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Version: 6/6/2012 › cms4 › asset › E5BE81BB-EBA9-6488-B89BAC… · Tufted; Leaves oval,...

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Page 1: Version: 6/6/2012 › cms4 › asset › E5BE81BB-EBA9-6488-B89BAC… · Tufted; Leaves oval, forming rosette; flowers creamy white, in spikes, small (one species: Plantago canescens).

Version: 6/6/2012

Page 2: Version: 6/6/2012 › cms4 › asset › E5BE81BB-EBA9-6488-B89BAC… · Tufted; Leaves oval, forming rosette; flowers creamy white, in spikes, small (one species: Plantago canescens).

Gentianaceae .......................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 21 Leaves opposite or basal; flowers blue, blue-green to yellow, or white. Hippuridaceae ....................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 21 Aquatic; leaves whorled, entire (one species: Hippuris vulgaris). Onagraceae ........................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 22 Flowers with 4 petals and 4 sepals, pink, purple, or white; Papaveraceae ........................................................................................................................................ Other Forbs, p. 22 Milky juice; leaves lobed or divided; flowers solitary, showy; stems leafless; flower buds nodding; 2 sepals; petals thin, normally 4. Plantaginaceae ...................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 22 Tufted; Leaves oval, forming rosette; flowers creamy white, in spikes, small (one species: Plantago canescens). Plumbaginaceae .................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 22 Densely tufted; leaves linear, grayish green; flowering stems leafless; head of flowers spherical, terminal, flowers in clusters of 3; 5 petals, rose pink (one species: Armeria maritima). Polemoniaceae ...................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 22 Leaves alternate, pinnately divided (like a fern); flowers blue, showy; 5 petals; 5 sepals Polygonaceae ......................................................................................................................................... Polygonaceae, p. 14 Swollen joints in stem with membranous sheathing stipules above them; flowers small, petals lacking; 3-6 sepals. Primulaceae ............................................................................................................................................ Other Forbs, p. 23 Leaves mostly basal, simple; flowers with 5 petals, joined into tube at base; stamen opposite petals; may have simple umbel inflorescence, or petals may be reflexed. Pyrolaceae .............................................................................................................................................. Other Forbs, p. 23 Leaves simple, evergreen; flowers with 5 petals and 5 sepals; stems leafless; raceme inflorescence. Ranunculaceae ....................................................................................................................................... Ranunculaceae, p. 15 Colorless juice; flowers symmetrical, sepals petal-like; Rosacea .................................................................................................................................................. Rosaceae, p. 16 Herbs with woody base (one species, Dryas integrifloia, included in “Other Shrubs” key) Rubiaceae .............................................................................................................................................. Other Forbs, p. 23 Stem 4-angled; leaves whorled (one species: Galium boreale). Scrophulariaceae ................................................................................................................................... Scrophulariaceae, p. 19 Flowers in raceme or spike inflorescence, mostly irregular; Valerianaceae ........................................................................................................................................ Other Forbs, p. 23 Leaves opposite; flowers in terminal head, pink to white; lowermost leaves with slender petiole, leaves on flowering stem lacking petiole (one species: Valeriana capitata).  

Page 3: Version: 6/6/2012 › cms4 › asset › E5BE81BB-EBA9-6488-B89BAC… · Tufted; Leaves oval, forming rosette; flowers creamy white, in spikes, small (one species: Plantago canescens).

Monocots Key Forbs .......................................................................................................................................Other Forbs, p. 20 Graminoids Cyperaceae (sedges) ............................................................................................................................. Sedges and Rushes, p. 3 Sheath closed, stem often has edges, 1 scale subtending each pistil

Juncaceae (rushes) ............................................................................................................................... Sedges and Rushes, p. 3 Sheath open, stem round, flowers lily-like with 6 tepals

Poaceae (grasses) ................................................................................................................................. Grasses, p. 1 Sheath open, leaves in one plane, terminal inflorescense, 2 scales protecting each flower, spikelets subtended by 2 glumes

Dicots

Woody .....................................................................................................................................Shrubs, p. 6

Herbaceous (see below):

Apiaceae ................................................................................................................................................. Other Forbs, p. 20 Stems usually hollow; leaves alternate or basal; compound umbel inflorescence. Asteraceae .............................................................................................................................................. Asteraceae, p. 8 Composite flower heads with disc and ray flowers; Boraginaceae ......................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 21 Leaves entire, usually rough and hairy; flowers in one sided cymes, flowers blue Brassicaceae .......................................................................................................................................... Brassicaceae, p. 10 Watery juice; leaves alternate, lacking stipules; flowers regular, cruciform, with 4 petals and 4 sepals, 6 stamen. Campanulaceae ..................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 21 Milky juice; leaves alternate, simple; flowers showy, usually blue, solitary or few. Carophyllaceae ...................................................................................................................................... Carophyllaceae, p. 12 Leaves opposite, entire; flowers regular with distinct petals and sepals; 5 stamen closely surrounding one style.  Fabaceae ................................................................................................................................................. Fabaceae, p. 13 Leaves compound; flowers irregular; 5 petals typically with upper middle one largest, two lateral ones (wings) similar, and the two lowest ones united (keel). Fumariaceae .......................................................................................................................................... Other Forbs, p. 21 Watery juice; leaves few, dissected, from lower part of stem; leaflets with 3-4 sections; flowers irregular; sepals small, scalelike; petals sky blue (one species: Corydalis pauciflora).

Page 4: Version: 6/6/2012 › cms4 › asset › E5BE81BB-EBA9-6488-B89BAC… · Tufted; Leaves oval, forming rosette; flowers creamy white, in spikes, small (one species: Plantago canescens).

