Vehicle Tracking and Ticketing System (VTTS) using RFID (Complete Softcopy)

Vehicle Tracking and Ticketing System Using RFID

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The project Vehicle Tracking & Ticketing System (VTTS) mainly deals with identification

of vehicles and ticketing the passengers using these vehicles. The project is implemented with the

help of Radio Frequency Identificati on (RFID) Technology. The major area of implementation of

our project is for ticketing bus passengers in college bus electronically and obtain identification of

buses. The project on implementation will fetch added features like speed in transaction, cost

efficiency, low frequency of errors etc. Another added feature will be the accuracy in data recorded.

Human errors will be rectified to the maximum thereby enhancing the efficiency of the system.

The obsolete system of manual entry and calculation can be r emoved and this method could

be adopted to bring into action a more efficient system. This VTTS application identifies a

particular vehicle by the RFID tag fixed on them. In case of passenger boarding or getting down the

bus is identified and ticketed on t he basis of ID card they posses.

The system could be more elaborately established for all vehicles and passengers and a

complete digital network could be established with the least of its possible errors. The tags are cost

efficient and the whole equipmen t once installed can work without any particular attention. The

area of application of RFID is very wide and the technology has already proved its value. Thus the

implementation and practice of such a digital system would always be worth.


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VTTS is designed to work in an environment where vehicle identification is required. The

prototype made is having all the features of the whole project. The current prototype made is to

support the needs and requirements of our college and its other organizations. It could easily serve

as a model of the whole working project. Moreover a complete functional database with Server and

security polices for handling the Server is ready to deliver. The technical details regarding the

project are described. For the purpose of Ticketing, the operational feature of the cards is the same

but here the tags are attached to the Student or Employee ID cards and the reader collects the detail

from them.

Basic Principle of RFID

Radio Frequency Identification is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to

automatically identify people or objects. RFID technology was first known as Identify Friend or

Foe (IFF), which was used for tracking aircraft. An RFID system consists of a tag, which is made

up of a microchip with an antenna and an interrogator or reader with an antenna. The reader sends

out electromagnetic waves. The tag antenna is tuned to receive these waves. A passive RFID tag

draws power from field created by the reader and uses it to power the microchip's circuits. The chip

then modulates the waves that the tag sends back to the reader and the reader converts the new

waves into digital data.

For the purpose of Vehicle Identification, the tags are embedded into the Vehicle. The

reader sends the electro magnetic waves to the tag. The tags draw the power from this wave and

return back the vehicle information, which are stored in its memory to reader. The readers again

demodulate this wave and convert it as a digital data.

At the core of an RFID tag or label is a transponder inlay that is inserted between layers,

usually in a pressure sensitive construction. The inlays, which are batteryless, are specifically

designed to be converted into tag and label applications by a label manufac turer.

Let us see the data flow of RFID in Diagram 1., which shows handling of data in RFID System .


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Diagram 1. The RFID Data Flow Model


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COMPONENETS OF RFID MODEL

RFID READER

An Agile Reader

An agile reader is one that can read tags operating at different frequencies or using different

methods of communication between the tags and readers.

Intelligent and Dumb Readers

These terms are not precise, but many people use "intelligent reader" to describe one that

has the ability not just to run differ ent protocols, but also to filter data and even run applications.

Essentially, it is a computer that communicates with the tags. A "dumb" reader, by contrast, is a

simple device that might read only one type of tag using one frequency and one protocol. Thi s type

typically has very little computing power, so it can't filter reads, store tag data and so on.

Diagram 2. Block Diagram of RFID Reader(Backend)

Writing Data

Many applications of RFID labels include thermal direct or thermal transfer human -

readable printing and bar codes on the face of the label. Therefore, the logical place for data to be

written to RFID labels is at the bar code printer. Printer vendors suc h as Zebra technologies,

Datamax, and Intermec have developed RFID writers that are built into their printers.

Figure 1. RFID Reader


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RFID Tags

There are 3 types of tags available.

Active Tags

Passive Tags

Semi-passive Tags

Active Tags

Active RFID tags have a transmitter and their own power source (typically a battery). The

power source is used to run the microchip's circuitry and to broadcast a signal to a reader.

Figure 2. Active Tags

Passive Tags

Passive tags have no battery. Instead, they draw power from the rea der, which sends out

electromagnetic waves that induce a current in the tag's antenna.

Figure 3. Passive Tags


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Semipassive Tags

Semi-passive tags use a battery to run the chip's circuitry, but communicate by drawing

power from the reader.

Figure 4. Semi-Passive Tags

Active and semi-passive tags are useful for tracking high -value goods that need to be

scanned over long ranges, such as vehicles on a track, but they cost more than passive tags, which

means they can't be used on low -cost items. Now End-users are focusing on passive UHF tags,

which cost less than INR 18.00 today in volumes of 1 million tags or more. Their read range isn't as

far—typically less than 20 feet vs. 100 feet or more for active tags —but they are far less expensive

than active tags and can be disposed of with the product packaging.

It depends on the vendor and the application, but typically a tag carries no more than 2KB

of data—enough to store some basic information about the item it is on. Companies are now

looking at using a simple "license plate" tag that contains only a 96 -bit serial number. The simple

tags are cheaper to manufacture and are more useful for applications where the tag will be disposed

of with the product packaging.

Difference between read-only and read-write RFID tags

Microchips in RFID tags can be read -write, read-only or “write once, read many” (WORM).

With read-write chips, you can add information to the tag or write over existing information when

the tag is within range of a reader. Read -write tags usually have a serial number that can't be

written over. Additional blocks of data can be used to store additional information about the items

the tag is attached. Read-only microchips have information stored on them during the


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manufacturing process. The information on such chips can never be changed. WORM tags can

have a serial number written to them once, and that information cannot be overwritten later.

