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Veterinary Science Technology: k Suggested Two-YearPost High School.Curriculue.State Univ. of New York, Delhi. Agricultural andTechnical Coll.Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C.75OEC-0-70-4431OEG-0-72-4683139p.Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402 (No price given)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$6.97 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Animal Science; Career Opportunities; Careers; Course

Content; Course Descriptions; *Curriculum Design;*Curriculum Guides; Educational Equipment;Educational Facilities; Meat Packing Industry; PostSecondary Education; Program Costs; *ProgramDescriptions; *State Programs; *VeterinaryAssistants

IDENTIFIERS Meat Inspection; Paraprofessional Personnel;*Veterinary Science Technology

ABSTRACTDesigned to aid States in planning and developing

two-year post-high school programs in veterinary science technology,the curriculum guide presents.a suggested curriculum for a trainingprogram in veterinary science technology, with an option in meatinspection and regulatory technology effective in the fourth semesterof the training period. Part 1, Veterinary Science TechnologyProgram, provides general information on the emergence anddevelopment of this career, occupational opportunities, type ofeducation needed, and activities performed by technicians, as well asvarious aspects of the training program. Part 2, Curriculum, outlinesthe four-semester curriculum and provides brief course descriptions.Adaptations far a cooperative education plan and continuing study aredescribed. Approximately half of the document consists of Part 3,Course Outlines, which offers content, procedures, and resources forthe technical specialty courses, auxiliary and supporting technicalcourses, mathematics and science courses, and general courses. Theconcluding section covers general planning, land requirements,laboratory facilities and equipment, acquisition of equipment andestimated costs, and a cost summary. A bibliography and a selectedlist of scientific, trade, and technical societies concerned withveterinary science technology are also included. (EA)

Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes everyeffort to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal reproducibility are often encountered and this affects thequality of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).EDRS is not responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made fromthe original.

VETERINARYSCIENCETECHNOLOGY

AUG 2 ? ly

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION& WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODuCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGINAMC IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED OD NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

A SUGGESTED TWO-YEAR POST HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM

DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITED Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964states: "No person in the United States, shall, on the ground of race, color, ornational origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefit of or besubjected to discrimination under any program, or activity receiving federalfinancial assistance." Therefore, the Vocational Education program, like allother programs or activities receiving financial assistance from the Departmentof Health, Education and Welfare, must be operated in compliance wi v this law.

The project presented or reported herein was performed pursuant to a contractfrom the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Health, Education andWelfare. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect theposition or policy of the U.S. Office of Education, and no official endorsement bythe U.S. Office of Education should be inferred.

Developed pursuant to contract No. OEC-0-70-4431with the U.S. Office of Education

by the State University of New YorkDelhi, New York

andPrinted and disseminated pursuant to grant No. OEG-0-72-4683

with the U.S. Office of Educationby the Curriculum Development Center

Vocational EducationUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

1975

For tale b) the Superintendent of Documents. C S. (0s ern ment Pont mg Office. Washington. I) C 20402

5

FOREWORD

DURING the decade of the "sixties" this nation witnessed the emergence ofmany new career specialties. However, probably none of these new

technical career fields has developed as rapidly and dynamically as the one inVeterinary Science Technology.

A key factor influencing the rapid development of careers in veterinaryscience technology has been the continually accelerating and expressed need forparaprofessional personnel to support and complement the efforts of veterinarypractitioners, public health and regulatory officers, and biomedical researchscientists. Ironically, while this need has existed for some time, education in thisfield has been limited largely to four year degree, graduate, and professionallevels. Some on-the-job training and structured in-service training programshave been developed, but there still remains a large educational void between theprofessional employer and the unskilled laborer in this vocational field.

During the late 1960's and early 1970's, Federal legislation favoring and en-couraging the development of two-year educational programs in technical andoccupational areas provided funds and other assistance to help close theseeducational gaps wherever they existed. Moreover, adequate manpower isavailable and anxious for training in this occupational area. In fact, there ispresently a veritable explosion of interest occurring across the nation asevidenced by the numbers of students making application to establishedveterinary science technology training programs. Likewise, educational ad-ministrators throughout the country are considering the feasibility of es-tablishing this type of training program at their institutions. In recognition ofthis mounting interest and in answer to increasing numbers of requests for in-formation describing this new technology, the U.S. Office of Educationdeveloped this suggested curriculum guide.