Spikelet has 2 or more flowers

Spikelets without own pedicel (supporting stalk)

Spikelets in groups of 2 or more Single spikelet at each node

Inflorescence spikelike Inflorescence not spikelike

Elymus arenarius Spikelet has many small, narrow projections

Spikelet lacking projections

Spikelets each with own pedicel

Spikelet has one flower only

Lemmas surrounded by  tufts of hair at base

Standing dead present

Agropyron boreale

Inflorescence wider Inflorescence narrow

Lemmas not surrounded by  tufts 

of hair at base

Elymus arenarius

Alopecurus alpinus

Phippsia algida

Arctogrostis latifolia

Calamagrostis purpurascens

Standing dead present

Hairs on upper part of stem

Hairs on upper part of stem

*Grows in tufts

Inflorescence cylindrical, wooly, light grey 

Leaves have hairs on upper surface of veins

*Grows in tufts

Stem rough

Leaves very rough, especially margins

Inflorescence purple to bronze

Leaves rough, flat, wide

Stem smooth

Inflorescence narrow

Stem barely longer than leaves

Grows in tufts

GRASSES

Leaves pale grey or bluish green

Leaves pale grey or bluish green

Glumes hairy, lemma awnless

Glumes hairy, lemma awnless

Nodes with short hairs

Leaves rough

Spike dense

Leaf blade short and flat

Calamagrostiscanadensis

Calamagrostisholmii

Calamagrostisinexpansa

Inflorescence open, usually purple tinged

Inflorescence closed, pale

Inflorescence closed, feather‐like

Leaves curled inward

Leaves flat

Leaves rough on both sides

Awn longer than glumes Awn shorter than glumes

Leaves generally blue‐ish

Inflorescence closed

Leaves yellowish‐green

Leaves boat shaped at tip

Leaves flimsy, not firm

Leaves much shorter than stem

Inflorescence dense

Stem slender

Leaves almost trianglular, greyish green

*TALL, very robust

Leaves rough on both sides

Pg. 1

*Looks similar to Hierochloe pauciflora

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Spikelet has 2 or more flowers

Spikelet 3 flowered, all at the same level

Spikelet 2 flowered or with 3 flowers on different levels

Lemmas awned from above middle

Lemmas awned from below middle

Hierochloe alpina

Glumes shorter than spikeletGlumes longer than spikelet

Lemmas awnless or with apical awn, glumes shorter than first floret

Lemmas with awn arising from back, glumes as long as spikelet

Lemmas not bifid at tipLemmas have bifid tip

Nerves of lemma parallel

Hierochloe pauciflora

Koeleria asiatica

Trisetum spicatum

Deschampsia brevifolia

Deschampsiacaespitosa

Dupontia fisheri

Bromuspumpellianus

Glumes shorter than lowermost floret

Glumes as long as lowermost floret

Arctophila fulva

Puccinellia borealis

Puccinellia langeana

Puccinellia phryganodes

Nerves of lemma converging

Festuca rubra Festuca altaica

Festucabrachyphylla

Poa arctica Poa alpigena

Poa glauca

Poa alpina

Long, twisted awn

Awnless

Leaves narrow, curled inward, almost round

Leaves narrow, curled inward, bluish‐green

Awn straight

Awn bent

Fine hairs on stem

Many basal leaves

Stem hairless or with fine hairs

Fine hairs on leaves, few basal leaves

Glumes and lemmas dark purple

Glumes and lemmas translucent

Inflorescence closed

Inflorescence open

Glumes purple at base, bronze tips

Stem smooth

Glumes unequal

Leaves and stem with or without hairs

Stem smooth, leafy

Leaves broad, smooth, reddish

Inflorescence has long, drooping branches

Stem smooth, wiryStem 

slightly rough

Inflorescence more narrow

Leaves curled inward

Palea hairy Palea hairless

Spikeletspale

Spikelets green or purple

Spikeletsgreen or purple

Plant reddish

Leaves bright green

Basal sheaths reddish

*Loosely tufted

*Densely Tufted

Inflorescence open

Inflorescence closed

Leaves smooth, stiff

Leaves rough, curled

Stem smooth

Basal leaves hairy

*Grows in tufts, DRY tundra

Leaves yellow‐green

*NOT tufted, WET tundra

Plant thin, delicate

*Loose tufts

*NOT tufted

*Grows in dense tuftsLeaves narrow and short

Leaves  rough on upper surface

*Tufted

Lemmas awned Lemmas awnless

*Densely Tufted

Inflorescence open

Inflorescence closed

Inflorescence closed

*Not tufted *Not tufted

Firm tussocks

Stem smooth, wiry

Inflorescence open

*Densely Tufted

*Tufted

Persistent white sheaths

Leaves abruptly pointed

Leaves purplish

Ligules short, terminates abruptly

Stem smooth

Leaves soft

*Tufted

Leaves flat

*Tufted

Stem bent at base

*Tufted

Leaves large, curled, purplish

Inflorescence closed

TALL (50‐100cm)

Ligulemembranous

WET TUNDRA

Pg. 2

Red base typical

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SEDGE‐Sheath closed, 1 scale per pistil

RUSH‐Sheath open, flowers lily‐like with 6 tepals

Large bristles‐ cottongrass Flowers otherwise

Eriophorumangustifolium

Spikes several, with bracts Spikes solitary, no bractsEriophorum russeolum

Eriophorum vaginatum

*Not tufted

Grows in dense tufts

Perigynium presentPerigynium lacking

Eriophorum triste

Kobresiamyosuroides

Kobresia sibirica

Spike linear

Spike oval‐oblong

Leaves and sheaths with few white hairs No hairs present

Inflorescence terminalInflorescence lateral

Juncus biglumisJuncus arcticus

Stems channeled on one side

Juncus triglumis

Flowers solitary end of branches

Flowers crowded in spikesLuzula confusa

Luzula arctica

Bract leaflike

Leaves curved, narrow

Leaves flat, wide, short

Luzula wahlenbergii

Branches drooping

Stem smooth,hairless

Leaves shiny, thin

Reddish brown wiry sheaths

Bract leaflike

Bract scalelike

CAREX(See Carex key)

Stem rough

Leaves more narrow, flat but folding at tip

Leaves channeled, very thin, round

Leaves trigonous, thin, lighter green

Leaves coiled, numerous

Stems stiff

Inflorescence dense, light brown

Bract scalelike

SEDGES AND RUSHES

Sheaths persistent, brown

Leaves flat, then folding at tip

Sheaths persistent, brown

White to pale rusty

*Tufted, dense tussocks

*Tufted

Old sheaths dense, brown

*Tufted

Leaves linear, narrow

Sheaths brownish

Pg. 3

*Tufted

Usually 2 cauline leaves

Branches brown with curly hairs

*Densely tufted

Stem leafy

Leaves hairy

Stem leafy

Leaves channeled Stem thin, wiry

Rhizome scaly

Stem with one leaf,  and several bladeless sheaths

Leaves with reddish brown sheaths

3‐5 flowered head

(Sedges)