WORKING SCENARIO

Schematic representation of RFID technology used in VTTS is given below in Figu re 4.

with a sequential indications to the various features used by the system. The antenna senses the tag

and the information are fed into the reader. The reader then decodes these data and sends it to the

host system through requires means.

Figure 5. Working Principle of RFID Technology in VTTS

Once the reader has activated the transponder, the transponder responds by emitting

a signal to the reader’s antenna, which is converted to an electrical signal in the radiofrequen cy

module. This signal, in turn, is sent for further processing to the host computer by the control

module.

Basic Principles of Tag Operation

The principles involved in the tag operation are,

1. Inductive Coupling

2. Backscatter Method


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Inductive coupling

A method of transmitting data between tags and readers in which the antenna from the reader picks

up changes in the tag’s antenna.

Diagram 3. Inductive coupling

Backscatter

A method of communication between passive tags and readers. RFID tags using backscatter

technology reflect back to the reader radio waves from a reader, usually at the same carrier

frequency. The reflected signal is modulated to transm it data.

Diagram 4. Back Scatter


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Frequencies in RFID

RFID systems generate and radiate electromagnetic waves, they are justifiably classified as

radio systems. It is particularly important to ensure that RFID systems do not interfere with nearby

radio and television, mobile radio services (police, security services, industry), marine and

aeronautical radio services and mobile telephones.

Four types of frequency are used in RFID

Low Frequency (LF).

High Frequency (HF).

Ultra High Frequency (UHF).

Microwave Frequency (μF) .

Low-frequency tags are used for small -scale applications requiring shorter read ranges.

High-frequency systems are used for large-scale applications requiring longer read ranges, such as

vehicle tracking and ticketing in toll collection etc. Generally speaking, higher frequencies have

greater reading ranges and are less sensitive to noise than the lower frequency tags. While high

frequency tags transmit data faster and can be read from further away, they also consume more

power and are more expensive than low -frequency tags.

Currently, the trend is towards UHF because of the greater read distances and lower cost per

tag in the future. UHF tags are more sensitive to environmental factors like water, which absorb the

tag’s energy and thus block its ability to communicate with a reader. However, this is a crowded

frequency spectrum because mobile and cordless phones, Wi -Fi and Bluetooth devices also operate

in this range of frequencies.

Conversely, RFID tags with microwave frequency do have greater read ranges and higher

reading speeds than lower frequency tags, but they tend to be line of sight dependent, orientation

sensitive, and require more power.


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Read range for a typical RFID tag

There really is no such thing as a "typical" RFID tag, and the read range of passive tags

depends on many factors: the frequency of operation, the power of the reader, interference from

other RF devices and so on. In general, low-frequency tags are read from a foot (0.33 meter) or

less. High-frequency tags are read from about three feet (1 meter) and UHF tags are read from 10 to

20 feet. Where longer ranges are needed, such as for tracking vehicles i n traveling long distances

etc. The Table 1. describes the frequency classification table for various real time applications .

Table 1. Frequency Classification Table

1188000000--44EPC C0, C1,C1G2, 18000-6

18000-3.1,15693, 14443 A,

B and C1111778844//8855,,

1144222233Existing

Standards

33%%66%%1177%%7744%%Market Share

Transportationvehicle ID(Road toll)

Transportationvehicle ID,

Access/SecurityTTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonnSSmmaarrtt CCaarrdd,,

TTiicckkeettiinnggApplication

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EElleeccttrrooMMaaggnneettiicc

MMaaggnneettiiccMMaaggnneettiiccCoupling

11MM22--77 MM11MM1100 ccmmRReeaadd RRaannggee

22..4455 -- 55..88 GGHHzz886666 -- 991155MMHHzz1133..5566 MMHHzz112255 -- 113344KKHHzzFFrreeqq.. RRaannggee

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RFID Today

RFID systems are used for a variety of industrial and enduser applications. Electronic toll

collection and vehicle tracking are a typical use of active and semi -active tags. Automobiles are

equipped with an active tag that can be read as the vehicle moves through a toll booth or drives

along the road. Each tag has a unique serial number; a database correlates the serial number with an

account number that is automatically monitored each time the tag is read.

RFID Tomorrow

It is widely believed that RFID tags will migrate int o consumer items as the price of tags

drops to INR 2.28.

Scanner, the next generation RFID Technology will be based on electronic tags that are

“read” using a wireless transceiver. These systems, collectively known as Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID), have been increasingly used throughout the world in recent years.

The implementation of RFID for vehicle identification and ticketing was executed to

overcome the various shortcomings in the existing system. Some of the added features in this

system are listed below:

Generally, the BARCODE technology uses the ‘line of sight’ technology. That is, a

scanner has to “see” the bar code to read it, which means people usually have to orient the

bar code towards a scanner for it to be read. Radio freque ncy identification, by contrast,

doesn’t require line of sight. RFID tags can be read as long as they are within range of a

reader.

Actually, the RFID uses the low-end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus waves coming

from readers are not dangerous and ar e similar to those waves coming from our car radio.

Just as our radio tunes into different frequency to hear different channels, RFID tags and

readers are tuned to the same frequency to communicate.

Radio waves travel through most non -metallic materials, so they can be embedded in

packaging or encased in protective plastic for weatherproofing and greater durability.


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Chart 1.

Current RFID End users Segmented by Application

Over the next 5 years, end-user awareness of RFID technology and benefits may foster

wider adoption and increased demand. Respondents curren tly using RFID are concentrated in

Transportation ticketing and vehicle monitoring. End users indicate limitless possibilities for RFID

applications. End users believe in accelerated adoption as RFID technology develops, standards

emerge and tag prices get cheaper. The Chart 1. Portrays Current RFID End Users based on the

Real Time Application Strategy. It is crystal clear that end user voted 58.8% for transportation

segment.

Applications of RFID in Vehicle Tracking & Ticketing

Applications are constantly being developed to streamline data capture applications.

Point-of-Sale – on the Point of sale RFID Technology Operate as part of toll road

applications. Electronic toll collection systems and parking garage access are the examples

of point-of-sale applications.


