed is forecast to be 418 million tonnes in 2008/09. After pressing this

will make 131 million tonnes of vegetable oil.[16]Much of this is fromOil Palm, andpalm oilproduction is

growing at 5% per year. At about 7.5 lb/USgal (900 g/L) this is about 38 billion USgallons (144 billion L).

Currently vegetable oil is mostly used in food and some industrial uses with a small percentage used as fuel.

The major fuel usage is by conversion to biodiesel with about 3 billion US gallons (11,000,000 m3) in 2009.[17]

In 2004 the US consumed 530 billion litres (140 billion USgal) of gasoline and 150 billion litres (40 billion

USgal) of diesel.[18]Inbiodieselit saysoil palmproduces 5940 litres per hectare (635 USgal/acre) ofpalm

oileach year. To make 180 billion US gallons (680,000,000 m3) of vegetable oil each year would require

1,150,000 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) or a square of land 1,070 kilometres (660 mi) on a side.

"The gradual move from oil has begun. Over the next 15 to 20 years we may see biofuels providing a full 25

percent of the world's energy needs. While the move is good for reducing greenhouse emissions, soaring oil

prices have encouraged most countries to 'go green' by switching to greater use of biofuels." - Alexander

Mller, Assistant Director-General of Sustainable Development at the FAO.[19]

Algaculturecould potentially produce far more oil per unit area.[20]Results from pilot algaculture projects using

sterile CO2 from power plant smokestacks look promising.

Genetic modifications to soybeansare already being used. Genetic modifications and breeding can increase

vegetable oil yields. From 1979 to 2005 the soybean yield in bushels per acre more than doubled.[21]A

company has developed a variety ofcamelina sativathat yields 20% more oil than the standard variety.[22]

[edit]Environmental effects

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Jungle burned for agriculture in southern Mexico.

There is concern that the current growing demand for vegetable oil is causingdeforestation, with old forests

being replaced withoil palms.[23]When land is cleared it is often burned, which releases lots of CO2. Vegetable

oil production would have to increase substantially to replace gasoline and diesel. With current technology such

an increase in production would have a substantial environmental impact.[24]

[edit]Food vs fuel debate

Main article:Food vs fuel

In some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems.[25][26]There are those that say using

a food crop for fuel sets up competition between food in poor countries and fuel in rich countries. Some

propose that fuel only be made from non-edible vegetable oils likejatropha oil. Others argue that the problem is

more fundamental. Thelaw of supply and demandpredicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of

food will rise. It may take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are growing,but increasing demand for biofuels is likely to result in price increases for many kinds of food. Some have

pointed out that there are poor farmers and poor countries making more money because of the higher price of

vegetable oil.[27]

With the use of non-edible vegetable oils produced by trees such asMillettia Pinnata(formerly Pongamia

Pinnata)or theMoringa oleiferatree, both which grow on borderline or non-arable land, the food versus fuel

debate becomes less of an either/or question.

Apart from their facility of growing in non-arable and/or marginal land, these trees offer major advantages over

peanut, soy-bean, sunflower, etc., in that they have long lives (up to 100 years), very low maintenance (since

the intensive husbandry is limited to the first few years of their producing lives) and can provide cash-crops to

rural areas, such as rural India. In the case of Millettia Pinnata and a few others, the fact that they are nitrogen-

fixing legumes is another very important factor, in that they do not deplete the soil.

Among other benefits of these trees is that they have root-systems that penetrate much deeper and do not

compete with shallow-rooted plants, like grass (once the trees have attained a certain maturity). This means

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation

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that the land can be used for multiple purposes, such as grazing for animals. Yet another benefit of using

Millettia Pinnata to produce bio-diesel is that it can tolerate low rainfall (as little as 250 ml per year), far below

what most food-crops require, thus reducing yet more their potential to compete.[28][29][30][31]

[edit]Algae for vegetable oil production

Main article:biofuel from algae

Some species of algae contain as much as 50% vegetable oil. Algae have very high growth rates compared to

plants normally used to produce vegetable oil. Potentially algae could produce much more oil per area of land

than current farming methods.[20]So producing vegetable oil this way should result in less deforestation and

less competition for food production land. One expert wrote: "As demonstrated here, microalgal biodiesel is

technically feasible. It is the only renewable biodiesel that can potentially completely displace liquid fuels

derived from petroleum. Economics of producing microalgal biodiesel need to improve substantially to make it

competitive with petrodiesel, but the level of improvement necessary appears to be attainable. "[32]

Where there is existing electricity generation using fossil fuels, there is a source of sterile CO2. This

makesalgaculturemuch easier. To grow algae you need lots of CO2, but if you get it from air you will also get

all kinds of other organisms, some of which eat algae. Getting CO2 from a smokestack works out really well.

Governments trying to address theexternal costsof coal power plants may have acarbon taxorcarbon

creditthat provides additional motivation to use CO2 from smokestacks. Several commercial pilot plants are

under construction.[33][34][35]

There is substantial research and development work in this area but as of 2007 there is no commercial

vegetable oil produced from algae and used as biofuel. ExxonMobil is investing $600 million and estimates they

are 5 to 10 years from significant production, but could invest billions in final development and

commercialization.[36]If and when the commercialization challenges are overcome, vegetable oil production

could expand very rapidly.

In 2012 President Obamasupported the idea of getting oil from algae.

[edit]See also

Energy portal

Biodiesel by region

Food price crisis

Greasestock

Hydrocarbon economy

List of vegetable oils

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://vimeo.com/37538007http://vimeo.com/37538007http://vimeo.com/37538007http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_by_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_by_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_by_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=13http://vimeo.com/37538007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27

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Low-carbon economy

Renewable energy

Straight vegetable oil

Strategic Fuel Reserve

Sustainable development

Vegetable oil blends

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Fuel_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Fuel_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Fuel_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economy