The guide whiCh follows, is intended to aid the states in planning and develop-ing two-year post high school programs in veterinary science technology, or inevaluating existing programs. Although the indicated level of instruction is post-high school, the sequence of course work may well start at any grade level wherestudents have the prerequisite background and understanding.

This guide presents a suggested curriculum for a training program inVeterinary Science Technology, with an option in Meat Inspection andRegulatory Technology which becomes effective in the fourth semester of thetraining period. The guide also includes suggested course outlines with accom-panying examples of texts, references, and instructional media; a sequence oftechnical education procedures; laboratory layouts with equipment and costs; adiscussion of the library and its use, faculty and student services, and land re-quirement; and a selected list of scientific, trade, and technical societies con-cerned with this technology.

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This project was funded by the Division of Vocational and Technical Educa-tion, Bureau of Adult, Vocational, and Technical Education, U.S. Office ofEducation. It was conducted under the supervision and direction of Walter J.Brooking and H. Neville Hunsicker, program specialists in the Division ofVocational and Technical Education, and William Berndt, project officer,Curriculum Development Branch, Division of Research and Demonstration, allof the Office of Education. The basic materials were prepared by Walter E.Collins, D.V.M., project director, State University of New York Agricultural andTechnical College at Delhi, pursuant to a contract with the U.S. Office of Educa-tion.

Many useful suggestions were received from special consultants and advisors,proprietors of veterinary hospitals and other employers in the veterinary-biomedical fields, and administrators and teachers in schools of technology.Although all suggestions could not be incorporated, each was carefully con-sidered in light of the publication's intended use. In view of this, it should not beinferred that the suggested curriculum with its related option is completely en-dorsed by any one institution, agency, or person. The guide presents a plan for asuggested training program, a plan which may be modified by administratorsand their advisors to conform to local, state, and regional needs.

WILBUR M. FARNSWORTH, ChairmanDivision of AgricultureState University of New YorkAgricultural and Technical CollegeDelhi, New York

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T HE Agricultural and Technical College at Delhi recognizes the valuable con-tributions of the following consultants in the planning and,detailed review-

ing of this publication:Raleigh H. Allen, Jr., D.V.M., National Professional Supervisor Field

Operations, Meat and Poultry Inspection Program, A.P.H.I.S., U.S.D.A.,Washington, D. C. 20250

Warren C. Babcock, D.V.M., Staff Officer, Meat and Poultry InspectionProgram Training Branch, Consumer and Marketing Service, U.S.D.A.,P.O. Box 1608, Denton, Texas 76201

Abbott S. D'Ver, V.M.D., Director Laboratory Animal Services, ResearchDivision, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110

Thurman S. Grafton, D.V.M., Diplomate A.C.L.A.M., Member A.C.A.T. forA.V.M.A., Director Laboratory Animal Facilities, State University ofNew York at Buffalo, 409 Capen Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214

Warren R. Nystrom, D.V.M., Staff Officer, Meat and Poultry InspectionProgram Training Branch, Consumer and Marketing Service, U.S.D.A.,P.O. Box 1608, Denton, Texas 76201

Fayne H. Oberst, D.V.M., Member A.C.A.T. for A.V.M.A., Chairman,Department of Large Animal Surgery and Medicine, College ofVeterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing,Michigan 48823

Moses A. Simmons, D.V.M., Chief, Meat and Poultry Inspection ProgramTraining Branch, Consumer and Marketing Service, U.S.D.A., P.O. Box1608, Denton, Texas 76201

William R. Strieber, D.V.M., Chief Staff Veterinarian, Technical andProfessional Development, Veterinary Services, A.P.H.I.S., A.R.S.,U.S.D.A., Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

Marcia E. Tressler, D.V.M., Staff Officer, Meat and Poultry InspectionProgram Training Branch, Consumer and Marketing Service, U.S.D.A.,P.O. Box 1608, Denton, Texas 76201