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Closed Loop or Tightly Coupled – Systems under the control of a single owner or

authority as a standalone solution. Closed loop systems are used in medium scale

organizations and the retail industry sectors.

Open Systems – Systems with multiple, disparate stakeholders – ie) separate tracking,

transportation, utilizing a common system. Because a single universal set of standards and

protocols for RFID technology does not yet exist, open systems are not currently in use.

However, their potential is tremendous.

Features of the VTTS Project

Features

Automatic and Manual Operational logs.

Vehicle Profile Analysis.

Traffic Density Analysis.

Customized Management Reports.

Advantages

Faster Through put of vehicles.

Easy Administration and Planning.

Shorter vehicle delivery time due to locating vehicles faster.

Improved processing and speed even when re -work is needed - required repairs are tracked

electronically and automatically updated when work is completed.

Improved quality control due to real-time physical tracking of vehicles throughout the

delivery process.


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Manual Ticketing and vehicle identification was the obsolete method available but the

frequency of getting errors and mismatch in entri es was a serious problem.

An interesting area applicable in a similar situation was the BARCODES. But this had the

major problem of line of sight that is the coded card had to be taken to the reader to validate an

entry. Even though the method is bit less expensive the security that could be offered was very less.

Another technique for implementing such a request is by using Biometric devices. But the

comparative cost of implementation is very high and the system being dependent on physiological

characteristics will not function effectively as expected if there is an unexpected change in the

physiological characters of the client.

Another technique can adopted for this implementation is SMART LABEL.

Figure 6. A Smart Label

The Figure 5. shows Smart Label has an advantage of the thinner smart labels over

conventional smart tags is that they can be manufactured in bulk by special printers. Current costs

of these are in the INR 13.50 to INR 22.50 range. These can be produced in high volumes, are thin

and flexible, can be read/write, and can easily be integrated into the barcode infrastructure. But the

security is less compared to the RFID.


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Cost of RFID Tags cost today

Most companies that sell RFID tags do not quote prices b ecause pricing is based on volume,

the amount of memory on the tag and the packaging of the tag (whether it’s encased in plastic or

embedded in a label, for instance). Generally speaking, a 96 -bit EPC tag costs from INR 9.00 to

INR 18.00. If the tag is embedded in a thermal transfer label on which companies can print a bar

code, the price rises to INR 18.00 and up. Low -frequency transponders in glass capsules are about

INR 159.50 each and a transponder in a plastic card or key fob can be INR 182.36 or more. High-

frequency transponders range from about INR 114.72 (in a card) to INR 273.54 or more .

Cost of RFID readers today

Most UHF readers cost from INR 45,590.00 to INR 1, 36,770.00 depending on the features

in the device. Organization or Enterprise may also have to buy each antenna separately, along with

cables. Antennae are about INR 11,397.50 and up. The price of readers is expected to fall as

companies purchase them in large volumes. Low - and high-frequency readers range in price

depending on different factors. A low-frequency reader model can be under INR 4,559.00 while a

fully functional standalone reader can be INR 34,192.50 . High-frequency reader modules are

typically to INR 9,118.00 to INR 13,677.00 . A standalone reader can be about INR 22,795.00.

A fully functional RFID system cost

The cost depends on the application, the size of the installation, the type of system and

many other factors, so it is not possible to give a ballpark figure. In addition to tag and reader costs,

companies need to purchase middleware to filter RFID data. They may need to hire a systems

integrator and upgrade enterprise applications, such as warehouse management systems. They may

also need to upgrade networks within facilities. And they will need to pay for the installat ion of the

readers. Not only do the readers need to be mounted, they need electrical power and to be

connected to a corporate network.

One of the largest obstacles to widespread adoption is the cost of an RFID system. The

threshold of what end users are actually willing to pay for RFID system components (tags, readers,


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software, services) remains a mystery. Cost per tag is dropping and less expensive readers with

greater functionality may be soon available. End users prefer that prices drop further.

Consumers usually welcome price reduction. For that to be enduring, the supplier and

retailer must reduce costs. RFID on buses, cars are achieving this in many ways but the tagging of

individual items is revealing yet richer rewards, even though it is at a much earlier stage.

Automation is the key, but it comes alongside crime reduction, reducing excess stocks and work in

progress and reducing the time taken from raw materials to finished item on the retailer’s shelf

(“time to market”) and other benefits that di rectly impact costs. The estimated cost for the

implementation of the project mentioned will figure out around INR 10,000.00 -15,000.00.

It will have a considerable contribution towards saving the manual scanning, administrative

errors, etc. It will increase the rate of efficiency by introduction of a common conduct of operation

that will enable the administrators to fabricate a less crime -sensed system. The number of

trespassers and other unidentified persons could easily be tracked using the system.

Benefits of VTTS

The various benefits expected could be summed up as

Speed of transaction.

Increased safety.

Cost reduction.

Fewer queues.

Easier evacuation.

More reliable equipment.

Less frustration.

Less violent crime.

Faster processing of passengers.

Reduces fraud.

Greater reliability of equipment.


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Benefits of RFID

Non-contact, Non-line of sight nature of technology.

Tag can be read from variety of substances such as snow, fog, ice, paint, crusted grime etc.

Faster read rates as high as 100 millisecond s.

Multiple tags can be read in single pass across the reader .

Paper less tracking of equipment and personnel .

High degree of scalability.

Benefits of RFID over Optically-Scanned Tags

RFID tags offer many advantages over traditional optically -scanned tags:

Optical barcodes need to be in plain view to be read; RFID tags can be read through fabric,

paper, cardboard, and other materials that are transparent to the frequency of operation.

Traditional optical barcodes are limited to 13 digits of information, an d two-dimensional

barcodes are limited to several hundred; RFID tags can store hundreds or thousands of bytes

of information.

Only a single optical barcode can be read at a time; dozens of RFID tags can be read at the

same time with a single reader.

