Version 2 - National Remote Sensing...

Version 2.0

Subernarekha Basin Report

www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

i

Preface

Optimal management of water resources is the necessity of time in the wake of development and

growing need of population of India. The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that

development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives in

order to develop and conserve the scarce water resources in an integrated and environmentally

sound basis. The policy emphasizes the need for effective management of water resources by

intensifying research efforts in use of remote sensing technology and developing an information

system. In this reference a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on December 3, 2008

between the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian

Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to execute the project “Generation of Database and

Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named

as India-WRIS WebGIS.

India-WRIS WebGIS has been developed and is in public domain since December 2010 (www.india-

wris.nrsc.gov.in). It provides a ‘Single Window solution’ for all water resources data and information

in a standardized national GIS framework and allow users to search, access, visualize, understand

and analyze comprehensive and contextual water resources data and information for planning,

development and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

Basin is recognized as the ideal and practical unit of water resources management because it allows

the holistic understanding of upstream-downstream hydrological interactions and solutions for

management for all competing sectors of water demand. The practice of basin planning has

developed due to the changing demands on river systems and the changing conditions of rivers by

human interventions. The multiple uses of water and varying demands on a river basin require an

integrated approach to managing river basin.

Basin wise report generation is one the important deliverables of India-WRIS project. Report of

Subernarekha basin describes systematically the present status of water resources: major water

resources projects, hydro-meteorological observations, surface and ground water development

scenario, topographic characteristics, climatic variability, land use / land cover pattern & allied

natural resources along with socio-economic profile of the basin. The report contains valuable latest

information of the basin on all aspects of water resources and allied sectors and will be useful as

baseline information for the irrigation officials, hydrologists, agriculturalists, conservationists,

research organizations and all those involved in the development of Subernarekha basin.

http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/




ii

Acknowledgements

The Subernarekha basin report is an outcome of the project “Generation of Database and

Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named

as India-WRIS WebGIS jointly executed by the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National

Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). This comprehensive

publication gives the present status of water resources assets, topographic features, climatic

variability, land use / land cover pattern & allied natural resources along with socio-economic

information of the basin.

We, on behalf of the authors and India-WRIS project team acknowledge; Shri Alok Rawat, Secretary,

Ministry of Water Resources; Mrs. Sudha Midha, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water

Resources; Er. A. B. Pandya, Chairman, Central Water Commission; Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman,

Indian Space Research Organization and Secretary, Department of Space; Shri Sudarsanam

Srinivasan, Secretary to GOI and Member- Finance, Department of Space; Shri A. Vijay Anand,

Additional Secretary, Department of Space; Dr. V. Koteswara Rao, Scientific Secretary, ISRO; Dr. V.

Jayaraman, Ex-Director, NRSC for constant encouragement and guidance, technical discussions and

for evincing keen interest in India-WRIS project and this report.

Our foremost acknowledgement is towards India-WRIS project team who created and

organized large number of data sets and information in GIS format as seamless layers and attribute

data for the entire country which served as base for this report. Thanks are also due to all CWC and

NRSC / ISRO officials who carried out the quality assurance and shown their enthusiastic

involvement. Finally, our sincere thanks are to all divisions and officials of NRSC and CWC for their

valuable support during the preparation of this report.

The basin report includes the results generated through interpretation of latest satellite imageries as

well as compilation of huge information from voluminous records. This would not have been

possible without the countrywide support. We would like to thank all the organizations, institutes

and individuals who contributed either directly or indirectly in bringing out this publication.

Dr. J R Sharma Project Director, India-WRIS &

Chief General Manager, RCs/ NRSC/ ISRO, New Delhi

Er. Yogesh Paithankar Project In-charge, India-WRIS &

Director, CWC, New Delhi



iii

Executive summary

This report provides valuable information related to the topographic, demographic, climatic, surface

and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological and water quality scenario of Subernarekha

basin. The Subernarekha basin extends over the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and comparatively

smaller part in West Bengal having a total geographically calculated area of 25792.15 Sq.km. The

basin spreads over 15 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 7 of Jharkhand and 4 each of

Odisha and West Bengal and encompasses 12 districts (Census 2011) overall 7 of Jharkhand, 2 of

Odisha and 3 of West Bengal. Subernarekha has a total population of 7842314 and a nearly equal sex

ratio. The Subernarekha basin consists of 45 watersheds. The Subernarekha and the Burhabalang

forms the major river systems in the basin. The Subernarekha River and its tributaries are an inter-

state river system, flowing through the states of Jharkhand and Odisha. Its principal tributaries

joining from right are the Kanchi, the Karkari and the Kharkai. The basin has got rich mineral

resources spread over vast areas and houses many important industries.

The basin is generally influenced by the South-West monsoon, which onsets in the month of June

and extends up to October. Having average annual rainfall for the basin is around 1400 mm and

average annual maximum temperature as around 30° C, the climate in the sub-basin is tropical with

hot summer and mild winters. As per the assessment of land use/land cover (2005-06), the major

part of the basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 53.76% of the total area, forests

covering 25% of the total basin area and around 2.39% of the basin is covered by water bodies. Clay,

sand and silt are predominant in the basin. The basin covers 3 agro-climatic zones, viz., Eastern

Plateau and Hills Region, Lower Gangetic Plain Region and East Coast Plains and Hills Region and 4

agro-ecological zones with major part of the basin falling under Hot subhumid ecoregion with red

and lateritic soils agro-ecological zone. Around 22.56% of total basin area lies in the elevation zone

of 200-300 m. Subernarekha basin consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds,

reservoirs, tanks etc. Tanks are the most predominant with 15359 in number and forms about

69.14% of total water bodies in the basin. 38 Dams and 12 Barrages and 4 Weirs are constructed in

the basin. Around 83% dams are used for the purpose of irrigation. There are 3 major and 32

medium command areas in the basin. Subernarekha Irrigation Project and Kangsabati are the 2 AIBP

projects, being executed in Subernarekha basin. There are a total of 38 major/medium

irrigation/multi-purpose projects in the basin. There are 2 flood forecasting stations, 10 telemetry

stations and 12 hydrological observation stations are there in the basin measuring different

parameters. Also at 7 ground water quality observation wells in the basin ground water quality data

is monitored by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). The basin also houses 12 hydro-

meteorological stations by Central Water Commission (CWC), 21 stations by Indian Meteorological

Department (IMD) and 24 Automated Weather Stations (AWS) by Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO) for the observation of various meteorological parameters. These stations are

maintained by MOSDAC.

Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)’s National Waterway No. 5 falls in the Subernarekha

basin. Two important inter basin transfer links viz., the Subernarekha-Mahanadi Link and the Ganga-

Damodar-Subernarekha Link are also present in the basin. Four major tourist spots including one

National Park are present in this basin. The report is supported with a list of annexures which gives

tabular details of all data pertaining to different sections in the report.



iv

Table of Contents

Preface ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Acknowledgements ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Executive summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii 1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

1.1 Overview of basin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.2 Topography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 1.3 Climate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

1.3.1 Rainfall -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 1.3.2 Temperature ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 1.3.3 Trends and variability ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

1.4 Major rivers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.5 Land use/ land cover ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 1.6 Soils -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.7 Agro climatic zones ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 1.8 Agro ecological zones --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.9 Demography --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

2. Hydrological units --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.1 Sub basins ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 2.2 Watersheds ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

3. Surface water resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 3.1 Surface waterbodies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 3.2. Water resource projects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 29 3.2.2 Hydro Electric projects- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 3.2.3 Dams, Barrages/Weirs/Anicuts-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

3.2.4 Command area and canal network ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 3.4.5 Multipurpose projects------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------35

3.4.6 Interstate projects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

4. Ground water resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.1 Ground water observation wells ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.2 Ground water level fluctuation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 4.3 Litholog well locations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

5. Hydro met observations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44

5.1 Hydrological observation sites ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 5.2 Flood forecasting sites -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 5.3 Meteorological stations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47

6. Water quality --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 6.1 Surface water quality observations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 6.2 Ground water quality observations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

7. Inter basin transfer links ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 8. Inland navigation waterways ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 9. Water tourism sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 10. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin Annexure II : Climate – Rainfall (1971 2004) and Temperature (1969 2004) profile in the basin Annexure III : Population and drinking water facilities in the basin Annexure IV : Inventory of surface water resources Annexure V : Inventory of litholog well locations Annexure VI : Salient features of hydro meteorological stations Annexure VII : Inventory of water tourism sites

Acronyms References



v

Authors

List of Tables

Table 1. Salient features of the basin 6 Table 2. Elevation zones 8 Table 3. Length of major rivers 14 Table 4. Land use/ land cover statistics (2005-06) 15 Table 5. Sub basin wise watersheds 26 Table 6. Number and size of waterbodies 28 Table 7. Number of water resources projects 31 Table 8. Sub basin wise number and type of water resources structures 30 Table 9. Sub basin wise number of ground water observation wells 37 Table 10. Hydrological observation sites of CWC 46 Table 11. Types of flood forecasting stations of CWC 47 Table 12. Meteorological stations 47 Table 13. Water tourism sites 54

List of Maps

Map 1. Index map 3 Map 2a. Satellite imagery of Subernarekha Basin 4 Map 2b. Subernarekha Basin- Drainage & Sub-basin 5 Map 3. Elevation zones 9 Map 4. Annual average rainfall 11 Map 5. Land use/ land cover (2005-06) 16 Map 6. Soil texture 18 Map 7. Soil erosion 19 Map 8. Soil slope 20 Map 9. Soil productivity 21 Map 10. Agro-climatic zones 22 Map 11. Agro-ecological zones 23 Map 12. Population density 25 Map 13. Subernarekha Sub-basin and watersheds 27 Map 14. Major water resources structures and projects 33 Map 15. Subernarekha Sub-basin wise water resources assets 34 Map 16. Command area and canal network 36 Map 17. Location of ground water observation wells 38 Map 18. Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge) 40 Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft) 41 Map 20. Litholog well locations 43 Map 21. Hydro observation and flood forecasting stations 45 Map 22. Inter basin transfer links 51 Map 23. Inland navigation waterways 53 Map 24. Water tourism sites 55

List of Figures

Figure 1. State wise area of basin 7 Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004) 12 Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004) 13 Figure 4. Type and number of waterbodies 29 Figure 5. Dam classification based on storage 32 Figure 6. Dam classification based on purpose 32



1

1. Introduction

India, officially the Republic of India is seventh-largest country with geographical area 32, 87,263 km²

(2.45% of the World’s land resources) and the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion

people (17.5% of the World’s population) and holds 4% of the world’s fresh water resources. Access

to water is a major factor in human development. Every year India gets 4,000 BCM of water, out of

which, the available account is 1869 BCM. Out of this total available water, the utilizable water from

surface water resources is 690 BCM and from ground water resources is 433 BCM adding upto only

1123 BCM. The total actual renewable water resources for India is 1700 cubic meter per capita per

year for the year 2005, which is sufficient as of now against the benchmark value of 1000 cubic

meter per capita per year which signifies ‘Water Stressed’ condition. In the shadow of continued

population growth, water availability projected for the year 2025 and 2050 is 1341 cubic meter per

capita per year and 1140 cubic meter per capita per year respectively.