Grateful acknowledgement is made for individual and collective efforts ofstaff members of the Agricultural and Technical College at Delhi under thedirection of Dr. William R. Kunsela. The following individuals provided materialcontributions and/or assistance in researching this project:

Dennis E. J. Baker, Assistant Professor, Veterinary Science Technology,State University of New York Agricultural and Technical College, Delhi,New York 13753

Herman G. Brant, PH.D., Professor, Veterinary Science Technology, StateUniversity of New York Agricultural and Technical College, Delhi, NewYork 13753

v

.IMRINIFRIRMNIMPIIIMMIIIIIIIIP11.1111.1.111

Jermaine M. Cayan, M.T., Technical Assistant, Veterinary ScienceTechnology, State University of New York Agricultural and TechnicalCollege, Delhi, New York 13753

Walter E. Collins, D.V.M., Professor and Head, Department of VeterinaryScience Technology, State University of New York Agricultural andTechnical College, Delhi, New York 13753

Merle C. Loveless, D.V.M., Associate Professor, Veterinary ScienceTechnology, State University of New York Agricultural and TechnicalCollege, Delhi, New York 13753

Manly E. Shults, A.A.S. (graduate veterinary technician), Technical Assis-tant, Veterinary Science Technology, State University of New YorkAgricultural and Technical College, Delhi, New York 13753

Stuart R. Vanderhurst, Jr., D.V.M., Associate Professor, VeterinaryTechnology, State University of New York Agricultural and TechnicalCollege, Delhi, New York 13753

Appreciation is also expressed for the constructive criticism, consultations, andassistance received from administrators and staff of the following institutions:American Association for Laboratory New York State Veterinary Medical

Animal Science SocietyJoliet, Illinois 60434 Albany, New York 12207American Veterinary Medical Association School of Technical AgricultureChicago, Illinois 60605 University of NebraskaCenter for Laboratory Animal Resources Curtis, Nebraska 69025Michigan State University State University of New YorkEast Lansing, Michigan 48823 Agricultural and Technical CollegeCentralia College of Agricultural Cobleskill, New York 12043

Technology State University of New York CollegeHuron Park, Ontario, Canada of Health Related ProfessionsColby Community College Downstate Medical CenterColby, Kansas 67701 Brooklyn, New York 11203

Columbus Technical Institute Stockbridge School of AgricultureColumbus, Ohio 43215 University of MassachusettsDepartment of Animal and Veteri- Amherst, Massachusetts 01002

nary Sciences The Royal College of VeterinaryUniversity of Maine SurgeonsOrono, Maine 04473 London, England SWIX 8QP

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

THE VETERINARY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 1

Significance of the Paraprofessional 2

Development of This Career 3

Prediction of Future Needs 3

Type of Education needed 4

General Considerations 4

Occupational Opportunities 5

Special Abilities Required of Technicians in General 6

Activities Performed by Technicians in Veterinary ScienceTechnology 7

Faculty 8Student Selection and Services 11

Textbooks, References, Instructional Media 13

Library 14

Laboratory Equipment and Facilities 15

Advisory Committees and Services 15

Scientific and Technical Societies 16

THE CURRICULUM 18Veterinary Science Technology Curriculum Outline 19

Meat Inspection and Regulatory Technology Option 19

Brief Descriptions of Courses for Veterinary Science Technology 20

Brief Descriptions of Courses for the Meat Inspection andRegulatory Technology Option 23

Curriculum Content and Relationships 24

Cooperative Education Plan 27

Suggested Continuing Study 28

COURSE OUTLINES 30

Technical Specialty Courses 31

Animal Diseases 31

Animal Hospital Procedures 34

Animal Management 39

Applied Meat and Poultry Inspection 43

Applied Microbiology 46

Clinical Techniques 49

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology 55

Elements of Meat and Poultry Inspection 59Introduction to Veterinary Science Technology 62

Laboratory Animal Methods 65

Laboratory Techniques 72

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Regulatory Technology I 76Regulatory Technology II 79

Auxiliary and Supporting Technical Courses 83Animal Nutrition 83Technical Reporting 85

Mathematics and Science Courses 87Applied Mathematics 87Applied Chemistry 89Introductory Microbiology 92