Optical bar codes are read-only; advanced RFID tags can store information and perform

limited processing.

Optical bar codes are promiscuous, in that any reader can read any compatible optical bar

code that comes in range; RFID tags can be assigned a password, l imiting who has the

ability to read them.

The only way to deactivate an optical bar code is by obliterating or obscuring it; RFID tags

can be electronically deactivated.


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Benefits of RFID over Barcoding

The primary benefits of RFID technology over sta ndard barcoding are:

Information stored on the tag can be updated on demand.

Huge data storage capacity (up to 4k bits).

Instantaneous data identification.

Data collection from multiple items (hundreds of tags per second).

Small surface area requirement.

Longer read range; line-of-sight not required.

Greater resistance to scratches and physical abuse.

Greater accuracy in data retrieval and reduced error rate.

These very strengths of RFID are the Achilles’ heel of traditional barcoding technology.

The limitations of label size mean that barcoding holds much less data. In environments where item

data needs to be changed regularly, barcoding is unfeasible. Furthermore, printed bar codes are

vulnerable to scratching and harsh environmental conditions. An uneve n label surface can affect

print quality and consequently, compromise the integrity of the printed barcode.

In addition, the read range of the barcode is limited by the capability of the scanning device.

This is worsened by the ‘line -of-sight’ requirement: that is, the barcode must be directly in front of

a scanner’s beam. Consequently, bar -coded items will need to be scanned manually (incurring labor

costs), or extra costs must be incurred to automate the process to satisfy the line -of-sight

requirement. Where manual labor is employed for scanning, the possibility of human error adds to

the operational costs.

Finally, barcodes are designed to be read one at a time. Multiple items cannot be read at one

time. This limits the speed of data collection. With R FID technology, all the above barcoding

problems can be overcome. RFID offers extended storage capacity, a longer read range, and a “one

time scanning” feature. A typical of RFID chip can have storage capability, and does not require

line-of-sight for reading. And it is possible to automatically read hundreds of tags in a second.


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Primary Issues Facing the Industry

The primary issue barring widespread adoption of RFID is the actual cost of the disposable

tags. In 2003, the range of prices for tags was sti ll as high as INR 22.50 to INR 49.50. The RFID

industry has long claimed that the critical price for widespread adoption is the INR 2.25 tag. But a

recent study from RFID research firm Arc Advisory Group predicts the price of RFID tags will

only drop to a low of INR 7.50 by 2008, despite other industry estimates that the cost will reach the

INR 2.25 mark in the next four years.

• Cost:

– Tags – currently INR 22.50 – need to be INR 2.25 or less

– Readers – currently thousands of dollars – need to be hundreds of dollars

– Implementation – distribution centers relatively low tech – need networking, power,

etc.

Research on RFID

It is evident that RFID privacy and security are challenging areas of research. There are a

number of specific areas of research which will g reatly benefit RFID security and privacy and the

outcome of this research will be the wide spread adoption of this technology.

Cost effective and efficient hardware implementations on specialized nature of low cost

RFID Labels.

Development of new hardware efficient systems suitable for low cost RFID systems.

Development of protocols with the flexibility to incorporate different security measures and

safeguards to prevent rendering labels vulnerable during sudden communication

interruptions.

Improve and optimise coupling between readers and labels. This may involve developing

new concepts for formulating coupling between antennas, new antenna design, and analysis

so that the available source power to the IC is maximised.


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We have underwent a detailed study about the RFID application and implementation and

found it applicable to the upcoming industries and IT sectors. Vehicle tracking and ticketing is just

a low level application to imprint the wide level of application po ssible in this field. The

implementation in college or enterprise transport section would make it easy for the detailed study

of various aspects of the project. Some of the references that guided us and helped in designing the

project are listed below:

Websites:

1. www.rfid-journal.com

2. www.oclinfo.com

3. www.tutorial-reports.com

4. www.idtechex.com

5. www.usingrfid.com

6. www.rfidupdate.com

7. www.ansi.org

8. www.rfid-weblog.com

9. www.whitepapers.frontlinetoday.com

10. www.rfidtoday.co.uk

11. www.rfid.bluestarinc.com

12. www.rfid-world.com

13. www.informationweek.com

14. www.accuracybook.com

15. www.rfid.zebra.com

Forums:

1. www.insightu.org/proforums/

2. www.rfidexchange.com/forum/default.asp

3. www.globalaviationrfidforum.com/2005 -agenda.html

www.rfid-journal.com

www.oclinfo.com

www.tutorial-reports.com

www.idtechex.com

www.usingrfid.com

www.rfidupdate.com

www.ansi.org

www.rfid-weblog.com

www.whitepapers.frontlinetoday.com

www.rfidtoday.co.uk

www.rfid.bluestarinc.com

www.rfid-world.com

www.informationweek.com

www.accuracybook.com

www.rfid.zebra.com

www.insightu.org/proforums/

www.rfidexchange.com/forum/default.asp

www.globalaviationrfidforum.com/2005-agenda.html


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Blogs:

1. www.rfid.weblogsinc.com/

2. www.rfid-weblog.com/

Books and Papers:

1. RFID Handbook - Radio-Frequency Identification fundamentals and applica tions

Published by John Wiley & Sons UK 1999

2. RFID Field Guide: Deploying Radio Frequency Identification Systems

by Manish Bhuptani, Shahram Moradpour (Paperback)

3. RFID - Radio-Frequency Identification concepts and case studies

by steven Shepard, McGraw-Hill, 2004

4. RFID : Applications, Security, and Privacy

by Simson Garfinkel, Beth Rosenberg , 2005

5. RFID Sourcebook

by Sandip Lahiri, 2005

Group contacts:

1. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sdforum_rfid/

2. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe-westmichigan/

3. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SV_RFID/

4. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe/

5. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/indusrfid/

6. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe -software/

7. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe -security/

8. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RFID_TECHNOLOGY/

9. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe -chennai/

www.rfid.weblogsinc.com/

www.rfid-weblog.com/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sdforum_rfid/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe-westmichigan/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SV_RFID/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/indusrfid/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe-software/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe-security/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RFID_TECHNOLOGY/


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10. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe -bangalore/

Power Point Presentations (PPT) and PDF’s

1. RFID Applications for Owners and Contractors , CII Research Team 151, ADCIC,

April 2003, PowerPoint Presentation (PPT).

