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Exploration Framework Atlas Series:
Volume 2: Venezuelaby
Tectonic Analysis, Ltd
Tectonic Analysis, Ltd.
COPYRIGHT ©, 2004, Tectonic Analysis, Ltd.
Volume 1: ColombiaVolume 3: Ecuador-Peru-Bolivia
James Pindelland
Lorcan KennanStephen Barrett
Roger HiggsTomas Villamil Johan EriksonDr. Sam Algar
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TECTONICS, PALINSPASTIC BASE MAPS, AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
1a Digital Topography.
Introduction: Scope, methodology, major components, contributors.
1b Contents of the Atlas.
2a Plate tectonic context and introduction. Caribbean evolutionary model.
2b Plate kinematics, steady-state model for Caribbean-South American plate boundary.
3a Palinspastic restorations of North Andes and South Caribbean deformations.
3b End Jurassic, 25Ma and 12Ma palinspastic grids: base for palaeogeographic maps.
4a Triassic-Jurassic rifting, Cretaceous passive margin, possible Jurassic source rock.
4b Triassic-Jurassic palaeogeography and supporting text.
5a Cretaceous stratigraphy, correlation chart.
5b Cretaceous sequence stratigraphic X-sections, Western and Eastern Venezuela.
6a Berriasian-Barremian palaeogeography and supporting text.
6b Aptian palaeogeography and supporting text.
7a Early Albian palaeogeography and supporting text.
7b Middle and Late Albian palaeogeography and supporting text.
8a Cenomanian palaeogeography and supporting text.
8b Turonian-Coniacian palaeogeography and supporting text.
9a Santonian-Campanian palaeogeography, supporting text.
9b Maastrichtian palaeogeography and supporting text, onset of tectonism.
10a Passive margin to foreland transition in west, model of "anti-bulge" flexural basin.
10b Early Palaeocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
11a Late Palaeocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
11b Early Eocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
12a Early and middle Middle Eocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
12b Early Late Eocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
13a Latest Eocene to earliest Oligocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
13b Mid to Late Eocene sedimentation. Eocene unconformity and Falcon problem.
14a Mid to Late Oligocene palaeogeography and supporting text (proto-Mérida, etc.) .
14b Late Early Miocene palaeogeography and supporting text.
15a Text continued from Page 14b.
15b Late Middle Miocene Palaeogeography and supporting text.
16a Transtension and transpression in Eastern Venezuela/Trinidad.
16b Radical new interpretation of Furrial-Pedernales-Central Range structure.
17a Seismicity and active tectonics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We are grateful to Drs. Tomas Villamil, Johan Erikson, and Sam Algar for their long-standing input to various parts of the syntheses and conclusions
further developed and presented herein. Also, we thank PDVSA, Petrotrin, and Ecopetrol for their extensive professional discussions and interactions on pertinent information and
topics considered herein.
© COPYRIGHT, 1999, 2004, Tectonic Analysis, Ltd. No reproduction, copy, or transmission of parts or all of this atlas or accompanying digital files, is permitted without prior
written consent of Tectonic Analysis, Ltd. Appropriate uses of this atlas and its digital files are defined by the license agreement between Tectonic Anala ysis Ltd. and licensees.
TIMING OF MATURATION/MIGRATION (OF CRETACEOUS SOURCE ROCKS)
17b Hydrocarbon Systems: Source rocks, Migration of foredeep basin and oil kitchen.
18a Kitchen/migration maps: early late Eocene, late Oligocene.
18b Kitchen/migration maps: early Miocene; late Miocene to Recent.
BASIN SUMMARY CHARTS
19a Barinas Basin 19b Guarico Basin
20a Maturín Basin 20b Western onshore Maracaibo Basin
21a NE Maracaibo Basin 21b SE Maracaibo Basin
22a West Falcón Basin 22b East Falcón Basin and La Vela Bay
23a Apure Basin 23b Gulf of Paria Basin
24a Delta Amacuro, E. Maturin 24b Central/Southern Trinidad Basin
PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION OF KEY SECTIONS: INPUT TO MAPS
25a Maracaibo section location map, chronostratigraphic chart, forebulge model.
