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Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

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Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions
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Page 1: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Very Large Array (VLA)Soccoro, NM

Class 5: Astronomy 101

Celestial Motions

Page 2: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Class updates:

• Reading: 18.4, 22.1-22.5, 24.1• Extra credit: Geology Colloquium

- Wed./Thurs./Fri. this week (www.geo.utep.edu 2011

Colloquium link)

• Homework 2 & Midterm1 returnedToday’s topics:

• Where are we in the universe?

• Important people

• Tools of Astronomy

Class 5: Astronomy 101 & Celestial Motions

• Seasons

• Lunar phases

• Eclipses

Page 3: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Where are we in the universe?

Planet?

Star-orbiting system?

Galaxy?

Cluster Group?

Supercluster?

Universe?

Page 4: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Our Cosmic Address

Page 5: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

A Universal Summary

Page 6: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

ConstellationOrion

Stellar Nurseries

Hubble

Page 7: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Solar System Formation

solarnebula

Page 8: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Our Solar System

rocky planets(Terrestrial)

gas planets(Jovian)

STANDARD MODEL

Page 9: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

1.5 AU

Mars

Jupiter

1 AU 2 AU 3 AU 4 AU 5 AUSUN

Venus

Mercury

1 AU 30 AU10 AU 20 AU 40 AU5 AU

Saturn, 9.5x Rearth

Uranus, 4.1x Rearth

Neptune, 4.0x Rearth

Jupiter, 11x Rearth

SUN

The Solar System

Pluto, 0.2x Re

Asteroid Belt

1 AU: distance from Sun to Earth = 150,000,00 km

Page 10: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

words

The Solar System

MercuryVenusEarthMars

Asteroids JupiterSaturn UranusNeptune

Pluto

YOU SHOULD KNOW:

Page 11: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

How do we know? Who is responsible?

Page 12: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Early Astronomers

• 500 BC Pythagoras - thought Earth was round from moon observations

• 350 BC Aristotle - first to suggest that all planets & stars orbited the Earth (wrong!)

- Earth-Centered model = Geocentric Model

PythagorasAristotle

AD500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Page 13: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Ptoo bad for Ptolemey

Claudius Ptolemey (100 - 170 A.D.)

PythagorasAristotle Ptolemy

Ptolemy geocentric diagram(Earth at center)

AD500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Page 14: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)

Crazy (but not really) Copernicus

Aristotle Ptolemy Copernicus

Copernicus heliocentric diagram(Sun at center)

Pythagoras

AD500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Page 15: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Keeping up with Kepler

Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630 A.D.)

Aristotle Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler

Kepler’s Laws (3)

AD500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Pythagoras

Page 16: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Galileo the Great

Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642 A.D.)

Aristotle Ptolemy CopernicusGalileo

Galileo’s moon phases

Kepler

500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Pythagoras

AD

Page 17: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

How do we know?

Page 18: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Light waves: traveling energy

infrared image

visible imagex-ray image

Page 19: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Tools of Astronomy: Telescopes

Page 20: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Main functions of optical telescopes

Page 21: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Optical Telescopes

(more common)

light in

eyepiece

mirror

eyepiece

light in

lense

Page 22: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Radio Telescopes light in

visible radio visible radio

Page 23: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Where should telescopes go?

US light pollution Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Page 24: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

• Hubble Space Telescope

Telescopes and Observatories(you should visit)

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hale: Palomar Obs., CA

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hale: Palomar Obs., CA

• Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hale: Palomar Obs., CA

• Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ

• Shane: Lick Obs., CA

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hale: Palomar Obs., CA

• Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ

• Shane: Lick Obs., CA

• Kitt Peak Obs., AZ

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hale: Palomar Obs., CA

• Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ

• Shane: Lick Obs., CA

• Kitt Peak Obs., AZ

• Aricebo, Puerto Rico

• Hubble Space Telescope

• Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi

• Hale: Palomar Obs., CA

• Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ

• Shane: Lick Obs., CA

• Kitt Peak Obs., AZ

• Aricebo, Puerto Rico

• Very Large Array (VLA), NM

Page 25: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Rotation & Revolution

revolution

rotation

Page 26: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Reason for Seasons?

Equator

North Pole23.5°

Equator

Page 27: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Earth’sorbit Earth

Sun

Spin axis

Earth’sorbit

Sun

Reason for Seasons

Sun

NH

SH(Summer)

(Winter)

Page 28: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Earth’sorbit Earth

Sun

Spin axis

Earth’sorbit

Sun

Reason for Seasons

NH

SH(Winter)

(Summer)

Sun

Page 29: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Northern Hemisphere Seasons

Page 30: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Seasons, Tropics, & Circles

Page 31: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Seasons Review

Page 32: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Reason for Seasons Movie

Page 33: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

• Why are days are longer in the summer, shorter in the winter?

Day/Night & the Seasons

Winter sunpath

Summer sunpath

Page 34: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

The Phases of the Moon

Page 35: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Times of Moonrise and Moonset

Phase Moonrise MoonsetNew Dawn SunsetFirst Quarter Noon MidnightFull Sunset DawnThird Quarter Midnight Noon

Page 36: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Why We Always See the Same Side of the Moon

Day 1

Day 7

Day 14

Day 21

NP

Page 37: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Eclipses

lunar eclipse total solar eclipse partial solar eclipse

Page 38: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Lunar Eclipses

Page 39: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

• Moon moves in between Sun and Earth, blocks sunlight

• Only from within the tiny area where the dark umbra touches the Earth will you see the Sun completely covered and witness a total eclipse.

• From anywhere in the grey penumbra, you will see some part of the sun shining from behind the moon. The penumbra is the area of partial eclipse.

Solar EclipsesHow do they happen?

Page 40: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

The Moon is much smaller than the Sun so how can the

Moon block out the Sun?

Solar Eclipses

partialeclipse

totaleclipse

Page 41: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Solar Eclipse Movie

Movie of solar eclipse taken in India (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

Page 42: Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions.

Eclipses: Why so Infrequent?

Why isn’t there a solar eclipse & lunar eclipse once every month?

Earth’sorbit

Moon’sorbit

Sun

Earth Moon


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