2. Radio Frequency Identification Opportunities and Challenges in Implementation ,

Department of Commerce, Washington D.C., April 2005 (PDF).

3. Radio Frequency Identification Applications and Implications for Consume rs, A

Workshop Report from the Staff of the Federal Trade Commission March 2005 (PDF).

4. The history of RFID , An AIM Publication, Pittsburgh, October 2001 , White Paper

(PDF).

5. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and its Applications in the

Commercial Construction Industry , University of Kentucky, April 2003 (PDF).

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe-chennai/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rfidtribe-bangalore/


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The vehicle ticketing and tracking system is applicable under normal environmental

conditions. The users/clients are provided with a RFI D tag enabled card having their details printed

as usual. The RFID tag will be saved with information regarding the user previously. This forms

basically forms the input for the system.

The passengers while boarding or getting down the bus are made to pass by a RFID reader

fixed somewhere on the way. The readers read the cards with the passengers and the data is fed into

the local terminal. The details of the client are matched with the database in the server and later the

observations are recorded accordin gly. A user/client who pays an initial amount is given a

minimum permit to use the bus. This is accounted in terms of chances he uses the bus. He can use

the account until he finishes his quota that has been allotted to him. A diagrammatic representation

of the proposed system to be implemented is given in Diagram 5.

Diagram 5. Proposed System to be implemented

COMPUTERTERMINAL

USER WITHTAG

SERVER

READER


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RFID implementation on VTTS

The Project VTTS system based on RFID , implements with the following counter parts

Air Interface Protocol - The way tags and readers communicate.

Data Content - Organizing of data.

Conformance - Tests require to meet the standard.

Applications - How applications are focused.


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The confronted issues in VTTS system are

The server should always be in working condition and proper connectivity of server with

computer terminals should be assured.

Passengers should be checked to have proper cards that could be read by the tag while

boarding or else provision should be given to issue cards for everyone.

Selection of frequency of the tags and the reader is a major issue and it should be properly

taken care of.

The tags are having a proprietary technology and the tags may not be sensible inside some

other readers.

The range of the reader and tag plays an important role and hence the tags and reader should

be confirmed of contact.

Tag collision or reader collision is another important factor that causes malfunctioning of

the whole system.

Trespassers should be taken care of or else the system may not be that effective.

Reader Collision

One problem encountered with RFID is that the signal from one reader can interfere with

the signal from another where coverage overlap s. This is called reader collision. One way to avoid

the problem is to use a technique called time division multiple access, or TDMA. In simple terms,

the readers are instructed to read at different times, rather than both trying to read at the same time.

This ensures that they don't interfere with each other. But it also means any RFID tag in an area

where two readers overlap will be read twice. So the system has to be set up so that if one reader

reads a tag, another reader does not read it again.

Dense Reader mode

This is a mode of operation that prevents readers from interfering with one another when

many are used in close proximity to one another. Readers hop between channels within a certain

frequency spectrum and may be required to listen for a sig nal before using a channel. If they "hear"


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another reader using that channel, they go to another channel to avoid interfering with the reader on

that channel.

Reader interference challenges

• Reader must deliver enough power from RF field to power the tag .

• Reader must discriminate backscatter modulation in presence of carrier at same frequency.

• 70db magnitude difference between transmitted and received signals.

• Interference between readers.

• Huge volume of tag data – readers need to filter data before relea sing to enterprise network.

Drawbacks of RFID

The main drawback of RFID technology is the higher costs. A typical barcode label costs

about 1.07 INR, whereas an RFID tag label can costs upwards of 53.55 INR. The initial

implementation of RFID is also hi gher, depending on requirements and equipment specifications.

Although initial RFID implementation may cost more at this time, researchers predict that within

five years, smart RFID tags will become pervasive in Industry.

RFID Threats

Security Threats

Jamming.

Replay attacks.

Covert reading.

Privacy Threats

Covert reading.

Tracking over time.

Individual profiling.


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Security and privacy risks

It is important to define the term ‘security’ and ‘privacy’ in the context of RFID. In terms of

RFID, security refers to one or a combination of the following

'Confidentiality’ or message content security.

Integrity of message content.

Authentication of the Sender and Recipient.

Non-repudiation by the Sender and Recipient.

Availability.

It is important to note that privacy is a multi dimensional issue involving many areas such

as policies, security and law enforcement agencies. Criteria for evaluating RFID systems Privacy

implies providing factors:

Anonymity.

Unlinkability.

Challenges to RFID Security and Privac y

There are many challenges in providing security and privacy for low cost RFID systems.

These difficulties are a result of the nature of electromagnetic waves and the constraints placed

upon RFID systems. The primary challenge lies in the scarcity of res ources on an RFID IC. Low

cost labels are not self-powered and only consist of a fraction of the gates available on smart cards.

Cryptographic systems and protocols need to fit into a label footprint without dramatically

increasing the cost of a label.

The number of gates available for a security mechanism is in the range of 400 -4000 gates.

Security mechanisms and communication protocols need to be carefully designed to avoid leaving

the label in a vulnerable state during sudden loss of power or interrupti ons to communications.

Furthermore, a security mechanism employing a memory write will have to account for the

additional power required to operate a labels E2PROM. Furthermore, user performance

requirements establish a time limitation on a label operation since at least 100-300 labels must be

read per second.


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Privacy Issues

Deployment of RFID tags in vehicles could pose several challenges to end user privacy

Tags could be read by unauthorized readers. (Although 13.56 MHz tags cannot be read from

more than a meter away, unshielded passive 915 MHz tags can be read from many meters.).

