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Venezuela- Review
• Dominated by dictators in early 20th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez 1952-1958)
• Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica (A.D.) Romulo Betancourt 1945-1947, 1959-1964
• Dependence on oil revenue• Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds
with U.S.
Colombia- Review
• General Respect for Democratic principles (Liberal/Conservative Parties)
• Assassination of Leftist Liberal Jorge E. Gaitan in 1948 leads to…
• “La Violencia” 1948-1966• Rojas Pinilla dictatorship 1953-1957• 1958 return to democracy• Corruptive influence of drug cartels (demand in
U.S.)• Heavy current U.S. aid to fight drugs
Ecuador- Review
• 25% Indian• Ecuador has lost over ½ of national territory
since independence• Personalismo: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
president 5 times: 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972
• Democracy: Galo Plaza 1948-1952• Military Rule: 1963-1968, 1972-1978• 1979 Return to democracy• Recent oil prosperity• Politics still volatile
Peru- Review
• 45% Indian• Early 20th century dictatorship: Augusto P. Leguia 1908-
1912, 1919-1930• Left wing thought: Mariategui, Victor Raul Haya de la
Torre, A.P.R.A.• Left Wing military dictatorship: Juan Velasco Alvardo
1968-1975, continued by General Morales 1975-1980• 1980 Return to democracy• 1985-1990 Alan Garcia- A.P.R.A. finally in presidency-
repudiates foreign loans- economic disaster• Alberto Fujimori 1990-2000 uses dictatorial means-
Sendero Luminosa defeated• Current President: Alejandro Toledo- full blooded Indian
Bolivia- Review
• Indian majority 55%+• Most volatile Latin American country= 200+ regime
changes• Always trying to make up for loss of access to the sea
due to the War of the Pacific• Chaco War with Paraguay 1932-1935 (Bolivia loses)• “Tin Barons”• Left wing reforms: M.N.R.- Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-
1956, 1985-1989• Current democracy still chaotic- Indian majority asserting
itself on issue of oil pipeline
Chile- Review
• Chile winner in War of the Pacific (late 19th century)• Mineral Wealth• Personalismo: Arturo Alessandri Palma, “The Lion of
Taracapa” 1920-1924, 1932-1938• 1970 Election- Salvador Allende (non-communist
Marxist) elected president on his 3rd try with 36.3% of the vote (2 other major candidates)
• Allende nationalizes U.S. copper and other companies• CIA works actively to undermine Allende (Nixon and
Kissinger)• Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990- brutal military dictatorship• 1990 return democracy• Chilean economy prosperous
Argentina- Review 1• Argentine economy #10 in the world in 1900• Encouraged immigration, especially from Italy,
Western Europe• Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo”- Radical Party-
middle class, immigrants, 1916-1922, 1928-1930• Juan Peron 1946-1955, Military coup, Peron
controls G.O.U., Rises to power with support of labor, “descamisados”
• Influence of Eva Peron (“Evita”)- “Godmother of the poor”
Argentina- Review 2• Juan Peron falls shortly after death of Eva- Argentine
economy ruined, military takes over in 1955• Peron comes back as President 1973, dies 1974• Peron’s 3rd wife Isabel (“Isabelita”) V.P. becomes
president in 1974, ousted by military 1976- “Isabelita” is no “Evita”
• Brutal military rule 1976-1983• Army discredited by loss in the Fauklands (Malivinas)
War 1982• Democracy returns 1983• Foreign Debt problems• Nester Kircher- current president- leftist ally of “Lula” in
Brazil and (in a sense) Hugo Chavez in Venezuela rejects IMF rules, seeks independent (from U.S.) f. policy
Uruguay- Review
• Early 20th Century defined by ideas of Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1903-1907, 1911-1915- Colorado (Liberal Party)
• “Swiss System”, Welfare State, Socialism• Other major party is Blanco (Conservative) Party• Military which had previously stayed out of
politics, takes over 1972-1985, excuse is threat of left wing urban guerilla movement- the Tupamaros- but military overstays that crisis
• Democracy since 1989
Paraguay- Review• Latin American country in which Indian most
integrated into national life 95% mestizo- bi-lingual population- Spanish/Guarani co-official languages
• Isolated and dictator dominated in 19th century• Loses War of Triple Alliance 1864-1870 (vs.
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay)- Population reduced from 525,000 to 221,000 (only 28,000 men left!)