Being an agrarian country a major part of water resources withdrawals goes for irrigation. Over the

years, India has made remarkable progress through high level of engineering expertise permitting

the storage and diversion of large capacities of water. As on July 2007, total live storage capacity of

all basins assessed is 282 BCM with 5125 large dams and 1894 number of Major and Medium

irrigation projects. All water resources projects of the basin should be considered for basin level

planning to achieve optimal development of the water resources. In the initial stages of

development, interactions between projects of different states were absent and each project could

be planned and implemented independently. As the demand for water has increased due to increase

in the developmental activities as well as increase in population, interactions between individual

projects have come into play and have called for integrated development of river basins.

The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that development and management of water

resources need to be governed by national perspectives and aims to develop and conserve the water

resources in an integrated and environmentally sound basis. It emphasizes development of our

water resources by intensifying research efforts with use of space technology and developing an

information system.

Central Water Commission (CWC), an attached office of Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India,

and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space, Govt. of India, joined hands

for development of Web enabled Water Resources Information System of India (India-WRIS).

Considering river basins as the basic hydrological units for water resources planning and

management, the country is divided into 25 basins and 101 sub basins under India-WRIS project

based on digital elevation model (SRTM DEM).



2

1.1 Overview of basin

Situated in the north-east corner of the Peninsular India, the Subernarekha basin has a long sausage

shape. Subernarekha literally means golden line. According to legends, in ancient times, gold was

being extracted in the river’s bed close to its origination point near Piska village, close to Ranchi. In

Map 1, the location and size of the basin on map of India with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the

backdrop can be seen. Subernarekha basin extends over the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and

comparatively smaller part in West Bengal having a total reported area of 29,196 Sq.km and

geographically calculated area of 25,792.17 Sq.km with a maximum length and width of about 297

km and 119 km. The basin encompasses 12 districts overall (Census 2011) 7 of Jharkhand, 2 of

Odisha and 3 of West Bengal. The basin spreads over 15 parliamentary constituencies (2009)

comprising 7 of Jharkhand and 4 each of Odisha and West Bengal. Out of these only 9 parliamentary

constituencies are broadly covered under the basin. The rest 6 parliamentary constituencies have

negligible area of less than 3% falling under the basin. Figure 1 describes the percentage of the basin

area falling under each state it encompasses. Further details of these districts and parliamentary

constituencies are listed in Annexure I:A and B respectively.

The drainage of Subernarekha basin is formed by the river network present in it. Map 2b depicts the

detailed information of Subernarekha basin including major towns, state capitals, major dams,

Barrages/Weirs/Anicuts (BWA) constructed, the drainage in the basin and the some of the Hydro

Observation sites maintained by CWC located along the rivers in the basin. In the map the white

hillshade (90 m) background around the basin shows topographical details.

The basin has average water resources potential is 12.37 BCM out of which utilizable surface water

resources accounts for 6.8 BCM. Total live storage of the basin is 2322.21 MCM with average annual

runoff of 12368.00 MCM (as reported by CWC).

Table 1 lists some of the salient features of Subernarekha basin.



3

Map 1. Index map



4

Map 2a. Satellite imagery of Subernarekha Basin



5

Map 2b. Subernarekha Basin- Drainage & Sub-basin



6

Table 1. Salient features of the basin

S.no Features Description

1 Basin Extent 85° 8' to 87° 32' E 21° 15' to 23° 34' N

2 Area (Sq.km) 29,196 (as reported by CWC) 25,792.17 (Geographically calculated)

3 States in the basin Jharkhand (48.84%) Odisha (37.96%) and West Bengal (13.2%)

4 Districts (Census 2011) 9 (more than 15% of area falling in the basin) 3 (less than 15% of area falling in the basin) Total = 12

5 Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) 9 (more than 15% of area falling in the basin) 6 (less than 15% of area falling in the basin) Total = 15

6 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 1458.61 (0.5° grid for 1971-2005) 1383.35 (1° grid for 1969-2004)

7 Mean Maximum Temperature (°C) 31.46

8 Mean Minimum Temperature (°C) 20.50

9 Total Population 74,26,016

10 Number of villages 13353

11 Highest Elevation (m) 1166

12 Avg. Annual Water Potential (BCM) 12.37

13 Utilizable Surface Water (BCM) 6.80

14 Number of Sub Basins 1

15 Number of Watersheds 45

16 Number of water resources structures Dams – 38 Barrages – 4 Weirs – 12 Power houses - 3

17 Highest Dam Lower Purulia dam (PPSP) - 95 m

18 Longest Dam Jambhira dam - 7.36 km

19 Highest Barrage Galudih barrage -27.5 m

20 Longest Barrage Galudih barrage - 369 m

21 Number of Irrigation projects Major - 05 Medium - 34

22 Number of HE projects 1

23 Number of Ground water observation wells

166

24 Number of Hydro-Observation Sites 12

25 Number of Flood Forecasting Sites 2 (Level Forecast)

26 Water tourism sites 4 *as per data available under India-WRIS



7

Figure 1. State wise area of basin

1.2 Topography

The Subernarekha basin is bounded by the Chhotanagpur plateau on the north and the west, by the

ridges separating it from Baitarani basin on the south, by the Bay of Bengal on the south-east and by

the Kasai Valley of Kangsabati River on the east.

The Subernarekha basin has two major topographical divisions in the basin, namely (i) the northern

plateau and (ii) the coastal plains. The plateau region covers the district of Purulia in West Bengal

and the Ranchi and Singhbhum districts in Jharkhand. Part of the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha lying

in the basin, is hilly and well-forested. The coastal plains cover parts of Baleshwar district in Odisha

and of the Purba Medinipur and Pashchim Medinipur districts of West Bengal lying in the basin.

The general slope of the basin is from north-west to south-east. The area covered under different

elevation zones of the basin is shown in Table 2 and Map 3. The highest peak with an elevation of

1166 m is located in Garhjat range near Udala tehsil, Mayurbhanj district in Odisha. More than 24%

of the area of the basin lies in the hilly region and dense forested area. Major area of the plain

region of the Subernarekha basin falls under the 100-300 m elevation zone.

The geological formations occurring in the basin are (i) Pre-Cambrian or Archean (ii) Tertiary and (iii)

Alluvium plains. Out of these, Pre-Cambrian formations mostly cover Jharkhand and West Bengal

regions and Tertiary and Alluvium plains cover the basin area in Odisha. The Archean formations

mostly comprise Geneiss, Micagenists, Phyllites, Dolomites and Granites. The underlying rock is

highly undulating. This region contains some of the richest coal and ore deposits like iron and

bauxite.



8

Table 2. Elevation zones

Sl. No. Elevation (m) Area (Sq.km) % of Total Area

1 < 5 901.73609 3.08856

2 5-10 852.6612 2.920473

3 10-50 3838.8912 13.14869

4 50-100 4000.3303 13.70164

5 100-200 4636.8071 15.88165

6 200-300 6586.5204 22.55967

7 300-400 2904.8775 9.949574

8 400-500 1670.44 5.72

9 500-750 3255.08 11.15

10 750-1000 524.07 1.80

11 1000-1500 24.59 0.08



9

Map 3. Elevation zones



10

1.3 Climate


and extends up to October. During monsoons, the basin may receive a spell of copious rainfall

followed by a long dry period. Of the rainfall, about 57% is lost by evapotranspiration and 15%

infiltrates into ground.

The average annual rainfall for the basin is around 1400 mm. The climate in the sub-basin is tropical

with hot summer and mild winters. The mean monthly temperature varies from 40.5°C (May) to

9.0°C (December). The highest temperature recorded is 47.2°C and the lowest is 2.8°C. Annual

average maximum and minimum temperatures vary from 32.4°C to 18.0°C.

1.3.1 Rainfall

Rainfall varies greatly, both annually and seasonally. The average annual rainfall for the years 1972-

2005 is 1444.53 mm according to the 0.5° grid data and 1385.75 mm for the years 1971-2004

according to the 1° grid data.

The rainfall in the basin gradually increases on moving from the upper part of the basin to the lower

part of the basin as depicted in Map 4.

Sub basin wise annual rainfall for the period of 1971-2004 is given in Annexure II-A.

However, 14 districts which are part of the basin are drought prone (MoRD, 2002).



11

Map 4. Annual average rainfall

1,400 - 1,600

1,200 - 1,400 1,000 - 1,200

1,600 - 2,000

Rainfall in mm



12

1.3.2 Temperature

The monthly average maximum, mean and minimum temperatures for a period of 36 years (1969-

2004) can be seen in Figure 2. April and May are the hottest months of the year throughout the

basin with the temperature rising to about 37°C. The minimum temperature is observed in the

months of December and January with temperature dipping to around 12°C. The average annual

maximum temperature recorded for 1969-2004 is 31.46°C for the basin. In the month of January, the

mean average temperature over the basin is around 18°C. In April, the mean temperature is about

30°C, whereas in the month of July it is about 28°C.

In the month of October, the basin shows mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures as

22°C and 31°C respectively. The month-wise mean maximum, minimum and average temperatures

in the basin for 36 years period (1969-2004) are further listed in Annexure II:B (Source: IMD. Analysis

done in India-WRIS). In the northern plateau of the basin, the variation of temperature during the

year is less marked than in the plains.

Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004)



13

1.3.3 Trends and variability

Subernarekha basin shows a variable rainfall over the last 34 years across the basin. Looking at the

histogram (Figure 3) for average annual rainfall, the trend line drawn shows a very slight decreasing

trend since 1971 to 2004. Year 1971 shows highest average annual rainfall of approximately 2050

mm of the basin and the least rainfall of the 34 years period is observed in the year 1979 with a

rainfall of 917.32 mm and 70 rainy days. (Source: IMD. Analysis done in India-WRIS)

Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004)

1.4 Major rivers

Map 2 represents the river system of the entire basin. The Subernarekha and the Burhabalang Rivers

forms the major river systems in the basin.

The various river systems in the basin from north to south are:

(1) The Subernarekha.

(2) Two small streams (Jamira & Panchpara) between the Subernarekha and the Burhabalang.

(3) The Burhabalang.

(4) Two small streams (Mandagan & Kantiachara) between the Burhabalang and the Baitarani.



14

The Subernarekha River rises near Nagri village in the Ranchi District of Jharkhand. It flows for a length of 448.36 km before outfalling into the Bay of Bengal. Its principal tributaries joining from right are the Kanchi, the Karkari and the Kharkai.