Since human beings are not sensitive to radio signals, RFID tags could be read covertly.

A database could be used to build long -term tracking associations between tags and h olders.

Alternatively, such a database could simply be created at the checkout counter by

correlating RFID tags with payment information.

The communication between the reader and the tag could be covertly monitored.

Technological Challenges

There are challenges in integrating the components for RFID -based systems and making

them actually work. Tags and readers perform differently under varied configurations and different

environments. Which tag is used, where it is placed on vehicle in the case all have a major impact

on the performance of the system. There are real challenges around interference and wave collision

that need to be addressed, in addition to the yield rates in the production of the tiny chips used and

ultimately the converted tags and label s. There is also the pressing issue of cost for the technology,

which is largely brushed aside at this point by the industry as a problem that will go away when the

volumes go up. But unfortunately at this point the volumes are still low, and thus the pric es are still

high.


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The Resource Requirement for the project could be charted under three sections. They are

RFID SECTION

COMPUTER SECTION

SOFTWARES AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

Let us go ahead with these sections i n Detail.

RFID SECTION

This section is mainly focusing on the tools required for tracking the various tags used

in the VTTS. They are mainly three categories.

RFID Tag enabled ID card

RFID Writer

RFID Reader

RFID Tag enabled ID card

The tag carries the information about the client and forms the basic input of

the system.

RFID Writer

The device used to write the details about the client onto the tag.

RFID Reader

The device used to read the details about the client from the tag.

COMPUTER SECTION

This section mainly deals with the computer systems required for the implementation of

the VTTS. They could be classified as:

Computer Terminals

LAN connectivity

Computer Server


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Computer Terminals

Overview

A Computer terminal is an electronic or electromechan ical hardware device used for

entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system. A device that

enables a computer to receive or deliver data. The computer terminals are the computer systems

used for operating the VTTS. Computer terminals vary greatly depending on the format of the data

they handle.

LAN connectivity

What's a LAN?

A LAN, or Local Area Network is a group of two or more computers, physically close

together (usually in the same building), that are linked to each o ther. LANs can contain devices

other than computers. It establishes Proper connecting devices between the terminals and server.

Connection Method

The various types of Connection method to use for networks are

Ethernet

Wireless

Direct Cable Connection (only for two computers)

SECURITY ISSUES FOR LAN CONNECTIVITY

Security concerns should be carefully integrated into every step of the network design and

Planning. Security is becoming more important as enterprises keep connecting their private

internetworks to the Internet as well as their organizations and remote workers.


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Effective actions to take for Securing LAN

There are many things can do to secure networks, the following two things can secure

network atmost 95%.

Separate your LAN onto its own Net work while connecting to Internet.

Unbind Microsoft Networks from TCP/IP on any Network adapter that is connected to the

Internet.

LAN Security Threats

LAN security risks come in different forms. Here is some information on the most common

ones.

Viruses

Viruses are generally not a "security" threat to the computers on LAN. The main effect of

viruses can be erratic operation of your computers, possible data loss, and the ability to pass on the

virus to other network users.

Viruses are most commonly spread through two methods:

Floppy disks or other removable media that are used to transfer files from one computer to

another.

E-mail attachments.

Probes

Probes or port scanners check for improperly secured servers or services that may be

running on computers on your LAN. These checks are usually performed by programs that take a

range of IP addresses selected by the person running the program, and look for common services

like Web, mail, FTP, Telnet, proxy servers.


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Trojan Horses

In LAN "Trojan Horses", are programs that are somehow downloaded an d installed on

computers. Although physical access to the target computer is a common method of

installation, these programs can be installed via network access to an unprotected shared network

drive.

Worms

These troublemakers are self-replicating, self-propagating programs that are spread through

the Internet and generally don't require any action on the part of the computer owner to be

activated. All they need is an unprotected connection to the Internet.

Security Tools

There are many resources available to help secure your LAN. They fall into four main

categories

Security scan programs that you run from a web page .

Port monitors and Trojan cleaners .

"Firewalls" that you run on your computer(s) .

Security related Web sites.

Security applications.


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Computer Server

.

A note on Terminology of Server

The term "Server" is used in this module to mean the combination of the hardware,

operating system, network service, application software, and network conne ction. The server is a

computer system used for maintaining the database.

Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server

tasks. On multiprocessing operating systems, however, a single computer can execute several

programs at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is managing resources rather

than the entire computer.

Server Hardware

A server computer shares its resources, such as peripherals (i.e printer: print server) and file

storage (i.e. disk: file server), with the users' computers, called clients, on a network. Thus, it is

possible for a computer to be a client and a server simultaneously, by connecting to itself in the

same way a separate computer would. Servers are normally specialist machines to provide the

reliability expected by the end users.

Server Operating Systems

The rise of the microprocessor -based server was facilitated by the development of several

versions of the Unix operating system to run on the Intel microprocessor arch itecture, including

Solaris, Linux and FreeBSD. The Microsoft Windows series of operating systems also now

includes server versions that support multitasking and other features beneficial for server software,

beginning with Windows NT. There are many serve rs running Linux versions such a RedHat,

Debian, etc which have generally proven to be more stable than Windows machines. There are an

increasing number of servers running Mac OSX as organisations realise the potential and stability

from having the hardware and software properly fitted and vetted. Most technical servers continue

to run some flavour of UNIX so they tend to go for SUN, SGI, or HP workstations as proven and

stable servers.


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Threats to Server Security

Server security is as important as network security because servers can hold most or all of

the organization's vital information. If a server is compromised, all of its contents may become

available for the cracker to steal or manipulate at will. There are many ways that a server can be

cracked. The following sections deals with the main issues security threats to server.

Securing Servers

The primary purpose of these machines is to provide services, including both computational

and data services, to other computers on the network.

