Les Vesces, graines du Les Vesces, graines du passé ou de l'avenirpassé ou de l'avenir
Dr. Dirk EnnekingDr. Dirk Enneking
Centre for Legumes in Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean AgricultureMediterranean Agriculture
University of Western AustraliaUniversity of Western Australia
Co-operative Research Centre Co-operative Research Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean for Legumes in Mediterranean
AgricultureAgriculture
Les Vesces: Vicia sppLes Vesces: Vicia spp
FourragesFourrages PaturagesPaturages
GrainesGraines
Southern AustraliaSouthern Australia
Dryland agricultureDryland agriculture Ley farming Ley farming
system(cereal/pasture/sheep)system(cereal/pasture/sheep) Increased grain cultivation Increased grain cultivation Rotation with legumesRotation with legumes no subsidiesno subsidies
The MediterraneanThe Mediterranean
A source of genetic resources A source of genetic resources for Australian agriculturefor Australian agriculture
Vesces de fourragesVesces de fourrages
V. sativa L. (V. commune)V. sativa L. (V. commune) V. monantha Retz (Afrique de V. monantha Retz (Afrique de
Nord)Nord) V. pannonica Crantz (V. de V. pannonica Crantz (V. de
Hongrie)Hongrie) V. villosa Roth (V. de Cerdagne)V. villosa Roth (V. de Cerdagne) V. benghalensis L.V. benghalensis L.
Vesces de graines +/-Vesces de graines +/-fourragesfourrages
V. articulata Hornem (Lentille V. articulata Hornem (Lentille d’ESP)d’ESP)
V. ervilia Willd (Ers officinale)V. ervilia Willd (Ers officinale) V. narbonensis L. (V. de Narbonne)V. narbonensis L. (V. de Narbonne) V. sativa L. (Lentille de Canada)V. sativa L. (Lentille de Canada) V. faba L. (Fève)V. faba L. (Fève)
PositivesPositives
Seed yield (1-2 (3-4) t/ha)Seed yield (1-2 (3-4) t/ha) multipurpose ( grain/ biomass)multipurpose ( grain/ biomass) seed, forage, hay are excellent seed, forage, hay are excellent
feed for ruminantsfeed for ruminants legumes fix nitrogen, rotation legumes fix nitrogen, rotation
benefitsbenefitsRef. Siddique et al. (1996) Narbon bean: A promising legume for Southern Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Ag. 36:53-62
Ruminant productionRuminant production
Sheep: wool and meat, not milkSheep: wool and meat, not milk
Cattle: meatCattle: meat
Prices for ruminant products are low!Prices for ruminant products are low!
Monogastric marketsMonogastric markets=large volume=large volume
Pigs and poultryPigs and poultry
humanshumans
V. narbonensisV. narbonensispalatabilitypalatability
V. sativaV. sativalentil substitutelentil substitute
General problem: General problem: toxic amino acidstoxic amino acids
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 5 10 15
DAYS
FEED
INTA
KE
RAT
IO
SOY 8%
NAMOI 8%
NARBON 12.5%
NARBON 25%
Soy=Glycine maxNamoi=V. villosaNarbon= V.narbonensis
The effect of Vicia seeds on pig feed intake
Fig 18. Chemical formulae for -glutamyl-S-ethenyl cysteine and the structurally related flavourprecursor from the seeds of chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine (Vicia narbonensis)
-glutamyl-S-prop-1-en-yl-cysteine (Allium schoenoprasum )
SCOOH
H2N
O
H
COOH
N
COOH
S
H2N
O
H
COOH
N
Enneking et al. (1998) Phytochemistry 48(4) 643-646
Relationship between total Sulfur and GEC levels
Fig. #: Relationship between the concentration of gamma-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine and the total sulfur content of Vicia narbonensis seeds in for 118 accessions
grown at four site-years (Muresk 1993, Walpeup 1993, 1994, 1995).
y = 11.156x - 1.2881
R2 = 0.8354
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
% Sulphur (%dw )
GE
C (
%d
w)
Vicia sativa, a mimic of Vicia sativa, a mimic of red lentilsred lentils
'WHOLE FAMILIES OF PLANTS ARE CHARACTERISED BY A DEFINITE CYCLE OF HEREDITARY VARIATION WHICH MAY BE TRACED THROUGH ALL GENERA MAKING UP THE FAMILY’Vavilov (1922) J. Genetics (12:1) 47-89
A mess of red pottageA mess of red pottage
Tate & Enneking (1992) Tate & Enneking (1992) NatureNature
359(6394) pp. 357-8359(6394) pp. 357-8
V. sativa a mimic of red V. sativa a mimic of red lentilslentils
HPLC analysisHPLC analysis
% DW
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1Raw Red Vetch
Cooked Red Vetch
Hydrolysed RedVetch
ß-cyanoalanine (bca) -glutamyl-bca
.
Infrared analysisInfrared analysis
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.01422
80
2276
2272
2268
2264
2260
2256
2253
2249
2245
2241
2237
2233
2229
2225
2222
2218
Wavenumbers cm-1
Ab
sorb
ance
Hydrolysed Red Vetch
Cooked Red Vetch
Raw Red Vetch
Thin Layer Chromatography
http://http://www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/
enneking/VETCHrm.htmenneking/VETCHrm.htm
Taxon ANF Achievement
V. faba vicine,convicine
low
V. narbonensis GEC med-low
V. sativa glu--CN-ala med-low
V. ervilia a) CAN,b)?Bitter
a) low, b) ?
V. articulata CAN rel. low
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
University Adelaide, South AustraliaUniversity Adelaide, South Australia
Dr. Max E. TateDr. Max E. Tate
Dr. Ian DelaereDr. Ian Delaere
Dr. Jane RathjenDr. Jane Rathjen
Dr. Richard DaviesDr. Richard Davies
Dr. Phil GlatzDr. Phil Glatz
CLIMACLIMA
Dr. Neil Rothnie (Chemistry Centre, WA)Dr. Neil Rothnie (Chemistry Centre, WA)
Dr. Siddique (Agriculture WA)Dr. Siddique (Agriculture WA)
Mike Perry (Agriculture WA)Mike Perry (Agriculture WA)
Dr. Clive FrancisDr. Clive Francis
Victorian Institute for Dryland AgricultureVictorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture
Geoff CastlemanGeoff Castleman
Chris HeazlewoodChris Heazlewood