The Jamira rises west of Lakshman Nath village in the Baleshwar district and flows in a generally south-easterly direction. The Panchpara stream rises south-west of Gopiballabhpur village in the Medinipur district and runs in a generally south-easterly direction to join Bay of Bengal. The total area drained by these two streams is 2,418 Sq.km approximately.

The Burhabalang rises south of Simhpalgarh village in the Mayurbhanj district and flows first in a northerly and then in a south-easterly direction to join the Bay of Bengal. The Burhabalang drains a total area of 4,837 Sq.km approximately.

The Mandagan rises near Nilgiri village in the Baleshwar district and runs in a generally south-easterly direction to join the Bay of Bengal. The Kantiachara stream rises north of Dantur village in the Baleshwar district and runs in a generally south-easterly direction to join Bay of Bengal. The total are drained by these two streams is 2,645 Sq.km approximately.

Table 3 lists the geographically calculated lengths of some major rivers of the basin.

Table 3. Length of major rivers

1.5 Land use/ land cover

The land use pattern is an outcome of the interaction and interplay of the various physical

conditions of the area. It gives not only the land coverage but also an insight into the nature of

environmental degradation in the catchment area of the basins. Remote sensing technique has been

extensively used to map this ever changing phenomenon.

The distribution of land use / land cover in Subernarekha basin during 2005-06 is shown in Map 5. It

is found that nearly 24 land use / land cover classes exist in the basin area. Table 4 lists the land use

statistics. The major part of the basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 53.76% of the

total area. The western part of the basin is particularly rich in forests with deciduous forest covering

25% of the total basin area. Around 2.39% of the basin is covered by water bodies. The lower

reaches of the basin has extensive agriculture due to presence of alluvial soil deposited by rivers

Sl. No. Principal Tributary name Length of River (km)

1 Subernarekha 448.36

2 Kanchi 86.16

3 Karkari 67.18

4 Kharkai 170.72

5 Jamira 87.4

6 Panchpara 33.65

7 Burhabalang 198.62

8 Mandagan 25.09

9 Kantiachara 24.65



15

draining into Bay of Bengal. Central hilly terrain of the basin is though covered by forests which

accounts for 28.75% of the total basin area. 8.32% of the basin has built up land.

The other main categories of land use / land cover in the basin are fallow land, scrub land, scrub

forest, rural, urban mining, swamp/mangrove etc.

Table 4. Land use/ land cover statistics (2005-06)

Sl. No. Category Area (Sq. km) % of Total Area

1 Built Up land 2429.14 8.32

2 Agricultural land 15696.76 53.76

3 Forest 8394.62 28.75

4 Grassland 0.78 0.01

5 Wasteland 1977.39 6.77

6 Waterbodies 697.32 2.39



16

Map 5. Land use/ land cover (2005-06)



17

1.6 Soils

Information on the soil profile is also required for simulating the hydrological character of the basin.

Based on the soil profile depth, about 86.06 % falls under moderately shallow to deep (>50 cm)

followed by 12.25% as Very Shallow (10-25 cm).

The soil texture, erosion, slope and productivity maps of Subernarekha basin are shown in Map 6,

Map 7, Map 8 and Map 9 respectively.

The general data regarding the soils of the basin indicate that near about 80% of the basin comprises

of soils with fine and medium texture. Rocky and other types of soils constitute around 12% of the

basin. Severe soil erosion takes place in 23.74% of the basin area and approximately 1.4% of the

basin area poses very severe soil erosion.

The slope map (Map 8) shows that only 3% of the soil has steep slope. Around 43% is nearly levelled

and 40% is gently sloping. Out of the basin area for which data is available, around 20% which is

under deltaic area is highly productive and 17.21% of area is moderately productive. The areas near

Mayurbhanj district comprises of low productive soil. The major and medium canal command areas

are also shown in Map 9.



18

Map 6. Soil texture



19

Map 7. Soil erosion



20

Map 8. Soil slope



21

Map 9. Soil productivity



22

1.7 Agro-climatic zones

India represents a large number of complex agro climatic situations. The planning commission after

examining the earlier studied at the regionalisation of the agricultural economy has recommended

that agricultural planning to be done on the basis of agro-climatic regions.

For resource development Subernarekha basin is classified into 3 agro-climatic zones (Map 10).

Major part of the basin falls in the Eastern Plateau and Hills Region. The other agro-climatic zones in

the basin are Lower Gangetic Plain Region and East Coast Plains and Hills Region. The Eastern

Plateau and Hills Region covers parts of Ranchi, Paschimi Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum districts and

a very small part of Bokaro district of Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj district of Odisha and Medinipur and

parts of Purulia districts of West Bengal. Major part of Baleshwar district of Odisha falls in Lower

Gangetic Plain region.

Map 10. Agro-climatic zones



23

1.8 Agro-ecological zones

An agro-ecological region is the land unit on the earth’s surface carved out of agro-climatic region

when it is superimposed on landform and kinds of soils and soil conditions that act as modifiers of

climate and Length of Growing Period (LGP).

On the basis of agro-ecological zones, the Subernarekha basin is broadly divided into 4 zones (Map

11). The upper most part of Ranchi district (Jharkhand) falls under Hot subhumid ecoregion with red

and yellow soils zone. The major part of the basin comes under Hot subhumid ecoregion with red

and lateritic soils zone. The area near the coast in the lower reaches of the basin falls in Hot

subhumid to semi-arid ecoregion with coastal alluvium-derived soils. A small part in this basin is also

classified as Hot subhumid (moist) to humid (inclusion of perhumid) ecoregions with alluvial-derived

soils.

Map 11. Agro-ecological zones



24

1.9 Demography

The basin spreads over 15 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 7 of Jharkhand and 4 each

of Odisha and West Bengal. Out of these only 9 parliamentary constituencies are broadly covered

under the basin. The basin encompasses 12 districts (Census 2011) overall 7 of Jharkhand, 2 of

Odisha and 3 of West Bengal. According to Census Data 2001 report, Subernarekha basin is having a

total of 13353 villages with around 14.8 lakh households. The total population of the basin is

7426016 out of which 3654908 are females, thus showing equality in sex ratio in the basin. The

lower part of the basin is comparatively densely populated than the upper part of the basin (Map

12). Further details regarding male and female population are furnished in Annexure III:A.

The population density varies from region to region in the basin. The district-wise population density

of Subernarekha basin has been divided into two class ranges which are shown in Map 12. The most

densely populated districts of Medinipur and Purbi Singhbhum has 685 and 560 people per Sq.km

respectively.

The highest population density in the basin is found in the Medinipur district of West Bengal

followed by Baleshwar of Odisha and Purbi Singhbhum of Jharkhand. (Source: Census Data 2001)

Also Annexure III:B provides details about the drinking water facilities district wise in the basin.



25

Map 12. Population density



26

2. Hydrological units

2.1 Sub-basins

The basins can be divided further into small hydrological units. Under India-WRIS project, semi-

automated approach for delineation of hydrological units (basin, sub-basin and watershed) is used.

This approach uses SRTM DEM, topo maps on 1:50000 scale, IRS P6 LISS IV & CARTOSAT merged

data, drainage network, surface water bodies, rail/road network and other ancillary data. Drainage

divides from contour/ridge lines are used to demarcate the boundary of hydrological units. The

divide has been marked where flow is in opposite directions and Hydrological boundary has been

validated with reference to contours and drainage network. This approach is potentially more

objective, repeatable, cost-effective, and consistent than previously adopted manual delineation

methods.

Using the same approach and the parameters set for sub-basin, the Subernarekha does not give

further smaller hydrologic unit. Thus, it comprises of only one sub basin i.e. Subernarekha sub basin

spanning across parts of three states viz. Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

2.2 Watersheds

Hydrological unit wise assessment of water resources is a prerequisite for its proper management as

it is fast becoming scarce in India. Basins/sub-basins could be sub divided into smaller hydrological

units namely, watershed for water resources management at larger scale (micro level). Watershed is

a natural hydrological entity that covers a specific areal expanse of land surface from which rainfall

flows to a defined drain, channel, stream or river at any particular point. Watershed should be

delineated purely on the basis of hydrologic principles. Size of the watershed is governed by the size

of stream and its boundaries.

Map 13 shows watershed map of Subernarekha sub basin. The Subernarekha sub basin is thus

further divided into 45 watersheds. The white boundary within the basin represents delineated

watersheds. Each watershed is given an eight digit alphanumeric code for identification. Each letter

in the code has a description. For example if watershed code is C06SUB01, the first alphabet

(C06SUB 01) stands for the Water resource region (India-WRIS). Following 2 digits represents basin

code (C06SUB01). Next 3 letters (C06SUB01) represents sub basin name which is followed by

watershed number (C06SUB01).

The area covered by these watersheds and their minimum and maximum sizes found in the basin are

given in Table 5.

Table 5. Sub-basin wise watersheds

Note: Values calculated under India-WRIS

Sl. No. Sub Basin Area (Sq.km) Size Range of Watershed (Sq.km.)

No. of Watersheds

1 Subernarekha Sub Basin 25792.16 387.02 - 962.40 45



27

Map 13. Subernarekha Sub-basin and watershed



28

3. Surface water resources

The basin has average water resources potential is 12.37 BCM out of which utilizable surface water

resources accounts for 6.8 BCM. Total live storage of the basin is 2322.21 MCM with average annual

runoff of 12368.00 MCM (as reported by CWC).

3.1 Surface waterbodies

Surface water bodies have traditionally played an important role in the lives of common people in

India by way of irrigation, drinking water supply, ecology, tourism and domestic uses. Subernarekha

basin as on today possesses some major water reservoirs. The Getalsud and Chandil are largest

reservoirs in the basin having a spread of 2953.47 ha and 3109.75 ha. Khandakhal, Sunei, Bankabal

and Jambhira are some other major reservoirs.

Subernarekha basin consist a total of 22215 surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds,

reservoirs, tanks etc. (Table 6). Tanks are the most predominant with 15359 in number and forms

about 69.14% of total water bodies in the basin. Thirty reservoirs are located in the basin. Most of

the water bodies have a size range of 0-25 ha. Only one waterbody, Chandil is found to have a size

larger than 2500 ha. The classification of the waterbodies on the basis of their type is shown in

Figure 4.

Table 6. Number and size of waterbodies

Sl. No. Size Range (ha) No. of Waterbodies

1 0 - 25 22140

2 25 - 50 33

3 50 - 100 23

4 100 - 250 10

5 250 - 500 6

6 500 - 1000 1

7 1000 - 2500 1

8 More than 2500 1



29

Figure 4. Type and number of waterbodies

3.2 Water resource projects

There are 40 major/medium projects in Subernarekha basin including reservoirs, irrigation projects,

barrages and weir schemes.