General Courses 95Communication Skills 95General and Industrial Economics 98Human Relations 101

FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND COSTS 103General Planning 103Land Requirements 104Laboratory Facilities and Equipment 104

The Basic Sciences Laboratory 105The Research Laboratory Complex 105The Surgery-Pharmacy-Radiology Clinical Laboratory 107The Meat Inspection Laboratory 108

Acquisition of Equipment and Estimated Costs 108Basic Sciences Laboratory Equipment 109Conventional Research Laboratory Equipment 110Instructional Media Equipment 111Maximum Barrier Research Laboratory Equipment 111Surgery-Pharmacy-Radiology Clinical Laboratory

Equipment 114Meat Inspection Laboratory Equipment 115

Summary of Costs 116Laboratory Equipment for the Program 117Additional Laboratory Equipment for the

Meat Inspection Option 117BIBLIOGRAPHY 118APPENDIX 124

Selected List of Professional and Technical Societies andOrganizations which Relate to the Curriculum ofVeterinary Science Technology 124

11 viii

THE VETERINARY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

AN entirely new career classification knownas "Veterinary Science Technology", has re-

cently evolved due to the continually acceleratingrequirement for paraprofessional personnel to sup-port and complement the work of research in-vestigators and veterinarians (meat and poultryinspectors, regulatory officers, and practitioners).The rapid development of this vocational field isproviding many new technician graduates withmeaningful and rewarding job opportunities,educational institutions with an additionalcurricular training area, and research scientistsand practitioners with relief from routinetechnical duties.

Average citizens are probably not aware of howincreasingly dependent they are becoming on thediscoveries, products, and services which emanatefrom the fields of biomedical research andveterinary medical practice. Most of these benefitsare taken for granted. Even among those in-dividuals directly affected by the application ofnew medical and surgical techniques or devices,few have an adequate understanding of how thesenew approaches were perfected. For example, veryfew potential recipients of heart, kidney or otherorgan transplants are aware that this life-extending surgical technique was developed andperfected utilizing research animals (particularlydogs) before application was made to extendhuman life. Nor is the recipient likely to be awareof the considerable amount of money and effortspent by the research scientist in learning to over-come problems such as the "tissue rejection"phenomenon related to the success or failure ofthis advanced surgical technique.

Members of our society now experience a longer,healthier life, largely because biomedical andveterinary research scientists have been active indiscovering and eradicating many of the causes ofinfant deaths and crippling or malignant diseasesof the elderly. Many new drugs are being in-

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vestigated yearly in private industriallaboratories. These are then approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration and made availableto physicians for use in relieving human suffering.

Both our civilian and military populations arefortunate in that each is continuously protected bythe most rigorous system for sanitary surveillanceof eating establishments and a food and meat in-spection service of the highest quality to be foundanywhere in the world. These activities, again, areunder the direction or responsibility of veterinaryor medical health officers.

Externally, our animal agriculture is protectedfrom invasion by diseases foreign to our countrythrough the watchful eye and activities of theregulatory veterinarian. Concurrently, the largeanimal practitioner administers to the daily healthneeds of animals which provide us with food, meatand fiber. Other veterinarians specialize in medicalcare of animals used for exhibition (zoo animals) orentertainment (race and pleasure horses). A grow-ing number of veterinarians are now beingemployed in medical research institutions tosupervise vivarial operations and to providemedical care for laboratory animals used in theresearch programs of these institutions. The lastand largest group of veterinarians is that whichservices the health needs of the more than seventymillion companion animals (dogs, cats, and petbirds). The AVHA (American Veterinary MedicalAssociation) has estimated that as of 1970 therewere approximately thirty million families in theUnited States, each of which owned a dog and/orcat. For servicing the health needs of this hugepopulation of companion animals, there were ap-proximately 3,000 veterinary hospitals and/orclinics available in this country.

