VERB RECOGNITION

PERSONAL ENDINGS

ACTIVE-ō/m-s-t-mus-tis-nt

IMPERATIVE:-[zero]-te

PASSIVE/DEPONENT-or-ris-tur-mur-minī-ntur

IMPERATIVE:-re-minī

THEME VOWELS - A• -ā (swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’ or final `t’)

– present tense of –āre verbs: e.g. clāmant, they shout

– (after `b’) imperfect: e.g. laudābāminī, you (pr.) were being praised

– (after `er’) imperfect of sum, pluperfect of any verb: e.g. laudāverant, they had praised

– present subjunctive of –ēre, -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. videātur, is/may be seen; regātur, is/may be ruled; audiātur, is/may be heard

– (in –am/-ar) `I’ form of future of -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. loquar, I will speak

THEME VOWELS - E• -ē/e (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’)

– present tense of –ēre verbs: e.g. vidēris, you (sing.) are seen

– present subjunctive of –āre verbs: e.g. pulsēmur, we are/may be seen

– (after vowel plus `r’) imperfect subjunctive: e.g. habēret, he/she had /might have [i.e. infinitive plus personal endings]

– (after -iss- ) pluperfect subjunctive: e.g. dīxisset, he/she had said [i.e. perfect infinitive plus personal endings]

– future tense of –ere and –īre verbs: e.g. dīcet, he/she will say; loquēris, you will speak; audient, they will listen

– (only if short before passive/dep. ending –ris) present of –ere verb: e.g. loqueris, you (sing.) speak

THEME VOWELS - I• -ī/i (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’)

– present tense of –īre verbs and (with a short `i’ all the time) of –ere verbs like regō, capiō: e.g. contendit, hastens; interficimus, we kill

– (after a perfect stem) perfect tense: e.g. amāvit, he/she loved, vīdimus, we saw

– (after `b’) future tense of - āre and -ēre verbs: e.g. ambulābimus, we will walk

– present subjunctive of sum, possum, volō, nōlō, mālō: e.g. velim, I would like; timeō nē in perīculō sīmus, I’m afra

id we may be in danger

– (after `er’) future tense of sum, future perfect or perfect subjunctive of all verbs:

e.g. cucurrerint, they will have run / they have run

THEME VOWELS -U• -u (usually only before `nt’)

– present tense of –ere and –īre verbs: reguntur, they are ruled; audiunt, they hear

– (with `er’) future tense of sum: e.g. erunt, they will be

– (after `ēr’) perfect tense: e.g. aedificāvērunt, they have built

SPECIAL ENDINGS TO REMEMBER SEPARATELY

• -istī, -istis: singular and plural `you’ in perfect tense: – Cūr mē relīquistī, Why have you left me?

• -ī: `I’ in perfect tense or (with present stem base) passive infinitive:– Eam invēnī, I’ve found her– Urbs defendī nōn potest, The city cannot be defended

• theme vowel plus -re: infinitive or passive/deponent singular imperative– Volunt abīre, They want to go away– Loquere Speak!

• theme vowel plus –rī: passive infinitive – Nōlunt spectārī, They don’t want to be watched

• perfect base plus -isse: perfect infinitive– Sciō eum opus perfēcisse, I know he has finished the work

• theme vowel without ending: singular imperative– Cantā, Sing! Curre, Run!

• theme vowel plus –te: plural imperative– Cantāte, Sing! Currite, Run!

• theme vowel plus –bor; `I’ form of future (passive/deponent)– Docēbor, I will be taught

capiunt

capiunt

• -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject

capiunt

• -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject

• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present tense

capiunt

• -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject

• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present tense

They capture

loquiminī

loquiminī• -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent

loquiminī• -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent• -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b

’, so present tense or imperative

loquiminī• -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent• -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b

’, so present tense or imperative

you (plural) speakSpeak!

currēbat

currēbat• -t, so he/she or singular noun subject

currēbat• -t, so he/she or singular noun subject

• -ba-, so imperfect

currēbat• -t, so he/she or singular noun subject

• -ba-, so imperfect

He/she was running

faciemus

faciemus

• -mus, so `we’

faciemus

• -mus, so `we’

• -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere), so future

faciemus

• -mus, so `we’

• -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere) f, so future

We will do

dēfenduntur

dēfenduntur

• -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent

defenduntur

• -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent

• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present

dēfenduntur

• -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent

• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present

(they) are defended

vidēbāris

vidēbāris

• -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent

vidēbāris

• -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent

• -bā- so imperfect

vidēbāris

• -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent

• -bā- so imperfect

You were being seen

laudāverant

laudāverant

• -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject

laudāverant

• -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject

• -era- after perfect base so pluperfect

laudāverant

• -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject

• -era- after perfect base so pluperfect

(they) had praised

sequere

sequere

• -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative

sequere

• -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative

Follow!

aedificāverimus

aedificāverimus

• -mus, so `we’

aedificāverimus

• -mus, so `we’

• -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)

aedificāverimus

• -mus, so `we’ • -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or

perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)

We will have builtOR

We have built

currerēmus

currerēmus

• -mus, so `we’

currerēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive

currerēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive

We were running/might run etc.

cōnābor

cōnābor

• -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent

cōnābor

• -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent

I will try

dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present

stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present

stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

• EITHER the passive infinitive

dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present

stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

• EITHER the passive infinitive

• OR the `I’ form of the perfect

dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem o

f an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

• EITHER the passive infinitive• OR the `I’ form of the perfect

To be defended

OR

I defended

vēnissēmus

vēnissēmus

• -mus, so `we’

vēnissēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -issē- so pluperfect subjunctive

vēnissēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -issē- so pluperfect subjunctive

We had come, would have come etc.

audiētis

audiētis

• -tis, so you (plr.)

audiētis

• -tis, so you (plr.)

• -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future

audiētis

• -tis, so you (plr.)

• -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future

You (plr.) will listen

cantēmus

cantēmus

• -mus, so `we’

cantēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive

cantēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive

Let us sing!

canēmus

canēmus

• -mus, so `we’

canēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, cantere), so future

canēmus

• -mus, so `we’

• -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, cantere), so future

We will sing