International Training
Veterinary Matters
Runa Hanaghan BVSc MRCVS
Deputy Veterinary Director
INTRODUCTION
Biosecurity
Population management
Duty of Care
Quality of life
Stress management
Biosecurity
BIOSECURITY
Purpose:
Minimise risk of infection
Minimise effects of an infection
Factors Affecting Spread:
Incubation
Excretion of infection
Carriers
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
Direct
Indirect
Zoonosis
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
Floors/walls
Bowls/blankets
Air
People
Zoonosis
What is a zoonosis?
How can we deal with the
threat of disease?
Cleaning
www.disinfectants.defra.gov.uk
CLEANING
Remove all faeces
Clean thoroughly
Pressure hose
Disinfect
Leave 20-30 minutes
Dry
AIR MANAGEMENT
AIR MANAGEMENT
AIR MANAGEMENT
PEOPLE
Personal hygiene
Hand washing
Personal gels
clothing
How to Wash Your Hands
Rejects foreign cells e.g.
Organ transplants
The Immune System
Defends the body against
Foreign (non self) antigens
Rejects and destroys
abnormal cells e.g. cancer cells
Reactions to allergens e.g
Pollens, foods, drugs etc
Attacks body’s own cells
i.e. Autoimmune disease
FIGHTS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
Immunity
Types of Immunity
Inherited Acquired Naturally Acquired Artificially
Immunity
Naturally Acquired Immunity
Active
following infection
(antibodies & CMI)
Passive
MDA
via dam’s milk (90%)
via placental transfer
Artificially Acquired Immunity
Active
vaccine or toxoid
Passive
injection of antibodies (antiserum)
Factors Affecting Immunity
• Feeding
• Pregnancy
• Stress
• Drugs
INFECTION & IMMUNITY
Immunity
Infection
Rising Infection and Immunity
Immunity
Infection
Infection
Excretion
starts
Symptoms
Infection and Immunity
Immunity
Time
Low infection
levels
Infection Symptoms
Excretion
starts
High and Low Levels of Infection
Immunity
Time
High infection
levels
Low infection
levels
Infection
Excretion
starts
Symptoms
MATERNALLY DERIVED
ANTIBODY
Weeks
MD
A
Vaccination
Low infection
level
MATERNALLY DERIVED
ANTIBODY
Weeks
MD
A
Vaccination
High infection
levels
Infection
Live Vaccines
‘Better’ stimulation of
immune system
V. rapid response
More persistent level of
immunity
Killed Vaccines
Generally require two injections for primary course
Require more frequent boosters
NB - both must pass the same safety tests
Vaccination
1
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Live
Killed
Antibody
titre
Age (weeks)
Other Disease Risks
Other Disease Risks
Picture courtesy of Sue Shaw
Other Disease Risks
Other Disease Risks
Other Disease Risks
MANAGEMENT
Quarantine
Isolation
Progression
Sectioning
Any Questions?
WHY MANAGE STRAYS?
Welfare
Zoonoses:
Rabies
Toxocara/Echinococcus
Enteric organisms
Insect borne organisms
Ringworm
Public nuisance
MEASURING NUMBERS
Mobility
Lack of individual identification
Catch/mark/release
Calculation
Alternatives
FACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERS
Food
Water
Nesting spaces
Birth rates
Disease
Mortality rates
METHODS OF CONTROL
Killing
Sanctuary
Trap/neuter/release
NEUTERING
Benefit to individual:
Reproductive system disease
Neoplasia
Behaviour
Population control
Cost
POPULATION DYNAMICS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
8 pups/10yr 6 pups/10yr 6 pups/5yr 3 pups/5yr
Start
0%
70%
80%
90%
MALE OR FEMALE?
Males only
First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs
Result: 60 pups produced
Population 80 dogs
Neuter 9 adult males
Second year- 1 entire male, 9 neutered males, 10 females, 60 pups
Result: 60 more pups produced
Population 140 dogs
1 very tired but happy male
MALE OR FEMALE?
Females only
First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs
Result: 60 pups produced
Population 80 dogs
Neuter 9 adult females
Second year- 10 males, 9 neutered females, 1 entire female, 6 pups
Result: 6 pups produced
Population 86 dogs
www.icawc.org/tnr
Any Questions?
DUTY OF CARE
An animal’s needs:
for a suitable environment
for a suitable diet
to be able to exhibit normal behaviour patterns
to be housed with, or apart from, other animals
to be protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease
The Five Freedoms
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
QUALITY OF LIFE
Animal’s feelings
Relationship to welfare
Affected by:
Housing
Exercise
Companionship
Feeding
Measurement
CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY
CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY
CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY
CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY
CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY
Questions so far?
STRESS MANAGEMENT
Mental stimulation
Social interaction – humans
Toys
Drugs
Nutraceuticals
SUMMARY
Biosecurity – down to you
Population management – down to
your relationships
Duty of care – your management
Quality of life – needs more work