• Beats Bolivia in Chaco War 1932-1935• Gen. Alfredo Sroessner dictatorship 1954-1989• Democracy since 1989
Brazil to 1930- Review• Over ½ land mass of South America• Portuguese Speaking• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-1930• Struggle for control between military and civilians• Ruy Barbosa founds Civilista party but army rigs elections will not let
Barbosa win• 1910 Brazil produces 90% of world’s rubber by 1921 10%- British plantation
rubber wins out• Coffee increasingly important 75% of world supply by 1900• Low price for coffee hurts Brazil during the Depression• 1924 Communist Party emerges under Luis Carlos Prestes- “the Prestes
Column”• Dictatorship of Getulio Vargas 1930-1945 • Present Brazilian president “Lula” one of three current “leftist” presidents
(along with Kirchner in Argentina and Chavez in Venezuela)
Argentina- 6• Dr. Arturo Frondizi 1963-
1966• Gen. Juan Carlos
Ongania 1966-1969• Gen. Alejandro Lanusse
1969-1973• “The Great National
Accord”• Lopez Rega
• Juan Peron 1973-1974• Isabel (“Isabelita”) Peron
1974-1976• Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla
1976-1981• Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato
Galtieri 1981-1982• 1982 Faulkland Islands
(Malivinas) War• Carlos Saul Menem
1989-1999• Nester Kirchner
Argentina• “Noventa” 1890• La Union Civica de la
Juventud• Leandro N. Alem• Estancieros• Union Civica Radical• Juarez Celman• Carlos Pellegrini
1890-1892
• Portenos• Bartolome Mitre• Julio A. Roca 1897-
1904• Luis Saenz Pena
1892-1895• Hipolito Irigoyen “The
Armadillo” 1916-1922, 1928-1930
Argentina- 2• Juan B. Justo• Lisandro de la Torre• Radical Party• Democratic
Progressive Party• Luis Maria Drago
“The Drago Doctrine”• Manuel Quintana
1904-1906
• Figureroa Alcorta 1906-1910
• Roque Saenz Pena 1910-1914
• Saenz Pena Law 1912
• “Gente Decente”• La Prensa• La Nacion
Argentina- 3• Marcelo T. Alverar
1922-1928• “Personalistas”• “Anti- personalistas”• Jose F. Uriburu 1930-
1932• Ezequiel Paz• Augustin P. Justo
1932-1938
• Carlos Saavedra Lamas
• Chaco War• Roberto M. Ortiz
1938-1940• Ramon S. Castillo
1940-1943• “Rosistas”• Enrique Ruiz Guinazu
Argentina- 4• “Hispanidad”• Accion Argentina• La Junta de la
Victoria• Bishop Miguel de
Andrea• Rio Conference 1942• Juan Peron 1944-
1955, 1973-1974
• “Peronismo”• General Arturo
Rawson• General Pedro
Ramirez 1943-1944• Critica• Martinez Zuviria
“Hugo Vast:• Alfredo Palacios
Argentina- 5• Cordell Hull• Edelmiro Farrell
1944-1946• G.O.U. (Grupo de
Oficiales Unidos)• Maria Eva Duarte
(“Evita” Peron)• “Descamisados”
Nestor Kirchner
• Eva Peron Foundation
• Spruille Braden “o Braden o Peron”
• George Messersmith• “Justicialismo”• General
PedroEugenio Aramburu 1955-1958
• Arturo Frondizi 1958-1960
Uruguay• Jose Batlle y Ordonez
1903-1907, 1911-1915
• Colorado (Liberal) Party
• Blanco (Conservative) Party
• “Colegiado”• Gabriel Terra 1930-
1938
• Alfredo Baldomir 1938-1942
• Juan Jose Amezaga 1943-1947
• Jose Enrique Rodo Ariel 1900
• Luis Alberto Herrera 1958-1959
• Military Rule 1972-1985
• Tupamaros
Paraguay
• War of the Triple Alliance 1864-1870
• Chaco War 1932-1935
• Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989
• Carlos Rodriguez 1989
Brazil• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-
1930• Deodoro da Foseca
1889-1893• Floriano Peixoto