(Rushes)

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Group 3 on next page

Group 1: Spike single, terminal

Staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants

Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike

Staminate flowers at base Staminate flowers at apex

C. scirpoideaC. ursina Spike round with 

pointed tipSpike oblong or 

linear

C. capitata

C. nardina

C. obtusata

C. rupestris

Group 2: Spike compound, attached directly, bisexual

Stem branchingStem simple

C. chordorrhiza

Staminate flowers at base of spike

Staminate flowers at apex of spike

C. maritima

C. lachenalii

C. glareosa

*3 stigmas*Perigynia with small hairs

Stem sharply trigonous

Leaves flatForms dense tufts

Leaf margins curled

Leaf margins curled

Leaves flat

Leaves trigonous,curvedBrown 

sheathsCylindrical

Leaves greyishgreen, curly

Stem smooth, flattened, triangular

3‐8 spikes in ovoid head

Leaves channeled

Stems rough

Leaves grayish, channeled

Leaves flat, yellow‐green,  short

Stems stiffStems curved

Leaves gray‐green, curved, narrow

CAREXPg. 4

Spikes single

Rhizome black, scaly

Stems barely longer than leaves, trigonous

Leaves rough along edges

Stems slender, wiry

Leaves pale green

Sheaths purplish

Rhizome purplish black

Leaves very thin (1mm)

*Densely tufted

Leaves as long as stems

Spike single

Stems rough

Terminal spike tapers at base

Sheaths straw colored

Leaves narrow (<2mm)

Terminal spike club‐like

3 spikes

Blades of lower sheaths short or absent

Spike round or oval Fertile stems from nodes of old stems

Leaves rough at tips

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Group 3: Spikes compound, mostly unisexual, each with solitary stalk

Perigynia long‐beaked Perigynia beakless or short‐beaked

C. saxatilis

C. bigelowii Stem sheath has leaf Stem sheath lacks leaf

C. stans

C. aquatilis

C. subspathacea

C. ramenskii

3 Stigma

Beak of perigynia has mouth with two teeth

Break of perigynia has mouth with square or even end

C. misandra

Bracts without sheaths Bracts with sheaths

C. rarifloraC. holostoma

C. podocarpa

2 Stigma

Lowest bract shorter than inflorescence

Lowest bract as long as inflorescence or longer

Leaves not divided into segments

Leaves divided into segments by small knobs

C. rotundata

Perigynia flat Perigynia trigonous

Terminal spike pistillate on topC. krausei

C. capillaris

C. williamsii

Stems purplish at base

Leaves pale, margins curled

Upper spikes staminate, linear

Lower spikes pistillate, cylindrical

Stem stiff,  sharply triangular

Stem curved

One staminate spike at tip

More than 1 staminate spike at tip

Stem shorter, angles obtuse

Stem taller, angles obtuse

Leaves and stem straight

Leaves narrow, light green

Leaves broad

Leaf margins rough

Tips rough

Stem triangular, edges rounded

Leaves waxy, greyish green

Leaves dark green, wide, flat

Stem slender, smooth

Curled at tip

Leaf margins curved

Leaves short, flat, curly

Stem slender, smooth

Terminal spike staminate at base

Lower spikes pistillate

Leaves flat, yellowish green

Leaves bristlelike,  margins curved

Leaves flat, bright green, mostly basal

Terminal spike staminate

Pg. 5

Stem slightly rough in upper part

Sheaths purplish brown, shiny

Lateral spikes short, cylindrical

Leaves greyish green

Leaves greyishgreen

*Dwarf species

Leaves curved, channeled 

Leaves yellowish green

Stem triangular

Sheaths reddish brown

Lowest bract taller than inflorescence

Stem smooth

Basal sheaths  purple

Stem slender, 3‐4 leaves

Lateral spikes drooping

Lower leaves shorter than upper leaves

Sheaths pale greyish green

Leaves yellowish green

Stem thin , smooth

Sheaths purplish

Stem thin, smooth

Lowermost spikes solitary

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Petals lacking or not visible

Petals present

Small, very dense cushions Not forming these cushions

Leaves without hairs

Vaccinium vitis‐idaea

Fruit is a drupe (fleshy outer part surrounding pit)

Arctostaphylos alpina

Leaves with dense, matted hairs below

Ledum palustre

White flowers

Lacking catkins

Empetrum nigrum

Berries purplish black

Catkins

Leaves mostly entire;Many seeded capsule

Leaves serrated;1 seeded winged nutlet

Leaves round, dark green above, light below

SALIX(see Salix key)

