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Vertebrates
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Vertebrates
Backbone or vertebral column
1. Protects spine
2. gives support Endoskeleton
1. Support
2. Shape
3. grows
Phylum Chordata
Nerve cord – hollow tube near back Notochord
1. Beneath nerve cord Throat with gill slits
Groups of Chordates
Eight Groups Six are ectotherms
1. Rely on environment for heat
2. “cold blooded” Two are endotherms
1. Maintain their body heat
2. “warm blooded”
What to do next
Color code the embryos Do section review on page 2 of your packet
(pg 62 of your text) Complete directed reading on page 3 of your
packet
FISH Evolved 540 mya Water dwelling vertebrates
1. Scales
2. Fins
3. Throat with gill slits
Jawless Fish
Most primitive
1. No scales
2. No fins
3. No jaw
4. No bones
5. Examples- hagfish and lamprey
Cartilaginous Fish
Skeleton made of cartilage
Tooth-like scales No swim bladder Sharks, skates, and
rays
Bony Fish
Have a swim bladder
1. Gives the ability to float or sink Color vision Lateral line that senses movement
Fish Diagram
What to do next?
Color and label fish diagram Do crossword Do section review on page 6 of packet (pg 67
in your text) Complete directed reading on page 7 of your
packet
AMPHIBIANS Ectotherms Term amphibian means “double life” Live on land and water – soft eggs Goes through metamorphosis
Caecilians
Legless amphibian Lives in damp soil in
the tropics Eats small
invertebrates Thin moist skin Small eyes under skin
but are blind
Salamander
390 known species Eats small vertebrates Long tail and four small
legs
How Frogs and Toads are Alike
90% of all amphibians are frogs and toads Found all over the world Highly adapted for life on land Sticky tongues that are attached to the front
of the mouth instead of the back Strong legs for jumping Ears Vocal cords
Frog Life Cycle
What to do next
Fill out the Venn diagram that compares/contrasts a toad and a frog
Color pictures Do section review on page 9 of packet (pg 72
of textbook) Directed Reading on page 10 of packet
REPTILES Thick, dry skin Ectotherms Lungs to breathe Evolved 35 mya Strong vertical legs Most lay thick rubbery eggs. This allows
them to reproduce on land
Reptile eggs
Shell - protects the egg Albumen – provides water and protein Amniotic sac - protects embryo Yolk - provides food Allantois – stores waste and passes oxygen
Labeling the egg
Lizards
About 4,000 species Live in deserts, jungle, forests and
grasslands Most eat small invertebrates and plants but
some are strictly herbivores The tail of some lizards separate from the
body when the lizard is grabbed. The tail that is left behind wriggles, confusing the other animal.
Turtles and Tortoises
250 species Slow and inflexible Protective shell Live on land and water Are distant relatives of most other reptiles
Snakes
About 1600 species No legs Scales on belly pull
snake forward Carnivores with a good
sense of smell
Alligators and Crocodiles
Eyes and nose on top of headso they can hide under water
Carnivores Spend most of their time in water 22 different species
Alligators and Crocodiles
What’s Next?
Do amphibians and reptiles crossword puzzle page 16
Do section reviews on page 13 of your packet (page 77 in your text)
Do chapter review on page 14 of your packet (page 82 of your text) questions
6-12. Use complete sentences. Complete study guide on page 15 of packet
Birds
Endotherms (warm-blooded) Egg-laying vertebrates 4 types
-perching birds – sparrows, robins etc.
-bird of prey- owls, hawks etc.
-waterfowl – ducks, geese etc.
-flightless- penguins, ostrich etc.
Feathers
Adapted for flight Contour feathers –
large, broad Down – small, used for
insulation Not all birds fly
Adaptations
Beak – cracking, drilling Feet – wading, scratching
Which food goes with which bird?
A few feet
good for perching
good for swimming
good for capturing prey
Respiration
Air sacs
- give constant oxygen (fuel)
- give enough energy for flight lungs
Circulation
Double-loop circulatory system keeps oxygenated blood separate from de-oxygenated blood
Bones
Birds have “hollow” bone that makes them lightweight
Have trusses inside bone for strength
Complex Behaviors
Song
- protects territory
- mating
- calling Migrate
Flight adaptations
Feathers and wings Hollow bones Keel and strong flight muscles Large eyes Increased heart rate Increased respiration High body temperature
y
What to do next
Label the parts of the feather Do section review on page 21 of packet (page 94
questions 1-5) Do section review on page 22 of your packet (page
97 of your text) Do crossword puzzle on page 22 of your packet Complete reading guide on page 23 of your packet
Class Mammalia
5 Characteristics of all Mammals
Hair Mammary Glands and a diaphragm Most Sweat Endothermic
Three Classes
Monotremes Marsupials Placental
Monotremes-Echidnas and duck billed platypus
Egg laying – leathery eggs “furred reptiles” - Babies lick milk from
mother’s fur
Marsupials
Pouched Inside pouches are mammary glands Infants are born not fully developed and move to pouch
to finish development Different age babies can live in pouch at the same time Live mostly in Australia, New Guinea, and South
America Kangaroos, opossums, koalas, Tasmanian devils,
wallabies
Placental
Most mammals are placental Embryos stay inside mother until fully developed Babies are born like smaller adults Placenta are special attachments from embryo to uterus Placenta supplies food and oxygen Placenta also removes waste Gestation period is the time it takes for an embryo to develop Gestation ranges from a few weeks to almost 2 years
depending on the species
Toothless Mammals
Only anteaters are completely toothless.
The rest have small teeth
Catch insects with long, sticky tongues
Anteaters, aardvarks, armadillos, sloth
Insect Eating
Also called insectivores Live everywhere except
Australia and Antarctica Have very small brains Few specialized teeth thin long pointed nose
Rodents
More than 1/3 of all mammals are rodents Found everywhere except Antarctica Most are small Have long, sensitive whiskers All rodents have sharp front teeth for
gnawing
Lagomorphs (rabbits)
Have sharp gnawing teeth Have two sets of incisors in their upper jaws Have short tails Sensitive noses, large ears, and eyes to
detect predators
Flying Mammals
Bats are the only mammals that can fly Use echolocation to find prey Nocternal Flying squirrels ARE NOT part of this group!
Carnivores
Meat eaters Large canine teeth Can be found in both land and water Includes lions and seals
Hoofed Mammals
Adapted for quick running Large flat molars for grinding, Herbivores Also known as Ungulates Two groups based on number of toes
Odd Toed
Order Perissodactyls One or three toes Horses, tapirs, rhinos Tapirs have four toes on front but three on
back
Even Toed
Order Artiodactyla Two or four toes Foot has greater flexibility than Odd Toed Pigs, camels, cows, giraffes, hippos
Trunked-Nosed
Elephants are the only ones Very agile trunk to pick up small objects Three species – African Savanna, Asian, and African
Forest African Forest elephant is a newly name species Herbivores Largest land mammal Two year gestation period Poached for ivory
Cetaceans
Whales, dolphins, porpoise Use echolocation Have lungs,blowholes are modified nostrils Blubber Some have teeth, some do not
Sirenia
Manatees Herbivores AKA sea cows Can live for over 70 years
Primates
Binocular vision Opposable thumbs Color vision Flattened nails Specialized teeth for omnivore diet Small noses so vision is very important