Thus, the efforts of the biomedical scientist andthe veterinarian are directed toward making theAmerican way of life safer, healthier and more en-joyable. The contributions already made in-

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dividually and collectively by members of theseprofessions are likely to be surpassed by futurecontributions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THEPARAPROFESSIONAL

Since the early 1960's, it has become increasinglyclear that an acute need exists for personneltrained at the technician level to support and com-plement the activities of thin divergent group ofmedical professionals. The veterinary profession,in particular, can no longer extend the capabilitiesand expertise of its individual members in servingsociety, without simultaneously turning overmany of the time-consuming, non-professionalresponsibilities to a qualified body of trained in-dividuals. For example, in addition to providingproper animal restraint, as in Figure 1, theveterinary technician, who is proficient in medicaland surgical nursing, radiological techniques,clinical laboratory testing procedures, etc., isrelieving the practitioner of the burden of theseroutine duties.

Figure 1A veterinary technician provides restraint for a patientreceiving a physical examination.

Liko% ise, as this country continually increasesthe size and complexity of its medical research(cancer, heart disease) aerospace research (germ-free technology ) and en% ironmental impro%ement

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programs, more and more research scientists willbe forced to seek technical assistance in carryingout their investigatory work. Veterinarytechnicians employed in research laboratories arequalified to assist and support the investigator inmany ways. Some will oversee the general care andmanagement of laboratory animals to be used inexperimental research programs. Othertechnicians will give more direct assistance to theinvestigator, such as administering an intravenousanesthetic to an animal involved in a research proj-ect, as demonstrated in Figure 2.

'Tv

.31.1.41111110 '

;.:4111111I

Figure 2 The veterinary technician in a research laboratory administers an intravenous anesthetic to 3 monkey white an animal attendantassists in restraint.

Past emphasis upon the need for individuals toattain the baccalaureate, graduate, or professionaldegree has resulted in a relatively large supply ofgraduates who are capable of serving at thetheoretical, supervisory, or top management levelof the biomedical-veterinary career ladder. At thesame time, there is a rather abundant supply ofunskilled labor universally available for this careerarea. However, the individuals available, due tolack of skills at entry level, are apt to remain oc-cupationally stationary as animal caretakers,animal aides, kennel assistants. etc. The employeeturnover at this !eve; is very high. Most of theemployee upgrading and acquiring of personalskills is via the slow, arduous route of on-the-jobtraining. Many in this category never achieve thedesired proficiencies needed for promotion, eitherbecause they become disinterested or possessacademic deficiencies as the result of dropping outof high-school programs.

Because of these inequities then, a great void inthe biomedical and eterinary career ladders existswhich needs to be filled by individuals trained tosere as middle management supervisors. Thesene%% 4 pes of trained indi%iduals are the %eterinarytechnicians %%hu k essential in filling the man-pcm er gap betAeen the untrained caretaker and

the highly trained professional. These two-yearcollege educated and trained paraprofessionals areneeded so that both the veterinarian and theresearch investigator can be released for moeeprofessional duties. In addition, these same in-dividuals are needed to supervise and provide in-service-training programs for the unskilled. Asidefrom their responsibilities to persons above andbelow them on the career ladder, veterinarytechnicians possess technical skills and proficien-cies which are uniquely theirs to perform.

DEVELOPMENT OF THIS CAREER

The U.S. Army, and more recently the U.S. AirForce, has long recognized the advantage of train-ing and utilizing veterinary technicians. Whilehealth and animal care emphasis in the militaryhas shifted from horses and mules to dogs, pigeonsand laboratory animals, the technician's role andresponsibility has increased. Many youngveterans, having served in the veterinary corps,are discharged with skills and capabilities enablingthem to find employment readily in the veterinaryscience technology field. Nevertheless, trainingprograms for technicians in the militaryveterinary corps have been limited to didactictraining without the general education componentfound in the new two-year college programs.'

In the allied health professions of humanmedicine and dentistry, technicians have long beenproving their worth. Curriculums for veterinarytechnicians educated in this country, including thecurriculum outlined in this guide, provide trainingfor technical assistance which is more generalizedthan that of the medical nurse or dental techni-cian. However, the original overall purpose fortraining these three paraprofessional groups wasthe same; that is, to provide their professionalemployers with competent assistance in theroutine and technical aspects of their practices.Certainly physicians and dentists could not beginto consider meeting the public's health needswithout this paraprofessional assistance. Thebiomedical and veterinary fields will likewise soonbe unable to meet the demands for their serviceswithout technical assistance.