1893-1894• Ruy Barbosa• Prudente Jose de
Moraes Barros 1894-1898
• Canudos Revolt 1896-1898
• Euclides da Cunha Os Sertoes
• Baron of Rio Branco• Hermes da Fonseca
1910-1914• Wenceslau Braz
Pereira 1914-1948• Epitacio da Silva
Pessoa 1919-1922
Brazil-2• Arthur da Silva
Bernardes 1922-1926• Luis Carlos Prestes• (Prestes Column)• Washington Luiz
Pereira da Souza 1926-1930
• Getulio Vargas 1930-1945, 1950-1954
• Labor Party
• “o pai do povo”• Integralistas• Plinio Salgado• Estado Novo• D.I.P.• Lourival Fontes• Oswaldo Aranha• National Democratic
Union• Eduardo Gomes
Brazil
• Social Democratic Party
• Eurico Dutra• “Queremos Getulio”• Adolpf Berle• Benjamin Vargas “O
Beijo”• 2nd Republic 1945-
1964
• Eurico Dutra 1946-1950
• Getulio Vargas (again) 1950-1954 “o pai do povo”
• Petrobras• Juscelino Kubitshek
1956-1960• New capital built at
Brasilia
Brazil
• Janio Quadros 1961 “a new broom”
• Joao “Jango” Goulart 1961-1964
• Military Rule 1964-1985
• Present President: Ignacio Lula da Silva “Lula”
Ecuador• Gabriel Garcia Moreno
“The Theocratic State” 1860-1895
• Eloy Alfaro 1895-1901, 1906-1911
• Carlos Arroyo del Rio 1940-1944
• Galapagos Islands• Jose Maria Velasco
Ibarra 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972 “Personalismo”
• Galo Plaza, 1948-1952• Camilo Ponce Enriquez,
1956-1960• Carlos Julio Arosemena
1961-1963• Guillermo Rodriquez Lara
1972-1979
Peru• Augusto P. Leguia
1908-1912, 1919-1930
• Manuel Gonzalez Prada (lived 1848-1918)
• Jose Mariategui, Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality
• Victor Raul Haya de la Torre
• A.P.R.A. (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana) 1924
• Luis Sanchez Cerro 1930-1933
• Oscar Benavides 1933-1939
• Manuel Prado 1939-1945, 1956-1952
• Jose Luis Bustamonte 1945-1948
Peru- 2• Manuel Odria 1948-
1956• Fernando Belaunde
Terry 1963-1968, 1980-1985
• Juan Velasco Alvarado 1968-1968-1975
• Francisco Morales Bermudez 1968-1975
• Alan Garcia 1985-1990
• Sendero Luminoso (Abimael Guzman)
• Mario Vargas Llosa• Alberto Fujimori 1990-
2000• Alejandro Toledo
Bolivia• Chaco War 1932-1935• “Tin Barons” (Patino,
Hochschild, Aramayo)• David Toro 1936-1937• German Busch 1937-
1938• Enrique Penaranda 1940-
1943• Catavi Massacre 1942• M.N.R. (Movimiento
Revolucionaria Nacional)
• Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-1956, 1985-1989
• Grialberto Villaroel 1943-1946
• The National Revolution 1952-1964
• Rene Barrientos 1964-1969
• Ernesto “Che” Guevara (died 1967)
• Juan Jose Torres 1969-1971
Bolivia- 2• Hugo Banzer 1971-
1978• Luis Garcia Meza
1980-1982• Klaus Barbie
Chile• Juan Luis Sanfuentes
1915-1920• Arturo Alessandri
Palma “The Lion of Tarapaca” 1920-1924, 1925, 1932-1938
• Carlos Ibanez 1925-1931
• Marmaduke Grove
• Gustavo Ross• Pedro Aguirre Cerda
1938-1942• Juan Antonio Rios
1942-1946• Gabriel Gonzalez
Videla 1946-1952• Pablo Neruda• Jorge Alessandri
1958-1964
Chile- 2• F.R.A.P. (Frente de
Accion Popular), U.P. (Unidad Popular)
• Salvador Allende 1970-1973
• Eduardo Frei 1964-1970• Radomiro Tomic• 1970 Election: Allende 36.3% Allesandri 34.9% Tomic 27.8%
• General Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990
SOUTH AMERICA• VENEZUELA:• Cipriano Castro 1899-
1908• Juan Vicente Gomez
1908-1935• Eleazar Lopez
Contreras 1935-1940• Isaias Medina
Angarita 1940-1945• Accion Democratica
(AD.)