Betula nana

Fruit fleshy or dry Fruit is a berry

Evergreen

Deciduous

Vaccinium uliginosum

Fruit is a dry capsuleLeaves opposite

Cassiope tetragona

Andromeda polifolia

Rhododendron lapponicum

Leaves alternate

Leaves with 3 pairs of veins

Evergreen

Leaves alternate or whorled

Evergreen, small dense rosettes

Diapensia lapponica

White to creamLeaves densely overlapping

Leaves leathery, linear, dark green above

Evergreen

Bark shreddy

Rounded at apex

*Flowers white, drooping

Drupe black

Leaves opposite

Flowers white, drooping

Branches stiff

Leaves round, rough

Twigs scaly

Leaves oblong,evergreen, 

deeply grooved

Flowers pink

Flowers purple

*Berries red

Berries blue

Flowers light pink

Stems trailing

Few branches

Many branches

*Flowers pink

Dryasintegrifolia

Leaves oblong

White

Leaves whiteish on underside, dark green 

and shiny above

SHRUBS Pg. 6

Leaves linear to narrow elliptical

Young branches with resin glands

Leaf edges crenate

Leaves dark green

Leaves broadest below middle

Pedicels with white or rusty hairs

Leaves leathery, elliptical

Leaves dull green above

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Stems with dense hairs

Low prostrate shrubs <1ft tall

Erect shrubs >1ft tall

Long creeping branches Without creeping branches

Salix reticulata

Leaves net‐veined Not net‐veinedSalix fuscescens

Salix arctica

Leaves entire or toothed on 

basal half

Leaves entire

Leaves whitish beneath Not whitish beneath

Salix ovalifolia

Forms dense mats

Forms loose mats

Salix pseudopolaris

Salix phlebophylla 

Salix rotundifolia 

Abundant dead leaves

Few or no dead leaves

More than 3ft tall Less than 3ft tall

Leaves with hairs on lower surface

Leaves without hairs

Stipules persisting several years

Stipules persisting less than one year

Salix fuscescens

Salix lanata

Stipules large, toothed

Branches reddish brown, densely hairy

Stipules not toothed

No dense hairsSalix pulchra

Leaves without hairs Leaves with hairs on lower surface

Salix glauca

Salix brachycarpa

Petioles yellow

Petioles reddish

Leaves dull green, densely 

hairy below

Leaves rounded or blunt

Stipules persisting several years

Stipules persisting less than one year

Salix hastata

Salix lanataStipules toothed

Stipules not toothed

No dense hairs

Salix pulchra

Leaves nearly round

Stems pale yellow

Leaves light green

SALIX

Branches yellow or greenish‐brown

Pg. 7

Branches light brown, branchletsgreen

Leaves dark green and hairless above

Underside of leaves with silky hairs

Margins of leaves subentireto crenate

Branches reddish brown, shiny

Leaves dark green above, pale below

Veins prominent

Leaves variously shaped

Leaves dull green, underside hairy

Peduncles hairy

Branches hairless or with few hairs

Upper surface of leaves glossy, lower surface pale purplish

Petioles reddish or yellow

Branches reddish, glossy

Leaves leathery, glossy

Branches mostly below ground

Leaves very small, 5‐14mm

*Usually buried in moss

Leaves bright green

Leaf margins entire, reddish

Branches reddish brown to grey

Leaves tear‐drop shaped

Branches reddish brown, hairy

Leaves densely hairy below

Branches reddish brown, smooth, shiny

Leaves dark green above, pale below

Leaves rounded at tip

Leaves frequently withering

Petioles reddish

Leaves rounded or blunt

Branches reddish brown, hairy

Leaves densely hairy below

Salix brachycarpa

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Florets all ray florets

Taraxacumceratophorum

Taraxacumalaskanum

Disc and ray florets

Disc florets only

Inflorescence otherwiseInflorescence in terminal cluster

All leaves on flowering stem Leaves mostly basal

Winged petiole

Herbaceous Subwoody

Florets not all ray florets

Saussurea angustifolia

Antennariafriesiana

Antennariamonocephala

Artemisia glomerata

Leaves mostly basal

Leaves mainly on stem

Artemisia arctica

Artemisia borealis

Artemisia tilesii

Stem hairy

Stem hairless

Florets yellow, pappus white

Stem dark purple

Narrow petiole

Flower head solitary

More than one flower

Flower yellow

Stem hairy

Leaves on stem different than basal leaves

Inflorescence more open, branching

Inflorescence spikelike

Leaves densely covered in grey hairs below

Petals yellow or tinted red

ASTERACEAEPg. 8

Leaves narrow

Upper leaves very reduced

Stem and leaves pale green, hairy

Basal rosette

Stem and leaves pale green, hairy

Basal rosette

Leaf bases persistent

Basal leaves divided, whitish

Few to many heads

Stem green or purple

Leaves pinnatelydivided, slender petiole

Basal leaves pinnately divided

Upper surface of leaves green and mostly hairless

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Disc and ray florets

Ray florets yellow or orange Ray florets white, pink, or purple

Pappus bristly Pappus otherwise

Leaves opposite Leaves alternate or all basal

Basal leaves otherwise, or lacking

Basal leaves not heart or arrow shaped

Basal leaves heart or arrow shaped

Basal leaves have winged petiole

Petasites frigidus

Petasiteshyperboreus

Aster sibiricus

Bracts with papery or green tips 

Bracts otherwise

Erigeron hyperboreus

Erigeron humilis

Erigeron eriocephalus

Chrysanthemum integrifolium

Tripleurospermumphaeocephalum

Arnica lessingii

Arnica alpina

Solidagomultiradiata

Senecio congestus

Senecio atropurpureus

Senecio lugens

Seneciohyperborealis

Leaves toothed or shallowly lobed

Leaves deeply lobed

Leaves hairy below, smooth or hairy above

Ray florets white, sometimes purple

Ray florets large, very visible

Ray florets smaller

Bracts bluish‐black

Bracts purplish

Leaves entire, linear

Leaves pinnate

Stem wooly

Pappus white

Pappus brownish‐yellow

Winged petiole

Short petiole

Basal leaves hairless, serrated at apex

Leaves on stem lack petiole, reduced

All leaves on flowering stem, none basal

Flowers solitary

Flowers solitary, or all the same size

Flowers solitary, or lateral ones smaller

Bracts green

Bracts purplish black

Long petioles

Leaves on stem lack petiole

Pg. 9

Stem with white hairs

Stem with white hairs

Leaves thick, leathery

Leaves thick, leathery

Pappus reddish brown

Few leaves on stem

Basal leaves narrow, oblong

Stem hairy

Basal leaves blunt, narrow petiole

Leaves narrowly oblong

*Tufted, dwarf Bracts green in middle, brown margins

Heads large, 3‐5cm

Petals pure white 

Stem hairy

Leaf veins prominent

Stem hairy

Bracts covered in white hairs

Stem with short hairs

Stem thick, hollow

Stem with purplish hairs

Basal leaves oblong, petiole narrow or winged

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Pod short, not more than 3 times as long as broad

Cochlearia officinalis

Flowers small, white

BRASSICACEAE

Plant completely hairless Plant has small hairs

Basal leaves round Basal leaves oblong Petals purple Petals white or yellow

Petals white Petals yellow

Pod swollen and constricted at intervals

Pod otherwise

Draba lactea

Draba longpipes

Parrya nudicaulis

Drabamicropetala

Braya humilis

Braya purpurascens

Braya pilosa

Stem has more than one leaf

Stem has one or no leaves

Stems with 3 or more laves above basal rosette

Stems leafless, or with 1‐2 leaves

Leaves with grey‐blue hairs

Leaves otherwise

Draba cinerea

Draba hirta

Draba nivalis

Drabafladnizensis

Draba longpipes

Pod longer, more than 3 times as long as broad (Pg. 2)