In 1961 the Council of the Royal College ofVeterinary Surgeons introduced a scheme for therecruitment, training, and registration of AnimalNursing Auxiliaries. The R.A.N.A. (RegisteredAnimal Nursing Auxiliary), as the Englishgraduate technician is known, has similarlyreceived two years of training, but with greater

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emphasis on work-experience. The R.A.N.A. mustalso complete "theory" courses in such subjects asAnatomy and Physiology, Management andHygiene, Diagnostic Aids, Theory and Practice ofNursing, etc. Both theory and work-experiencett aining must be completed at centers approved bythe Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Thegreat majority of these young ladies (the R.A.N.A.organization is basically a female group) areemployed by veterinary surgeons in small animalpractice. In the animal hospital they work in thefunctional areas of medical and surgical nursing,more than do their American counterparts. Theyhave been trained and equipped, however, to per-form diagnostic laboratory tests, performradiological techniques and other hospital dutiesalso. The R.A.N.A.'s high standard of behavior andattention to duty have already earned a great dealof respect and admiration, from veterinary sur-geons not only in England, but also in the UnitedStates and other countries.

With successful training programs in veterinaryscience technology firmly established on at leasttwo continents, and considering the excellent per-formance being demonstrated by graduates andoverwhelming acceptance by employers, it shouldnot take long for this new cadre ofparaprofessionals to allay the earlier fears ofsome, regarding possible unethical or incompetentoutcomes from formal training programs. Alumnigroups of veterinary technology graduates are do-ing much to foster and improve their own image aswell as to help uplift those hospital and researchassistants that have never received formal train-ing.

PREDICTION OF FUTURE NEEDSStatistical requirements, indicating the need for

veterinary technicians in the future, are difficultto obtain. The idea of using college-trainedtechnicians in veterinary practice is just nowcatching on. Many practitioners have had to learnhow to deploy the technician's skills properly,before the relationship became profitable. After ayear or two of employing these trained assistants,a good number of practitioners have found theycannot function as well without them and im-mediately replace a loss with another graduate.Practice size and operations vary so widely thatone cannot predict the number of technicians thatwill be employed in any given hospital situation.Someone has suggested one veterinary technicianfor any three-man practice, yet there are three-

14

man practices in existence in which each of thethree veterinarians utilizes a technician full time.In some very active one-man practices there maybe two graduate technicians working full time. Itwould appear, therefore, that more time is neededfor the full impact of trained technician assistanceon veterinary practice operations to becomemanifest. Also, there are P large number ofqualified on-the-job trained technicians working inanimal hospitals today. Nobody knows how manyof these there are, nor how many will be replacedby new graduates of formal veterinary sciencetechnology programs.

Appraising the future need for laboratoryanimal research technicians is almost as difficult.The best information available on this subject iscontained in a report of the Committee onTechnical Education, ILAR-NRC (Institute ofLaboratory Animal Resources-National ResearchCouncil) published in 1969 by the NationalAcademy of Science. The report indicated a pro-jected need at that time, for animal care personnelat different levels in college and universityresearch programs throughout the United Statesto be approximately 32,200 junior animaltechnicians, 6,100 senior animal technicians, and1,600 master animal technicians. Since the two-.year college trained laboratory animal technologygraduate qualifies on a par, at least, with theAmerican Association for Laboratory AnimalScience's former senior animal technicianclassification, these figures represent quite asizeable demand for this level of technician inresearch. Since the information this report is basedon is already four to five years old, the projectedneed by now has probably risen considerably. Infact, the Animal Welfare Act of 1970 requiresadequately trained animal care personnel to beemployed in research institutions.

Figures obtainable on needs for technician sup-port in the regulatory and food inspection serviceareas of the United States Department ofAgriculture are smaller but probably representmore accurate appraisals presently. It is expectedthat State and Federal regulatory agenciestogether may have a yearly need for 50 new techni-cian employees. In the area of food inspection, theprojected annual need is for approximately 800new food inspectors.