3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects

Subernarekha Multipurpose Project- Subernarekha Multipurpose project in East and West Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand envisages construction of two dams, one across river Subernarekha at Chandil and the other across river Kharkai at Icha, one barrage across Kharkai at Ganjia and another across Subernarekha at Galudih.

The project is a joint venture of Government of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. The culturable command area of Subernarekha Multipurpose Project is 154.8 Th ha and ultimate irrigation potential is 236.85 Th ha.

Subernarekha Irrigation Project- The Subernarekha Irrigation Project of Odisha has been planned to utilise the Odisha share of Subernarekha waters (which is an Inter-State river) to the extent of 1214 hm3 out of the State’s share of 1,480 hm3 at Kokpara as per the distribution made in the Tripartite Agreement -1978 (TPA) among the three co-basin States of Bihar (now Jharkhand), Odisha and West Bengal.

The barrage and headworks of the project are located on river Subernarekha at Galudih in Jharkhand.

Khadkhi Irr. Project- The project comprises of Khadkhai dam constructed on Kharkai river and has culturable command area of 7.99 Th ha with ultimate irrigation potential of 11.71 Th ha.



30

Subernarekha Project- five water resouces structure are associated with this storage scheme project. Haladia Dam is located at Chipat Nalla, a tributary of the Burhabalang for irrigation of 3,643 ha in the Mayurbhanj district. Baura dam is located on Baura river which is s tributary of Jamira river. Jambhira dam is located on Jambhira river. Icha dam is located on Kharkai river and Galudih barrage is located on Subernarekha river.

The total culturable command area of the project is 109.62 Th ha and its ultimate irrigation potential is 187.46 Th ha.

Sunei Project- This is a major irrigation project. The associated structures with this project include Sunei Dam. The culturable command area is 10.96 Th ha with ultimate irrigation potential of 15.20 Th ha.

Further information of these projects is listed in Annexure IV:C.

Table 8. Number of water resources projects

Sl. No. Type of Projects Number of Projects

1 Major Irrigation Projects 5

2 Medium Irrigation Projects 34

3 ERM Projects 0

4 Hydro-Electric Projects 1

3.2.2 Hydro Electric projects

There is one hydroelectric project in the basin. Subernarekha HEP project comprises a 2,270.7 m

long 35.4 m high composite dam across the river Subernarekha at Getalsud, 30 km from Ranchi City.

Total three powerhouses are associated with the project. Power House-I and II are completed, while

powerhouse located at Chandil dam is under construction. Power House-I and II are located on

Getalsud dam. While third power house located on Chandil dam is under constructed and is made to

generate 8 MW of power.

Further information on these projects is available in Annexure IV:D

3.2.3 Dams, Barrages/Weirs/Anicuts

Water resources structures are manmade structures to store the water for hydropower, irrigation,

drinking water supply etc.

There are a total of 38 dams are situated in the Subernarekha basin. Four barrages and 12 weirs are

constructed in the basin (Table 7 & Map 16). Eighteen dams have gross storage capacity of 0-25

MCM (Figure 5). Based on the figures given it can be said that more than 80% of dams are used for

the purpose of irrigation (Figure 6).

The longest dam in the basin is Baura Dam located in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha with a total

length of 9.95 km. The highest dam in the basin is Lower Purulia Pumped Storage Project (PPSP) Dam



31

located in Purulia district of West Bengal with a height of 95 m. The Galudih barrage is the longest

barrage in the basin with a length of 369 m and height 27.5 m located on Subernarekha River.

Some of the major water resources structures and their projects with allied information are shown

in Map 14. The detailed list of dams and barrages/weirs/anicuts with all their parameters is available

in Annexure IV:A and B.

Table 7. Sub-basin wise number and type of water resources structures

Sl. No. Sub Basin Dams Barrages Weirs Power Houses

1 Subernarekha Sub Basin 38 4 12 3

Figure 5. Dam classification based on storage



32

Figure 6. Dam classification based on purpose



33

Map 14. Major water resources structures and projects



34

Map 15. Subernarekha Sub-basin wise water resources assets



35

3.2.4 Command area and canal network

Odisha canal system uses waters of Subernarekha and Burhabalang mainly. Baldiha and Haladia

Projects were the only important irrigation project existing in the basin in the pre-plan period.

Subernarekha basin has 3 major command areas and 32 medium command areas. Kanchi Weir

Scheme, Kangsabati, Subernarekha are the major projects of the basin whose command areas are

depicted in Map 15.

The Subernarekha river basin includes 2 reservoirs, Chandil and Icha, and 2 barrages, Kharkai and

Galudih. Each reservoir and barrage has 2 canals, namely left bank canal (LBC) and right bank canal

(RBC). On the right bank canal of Galudih barrage (GRBC), there are 3 small command area reservoirs

(Haldia, Jambhira and Baura). This canal has 2 branch canals, namely, Betnoti branch canal (BBC),

and Subernarekha branch canal (SBC).

In upper reaches of the Subernarekha basin, Tajna barrage has small command in Khunti district.

Kanchi weir irrigates lower part of Ranchi district and goes up to upper northern part of Saraikela-

Kharsawan district. In Paschimi Singhbhum district, small dams and weirs irrigate the area.

Khadakhai dam and Bankabal are important canal systems in Mayurbhanj district. Mayurbhanj also

has good canal network in its lower part and is getting irrigated by Badjore Dam and Jambhira dam.

Sunei and Kalo dam irrigates southern part of Mayurbhanj.

Map 16 depicts the major and medium canal command areas and canal network in the basin and

Annexure IV: C provides further details about them.

A study was carried out jointly by CWC & ISRO to assess the existing status of the irrigation

commands. IRS P4 LISS III data of two different seasons namely, pre monsoon (2005) and post

monsoon (2004) were used for delineation of waterlogged and salt affected areas of major and

medium irrigation commands of Subernarekha basin. Total waterlogged area within these

occupies 0.06 sq. km. whereas salt affected area has been extended to 0.4 sq. km.

3.2.5 Multipurpose projects

Subernarekha project is the only multipurpose project in the basin. This project envisages CCA of

154.8 Th ha and generates 8 MW of hydropower through Chandil powerhouse.

3.2.6 Interstate projects

Subernarekha Multipurpose project is an interstate project between Jharkhand, Odisha and West

Bengal.



36

Map 16. Command area and canal network



37

4. Ground water resources

4.1 Ground water observation wells

Ground water level data is temporal and dynamic in nature. It is mainly controlled by rainfall pattern

in relation to the aquifer material. A large part of India’s irrigated agricultural depends on ground

water availability.

Subernarekha basin consists of 166 ground water observation wells (Table 9). The density of ground

water observation wells is high in the lower reaches of the basin (Map 17).

Table 9. Sub-basin wise number of ground water observation wells

Sl. No. Sub Basin No. of Observation Wells 1 Subernarekha Sub Basin 166



38

Map 17. Location of ground water observation wells



39

4.2 Ground water level fluctuation

Ground Water Fluctuation method provides an estimate of groundwater recharge by analysis of

water-level fluctuations in observation wells. The method is based on the assumption that a rise in

water-table elevation measured in shallow wells is caused by the addition of recharge across the

water table.

According to 2011 pre and post monsoon data the ground water fluctuation due to recharge and

due to draft in the basin are depicted through chloropleth maps in Map 18 and Map 19. The part of

the Subernarekha basin under the state of Jharkhand shows more than 4 m rise in Ground Water

level fluctuation due to recharge and fall of less than 2 m in most of its part. For the area of the basin

in Odisha state, the water level fluctuation due to recharge shows a rise of more than 2 m in most of

its part and a fall of less than 2 m due to draft. For the area of the basin falling in West Bengal, the

water level fluctuation due to recharge shows a rise of more than 4 m in most of its part and a fall of

less than 2 m due to draft.



40

Map 18. Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge)



41

Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft)



42

4.3 Litholog well locations

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials

(gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using water well. Related terms

include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer and aquiclude (or aquifuge),

which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area

overlies the aquifer pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer. Aquifers may occur at

various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be used for water supply and

irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have

limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them that can be exploited as groundwater

resources.

The data is available only for the wells of West Bengal state in the basin. According to it, the aquifer

material in the region is of unconsolidated sediments of thickness varying from 1-35 m over the

region. The depth of first aquifer encountered/tapped falls in 50-90 m range below ground level

according to the data.

Map 20 shows the locations of these lithology wells in the basin available in the West Bengal region

and the further details are available in Annexure V:A.



43

Map 20. Litholog well locations



44

5. Hydro-met observations

Water resources planning require time series data on hydrological aspects. The hydrological

observation stations of CWC collect and process the basic hydrological data on gauge, discharge, silt,

and sedimentation and water quality on a regular basis for onward transmission to CWC regional

offices, who document it in the form of Water Year Book, Sediment Year Book and Water Quality

Year Book. River management is one of the key issues for political and economic affairs of the

country. For designing and execution of water resources projects in the country, planners and policy

makers require a comprehensive and reliable time series data on hydrological aspects.

Hydro-meteorological observations in the basin are carried out by the Central and State

Governments. The Central Water Commission maintains 12 gauge-discharge sites in the basin (Map

21 and Annexure VI:A). Sediment observations are also taken at 4 of the above sites. In addition, the

Central Water Commission operates 2 flood forecasting stations in the basin (Annexure VI:B).



45

Map 21. Hydro observation and flood forecasting stations



46

5.1 Hydrological observation sites

These stations carry out observations about various hydrological parameters. These stations are

categorized as ‘GDSQ’, where the abbreviation stands as: G-Gauge, D-Discharge, S-Sediment and Q-

Water Quality. RF stands for rainfall measuring station. Hydrological observations are carried out by

the Central as well as State Governments.

There are reportedly 5 Gauge (G) sites, 2 Gauge Discharge (GD) sites, one Gauge Discharge Quality

(GDQ) site and 4 Gauge Discharge Sediment Quality (GDSQ) sites being maintained by CWC for the

study of hydrological observations in Subernarekha basin (Map 21 and Table 10).

Annexure VI:A provides further details about these sites.

Table 10. Hydrological observation sites of CWC

Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations

1 G 5

2 GQ 0

3 GD 2

4 GDQ 1

5 GDS 0

6 GDSQ 4

7 RF 0

8 Snow 0

5.2 Flood forecasting sites

Central Water Commission has set up a network of flood forecasting stations covering all important

flood prone rivers. Flood forecasting indicates the forecast or inflow level with its time of

occurrence. Two kinds of forecasts are issued based on the utility of the forecast. Inflow forecasts

assist in reservoir regulation (full reservoir level & maximum water level) and the level forecast is

used for predicting water level (warning level & danger level) well ahead of its occurrence.