25b Maracaibo fence diagram; Section 1, Guasare, La Sierra fms at Rio Negro roadcut.
26a Section 2, Los Cuervos, Mirador fms at Tarra Anticline; Section 3, Orocue Gp at Río
Lobatería; Section 4, Orocue Gp and Mirador Fm at Río Lobatería.
26b Section 5, Catatumbo and La Cope fms, Vega de A.; Section 6, Palmar Fm at Río
Chama roadcut; Section 7, Palmar Fm, Río Chama valley.
27a Section 8, "Tambor" unit at La Azulita; Section 9, Tambor unit and Jaji; Section 10,
Mucujún Fm near Mérida; Section 11, El Cobre Fm at Río Quiú.
27b Section 11, El Cobre Fm at Río Quiú, cont. Section 12, Paguey Fm at Altamira;
Section 13, Misoa and Caús fms at Valera; Section 14, Misoa Fm at Agua Viva.
28a Section 15, Misoa Fm at Silboca Quarry; Section 16, Betijóque Fm at Betijoque
28b Introduction to the Maastrichtian to Cenozoic strata of Eastern Venezuela.
Section 1, Tinajitas member and Los Jabillos basal unconformity at Tinajitas syncline;
Section 2, Caratas and basal Los Jabillos Fms in Rio Querecual.
29a Detailed log of Rio Querecual Los Jabillos Fm.
29b Section 3, Capaya Fm at Rio Amana Valley roadcut; Section 4, Caratas and Los Jabillos Fms on
Cerro Corazon; Section 5, San Juan and Vidoño Fms on Cerro Voladero road.
30a 6, Vidoño and Caratas Fms in Rio Guarapiche; 7, Vidoño to Carapita Fms, Rio Aragua;
8, San Juan Fm in Rio Taguaya valley roadcut.
30b Discussion of stratigraphy and the "Naricual Question".
CONTENTS OF CD-ROM
A. All maps, figures, texts of this atlas, PDF and CANVAS format
B. Measured sections and environmental assessments, Serranía del Interior Oriental
C. Expanded texts and figures of complementary material, including expanded discussion of stratigraphic
sections in east and west Venezuela, new biostratigraphic dating and bibliography.
CONTENTS
Tectonic 1b Analysis
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Time Setting/Stage Source Reservoir SealTraps
Jurassic
Lower
Cret
Upper
Cret
Paleo-
cene
E o c e
n e
Oligo-
cene
M i o c e n e
Pliocene
Quat-
ernary
I, II, III, type org matter. F, fault. S, strat. C, combo.Basin:
Stratigraphy
L
M
E
L
L
L
E
E
E
E
E
L
L
M
Accelerating uplift
of Mérida Andes,
part of load
directed towardBarinas Basin,
with up to 5 km
foredeep fill
(thermal blanket).
Rio Yuca
Parangula
(Quebradon)
M
b
i
o
Thrust related,
especially during
R. Yuca Fm. (Lt.
Miocene-?Pliocene)
Normal faulting
Unconformity and
hiatus
Distal foreland basin
(of Lara nappes,
northern Maracaibo)
Passage of peripheral
bulge. Block faulting,
erosion down to
Turonian on horsts.
Passive margin
Rifting of Yucatán
from Venezuela margin
BARINAS
local La Quinta
Peneplained un-
conformity and
hiatus
Aguardiente
Unconformity and
hiatus
Navay
Escandalosa
Gobernador
Paguey
Navay/La
Luna, II
<4% TOC
Burguita 2°
Escandalosa 2°
Gobernador
sandst., 1°
Paguey
Shale
Rift-flank flexural
uplift?
Burguita
Masparrito
Rebound of Lara foredeep
causes regression, erosion
Navay?,
but brittle
fracture
Transpressive?
faulting close to
Andes, at onset of
deformation?