As the foregoing facts suggest, it is uifficult toarrive at a precise estimate of the future nationalneeds for veterinary science technicians.Nevertheless those educators, veterinarians, andresearch scientists who have been working closely

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with training programs are Overwhelmingly con-vinced that the future employment opportunitiesfor these graduates will be plentiful!

TYPE OF EDUCATION NEEDEDToday, a high school education is not sufficient

for providing the skills, even at entry level, thatare needed to perform successfully in the field ofveterinary science technology. Training and ex-perience must be made more comprehensive as-theveterinary technician's duties include more appliedscience and greater use of sophisticated scientificand technical equipment and procedures. Abilityto make wise management decisions on the job alsorequires considerably more knowledge of socialscience and business principles. A minimum of atwo-year post high school technical education is,therefore, a necessity to provide an adequatetechnical and general education.

This curriculum guide is designed to provide acomprehensive approach and the level and qualityof instruction which, upon graduation, will insurethe interested student a rewarding career in thisvocational field. The suggested curriculum, withits option, provides for study in either veterinaryscience technology or meat inspection andregulatory technology. However, because there is alarge scientific and technical base of understand-ing common to all disciplines within this field, theoption in meat inspection and regulatorytechnology is not exercised until completion of thethird semester. The program is very heavilylaboratory oriented. Laboratory facilitiessimulate, as closely as possible, the physical work-ing relationships graduates will encounter in thefield.

Programs for educating veterinarians andmedical doctors are expensive undertakings.Similarly, college administrators will recognizethat providing the kind of educatiorW programneeded for training veterinary technicians, mayprove to be one of the most expensive trainingprograms on their campuses.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSThis guide has been prepared for school ad-

ministrators or department heads who are con-sidering whether or not to establish post-highschool programs in veterinary science technology,or who wish to strengthen an existing program. Itwas formulated after extensive study, includingvisits to schools with outstanding, already es-tablished programs which educate technicians in

this field. Consultations with teachers, ad-ministrators, and representatives of private in-dustry and veterinary practice in each region ex-plored problems, ideas, suggestions, andrecommendations on many pertinent aspects of theprogram. All of these have contributed towardsshaping the content of this guide.

Those who believe a veterinary sciencetechnology program would serve a need at their in-stitution should first confirm their beliefs througha comprehensive regional, state and local study. Itshould be conducted with the assistance of per-sonnel representing the professional and scientificsocieties of the region who are acquainted with theoccupational needs in the veterinary and bio-medical fields. Such a study is necessary to catalogthe educational needs, to define community sup-port, to evaluate the available student populationand interest, to determine to what extent existingschools are already meeting the training needs ofthe region, and to form a basis therefore, for a deci-sion as to whether the program is sufficientlyneeded to warrant offering it.

It is expected that some institutions which es-tablish programs using this guide will desiremodifications to better fit the local conditions andskill requirements. However, it is suggested thatschool administrators and teachers seeking to addor to delete courses or parts of courses should con-sult the local advisory committee and represen-tatives of the State Veterinary Medical Associationso the resulting program will truly reflect existinglocal or regional needs. It is very important that aprogram of this type should not be undertakenwithout most of the recommended facilities, equip-ment and necessary instructional staff. Even withthe best facilities and equipment, highly effectiveteaching is necessary to make the program asuccessful one.

Technical programs in Veterinary ScienceTechnology are presently being offered in severaltypes of post-high school institutions in the UnitedStates. They can be found in two year communityor junior colleges, technical institutes or colleges,area vocational and technical schools, and indivisions of four Jar colleges or universities.Careful study of the curricula and programoperations currently in effect at a selected numberof these institutions, together with suggestionsand advice received from consultants recognized asexperts in this career field, reveal that the follow-ing questions should be answered in the affir-mative before this type of training program is un-dertaken:

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(1) Is the program an educational objectivewhich the administration and staff of the in-stitution understands and will support withstaff, money, and cooperation?

(2) Is the present faculty, if any, qualified; orcan such staff be obtained?

(3) Will there be adequate financial support toprovide the program with buildings andfacilities and to maintain it by providing theproper tools, books, instruments, and equip-ment necessary for a high quality program?

(4) Will provisions be made for effectiveguidance and placement services?