Security breaches on a server can result in the disclosure of critical information or the loss

of a capability that can affect the entire organization. Therefore, securing servers should be a

significant part of your network and information security strategy.

Many security problems can be avoided if servers and networks are a ccurately configured.

The practices recommended here are designed to help for configure and deploy servers that satisfy

the organization's security requirements. The practices may also be useful in examining the

configuration of previously deployed servers.

Practices to be followed in organization

These practices are applicable to the organization if

Plan to operate a networked system of workstations that depend on servers for information

or computation services.

Plan to operate a public network server connected to an external network such as the

Internet.


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Security requirements for informat ion resources on Servers

These are the security requirements for information resources stored on servers :

Some or all of the information is sensitive or proprietary. Access must be limited to

authorized and properly authenticated users (inside or outside your organization).

The integrity of that information is critical. It must not be compromised; that is, not

modified by unauthorized users or processes operating on their behalf.

That information must be readily accessible by authorized users whenever they need it in

the course of their work.

Security requirements for capability on Servers

These are security requirements for the capabili ties provided by those servers :

Only authorized and properly authenticated users may use these capabilities.

Users must be able to access these capabilities quickly.

Security issues to Servers

There are three major security issues related to servers:

Confidentiality - Maintaining the confidentiality of information stored on the servers. This

includes,

Ensuring that only authorized users can access the services and information.

Ensuring that authorized users can access onl y the services for which they are

authorized.

Integrity - Maintaining the integrity of information stored on the servers. This includes ,

Ensuring that we can recognize and recover from breaches of integrity.


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Availability - Maintaining the availability of the services. This includes ,

Ensuring that services are uninterrupted even when there are hardware or software

failures or during routine system maintenance.

Ensuring that you can recognize and recover from security incidents in a timely

manner.

Intruders Target on Servers

There are other aspects of servers that can make them tempting targets for intruders :

Public servers often have publicly known host names and IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.

Servers usually actively listen for requests for services on known ports, and they try to

process such requests.

Servers are often remotely administered, so they willingly accept connections from

privileged accounts.

Servers often are configured to reboot automatically after some kinds of failures, which can

offer opportunities for intruders.

SERVER SECURITY POLICY

Ownership and Responsibilities

Servers must be registered within the corporate enterprise management system. The

following information’s are required to positively identify the point of contact :

Server contact(s) and location, and a backup contact .

Hardware and Operating System/Version .

Main functions and applications, if applicable .

Information in the corporate enterprise management system must be kept up -to-date.

Configuration changes for production servers must follow the appropriate change

management procedures.


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Security improvement approach

The practices are designed to improve security in two major ways:

Host security is also a first -line of defense against internal threats, which generally have a

higher probability of occurrence than external threats.

They prepare us to better recognize and recover from security breaches.

Monitoring

All security-related events on critical or sensitive systems must be logged and audit trails

saved as follows:

All security related logs will be kept online for a minimum of 1 week.

Security-related events will be reported to admin, who will review logs and report incidents

to management. Corrective measures will be prescribed as needed.

Security-related events include, but are not limited to:

Port-scan attacks

Evidence of unauthorized access to privileged accounts

Anomalous occurrences that are not related to specific applications on the host.

Practices to be followed while implementin g a server

AREA RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Planning deployment 1. Develop a computer deployment plan that includes security

issues.

Configuring workstations 2. Keep operating systems and applications software up to date.

3. Offer only essential network services and operating system

services on the server host machine.


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4. Configure computers for user authentication.

5. Configure computer operating systems with appropriate object,

device, and file access controls.

6. Identify and enable system and network logging mechanisms.

7. Configure computers for file backups.

8. Protect computers from viruses and similar programmed threats.

9. Configure computers for secure remote administration.

Maintaining workstation

integrity

10. Allow only appropriate physical access to computers.

General Server Configuration Guidelines

Operating System configuration should be in accordance with approved guidelines.

Services and applications that will not be used must be disabled whe re practical.

Access to services should be logged and/or protected through access -control methods such

as TCP Wrappers, if possible.

The most recent security patches must be installed on the system as soon as practical, the

only exception being when im mediate application would interfere with business

requirements.

Trust relationships between systems are a security risk, and their use should be avoided.

Standard security principles of least required access is used to perform a function.

The Server is restricted from a non-privileged account.

If a methodology for secure channel connection is available (i.e., technically feasible),

privileged access must be performed over secure channels, (e.g., encrypted network

connections using SSH or IPSec).

Servers should be physically located in an access -controlled environment.

Servers are specifically prohibited from operating from uncontrolled cubicle areas.


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SOFTWARES AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

This section deals with the various design tools used in sys tem for the purpose of design

and implementation.

Front End Tool

Backend Tool

Crystal Reports

FRONT END TOOL

The client part of a client/server application that request services across a network from a

server, or back end. It typically provides an inte ractive interface to the user, For example, a data

entry front end, allowing data to be entered into a server through the use of SQL (Structured Query

Language).

Introduction

Visual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language and associated develop ment

environment created by Microsoft. It’s an Event driven programming language used for designing

the interface and connecting the various sections. Visual Basic (VB) is a programming environment

from Microsoft in which a programmer uses a graphical user interface to choose and modify

preselected sections of code written in the BASIC programming language.

Scope of Visual Basic

VB enables Rapid Application Development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI)

applications, access to databases using ADO( ActiveX Data Objects), and creation of ActiveX

controls. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual

Basic itself. The language is designed to make it easy to create simple GUI applications, but can be

used to develop fairly complex applications as well.

Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components on a form,

specifying attributes and actions of those components, and possibly writing additional lines of code


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for more functionality. Since defau lt attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple

program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code.

Form Creation

Forms are created using drag and drop techniques. A tools palette is used to place contro ls

(e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers

associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed

by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modifi ed during run time based on user actions or

changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application.