Leaves entire or shallowly dentate

Leaves small, all basal

Leaves larger, may appear on stem

*Plant short, <10cm tall

*Plant taller, >10cm tall

Flowers white

Flowers white

Leaves long petioled

Raceme inflorescence

Densely tufted

Leaves all basal

Leaves lack strong midvein

Pods round or oval

Pods pointed at tip

Stem hairy

Leaves narrow

Pods hairy

Pods hairless

Leaves appear ash grey due to dense hairs

Leaves green

Pods linear

Inflorescence densely compact

Inflorescence more elongated

Pg. 10

Few stem leaves

Siliques hairless

Stem leafless Stem leafless

Leaf with prominent midrib

Basal leaves spatulate

Stem leaves alternate

Leaves densely hairy

Leaves densely hairy, linear

Leaves entire

Basal leaves may have few teeth

Petals white

Leaves pointed

Flowers pure white

*If plant has hairs, only on pods

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Basal leaves lack petiole

Leaves not pinnate Leaves pinnate

Pod longer, more than 3 times as long as broad

Plant completely hairless

Plant has small hairs

Petals  purple Petals white, pale lavender, or yellow

Leaves compound Leaves simple

Basal leaves long petioled

Petals  white or purplish Petals yellow

Pod 4‐5mm broad Pod narrower

Cardaminepratensis

Parryanudicaulis

Arabis arenicola

Cardaminehyperborea

Cardaminebellidifolia

Eutrema edwardsii

DescurainiasophioidesPod swollen and 

constricted at intervals

Pod otherwise

Arabis sp.(see above, teal)

Braya sp.(see pg. 10, bright blue)

Leaves long petioled

Pods cylindrical

Sepals hairy, green to purple

Pods linearArabis lyrata

Pod slightly flattened

More than 7 leaflets per leaf

Sepals pink or green

5‐7 leaflets per leaf

*Tufted, dwarf

Pods dark purple

Leaves pinnate

Pods curved

Pg. 11

Petals rose purple

Leaves hairy

Flowers white to purple

Stem hairless

Petals purple or white

Cardaminepratensis

More than 7 leaflets per leaf

Sepals pink or green

Stem hairless

Petals purple or white

Arabis arenicola

Sepals hairy, green to purple

Pods linear

Leaves hairy

Flowers white to purple

10‐20  milky white flowers

Sepals pink or green, half size of petals

Leaves mostly basal

Petals white, sepals hairless

Leaves hairless or with few hairs

Stem with few leaves

Basal leaves slender, long petioled

Parryanudicaulis

Leaves long petioled

Pods cylindrical

Petals rose purple Stem with few leaves

*Gravelly and disturbed areas

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Sepals and petals free, not united below

Cerastiumbeeringianum

Leaves hairy on both sides

CAROPHYLLACEAE

Petals deeply notched, or none Petals entire or shallowly notched

5 Styles, capsule cylindrical

3 Styles, capsule egg‐shaped

Leaves more broad Leaves linear

Flower buds spherical,4‐5 styles

Leaves firm

Leaves soft

Flower buds oblong,3 Styles

Leaves  3‐nerved

Leaves 1‐nerved, or appearing nerveless

Stellaria laeta

Stellaria humifusa

Stellaria crassifolia

Wilhelmsia physodes

Honckenya peploides

Sagina intermedia

Minuartia rubella

Minuartia rossii

Minuartiaobtusiloba

Minuartia arctica

Sepals united into a tube, flowers bell shaped

Plant forming dense cushionPlant not forming cushion

Flowers nodding,petals purple

Flowers upright’petals white to pink

Silene acaulis

Melandriumapetalum

Melandriumaffine

Melandriumtaylorae

Melandriumtriflorum

Petals white

Leaves shiny

Petals white, flowers small

Leaves crowded, oval

Leaves linear, oblong

Leaves limp, drooping

Capsule inflated

Capsule not inflated

Stems hairy

Stems hairless

Stems hairless

Tufted, reddish green

4 Petals, white

Sepals longer than petals

Stems and leaves hairless

Leaves stiff

Leaves soft

Stems and leaves hairy

Leaves linear, flat

Petals pink or pale purple

Sepals purple veined

Sepals green veined

Shorter than 30cm

Taller than 30cm

Basal leaves linear

Leaves narrow

Stem purplish

Basal leaves many, larger than stem leaves

Pg. 12

Inflorescence small cyme, 3‐6 flowers Leaves lack petiole

*Matted

Stem hairless

Petals white, bilobed

Stem hairless

Petals white, deep cleft

Leaves opposite

Sepals purple, petals white

Leaves yellow‐green

Petals white

Leaves trigonous

Flowers dark purple

Stem with white hairs

*Tufted

Stem hairy

*Forms flat cushions

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Leaves palmate

Lupinus arcticus

Basal leaves have long petiole

FABACEAE

Leaves pinnate

Legumes not dividedLegumes divided into sections

Leaflets thin Leaflets thick Keel blunt Keel with pointed tip

Hedysarum alpinum

Hedysarummackenzii

Astragalus alpinus

Astragalusumbellatus

Oxytropis nigrescens

Flowers bluish‐ purple

Leaves  bright green, hairless on both sides

Leaves with gray hairs on underside

Flowers pink or pale purple

Flowers deep purple

Densely tufted

Flowers purple

Leaves purplish, boat shaped

Stems grow flat along ground

Stems upright

Flowers pale bluish‐violet

Flowers yellow

Pg. 13

Leaves with hairs only on lower surface

Lateral veins prominent

Stipules gray

Underside of leaves hairy

Leaves dark green, hairs on underside only

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3 petal‐like sepals, plant only a few centimeters tall