The flood problems of the Subernarekha basin are mainly confined to their lower reaches. The

Subernarekha carries considerable discharges during the flood season. In this area, there is

widespread inundation by the Subernarekha owing to the incapacity of its natural section to carry

the discharge. The condition gets worse when heavy rainfall occurs simultaneously with high tides.

The river spills over both its banks in the delta region in Odisha and West Bengal. The other rivers in

the basin also spill over their banks during floods on account of inadequate carrying capacity.

Collectively they present a flood problem because they submerge areas in the lower reaches.

There are 2 flood forecasting stations in the basin (Table 11), one is NH5 Road Bridge on

Burhabalang River, and second is Rajghat on Subernarekha River. Both the stations are for level

forecasting.



47

Annexure VI:B provides further details about these sites.

Table 11. Types of flood forecasting stations of CWC

Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations

1 Level Forecast 2

2 Inflow Forecast 0

5.3 Meteorological stations

There are 3 main central organisations in our country which records meteorological parameters viz.,

India Meteorological Department (IMD), Central Water Commission (CWC) and ISRO (Automatic

Weather Stations).

CWC has established 12 hydro-meteorology stations in the basin as shown in Map 21. These stations

are established to understand the relationship between meteorological parameters related to

climate and river dynamics. The basin also has 21 stations by IMD. IMD stations measure data of

monthly average precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, average annual rainfall and

potential evapotranspiration. In addition they also measure weekly data of rainfall, maximum and

minimum temperature, wind speed, evaporation and sunshine hours. An integrated approach of

measuring meteorological parameters using Automated Weather Stations (AWS) is also helpful in

remote regions. The AWS stations require minimum maintenance and the data is generated on

temporal basis. Under the supervision of ISRO 24 AWS stations are established in the basin. These

stations are maintained by MOSDAC.

Different meteorological stations present in the basin are listed (Table 12) as follows:

Table 12. Meteorological stations

Sl. No. Organisation Number of Stations

1 CWC Observation Stations 12

2 IMD Stations 21

3 ISRO AWS Stations 24



48

6. Water quality

Water quality is defined in terms of the chemical, physical and biological content of water. The water

quality of rivers and lakes changes with the seasons and geographic areas, even when there is no

pollution present.

6.1 Surface water quality observations

Surface water means water at or above the land's surface which is neither ground water nor

contained within the unsaturated zone. CWC stations carry out observations for testing the surface

water quality pertaining to sixty eight water quality parameters which are considered to be the

‘Standard Hydrology Project Water Quality Parameters’. All physical, chemical and biological water

quality parameters are categorized further under sub categories like field determinations, nutrients,

organic matter, alkalinity, hardness, other inorganics, major ions, coliforms and others.

The Bureau of India Standards has identified 42 water quality parameters and fixed tolerance limit

for each parameters. According to data given in ‘Integrated hydrological data 2012, CWC,’ the values

of pH (Negative logarithm of Hydrogen ion concentration) for Subernarekha basin have crossed the

tolerance limits during the summer season. The prominent parameters which have crossed the

tolerance limits frequently are Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).

Apart from irrigation, vast quantities of water are used by industries and town in the basin. With the

rapid increase in population of the city, withdrawal of water for domestic needs has risen sharply

over the years. These industries and towns generate effluents, sewage wastes and considerable

quantities of wastewater which are discharged directly into the river. A drop in dissolved oxygen,

accompanied by decrease in plankton, has been reported below the discharge point. Due to natural

processes, river water recovers its quality further downstream. (Source: Hydrology and Water

Resources of India, 2007, S.K. Jain, P.K. Agarwal and V. P. Singh)

The decadal growth rates of population in basin range from 15% in Odisha to 23% in Jharkhand.

About 75 million people in these three states (mainly in Jharkhand) live below poverty line. An

emerging shortage of water, serious water-quality problems, and a lack of any policy and

institutional framework characterize this river basin. An increase in the quality and quantity of water

would contribute significantly to improving the quality of life in this region. (Source: Hydrology and

Water Resources of India, 2007, S.K. Jain, P.K. Agarwal and V. P. Singh)

Water Quality observations are taken at 5 sites of CWC, namely Adityapur, Ghatsila, Govindpur (NH5

Road Bridge), Jamshedpur and Muri. Map 21 shows their spatial location.



49

6.2 Ground water quality observations

Ground water means the portion of water beneath the land surface that is within the saturated

zone. There are seven quality observations wells being maintained by Central Ground Water Board

(CGWB) in the Subernarekha basin. The main parameters monitored are pH, iron, TDS, sodium,

potassium, magnesium, chlorine, calcium, copper, SO4, nitrate (NO3), carbonate (CO3), hydrogen

carbonate (HCO3), SAR, RSC, fluorine, and EC. From the data available it is found that for the site

named Chakulia, a considerable increase in amounts of chlorine and sodium is seen. Chlorine has

amounted to 85.2 mg/L (in 2008) from 36 mg/L (in 2005) and Na has amounted to 39 mg/L (in 2008)

from 17 mg/L (in 2005).



50

7. Inter basin transfer links

Inter basin transfer link proposes river water transfer from the region of surplus to deficit areas.

There are 2 important inter basin transfer links made/proposed in the basin viz. the Subernarekha-

Mahanadi Link and the Ganga-Damodar-Subernarekha Link. Both the links falls under Himalayan

component for which data is mostly classified.

The Subernarekha-Mahanadi Link is proposed to join Subernarekha River to Mahanadi River. A

stretch of about 124.5 km of the link canal falls in the Subernarekha basin.

The Ganga-Damodar-Subernarekha Link is proposed to join Ganga River to Subernarekha River. A

stretch of about 36.5 km of the link canal falls in the Subernarekha basin.

Both these links are shown in Map 22 with their allied information.



51

Map 22. Inter basin transfer links



52

8. Inland navigation waterways

The East Coast Canal stretch along with Brahmani and Mahanadi delta river system is declared as

National Waterway-5 (NW-5). Total length of NW-5 is 623 km and a stretch of about 89 km of the

falls in the Subernarekha basin.

It has 371 km of river portion and 217 km of canal portion. This waterway was declared on 25th

November 2008. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the owner of this waterway and

Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC) is the operator of this waterway. The East

Coast Canal stretch falling in Subernarekha basin with its allied information is shown in Map 23. Coal

from Talcher to Dhamra and Paradip ports is the most important potential cargo for this waterway.



53

Map 23. Inland navigation waterways



54

9. Water tourism sites

Water tourism is term coined under India-WRIS to refer to places which are for tourist attraction for

the reason that some water asset is nearby. These tourism sites are categorized into many

categories which are given in Table 13. The details of these tourism sites are given in Annexure VII:A

and B.

The Subernarekha basin also houses 4 important tourism sites including 1 wildlife sanctuary, 2

waterfalls and 1 tourist spot (Map 24), which are described as follows:

Simlipal National Park is a national park and an elephant reserve situated in the Mayurbhanj.

Simlipal National Park derives its name from the abundance of Semul or red silk cotton trees that

bloom vividly. The major mammals include Tiger, Leopard, Asian elephant, Sambar, Barking deer,

Gaur, Jungle cat, Wild boar, Chausingha (four horned antelope), Giant squirrel and Common langur.

Two hundered thirty one species of birds nest in these forests. Red Junglefowl, Alexandrine

Parakeet, Crested Serpent Eagle include the list.

Digha is a very popular seaside resort .The place was discovered by Warren Hastings and was known

as Beercool at that time. It is girdled with Casuarina plantation.

Hundru Waterfall is located in Ranchi district (Jharkhand). It is the 34th highest waterfall in India.

Dassam Waterfall (also known as Dassam Ghagh) is a waterfall located near Taimara village in

Ranchi district. It is a natural cascade across the Kanchi River, a tributary of the Subernarekha River.

The water falls from a height of 44 m (144 ft). The water of the Dassam Falls is known to be very

clean and clear.

Table 13. Water tourism sites

Sl. No. Tourist Site Category No. of Places

1 Tourist Spot 1

2 Waterfall 2

3 Wildlife Sanctuary 1



55

Map 24. Water tourism sites



56

10. Conclusion

This report provides valuable information related to the topographic, demographic, climatic, surface

and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological and water quality scenario of Subernarekha

basin. The Subernarekha basin extending over the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and comparatively

smaller part in West Bengal have a total geographically calculated area of 25792.15 Sq.km. The basin

spreads over 15 parliamentary constituencies (2009) and 12 districts (Census 2011) overall of

Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal states. The Subernarekha basin consists of 45 watersheds. The

Subernarekha and the Burhabalang forms the major river systems in the basin. The Subernarekha

River and its tributaries are an inter-state river system, flowing through the states of Jharkhand and

Odisha. The basin has got rich mineral resources spread over vast areas and houses many important

industries.


and extends up to October. Having average annual rainfall for the basin is around 1400 mm and

average annual maximum temperature as around 30° C, the climate in the sub-basin is tropical with

hot summer and mild winters. As per the assessment of land use/land cover (2005-06), the major

part of the basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 53.76% of the total area, forests

covering 25% of the total basin area and around 2.39% of the basin is covered by water bodies. Clay,

sand and silt are predominant in the basin. The basin covers 3 agro-climatic zones and 4 agro-

ecological zones. Around 22.56% of total basin area lies in the elevation zone of 200-300 m.

Subernarekha basin consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, tanks

etc. Tanks are the most predominant in the basin. 38 Dams and 12 Barrages and 4 Weirs are

constructed in the basin. Around 83% dams are used for the purpose of irrigation. There are 3 major

and 32 medium command areas in the basin. There are a total of 38 major/medium irrigation/multi-

purpose projects in the basin. There are 2 flood forecasting stations, 10 telemetry stations and 12

hydrological observation stations are there in the basin measuring different parameters. Also at 7

ground water quality observation wells in the basin ground water quality data is monitored by

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). The basin also houses 12 hydro-meteorology stations by

Central Water Commission (CWC), 21 stations by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and 24

Automated Weather Stations (AWS) by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the

observation of various meteorological parameters.

Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)’s National Waterway No. 5 falls in the Subernarekha

basin. Two important inter basin transfer links viz., the Subernarekha-Mahanadi Link and the Ganga-

Damodar-Subernarekha Link are also present in the basin. Four major tourist spots including one

National Park are also present Subernarekha basin.

The economy of the basin at present largely depends on agriculture, which, in view of the uneven

incidence of the rainfall, provides a low level of subsistence except in parts of the basin where

irrigation has been provided and where major industries have developed. Thus there is a keen

demand for the development of water resources in the basin.



57

A. District Details

Sl.

No.

State Name District (2011) Population Total Area (Sq.