Components of Visual Basic

A Visual Basic application can consist of one or more windows, or a single window that

contains child windows, as provide d by the operating system. Dialog boxes with less functionality

(e.g., no maximize/minimize control) can be used to provide pop -up capabilities. Controls provide

the basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic wit hin the

appropriate event handlers.

Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, but be available to

other programs, providing objects that implement functionality. This allows for server -side

processing or an add-in model.

The language is garbage collected using reference counting, has a large library of utility

objects, and has basic object oriented support. Since the more common components are included in

the default project template, the programmer seldom needs to specify additi onal libraries. Unlike

many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive. String

comparisons are case sensitive by default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired.

Criticisms Of Visual Basic

Not being very portable. It is only available for Microsoft Windows. However, much of the

code can run in Microsoft Office applications using VBA, including those applications running on

Mac OS. Having bugs in the IDE. This has been fixed to some extent by a series of service packs

from Microsoft.


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In VB6 and prior versions, the use of many core OS functions required directly calling the

Windows API. Due to the poor integration of VB with the native Windows API, this many times

led to need for conversion code and low level memory "tricks" that were more complex than lower

level programming languages like C.

Another point concerns the communication of the toolkit and the computer. At the moment

it is all wire-based whereas for many real -world applications it would be much more con venient if

it was wireless.

Alternate Approach to Visual Basic

Also the current programming interface, which is only available for Visual Basic at the

moment, restricts the usefulness. A Java or C -interface would allow more possibilities for RFID

based projects.

BACK END TOOL(Ms-Access)

The server part of a client/server application. It provides across the network that have been

requested by the client. For example, a back may be a database server that responds to SQL

requests from a workstation runnin g a front end application.

Introduction

Microsoft Access is one of the Back end software to keep record of the database. It’s a

Database management system (DBMS) that functions in the Windows environment and allows to

create and process data in a database .

Benefits of MS-Access over SQL Server

SQL is a highly used and reliably secure database server. The reasons for its popularity and

high regard are numerous, but the fact that it is a database server designed to be accessed securely

over the Intranet is the leading reason why it is the database of choice.


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However, this is not to say that Microsoft Access cannot be a great database application.

Because MS Access is not designed to be a database server, it does not do as proficient of a job as

SQL in providing clients with access to database information in a secure and reliable fashion.

MS-Access vs. SQL Server

Nevertheless, many organizations elect to use Microsoft Access instead of a program like

SQL Server as the back-end database for their Active Server Page Applications (ASP).Creating and

setting up a database in Access is much easier than in SQL Server. Most end users can afford

Microsoft Access but the requirements for SQL Server beyond just the software itself can be a

problematic one.

Security Issues

Security in Access works through the "data database" and a "user database". The "data

database" is the database with tables, queries, forms, reports, macros and modules. The "user

database" stores user name, password, identifiers, groups and grou p membership information. All

the "user database" does is validate a user and a password and provides the specific "permission"

within itself.

Database Components used in MS -Access

The Components used in the Database are

Database – A collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use

of that data.

Database Management System – Software package that allows to use a computer to create

a database; add, change, and delete data in the database; sort the data in the database;

retrieve data in the database; and create forms and reports using the data in the database.

Record – Information about a single person, product, or event.


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Field – A specific piece of information within a record.

File – A collection of records.

Unique Identifier – Data will appear only in a single record in the table; no two fields will

be assigned the same data (Primary Key).

Shortcut Menu – A menu of the most frequently used commands.

Process of Database

Create the database and its tables.

o Define the fields.

o Define the type of data each field will contain.

Add the appropriate records to the tables.

Print the contents of the tables.

Process the data (sort, retrieve, change, delete, etc.).

Create a report.

Print the report.

Table Structure

Field Name – An unique name for the data.

Data Type – The type of information the field will contain.

Description – A detailed description of the field.

Data’s view in a Database

Datasheet View – All the data is displayed as a table; may not see all the fields at the same

time.

Form View – A single record of all its fields is displayed.


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CRYSTAL REPORTS

Introduction

It’s Report generating software for creating reports. Crystal Reports is an intuitive reporting

solution that helps users rapidly create flexible, feature -rich, high-fidelity reports and tightly

integrate them into web and windows, other platform applications.

The Crystal Reports reporting solution consists of:

Powerful Report Design: Enduser can design highly formatted, interactive, and

professional looking reports.

Flexible Application Development: Developers can leverage cross -platform support for

Java, .NET, and COM development technologies. Easily access, format, and integrate

dynamic data into web and windows applications while maintaining tight con trol over end

user interactivity.

Report Management and Delivery: Reports can be exported and repurposed to the

electronic formats used by most end users (e.g. PDF and Excel).

Faster Data Presentation for Web and Windows App lications

Crystal Reports is an intuitive reporting toolkit that helps solve the challenges associated

with presenting formatted data in web and Windows applications. It provides a fast, flexible way to

access, format, and integrate dynamic data into J2EE and .NET applications for an i nteractive end

user experience.

With Crystal Reports, You Can

Easily access and format data into dynamic content.

Tightly integrate reporting functionality into web and Windows applications.

Deploy interactive presentation layers that can scale as requir ements evolve.


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For Report Design

Crystal Reports is a powerful reporting toolkit that helps you design flexible, feature -rich

reports, use extensive formatting and interactivity options to empower end users. Its proven query

technology gives you access to virtually any data source, including XML, OLAP and organization

data sources.

For Custom Use within IDEs

Crystal Reports can be also customized and is available as a tightly integrated feature in

leading Java and .NET IDEs.

Crystal Reports for Java (BEA WebLogic Workshop, Borland JBuilder) .

Crystal Reports for .NET (Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, Borland C#Builder ).


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g.


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Sample cards for Demo

The ID cards with RFID tags could be demonstrated with fully functional features.

Reader/Writer for Demo

To obtain the data from the tag and write details to the tag for client information.

Fully connected working model For Demo

A fully operational prototype with all the features.

Fully functional Database Software

A complete database solution for the whole application.

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