• Junta• Romulo Betancourt
1945-1947, 1959-1964
• Romulo Gallegas 1948
• Dona Barbara• Coup• Marcos Perez
Jimenez 1952-1958• Raul Leoni 1964-1968
Venezuela 2• Rafael Caldera 1969-
1974, 1994-2000• Carlos Andres Perez
1974-1979, 1989-1994
• Luis Herrera Campins• 1979-1984• Jaime Lusinchi 1984-
1989
• Hugo Chavez
Colombia• Rafael Reyes 1904-1909• Enrique Olaya Herrera
1930-1934• Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo
1934-1938, 1942-1945• Alberto Lleras Camargo
1945-1946• Mariano Ospina Perez
1946-1950
• Laureano Gomez 1950-1953
• Jorge Eliecer Gaitan • “La Violencia”• Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1953-1957• The National Front 1958-
1974• Alfonso Lopez Michelson
1974-1978• Cesar Turbay Azola
1978-1982
Colombia 2• Belisario Betancur
1982-1986• Union Patriotica 1986• Virgilio Barco 1986-
1990• Cesar Gaviria Trujillo
1990-1994• Ernesto Samper
Pizano 1994-1998• Andres Pastrana
Arango 1998-2002
• Alvaro Uribe Velez 2002-
• F.A.R.C.• M19• Pablo Escobar
Central America• Guatemala:• Manuel Estrada
Cabrera 1898-1920• United Fruit Company• Jorge Ubico 1931-
1944• Juan Jose Arevalo
1945-1950• Jacobo Arbenz 1950-
1954• Agrarian Law of 1952
• Carlos Castillo Armas 1954-1957
• Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes 1958
• Belize• Col. Enrique Peralta
Azurdia 1963• Efrian Rios Mott 1982• Rigoberta Menchu• Oscar Berger 2004-
Honduras:• Tiburcio Carias
Andino 1932-1948• Manuel Galvez 1948-
1954• Dr. Ramon Villeda
Morales 1957-1963• Osvaldo Lopez
Arellan 1964-1968• The “Soccer War”
1969
• Ricardo Maduro 2002-
El Salvador• The “14 Families”• Personalismo• Maximiliano
Hernandez Martinez 1932-1944
• Augustin Farabundo Marti
• F.M.L.N.• P.R.U.D. 1948• Christian Democratic
Party
• Jose Napoleon Duarte
• A.R.E.N.A. Party• Alfredo Christiani• Roberto D’abussion• Armando Calderon
Sol• Antonio Saca 2004
Nicaragua• Jose Santos Zelayas
1893-1909• Thomas G. Dawson• Adolfo Diaz• “Dollar Imperialism”• Bryan-Chamorro
Treaty 1916• Juan B. Sacasa• Augusto Cesar
Sandino
• Jose Maria Moncada• Somoza “Dynasty”
1933-1979• Anastasio Somoza
(“Tacho”) 1933-1956• Luis Somoza 1957-
1963• Anastasio Somoza
Debayle (“Tachito”) 1974
Nicaragua- 2• Rene Gutierrez
Schick 1963• “Sandinistas”• La Prensa Pedro
Jaoquin Chamorro• “Contras”• Oliver North• Daniel Ortega 1985-
1990
• Violetta Barrios de Chamorro 1990-1996
• Ruben Dario
Costa Rica• Frederico A. Tinoco
1917• Rafeal Angel
Calderon Guardia• Otilio Ulate• Jose “Pepe” Figueras
1953-1958• P.L.N. 1952• O.A.S (Organization
of American States)
• Mario Echandi 1958-1962
• Francisco Orlich 1962-1966
• Jose Joaquin Trejos• 1966-1970
Panama
• Theodore Roosevelt• Hay-Pouncefote
Treaty • Hay-Herran Treaty• Phillipe Baneau-
Varilla• Hay-Baneau Varilla
Treaty• Arnulfo Arias 1940-
1968
• Robert Chiari 1960• Omar Torrijos Herrera
1968-1981• Manuel Noriega
1981- 1989• Guillermo Endara
1984• Ernesto Perez
Balladares
The Caribbean
• Haiti:• Creole• Vodun (Voodoo)• William Jennings Bryan• Roger L. Farnham• Jean Villaban Guillaume
Sam• Dr. Rosolvo Bobo• Phillipe Sudre
Dartiguenave
• Admiral Caperton• Col. Littleton W.T. Waller• “Cacao Armies”• Gendarmerie d’Haiti• Smedley D. Butler• Ecole Militaire 1928• Corvee System• Charlemange Peralte• General John H. Russell• Louis Borno
Haiti• Union Patriotique• Stenio Vicent 1930-1941• Negritude• Mulatto• Elie Lescot 1941-1946• Dumarsias Estime 1946-
1950• Col. Paul Magliore 1950-
1956
• Port au Prince• “The Elite”• Francois Duvalier “Papa
Doc” 1957-1971• Tontons Macoutes
“Bogeymen”• Baron Samedi• Jean Claude Duvalier
“Baby Doc” 1971-1986• Jean Bertrand Aristide
Dominican Republic• Personalismo• “Roosevelt Corollary”• Fabio Fiallo• Sumner Wells• Horacio Vasquez
1924-1930• Rafael Leonidas
Trujillo Molina 1930-1961
• Juan Bosch• Jaoquin Balaguer
1966-1970, 1986-1995
Cuba• Platt Amendment 1902• Tomas Estrada Palma
1902-1906• Charles Magoon 1906-
1909• Jose Miguel Gomez 1909• Gerardo Machado 1925-
1933• Porristas• A.B.C• Sumner Wells• Carlos Manuel de
Cespedes
• “Sargents Revolt”• Fulgenio Batista 1934-
1944, 1952-1959• Grau San Martin 1944-
1948• Carlos Prio Socarrias
1948-1952• Moncado Barracks Attack
7/26/53• Fidel Castro 1959-?• Raul Castro• Ernesto “Che” Guevara