Km)

District Area in

Basin (Sq. Km)

% of District Area

in the Basin

1 Jharkhand Pashchimi Singhbhum

1,502,338 6941.29 2687.33 38.72

2 Jharkhand Ranchi 2,914,253 4743.84 2802.26 59.07

3 Jharkhand Ramgarh 949,443 1259.52 136.64 10.85

4 Jharkhand Purbi Singhbhum 2,293,919 3433.65 3119.28 90.84

5 Jharkhand Saraikela-kharsawan

1,065,056 2546.17 2536.09 99.60

6 Jharkhand Bokaro 2,062,330 2688.22 17.01 0.63

7 Jharkhand Khunti 531,885 2603.07 1297.28 49.84

8 Odisha Mayurbhanj 2,519,738 10035.64 7146.63 71.21

9 Odisha Baleshwar 2,320,529 3733.69 2644.77 70.84

10 West Bengal Pashchim Medinipur

5,913,457 9021.98 2387.68 26.47

11 West Bengal Purba Medinipur 5,095,875 3893.57 85.26 2.19

12 West Bengal Puruliya 2,930,115 6003.10 931.92 15.52

Source : Survey of India and Census Data 2011

B. Parliamentary Constituency Details

Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary

Constituencies (2009)

Total Area (Sq. Km) Area Falling in Basin

(Sq. Km)

% Area in the Basin

1 Jharkhand Singhbhum 7548.03 3294.08 43.64

2 Jharkhand Giridih 3771.89 17.01 0.45

Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin



58

Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary

Constituencies (2009)

Total Area (Sq. Km) Area Falling in Basin

(Sq. Km)

% Area in the Basin

3 Jharkhand Hazaribagh 5041.25 136.64 2.71

4 Jharkhand Ranchi 3823.03 3096.25 80.99

5 Jharkhand Lohardaga 7228.69 2.58 0.04

6 Jharkhand Khunti 8463.31 2930.15 34.62

7 Jharkhand Jamshedpur 3433.56 3119.19 90.84

8 Odisha Baleshwar 3336.27 3148.09 94.36

9 Odisha Kendujhar 9851.53 198.72 2.02

10 Odisha Bhadrak 3344.42 53.02 1.59

11 Odisha Mayurbhanj 7624.67 6391.57 83.83

12 West Bengal Kanthi 1964.40 56.40 2.87

13 West Bengal Puruliya 4444.18 793 17.84

14 West Bengal Jhargram 5271.39 2073.81 39.34

15 West Bengal Medinipur 2667.39 481.66 18.06

Source : Election Commission of India



59

A. Sub-Basin Wise Annual Rainfall (mm) (1971-2004)

Sl. No. Year Subernarekha Sub Basin

1 1971 2047.63

2 1972 1233.79

3 1973 1678.34

4 1974 1400.2

5 1975 1482.51

6 1976 1154.86

7 1977 1637.88

8 1978 1719.36

9 1979 994.75

10 1980 1405.68

11 1981 1500.67

12 1982 1162.39

13 1983 1382.72

14 1984 1597.1

15 1985 1463.61

16 1986 1546.97

17 1987 1249.79

18 1988 1363.47

19 1989 1455.09

20 1990 1753.63

21 1991 1399.7

22 1992 1233.74

23 1993 1615.43

24 1994 1788.55

25 1995 1456.02

Annexure II : Climate – Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin



60

Sl. No. Year Subernarekha Sub Basin

26 1996 1232.99

27 1997 1486.49

28 1998 1376.27

29 1999 1651.97

30 2000 1357.23

31 2001 1652.75

32 2002 1325.02

33 2003 1511.15

34 2004 1373.32

B. Temperature profile in the basin (36 Years Average for the period 1969-2004)

Sl. No. Month Maximum Temperature (°C) Minimum Temperature (°C) Mean Temperature (°C)

1 January 25.65 12.21 18.93

2 February 30.43 17.58 24

3 March 33.39 19.77 26.58

4 April 36.69 23.62 30.16

5 May 37.03 25.28 31.16

6 June 34.51 25.57 30.04

7 July 31.86 25.04 28.45

8 August 31.37 24.9 28.13

9 September 31.61 24.44 28.02

10 October 31.32 22.01 26.67

11 November 29.1 17.21 23.16

12 December 26.17 12.64 19.41



61

A. Demographic Details

Sl. No. No. of Districts No. Villages Total Population Male Population Female Population No. of Households

1 9 13353 7426016 3771108 3654908 1487536

Source : Census Data 2001

B. Drinking Water Facilities

Sl. No. District Wells Tubewells Handpumps

1 Puruliya 2340 2237 63

2 Ranchi - - -

3 Pashchimi Singhbhum - - -

4 Purbi Singhbhum - - -

5 Hazaribagh - - -

6 Medinipur 4199 7790 2791

7 Bokaro - - 0

8 Baleshwar 1030 - 2490

9 Mayurbhanj 3173 87 3471

Source : Census Data 2001

Annexure III : Population and drinking water facilities in the basin



62

A. List of Dams with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Name of Dam

River Type of Dam

Year of

completion

Catchment Area

(Sq. Km.)

Length of dam (m)

Max height above founda

tion (m)

Gross storage capacity (MCM)

Live storage capacity (MCM)

Type of

spill-way

Submergence

Area (Th Ha)

Purpose

1 Dimu Dam Earthen 1989 841 12 926 677 IR

2 Kalo Dam Kalo Earthen 1980 153 2458 24.24 29.70 24.24 Ogee 0.54 IR

3 Nesa Dam Nesa Earthen 1978 25 730 18 7.80 6.58 Ogee 0.18 IR

4 Bamni Dam

5 Baura Dam 47 995 38 IR

6 Hatia Dam Subernarekha

Earthen 1963 4525 24 34.10 31.90 IR

7 Icha Dam kharkai Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

2849 1215.9 38.4 1043 839 OGEE HE,IR

8 Nakti Dam Bijay Earthen 2010 22.74 678 37.6 11 9.20 Chute 0.07 IR

9 Palna Dam Ranka Jhuria

Earthen 1985 29.78 381 28.65 12.42 11.35 Chute 0.16 IR

10 Raisa Dam Kanchi Earthen 45.32 1347.56 40.54 14.13 11.97 Chute 0.08 IR

11 Rupai Dam Earthen 1982 620 12 IR

12 Sonua Dam Sanjay Earthen 2009 115.20 640.24 39.41 49.22 43.66 Chute 0.35 IR

13 Sunei Dam Sunei River

Earthen 1990 227 2134 30 70 61.60 Chute 0.78 HE,IR

14 Tajna Dam Tajna Earthen 85.46 2073.17 19.89 27.51 23.44 Chute 0.60 IR

15 Arikul Dam Arikul Nala

Earthen 1986 34.20 976 16.8 2.52 2.32 IR

Annexure IV : Inventory of surface water resources



63

Sl. No.

Name of Dam

River Type of Dam

Year of

completion

Catchment Area

(Sq. Km.)

Length of dam (m)


tion (m)



Type of

spill-way

Submergence

Area (Th Ha)

Purpose

16 Rissia Dam Tangana nalla

Earthen 1986 53.76 1326 19.51 5.66 4.63 IR

17 Torlow Dam

Torlow Earthen 1990 51.20 2484.8 22.25 15.33 11.76 Chute 0.20 IR

18 Badjore Dam

Badjore nalla

Earthen 1983 43.70 1290 26.75 8.50 6.46 Ogee IR

19 Chandil Dam

Subernarekha

Earthen/ Gravity/ Masonry

5646 720.1 56.8 1963 1611 Ogee 17.03 HE,WS,IR

20 Haladia Dam

Haladia Earthen 1985 55 4200 23.1 48 45.88 IR

21 Jenasai Dam

Earthen 1981 25.60 1128 19.21 7.03 6.60 0.13 IR

22 Karrior Dam

Earthen 1988 925 11.5 IR

23 Lorgara Dam

Kharkhai Earthen 1985 7.77 1055 14.63 3.20 2.30 0.63 IR

24 Murahir Dam

Earthen 1987 23.31 597.56 25.3 9.99 8.89 Chute 0.12 IR

25 Paunsia Dam

Earthen 1988 5.60 960.53 11.89 1.59 1.34 IR

26 Surangi Dam

Surangi Nala/ Karkari

Earthen 20.72 217.5 32.87 7.62 5.23 Ogee 0.10 IR

27 Bankabal Dam

Bankabal Earthen 1981 168.50 1840 23.8 28.26 25.78 Ogee 0.77 IR



64

Sl. No.

Name of Dam

River Type of Dam

Year of

completion

Catchment Area

(Sq. Km.)

Length of dam (m)


tion (m)



Type of

spill-way

Submergence

Area (Th Ha)

Purpose

28 Getalsud Dam

Subernarekha

Earthen 1971 725 3800 36.1 288.76 230.76 Ogee 3.44 HE,WS,IR

29 Jambhira Dam

Jamira Earthen 1986 76.58 7360 30.4 216 214.10 Chute IR

30 Pokharia Dam

Pokharia Earthen 1983 13.73 183 15.81 1.47 1.10 IR

31 Jharjhara Dam

Bamini Nalla

Earthen 78 667.1 30.66 22.49 19.84 0.24 IR

32 Khadakhai Dam

Khadakhai

Earthen 1984 212.50 365.4 37 63.60 56.22 Ogee 0.98 IR

33 Kakudajodi Dam

Kukudajodi

Earthen 1976 12.90 853.44 15.04 1712 1480 IR

34 Khairabera Dam

Earthen 1989 371.95 21 5442 IR

35 Sitaram Pur Dam

Kharkai Earthen 1964 2043 16.77 8.83 8.09 IR

36 Lower : PPSP Dam

Rockfill 9.30 310 95 16 13 HE,IR

37 Upper : PPSP Dam

Rockfill 9.50 1505 71 16.50 13 HE,IR

38 Turga Irri. Scheme Dam

Turga Earthen 1990 890 21 IR



65

B. List of BWA with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Name of B/W/A River Length (m) Height upto crest (m)

Catchment area (Th. ha)

Design flood discharge (Cumecs)

Purpose

1 Kita Weir Urangarha 37.57 4.16052 226.75 IR

2 Roro Weir Roro Gara 58.50 5.7912 1387.53 IR

3 Sona Weir Sona 31.10 5.1816 1602.73 IR

4 Sonua Weir Sanjay 66 4.05 1303 IR

5 Aradih Weir Kanchi 30.48 4.27 305.43 IR

6 Kanchi Weir Kanchi 230.95 1.98 2976.20 IR

7 Kokaro Weir Kokro 79.55 2.926 679.60 IR

8 Torlow Weir Torlo 0 0 IR

9 Lapasia Weir Lapasia 19.5070 1.603 82 IR

10 Rajbandh Weir 42.67 84.95 IR

11 Tajna Barrage Tajna 51.82 0 IR

12 Galudih Barrage Subernarekha 369 27.5 35430 HE,IR

13 Kharkai Barrage Kharkai 258 19824 IR

14 Karkhhai Barrage 0 0

15 Bijay / Vijay Weir Bijay 63.40 0.76 849.50 IR

16 Brahamani /Bamni Weir Bamni Nallah 61 566.09 IR

C. Major/Medium IR projects with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Name of Project Type River Tributary Status Year of completion

GCA (Th ha)

CCA (Th ha)

Ultimate IR Potential

District/s Benefitted

1 Subernarekha Multipurpose Project_Jharkhand

Major Subernarekha Ongoing 240.88 154.80 236.85 East Singhbhum



66

Sl. No.