Guanapa
Rio Yuca
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tectonic 19a Analysis
SUMMARY BASIN CHART: BARINAS
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Extras on Venezuela Exploration Framework Atlas CD-ROM:
MARA_LGS.pdf
Maracaibo area logs - full description, locality details, bibliography - complements logs in atlas
PALYAGES.pdf
Our new palynological age data for the Maracaibo area
EAST_LGS.pdf
Selected Serrania area logs (our field studies) - full description, locality details, bibliography - complements
logs in atlas (11 pages)
VEN_PET.pdf,cwk
pdf and Clarisworks versions of our sandstone petrography database (164 samples)
SERRANIA.pdf
Text and figures for our reworking of Ministry logs for Serrania (133 pages)
CRT_LGS1.PDFCa. 1 cm = 10 m logs, Wide format (915 mm) pages with our annotation, revised correlations, new strati-
graphic ages, facies interpretation for Cerro El Paraiso,Isla Chimana Grande (West), Isla Venados, Peninsula
Pertigalete (West)La Puerta, Quebrada Güirintal, Quebrada Los Altos, Quebrada Rincon, Rio Caripe (S.W.),Rio Perdido, Rio Capiricual
CRT_LGS2.PDF
Alto El Zamuro, Cerro Canton, Cerro Copei, Cerro La Paloma, Isla Chimana Grande (E), Isla Picuda Grande
CRT_LGS3.PDF
N.E. de Tacata, Quebrada Los Chorros-Rio La Maravilla, Rio Caripe (S.E.) Rio Querecual, Rio Triste-
Quebrada Rincon, Valle grande-Las Chaguaramas, Valle grande-Trapiche Santa Rosa
TER_LGS1.pdf
Cerro Canton, Cerro Limon-Cuspural, El Banco, Quebrada Teresen, Rio Colorado
TER_LGS2.pdf
Alto La Paloma, Cerro Los Caballos, Quebrada La Salada, Rio Aragua (East), Rio Aragua (West), Rio
Punceres, Sinclinal de Tinajitas (North), Sinclinal de Tinajitas (South)
TER_LGS3.pdf
Cerro Los Godos, Quebrada Pegua, Rio Amana-Rio Oculto, Rio De Oro (North), Rio De Oro (South), Rio
Oregano, Rio Capiricual Este, Rio Guario
BIBLIO.txt
Text only version of bibliography (3826 entries)
Ven_biblio_95
Endnote bibliography for Venezuela, up to 1995
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P I C U D A M E M B E R ( 4 3 9 . 5 m )
S U C R E G R O U P
E L C A N T I L F O R M A T I O N ( + 1 2 9 m )
B A R R A N Q U I N F O R M A T I O N ( 1 1 5 1 m )
T A G U A R U M O M E M B E R ( 7 0 1 . 5 m )
ISLA PICUDA GRANDE
TOP
ISLA PICUDA GRANDE
BOTTOM
c s
m s
m u d s i l t f s
B A R R A N Q U I N F O R M A T I O N ( + 3 8 1
m )
CHIMANA GRANDE
(East)
BOTTOM
g
g
g
f
f
C H I M A N A F O R M A T I O N ( 1 4 6 m )
E L C A N T I L F O R M A
T I O N ( 4 7 9 m )
Q U E R E C U A L F O R M A T I O N ( + 2 6 7 m )
G U A Y U T A G R O U P
S U C R E G R O U P
ISLA CHIMANA GRANDE
(East)
TOP
c s m s
m u d s i l t f s
S U C R E G R O U P
E L C A N T I L F O R M A T I O N ( + 3 0 5 m )
ALTO EL ZAMURO
g
c s m s
m u d s i l t f s
S U C R E G R O U P
E L C A N T I L F O R M A T I O N ( 1 6 1 m )
Q U E -
R E C U A L
B A R R A N Q U I N
CERRO COPEI
c s
m s
m u d s i l t f s
G U A Y U T A
S U C R E G R O U P
C H I M A N A ( 3 1 m )
E L C A N T I L F O R M A T I O
N ( 2 9 1 m )
CERRO CANTON
(Guacharo)
S A N T A A N I T A G R O U P
S A N
J U A N F O R M A T I O N ( 2 8 2 . 5 m )