Koenigia islandica

Leaves few,  lack petiole

POLYGONACEAE

More than 3 petal‐like sepals, larger plants

5 sepals4 or 6 sepals

Leaves kidney shaped Leaves oblong, oval

Rumex arcticusOxyria digyna

Spike narrow and longer Spike wider and shorter

Polygonum viviparum Polygonum bistorta

Flowers in umbel‐like clusters

4 sepals 6 sepals

Stem leafless or with few leaves

Leaves dark green, fleshy

Flowers white or light pink

Flowers pink

Bulbils presentBulbils lacking

Basal leaves with long petioles

Winged petioles

Pg. 14

Bracts small, leafy

Leaves heart shaped

Long petioles

Inflorescence deep red

Flowers small, reddish

Leaves mostly basal

Stem usually with 1 or 2 short petioledleaves

Leaves dark green above, greyish below

Rhizome thick, contorted

Ochrea

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Petals present

Delphinium brachycentrum

Leaves with 5‐7 main lobes

RANUNCULACEAE

Flowers blue or purple, 4 petals Flowers yellow or white, 5 petals

Grows in tufts Doesn’t grow in tufts

Terrestrial Amphibious

Petals lacking, sepals resemble petals

Sepals yellowSepals white or pale blue

Grows in tufts Does not grow in tufts

Ranunculus pygmaeus

Ranunculus nivalis

Ranunculus lapponicus

Ranunculus pallasii

Ranunculus hyperboreus

Ranunculus gmelinii

Caltha palustris

Primary divisions of leaves entire

Primary divisions of leaves again divided

Anemone parvifloraAnemone drummondii

Flowers irregular

Petals shorter than sepals

Petals longer than sepals

Petals five,  dark yellow

Petals pale yellow

Stem with one or no leaves

Petals pale yellow or white Flowers white

Flowers yellow

Flowers yellow

Leaves mostly on flowering stem

Leaves heart shaped

Basal leaves long petioledLeaves dark 

green, shiny

Stem leaves lack petiole

Leaves and stem hairy

Stem with white hairs

Pg. 15

Stem hairy

Sepals bluish purple

Leaves deeply cleft, 3‐5 lobes

Leaves deeply lobed, 3 lobes

Long petioles

Stem hairless, fleshy

Leaves deeply cleft

*Densely matted

Leaves small, lobed

Stem hairless or slightly pubescent

Leaves alternate, 3‐parted, then divided again

Stem dark brown

Leaves divided into 3‐4 linear segments

Leaf lobes bluntly toothed

Sepals pale blue Sepals white, silky, tinged blue beneath

Leaf margins with rounded serrations

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Leaves simple

Rubus chamaemorus

ROSACEAE

Leaves compound

Petals white, cream, or yellowPetals reddish purple to dark red

Leaflets with short, soft hairs on lower surface

Leaflets more densely hairy on lower surface

Leaves pinnate, 5 or more leaflets Leaves with 3 leaflets

Leaves 5‐lobed, serrated, leathery

Potentilla palustris

Potentilla pulchella Potentilla hyparctica

Potentilla uniflora

Potentilla hookeriana

Petals whiteBerries orange to red colored

Stems dark reddish

Leaves  dark reddish above, pale below

Leaves  serrate,5‐7 pinnate

Petals yellow

Dark red leaf bases

Leaflets toothed

Leaves green above, paler below

Petals pale yellow

Flowers in clusters, yellow

Flowers usually solitary, or 2‐3

Brown or blackened remains of leaves

Loosely tufted

Pg. 16

Leaves dark green, purple tinged

Petals shorter than sepals

Stem hairy

Stipules large, rusty brown

*Densely tufted

Leaflets ovate, deeply toothed

Sepals narrowly triangular

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Petals lacking

Leaves rounded, lobed, thin

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals present

Plant has hairsPlant completely hairless

5 petals 3 petals

ParnassiakotzebueiParnassia palustris

5 stamen 10 stamen

Boykinia richardsonii

SAXIFRAGASee Saxifraga key

Flowers in cluster

Petals longer than sepals

Petals shorter than sepals

Petals white, long

Leaves kidney shaped

Petals white

Inflorescence spikelike

Petals purplish

Chrysopleniumtetrandum

Pg. 17

Sepals green

Leaves ovate, short petioled, nearly sessile

Stem slender, leafless

Leaves broadly ovate

Leaf margins crenate

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Leaves Entire

Leaves Opposite

Lacking stolonsStolons

S. flagellaris

S. hirculus

S. bronchialis

Leaves Toothed or Lobed

S. oppositifolia

Leaves Alternate

S. punctata

S. foliolosa

S. hieracifolia

Flowering stem with few to no leaves

S. reflexa

More than one flower

Leaves Round Leaves Oblong

One terminal flower*

S. cernua

S. rivularis

S.caespitosa

Flowering stem with  many leaves

0

Lacking petiole Petiole

Petals white,Sepals purple

Petals white

Petals white to pink

Red bulbets

Bulbetslacking

Basal leaves form tight cushion

All leaves basal

Numerous white flowers

No distinct petiole

All leaves basal

Petals white

*May get flowers here, but not common

Inflorescence spikelike

Petals purple at tip, green at base

Winged petiole

S. nivalis

Dense cluster of flowers at tip

Underside of leaves hairless

Petals white with pink tip

Petals white with 2 yellow spots

Leaves with hairs on both sides

Stems woody

Leaves overlapping

Flowers light pink to purple

Long, slender stolons

Leaves form basal rosette

Petals  yellow

Petals white, often with purple spots

Petals yellow

Forms thick mat or cushion

Stem hairless except in inflorescence

Stem has reddish‐brown hairs

SAXIFRAGA Pg. 18

Stem hairy

Leaves 3‐5 lobed

Stem hairy

Leaves 3‐5 lobed

Stem hairy

Leaves 3‐7 lobed

Sepals green to purple

Leaves broad, margins crenate

Stem may be  hairy

Leaves leathery

Broad petiole

Bracts leaf‐like

Leaves scale‐like

Stem leafy Leaves on 

stem lack petiole

Leaves on stem lack petiole

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2 Stamen

Lagotis glauca

Petals violet to blue

SCROPHULARIACEAE

4 Stamen

Leaves dissected or toothedLeaves entire

Pedicularis verticillata

Castilleja caudata

Petals yellow Petals pink or purple

Leaves on stem whorled Leaves on stem otherwise

Pedicularislapponica

Pedicularis capitata

Pedicularissudetica

Pediculariskanei

Pedicularislangsdorfii

Leafy bracts purple or blue

Upper leaves taper in to long tail‐like tip

Petals green or yellow

Petals purple to rose pink

Leaves deeply lobed, lobes toothed

Upper part of flower with toothed beak

Flower beakless

Upper leaves lack petiole

Leaves have petiole, mostly basal

Petals with rose or purple tint at tip

Upper part of flower dark purple

Upper part of flower pink

Upper part of flower pink

Spike wooly

Spike hairless

Stem purplish

Pg. 19

*Plant hairless

*If stem has hairs, only on upper part

Calyx with 5 triangular teeth

Head with few flowers

Long petiole

Many flowers

*Basal leaves long petioled

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OTHER FORBS MONOCOTS

Flowers regularFlowers irregular

Flowers white or greenish‐yellow

Flowers purplish brown

Corallorrhiza trifidaFlowers solitary or few Flowers numerous

Lloydia serotina

Zygadenus elegans

Tofieldiapusilla

Tofieldia coccinea

DICOTS (organized by family)