GCA (Th ha)

CCA (Th ha)



2 Subernarekha Multipurpose Project_West Bengal

Medium Subernarekha Ongoing 110.20 130

3 Subernarekha Major IR Project

Major Subernarekha Subernarekha Ongoing 170.26 109.63 187.46 Mayurbhanj, Baleshwar

4 Kanchi Major IR Project

Major Kanchi Completed 1970 34.20 17.80 18.08 Ranchi, Khunti, Saraikela

5 Sunei Major IR Project

Major Sunei Sunei River Completed 1992 12.50 10.96 15.20 Mayurbhanj, Baleshwar

6 Roro Medium IR Project

Medium Kharkhai Roro Gara Completed 1970 19.02 8.90 West Singhbhum

7 Khadkhai Medium IR Project

Medium Khadkai Completed 10.56 7.99 11.71 Mayurbhanj

8 Bankabahal Medium IR Project

Medium Mandavi Completed 7.20 10.37 Mayurbhanj

9 Sonua Medium IR Project

Medium Subanranrekha Ongoing 7.96 5.78 8.08 West Singhbhum

10 Sona Medium IR Project

Medium Sona Completed 1969 11.21 5.67 7.20 Saraikela, Kharsawan

11 Jharjhara Medium IR Project

Medium Bamini Nalla Ongoing 8.09 5.26 5.92 West Singhbhum

12 Basuki Medium IR Project

Medium South Koel Proposed 4.95 5.67 Ranchi

13 Kalo Medium IR Project

Medium Kalo Completed 7.16 4.80 6.97 Mayurbanj

14 Kokro IR Scheme Medium IR Project

Medium Subernarekha Raru Completed 1969 13.97 4.37 Ranchi

15 Baladiha Medium Medium Baladiha Baldiha Completed 1912 3.83 3.83 3.88 Mayurbanj



67

Sl. No.


GCA (Th ha)

CCA (Th ha)



16 Kans Medium IR Project

Medium Ongoing 5.93 3.73 3.73 Ranchi

17 Tajna Barrage Medium IR Project

Medium Tajna Completed 3.26 4.70 Ranchi, Khunti

18 Torlow Medium IR Project

Medium Torlo Torlow Completed 1990 3.21 2.75 3.55 West Singhbhum , Chaibasa

19 Palna Medium IR Project

Medium Subernarekha Ranka Jhuria Completed 1985 3.51 2.75 2.75 Saraikela

20 Murahir Reservoir Scheme Medium IR Project

Medium Subanranrekha Lokjheria Nala

Completed 1987 3.88 2.31 2.46 East Singhbhum

21 Haladia Medium IR Project

Medium Haladia Completed 1912 2.27 2.27

22 Nakti Medium IR Project

Medium Sanjay Bijay Ongoing 2.51 2.26 2.26 West Singhbhum

23 Surangi Medium IR Project

Medium Surangi Nala\ Karkari

Ongoing 4.53 2.11 2.60 Ranchi, West Singhbhum

24 VIjay Medium IR Project

Medium Completed 4.04 1.60 2.80 Saraikela, Singhbhum

25 Jenasai Medium IR Project

Medium Sanjay Karala Completed 1981 2.59 1.60 2.11 West Singhbhum

26 Brahmani Medium IR Project

Medium Brahmani Bamni Completed 1961 3.44 1.35 1.50 West Singhbhum

27 Nesa Medium IR Project

Medium Nessa Completed 1981 1.60 1.20 1.60 Mayurbanj

28 Murumsona IR Scheme Medium IR Project

Medium Sana Completed 1970 1.13 Saraikela-Kharsawan



68

Sl. No.


GCA (Th ha)

CCA (Th ha)



29 Aradih Weir Medium IR Project

Medium Subernarekha Completed 1955 2.11 1.02 1.02 Ranchi

30 Sonua Medium IR Project

Medium Sanjay Completed 1962 1.59 0.95 West Singhbhum

31 Raisa Medium IR Project

Medium Kanchi Kanchi Completed 1957 0.84 Ranchi, Khunti

32 Lorgara Medium IR Project

Medium Kharkhai Kharkhai Completed 1985 0.95 0.49 0.42 Saraikela

33 Rajbhandh Medium IR Project

Medium Subernarekha Completed 0.49 0.48 East Singhbhum

34 Nakti Nala Weir Scheme Medium IR Project

Medium Completed 0.99 0.40 Latehar

35 Desh Bandh Medium IR Project

Medium Completed 1970 0.38 0.38 East Singhbhum

36 Kita Medium IR Project

Medium Raru Urangarha Completed 1957 0.55 0.35 Ranchi

37 Kitanala Medium IR Project

Medium Kita Nala Completed 1961 0.22 0.26 East Singhbhum

38 Lapasia Medium IR Project

Medium Lapasia Completed 1954 0.73 0.21 Hazaribagh

39 Subernarekha Multipurpose Project_Odisha

Major Subernarekha Ongoing 0

40 Purulia Pumped Storage Project

0



69

D. Power house and projects with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Power House Hydro Electric project

Type of Development

Position Altitude above

MSL (m)

No. of Turbines/

Units

Total Installed Capacity

(MW)

Minimum Draw Down

Level (m)

Number of Penstocks

1 Subernrekha-II Power House

Subernarekha Hydroelectric Project

Run of the river with small pondage

Canal Drop 310 1 65 579.50 1

2 Chandil Power House

Chandil Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe 2 8 2

3 Purulia Power House

Purulia Hydroelectric Project

Pumped Storage

Under Ground

4 900 494 2

A. Lithology in the Basin

Sl. No.

Location Depth Drilled

(m)

Major Lithology Depth to

bedrock (m)

Static water level (m)

Discharge (lps)

Draw down

(m)

No. of zones encountered/trapped

Total thickness of zones

(m)

Major rock group

1 Mohanpur 251.10 Quaternary/Tertiary Sediments

10.50 4 142 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

2 Sarasankha 413.62 Tertiary sediments 44 17 6 141 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -

Annexure V : Inventory of litholog well locations



70

Recent)

3 Asimulsuli 250.54 Quaternary Sediments

2 60 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

4 Shaktinagar 252.22 Quaternary/Tertiary Sediments

11.07 5.83 5 5 209 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

5 Dholkat Pukuria Bsas Pimary School

169.05 Quaternary/Tertiary Sediments


6 Saptabanpalli 241.94 Quaternary/Tertiary Sediments




71

Sl. No.

Name Type River Regional office Division Section office Drainage area

(Sq.km)

Zero of Gauge

(m)

Bank Status

1 Adityapur GDSQ Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

ADITYAPUR 6309 0 Left Existing

2 Balimunduli G Burhabalang M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

BALIMUNDALI 190 0 Left Existing

3 Baripada G Burhabalang M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

BARIPADA 1695 0 Left Existing

4 Chandanpur G Burhabalang M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

CHANDANPUR 250 0 Left Existing

5 Ghatsila GDSQ Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

GHATSHILA 14176 0 Left Existing

6 Govindpur (NH5 Road Bridge)

GDSQ Burhabalang M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

N.H.V,Govindpur 4495 0 Left Existing

7 Jamshedpur GDSQ Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

JAMSHEDPUR 12649 0 Right Existing

8 Jamsholaghat GD Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

JAMSHOLAGHAT 16000 0 Right Existing

9 Muri GDQ Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

MURI 1330 0 Right Existing

10 Jaypur G Burhabalang M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

JAIPUR 1185 0 Left Existing

11 Rajghat G Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

RAJGHAT 18260 0 Right Existing

12 Fekoghat GD Subernarekha M & E RO, Bhubaneswar

E.E., Bhubaneswar

FENKOGHAT 700 0 Left Existing

A. Salient features of Hydro- meteorological Stations

Annexure VI : Salient features of hydro- meteorological stations



72

B. Salient features of Flood-Forecasting Stations

Sl. No

.

Site Name

Met Sub

Division

Independent river

Type of Forecast

Base Station-1

Travel Time Base

Station-1 (hrs)

Base Station-2 (hrs)

Travel Time Base

Station-2

Full Reservoir Level

(m)

Max Reservoir Level

(m)

Highest Flood Level (m)

Year of

H.F.L

Mode of Collectio

n

1 N H 5 Road Bridge

Odisha Burhabalang Level Forecast

Baripada 18-20 Jayapur 16-18 9.50 1973 Wireless

2 Rajghat Odisha Subernarekha

Level Forecast

Jamsaloghat

18-20 Fekoghat

6-9 12.69 2008 Wireless/ Telemetry



73

A. Water Tourism Sites in the Basin

Sl.

No.

Name Type Waterbody WB Relation District State

1 Digha Tourist Spot Bay of Bengal On Medinipur West Bengal

2 Hundru Waterfall Waterfall Suwarnarekha River

On Ranchi Jharkhand

3 Dassam Waterfall Waterfall Kanchi River Near by Ranchi Jharkhand

B. Wildlife Sanctuaries / National Parks in the Basin

Sl.

No.