S A N A N T O N I O
F O R M A T I O N ( 6 7 5 m )
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
P A L E O C E N E
CERRO LA PALOMA
TOP
Pico
Garcia
section
G U A Y U T A G R O U P
CERRO LA PALOMA
MIDDLE
CERRO LA PALOMA
BOTTOM
S U C R E G R O U P
ISL
Dartmouth-Ministry of Energy and MinesVenezuela-Trinidad Research Program 1995
Cretaceous sections - Plate 2
Highly glauconitic sandstone (greenstone)
Clay-rich sandstone
Calcareous clay-rich sandstone
Fine-grained calcareous sandstone
Fine-grained sandstone
Medium-grained calcareous sandstone
Medium-grained sandstone
Coarse-grained calcareous sandstone
Coarse-grained sandstone
Conglomeratic sandstone
Argillaceous limestone
Argillaceous silty limestone
Silty limestone
Sandy limestone
Limestone
Hemipelagic limestone
Chert
Calcareous shale
Shale
Sandy calcareous shale
Silty shale
Sandy shale
Carbonaceous shale
Clay-rich shale
Sandy clay-rich shale
Calcareous siltstone
Sandy siltstone
Siltstone
Carbonaceous lithologies
g g
Sandstone dykes
Cross-bedding
Coal beds
Glauconite
Benthic/planktonic forams
Bivalves
Fe-rich Nodules
Calcareous nodules
Silty nodules
Sandstone nodules
Glauconitic nodules
Conglomeratic nodules
Euhedral quartz clasts
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Stratigraphic/Petrographic DatabaseTectonic Analysis
PO Box B-1136
Hanover, NH 03755
(603) 795-4319
Tabbutt Consulting3213 Cove Lane NW
Olympia, WA 98502
(360) 866-4822
v. 2.0
Sample ID GM4-7 Date:
Stratigraphic unit: "El Tambor Sandstones"
Location: Quarry, road to La Azulita Lati tude: Longitude:
Lithology: quartz arenite
Matur i ty : m Sand to shale ratio: 99:1
Sor t ing : vws
Roundness : r
Major minerals: quartz
Minor minerals: K-feldspar, heavy minerals
Cement: hematite, quartz overgrowths
UTM: N&S E&W
Grain relationships: ccc, lc, gs
Grain size: mean: 2
m a x i m u m 2
m i n i m u m 4
Diagenetic characteristics: euhedral quartz oergrowths and solution
Porosity:
Point count data: n: 226
monocrystalline quartz: 212
polycrystalline quartz: 4
Ftotal: 4.0
K feldspar: 4
Ltotal:0.0
QFLpercentQ: 98.2
QFLpercentF: 1.8
QFLpercentL: 0.0
Comments: many heavy minerals, no porosity, quartz overgrowths
lithic fragments: volcanic: 0
plagioclase: 0
sed im en ta ry : 0
phyl los i l ica tes : 0
c h e r t : 0
m etam orph ic : 0
o t h e r : 0
percent phyllosilicates: 0.0
Lsm: 0.0
dense minerals: 2
percent dense minerals: 0.9
Lvm: 0.0
ca rbona te s : 0
Cement: calcite: 0
si l icate: 0 other cement: 4
ch lo r i t e : 0
PtoF: 0.0
Ltpe rcen tLv : #ERR
LtpercentLs: #ERR
LtpercentLm: #ERR
QmFLtpercentQm: 98.1
QmFLtpercentF: 1.9
QmFLtpercentLt: 0.0
QpLvmLsmpercentQp: 100.0
QpLvmLsmpercentLvm: 0.0
QpLvmLsmpercentLsm: 0.0
Qtotal: 216.0
PetrologyData
OutcropData
Country: VE
Exposure type:unit thickness:
thickness accuracy:
s t r ike :dip:
color :
depth of sample:depth accuracy:
w e a t h e r i n g :
oil staining:
tec tonism:
percent exposure:
Contacts: upper
Age: E - M Eocene tNum: 11.2
lower :
Depositional environment:
bedd ing :
g r a d i n g :
p a l e o c u r r e n t :
pa l eoba thym et ry :
Comments: collected by Roger Higgs,
8.7