APIACEAE

Basal leaves simple, entire Basal leaves compound

Bupleurumamericanum Cnidium cnidiifolium

Stems leafless, but sheaths present

Lateral petals yellow‐green, lip white, sometimes with purple spots

Flower cream with purplish veins, solitary

Leaves narrow, grasslike

Plant somewhat dull grayish‐blue

Stem leafless

Leafy bracts present

Stem purplish

Stem green

Bracts present

**Poisonous**

Compound umbel

Compound umbel

Flowers yellow, sometimes blotched with purple

Flowers yellow

Leaves oblong

Pg. 20

Rhizome coral‐like

Stem yellowish‐green

Raceme inflorescence

Leaves in fan‐like tufts

Leaves in fan‐like tufts

Leaves doubly pinnate

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BORAGINACEAE

Leaves hairless Leaves with hairs

Mertensia maritima Mertensia drummondii

DICOTS cont.

CAMPANULACEAE

Leaves entire Leaves dentate

Campanula uniflora

Campanula lasiocarpa

Flowers scarcely exceeding leaves

Stems 5‐10cm high

Eritichium chamissonis

Flowers nodding Flowers not nodding

Eritichium aretoides

FUMARIACEAE

Corydalis pauciflora

GENTIANACEAE

Flowers blue‐green to yellow

Flowers pale blue to white

Gentiana glauca Gentianella propinqua

HIPPURIDACEAE

Hippuris vulgaris

Leaves densely overlapping

Flowers blue Flowers 

blue

Leaves oval, pointed at each end

Basal leaves long petiolate

Few blue flowers

Base of stem lies flat on ground

Leaves fleshy, dull grey‐blue

Flowers blue

Flowers funnel shaped Flowers bell 

shaped

Leaves mainly basal

Flowers blue

Flowers blue

Flowers irregular

Petals sky blue

Leaves compound

Basal leaves blue‐green, shiny

Terminal flowers larger than lateral

5 sepals

4 sepals Leaves whorled

*Aquatic*

6‐12 leaves per whorl

Pg. 21

*Grows along ground*

Stem leaves reduced

Leaves covered with grey hairs

Leaves dark green

2‐3 pairs of stem leaves

Basal leaves elliptic, often form rosette

Corolla tubular

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DICOTS cont. ONAGRACEAE

Stem leaves linear

Epilobiumanagallidifolium Epilobium palustre

Stem leaves ovate or elliptic

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantagocanescens

PAPAVERACEAE

Papaver macounnellii Petals white with a salmon or rose tint

Petals yellow

Papaver alboresum

Capsule slender or oblong, broadest at top

Capsule oval, broadest at middle

Papaverhultenii

PLUMBAGINACEAE

Armeria maritima

POLEMONIACEAE

Leaves with hairs

Polemoniumacutiflorum Polemonium boreale

Leaves hairless

Flowers rose pink to purple

Flowers white to pink

Stem green or reddish Leaves linear, 

lack petiole

<12cm tall

Petals entireStems mostly 

solitary

Petals yellow, edges often scalloped

Capsule pear‐shaped

Capsule cylindrical

Leaf lobes widely separated

Papaverlapponicum

Leaf lobes not widely separated

Leaves oval, form rosette

Inflorescence spike‐like

Flowers creamy‐white

Leaves linear

Stem leafless

Inflorescence spherical

Flowers rose pink

Petals with small hairs

Flowers blue to violet

Flowers blue to violet

Petals hairless

Stem hairy

Pg. 22

Leaves opposite

Stem stiff

Leaves grey‐green

*Leaves mostly basal*

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DICOTS cont.PRIMULACEAE

Dodecathonfrigidum

Leaves larger, not overlapping

Leaves smaller, overlapping

Primulaegaliksensis

Petals reflexed Petals not reflexed

Androsacechamaejasme

AndrosaceseptentrolalisPYROLACEAE

Inflorescence cylindrical

Pyrola secundaPyrola grandiflora

Inflorescence with flowers on one side

RUBIACEAE

Galium boreale

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana capitata

Leaves oval, margins wavy

Flowers magenta to lavender

Flowers lavender or white, throat yellow

Leaves elliptic

Stem hairless

Stem hairy

Leaves reddish

Flowers white

Flowers white to cream,  yellow at base

Flowers creamy white

Flowers whitish green

Leaves leathery, edges serrated

Leaves rounded, nearly entire

Leaves whorled

Stem square

Petals white

Flowers pink to white

Leaves opposite

Leaves on stem lack petiole

Pg. 23

Sepals green with purple stripes

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Dodecathon frigidum  23 

Draba cinerea  10 

Draba fladnizensis  10 

Draba hirta  10 

Draba lactea  10 

Draba longpipes  10 

Draba longpipes  10 

Draba micropetala  10 

Draba nivalis  10 

Epilobium anagallidifolium  22 

Epilobium palustre  22 

Erigeron eriocephalus  9 

Erigeron humilis  9 

Erigeron hyperboreus  9 

Eritichium aretoides  21 

Eritichium chamissonis  21 

Eutrema edwardsii  11 

Galium boreale  23 

Gentiana glauca  21 

Gentianella propinqua  21 

Hedusarum mackenzii  13 

Hedysarum alpinum  13 

Hippuris vulgaris  21 

Honckenya peploides  12 

Koenigia islandica  14 

Lagotis glauca  19 

Lloydia serotina  20 

Lupinus arcticus  13 

Melandrium affine  12 

Melandrium apetalum  12 

Melandrium taylorae  12 

Melandrium trifolium  12 

Mertensia drummondii  21 

Mertensia maritima  21 

Minuartia arctica  12 

Minuartia obtusiloba  12 