Name Type Waterbody WB

Relation

Nearest

City

District State Year of

Establishment

Mammals Birds Reptiles

1 Chandil Dalma Elephant Reserve

National Parks

Purbi Singhbhum

Jharkhand Elephants

Annexure VII : Inventory of water tourism sites



74

Acronyms

AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones

AIA Annual Irrigated Area

AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme

APGCL Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited

AWS Automatic Weather Stations

B&BBO Brahmaputra and Barak Basin Organization

BB Brahmaputra Board

BCB Bansagar Control Board

BCM Billion Cubic Metre

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BR Balancing Reservoir

BRB Betwa River Board

BWA Barrage Weir Anicut

C&SRO Cauvery and Southern Rivers Organization

CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CBIP Central Board of Irrigation & Power

CCA Culturable Command Area

CEA Central Electricity Authority

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

Ch Chainage

CIWTC Central Inland Water Transport Corporation

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CSMRS Central Soil & Materials Research Station

cumec cubic metre per sec

cusec cubic foot per sec

CWC Central Water Commission

CWPRS Central Water and Power Research Station

D Discharge

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DOS Department of Space

DVC Damodar Valley Corporation

EC Electrical Conductivity

EFR East Flowing Rivers

ERM Extension, Renovation and Modernization

ETP Effluent Treatment Plant

EW Exploratory Well

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FC Flood Control



75

FF Flood Forecasting

FMP Flood Management Programme

FRL Full Reservoir Level

G Gauge

GCA Gross Command Area

GD Gauge and Discharge

GDQ Gauge, Discharge and Water Quality

GDS Gauge, Discharge and Sediment

GDSQ Gauge, Discharge, Sediment and Water Quality

GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission

GIS Geographical Information System

GOI Government of India

GPI Grossly Polluting Industries

GSC Gross Storage Capacity

ha Hectare

HE Hydro-Electric

HFL Highest Flood Level

HO Hydrological Observation

hrs Hours

I&CAD Irrigation and Command Area Development

IBO Indus Basin Organization

IBTL Inter-Basin Transfer Link

IBWT Inter-Basin Water Transfer

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICPO Irrigation-Cum-Power Outlet

IM Moisture Index

IMD Indian Meteorological Department

India-WRIS India-Water Resources Information System

IR Irrigation

IRS Indian Remote Sensing

ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation

IWAI Inland Waterways Authority of India

IWT Inland Water Transport

K&GBO Krishna and Godavari Basin Organization

km Kilometre

LBC Left Bank Canal

LGBO Lower Ganga Basin Organization

LGP Length of Growing Period

LISS Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor

lps Litres Per Second



76

LSC Live Storage Capacity

LULC Land Use Land Cover

m metre

M&ERO Mahanadi and Eastern Rivers Organization

MAF Million Acre Feet

MCM Million Cubic metre

Mcum Million Cubic metre

MDDL Minimum Draw Down Level

mg/l Milligram per Litre

MI Minor Irrigation

MLD Million Liters per Day

mm Millimetres

MMIR Major and Medium Irrigation

MOSDAC Meteorological & Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MoWR Ministry of Water Resources

MPN Most Probable Number

MSL Mean Sea Level

MU Million Units

MW Mega Watt

N&TBO Narmada and Tapi Basin Organization

NBO Narmada Basin Organization

NBSS & LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning

NEEPCO North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited

NEIC North Eastern Investigation Circle

NF No Flow

NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority

NHPC National Hydro Power Corporation Limited

NRLD National Register of Large Dam

NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre

NW National Waterway

NWDA National Water Development Authority

NWDT Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal

NWMP Northern Water Monitoring Programme

NWP National Water Policy

OW Observatory Well

P Precipitation

PET Potential Evapotranspiration

PH Power House

pH puissance de Hydrogen



77

ppm parts per million

PS Pisciculture

PW Peizometre Well

Q Water Quality

R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement

RBC Right Bank Canal

RF Rainfall

RRR Repair, Renovation and Restoration

RRSC Regional Remote Sensing Centre

RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate

S Sediment

SAC Standing Advisory Committee

SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio

SD Sub Division

SMCS Soil Moisture Control Section

SOI Survey of India

Sq.km Square Kilometres

SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission

TAC Technical Advisory Committee

TBO Tapi Basin Organization

TC Total Coliform

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

Th ha Thousand Hectare

THDC Tehri Hydro Development Corporation

TW Tube well

UGBO Upper Ganga Basin Organization

UIP Ultimate Irrigation Potential

UJVNL Uttarkhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UPJVNL Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited

UT Union Territory

WB Water Body

WFR West Flowing Rivers

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WS Water Supply

YBO Yamuna Basin Organization



78

References

Prasad, N. and Singh, Onkar. 1971. Andhra Plateau. In: Singh, R.L. et al. eds. India A

Regional Geography.Varansi, pp.847-849.

Central Water Commission. 2013. Annual Report 2012-2013.

Central Water Commission, New Delhi. 2010. Water Year Book, CWC, 2009-2010.

Central Water commission, New Delhi. 1997. India River Basin Atlas.

Jain, Sharad. K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra. K.; Singh, Vijay P. 2007. Hydrology and Water

Resources of India. pp 611-621.

Ministry of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi.1972. Report of the Irrigation Commission

Volume III (Part 1 & 2), pp. 3-27.

National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad. 2011. Landuse land cover Atlas of India

based on Multi-temporal Satellite Data of 2005-06.

Regional Remote Sensing Center West, NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur, India.2012. River Basin Atlas

of India.

Regional Remote Sensing Center West Technical Report.2009. Assessment of Waterlogging

and Salt and/or Alkaline affected Soils in the Commands of All Major and Medium Irrigation

Projects in the Country using Satellite Remote Sensing, PP. 16-21, 67-71.

Sehgal, J.; Mandal, D.K.; Mandal, C. and Vadivelu, S. 1992. Agro-Ecological Regions of India.

Second Edition, Tech. Bull. No. 24, NBSS and LUP, pp 130.

Links:

a. India-Water Resources Information System: www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

b. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM) 90 m digital elevation Model: CGIAR. 2006,

http://srtm.sci.cgiar.org


http://srtm.sci.cgiar.org/



79

Authors

ISRO Officials CWC Officials

Dr. V.K. Dadhwal Director National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) ISRO, Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad

Er. A. Mahendran Member (WP & P) Central Water Commission New Delhi

Dr. J.R. Sharma Project Director, India-WRIS Project & Chief General Manager Regional Remote Sensing Centres - NRSC/ ISRO DOS Branch Secretariat, Loknayak Bhawan New Delhi

Er. W.M. Tembhurney Chief Engineer (EMO) Central Water Commission New Delhi

Dr. A.T Jeyseelan General Manager Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Er R.K.Jain Chief Engineer (BPMO) Central Water Commission New Delhi

Ms. B Manasa Devi Research Scientist Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Er. Yogesh Paithankar Director Remote Sensing Directorate Central Water Commission, New Delhi

Mrs. Himani Singh Research Scientist Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Er. Alok Paul Kalsi Deputy Director Remote Sensing Directorate Central Water Commission, New Delhi



80

ISRO Officials

CWC Officials

Project Director Dr. J R Sharma Project In-charge Er. Yogesh Paithankar, Director

Convener (S/W)

Sh. P G Diwakar

Quality Assurance Team Sh. V M Bothale, Sh. M V Ravikumar, Dr. S S Rao, Dr. S N Das, Sh. D S P Rao, Ms. A Vijaya Banu, Sh. Chandrasekaran, Sh. D J Chutia

Dy. Project In-charge Er. Alok Paul Kalsi, Dy. Director Er. Prashant Kumar Gupta, Dy. Director

Convener (Database) Dr. A Jeyaram

Quality Assurance Team Dr. S Sudhakar, Sh. Uday Raj, Dr. M Kudrat, Ms. Rajashree V Bothale, Dr. D Dutta, Dr. G Ravishankar, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. K K Sarma

Technical Guidance Er. C K Agarwal, Chief Engineer (B & BBO) Er. W M Tembhurney, Chief Engineer EMO Er R.K. Jain, Chief Engineer (BPMO) Project Coordinators Sh. Shantanu B., Sh.Uday Raj, Dr. A T Jeyaseelan

Project Managers Dr. A K Bera, Dr. B K Bhadra, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Groups and Work Components

Project Leads & Project Scientists at Lead Centre

Research Scientists at Lead Centre

DPDs & Project Scientists

Team

Er. Navin Kumar, Director

Er. S N Abraham, Director

Er. R Azhagesan, Director

Er. Ashish Banerjee, Director

Er. Rajiv Kumar, Director

Er. Piyush Ranjan, Executive Engineer

Er. Pankaj Sharma, Dy. Director

Er. Amarjit Singh, Dy. Director

Er. S K Chaturvedi, Dy. Director

Er. Y S Varshney, Executive Engineer

Er. Manoj Paunikar, Executive Engineer

Er. Amitabh Prabhakar, Executive Engineer

Er. Vishal Garg, Assistant Director

Er. M Sahabdeen, Assistant Director

Er. Ashish Awasthi Assistant Director

Er. R. Bhaskaran, Assistant Director

S/W Design, Architecture, Integration, Data Security, Web Hosting & Website

Sh. Gaurav Kumar

Sh. K S Srinivasan

Sh. Hansraj Meena

Ms. Suman Gurjar

Ms. Pragya Chaturvedi

Ms. Shilpa Taneja

Ms. S V Pravalika

Ms. Divya Mishra

Ms. Jyotsana Chuchra

Mr. Samuel Lourdraj C

Mr. Rahul Sharma

Mr. Piyush Dubey

Mr. V Srinivasa Reddy

Ms. Chitra S Pai

Ms. Manasa Devi B

Mr. Mohamed Ali S

Ms. Hemlata Gehlot

Mr. Amit Kumar

Mr. Devdatta Tengshe

Mr. Jai Prakash Jyani

Mr. Munish Gorsi

Ms. Deepika Acharaya

Ms. Pratima Tak

Mr. Niteen K Bankar

Ms. Himani Singh

Ms. Sneha

Ms. Kamini Yadav

Mr. Goutam Bhati

Mr. Debhasish Bhakta

Mr. Nitin Chauhan

Ms. Ila Agnihotri

Mr. Vishal Singh

Ms. Vineeta Sharma

Dr. N Vyjayanthi

Dr. Shirsath Paresh B

Mr. Sanjay Kumar

Ms. Rashmi Rekha Dutta

Mr. Brij Kishor Jashal

Sh. Vinod M Bothale

Sh. Shantanu B

Sh. K Nagajyothi

Sh. S S Rajashekhar

Sh. Harish Karnatak

Sh. D Giribabu

Dr. A V Suresh Babu

Sh. E Sivasankar

Database Organization & Geo-database Standards

Dr. A K Bera

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Dr. M C Gupta

Dr. S N Das

Dr. S S Rao

Sh. K Abdul Hakeem

Legacy Data ISRO Projects

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Sh. Ashish Kumar Jain

Dr. V V Rao Dr. G Ravishankar Dr. A V Suresh Babu Sh. B Simhadhari Rao

Watershed Atlas & Water Resources Projects

Dr. A K Bera

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Er. Sagar S Salunkhe

Ms. Rajashree V B

Dr. G Sreenivasan

Dr. S Ravindranath

Dr. K H V Durga Rao

Administrative & Thematic Layers

Dr. B K Bhadra

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Sh. S Pathak

Sh. Sushilkumar B Rehpade

Sh. Amanpreet Singh

Dr. D Dutta Dr. V M Choudhary Sh. P V Raju Sh. P Satyanarayana

Environmental Data Dr. S Rama Subramoniam

Dr. Manoj Joseph

Dr. S N Das Sh. John Mathew Sh. M Shanker Sh. B Simhadhari Rao

Capacity Building, Modelling, Value Addition & Report

Sh. S Pathak Dr. P Manavalan Sh. Pramod Kumar Sh. P V Raju Dr. K H V Durga Rao

India-WRIS Project Team

India-WRIS Project Team

Lead Centre: Regional Remote Sensing Centre - West, NRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur



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