Minuartia rossii  12 

Minuartia rubella  12 

Oxyria digyna  14 

Oxytropis nigrescens  13 

Papaver alboresum  22 

Papaver hultenii  22 

Papaver lapponicum  22 

Papaver macounnellii  22 

Parnassia kotzebuei  17 

Parnassia palustris  17 

Parrya nudicaulis  10 

Parrya nudicaulis  11 

Pedicularis capitata  19 

Pedicularis kanei  19 

Pedicularis lapponica  19 

Pedicularis longsdorfii  19 

Pedicularis sudetica  19 

Pedicularis verticillata  19 

Petasites frigidus  9 

Petasites hyperboreus  9 

Plantago canescens  22 

Polemonium acutiflorum  22 

Polemonium boreale  22 

Polygonum arcticus  14 

Polygonum bistorta  14 

Polygonum viviparum  14 

Potentilla hookeriana  16 

Potentilla hyparctica  16 

Potentilla palustris  16 

Potentilla pulchella  16 

Potentilla uniflora  16 

Primula egaliksensis  23 

Pyrola grandifolia  23 

Pyrola secunda  23 

Ranunculus gmelinii  15 

Ranunculus hyperboreus  15 

Ranunculus lapponicus  15 

Ranunculus nivalis  15 

Ranunculus pallasii  15 

Ranunculus pygmaeus  15 

Rubus chamaemorus  16 

Rumex arcticus  14 

Sagina intermedia  12 

Saussurea angustifolia  8 

Saxifraga bronchialis  18 

Saxifraga caespitosa  18 

Saxifraga cernua  18 

Saxifraga flagellaris  18 

Saxifraga foliolosa  18 

Saxifraga hieracifolia  18 

Saxifraga hirculus  18 

Saxifraga nivalis  18 

Saxifraga nivalis  18 

Saxifraga oppositifolia  18 

Saxifraga punctata  18 

Saxifraga reflexa  18 

Senecio atropurpureus  9 

Senecio congestus  9 

Senecio hyperborealis  9 

Senecio lugens  9 

Silene acaulis  12 

Solidago multiradiata  9 

Stellaria crassifolia  12 

Stellaria humifusa  12 

Stellaria laeta  12 

Taraxacum alaskanum  8 

Taraxacum certophorum  8 

Tofieldia coccinea  20 

Tofieldia pusilla  20 

Tripleurospermum     phaeocephalum  9 

Valeriana capitata  23 

Wilhelmsia physodes  12 

Zygadenus elegans  20  

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Species  Page 

Agropyron boreale  1 

Alopecurus alpines  1 

Arctograstis latifolia  1 

Arctophila fulva  2 

Bromus pumpellianus  2 

Calamagrostis Canadensis  1 

Calamagrostis holmii  1 

Calamagrostis inexpansa  1 

Calamagrostis purpurascens  1 

Deschampsia brevifolia  2 

Dupontia fisheri  2 

Elymus arenarius  1 

Elymus arenarius  1 

Festuca altaica  2 

Festuca brachyphilla  2 

Festuca rubra  2 

Hierochloe alpina  2 

Hierochloe pauciflora  2 

Koeleria asiatica  2 

Phippsia algida  1 

Poa alpigena  2 

Poa alpina  2 

Poa arctica  2 

Poa glauca  2 

Puccinellia borealis  2 

Puccinellia langeana  2 

Puccinellia phyrganodes  2 

Trisetum spicatum  2 

Carex aquatilis  5 

Carex bigelowii  5 

Carex capillaries  5 

Carex capitata  4 

Carex chordorrhiza  4 

Carex glareosa  4 

Carex holostoma  5 

Carex krausei  5 

Carex lachenalii  4 

Carex maritima  4 

Carex misandra  5 

Carex nardina  4 

Carex obtusata  4 

Carex podocarpa  5 

Carex ramenskii  5 

Carex rariflora  5 

Carex rotundata  5 

Carex rupestris  4 

Carex saxitilis  5 

Carex scirpoidea  4 

Carex stans  5 

Carex subspathacea  5 

Carex ursina  4 

Eriophorum angustifolium  3 

Eriophorum russeolum  3 

Eriophorum triste  3 

Eriophorum vaginatum  3 

Juncus arcticus  3 

Juncus biglumis  3 

Juncus triglumis  3 

Kobresia myosuroides  3 

Kobresia sibirica  3 

Luzula arctica  3 

Luzula confusa  3 

Luzula wahlenbergii  3 

Andromeda polifolia  6 

Arctostaphylos alpina  6 

Betula nana  6 

Cassiope tetragona  6 

Diapensia lapponica  6 

Dryas integrifolia  6 

Empetrum nigrum  6 

Ledum palustre  6 

Rhododendron lapponicum  6 

Salix arctia  7 

Salix brachycarpa  7 

Salix fuscescens  7 

Salix glauca  7 

Salix hastata  7 

Salix lanata  7 

Salix ovalifolia  7 

Salix phlebophylla  7 

Salix pseudopolaris  7 

Salix pulchra  7 

Salix reticulata  7 

Salix rotundifolia  7 

Vaccinium uliginosum  6 

Vaccinium vitis‐idaea  6 

Ameria maritimia  22 

Androsace chamaejasme  23 

Androsace septentrolalis  23 

Anemone drummondii  15 

Anemone parvifolia  15 

Antennaria friesiana  8 

Antennaria monocephala  8 

Arabis arenicola  11 

Arabis arenicola  11 

Arabis lyrata  11 

Arnica alpina  9 

Arnica lessingii  9 

Artemisia arctica  8 

Artemisia borealis  8 

Artemisia glomerata  8 

Artemisia tilesii  8 

Aster sibiricus  9 

Astragalus alpines  13 

Astragalus umbellatus  13 

Boykinia richardsonii  17 

Braya humilis  10 

Braya pilosa  10 

Braya purpurascens  10 

Bupleurum americanum  20 

Caltha palustris  15 

Campanula lasiocarpa  21 

Campanula uniflora  21 

Cardamine bellidifolia  11 

Cardamine hyperborea  11 

Cardamine pratensis  11 

Cardamine pratensis  11 

Castilleja caudata  19 

Cerastium beeringianum  12 

Chrysanthemum   integreifolium  9 

Chrysoplenium tetrandum  17 

Cnidium cnidiifolium  20 

Cochlearia officinalis  10 

Corallorrhiza trifida  20 

Corydalis pauciflora  21 

Delphinium brachycentrum  15 

Descurainia sophoides  11 


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