(5) Will such a program meet a need in the stateor community at a reasonable cost?

OCCUPATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESGraduates of this program can expect to find

employment opportunities open to them in manydiverse areas of the veterinary and bio-medicalcareer fields. Each area may offer slightlydifferent requirements, but most of the differencescan be adapted to through on-the-job or part timestudy. The list that follows has been reviewed byeducators and by employers. They are in generalagreement that these jobs are examples of workthat graduates would be prepared to do at the en-try level. The titles may differ in some areas, andmay be subject to' change as work requirementschange and new positions are created.Typical Employment Opportunities

Veterinary Practice AreasEquine specialty practice technicianExotic species practice technicianMixed or large animal hospital technician(food animal production)Small animal hospital or clinic technician andsupervisorVeterinary medical center technician (medicaland surgical nursing emphasis)

Laboratory Animal Research AreasBiomedical research laboratory technicianLaboratory animal vivarial services super-vising technicianPharmaceutical laboratory research techni-cianProduction managerlaboratory animalbreeding establishmentSalesman for laboratory animal equipment orproducts company

Educational AreasTeaching assistant in biological sciencesdepartments in 2 and 4-year colleges

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Teaching assistant in schools of laboratoryanimal technologyTeaching assistant in schools of veterinaryscience technologyTeaching assistant in veterinary medicalcolleges

Regulatory Veterinary Medicine and PublicHealth Areas

Animal health program technicianAnimal Welfare Act inspection and enforce-ment officerAgricultural quarantine inspector (air, ocean,border ports)Environmental science technicianFood and milk sanitarianlocal governmentsRegulations compliance officer

Meat and Food Inspection AreasFederal Meat and Poultry InspectorState Meat and Poultry InspectorU.S. Air Force Veterinary Service meat andfood hygiene technicianU.S. Army Veterinary Service meat and foodhygiene technician

Military Service AreasU.S. Air ForceLaboratory animal technicianU.S. Air ForcePreventative medicinetechnicianU.S. ArmyBase sanitary inspectorU.S. ArmyLaboratory technician atInstitute of PathologyU.S. ArmyTechnician in charge of healthcare for sentry dogs, etc.

Diagnostic AreasCommercial diagnostic laboratory technicianHistological technicianLaboratory technician in human hospitals(hematology and chemistry departments)StateFederal diagnostic laboratory techni-cianVeterinary college diagnostic laboratorytechnician

Other AreasArtificial breeder technicianNutritional research technicianPeace Corpsanimal management andhealth specialistZoological gardenanimal health technician

Many of the primary employment opportunitieslisted above will actually provide several levels ofemployment possibilities, and there are otherclosely related job positions too numerous to men-tion For example, a graduate applying for work inan animal vivarium might secure a position eitheras an entry level laboratory animal technician or,

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with experience plus his training, as a laboratoryanimal supervising technician.

Generally speaking, new graduates of thisprogram would be expected to gain positions listedat entry level. It is assumed in most cases they willadvance on the job to higher positions as a result ofwork-experience and further study. After trainingprograms have been established, there should bein-service education available to the graduates inthe evenings or at times when they can enrollwithout interfering with their work.

SPECIAL ABILITIES REQUIREDOF TECHNICIANS IN GENERAL'

Technicians must have the following specialabilities:

(1) Proficiency in the use of the disciplined andobjective scientific method and practicalapplication of the basic principles, concepts,and laws of physics and chemistry, and/orthe biological sciences as they comprise thescientific base for the individual's field oftechnology.

(2) Facility with mathematics: Ability to usealgebra and elementary statistics as tools inthe observation, definition, or quantificationof scientific phenomena or principles.

(3) A thorough understanding and facility in useof the materials, processes, apparatus,procedures, equipment, methods, andtechniques commonly used in thetechnology.

(4) An extensive knowledge of the field ofspecialization with an understanding of theapplication of the underlying physical orbiological sciences as they relate to theengineering, health, agricultural, or in-dustrial processing or research activitiesthat distinguish the technology of the field.The degree of competency and the depth ofunderstanding should be sufficient to enablethe individuals to establish effective rapportwith the scientists, doctors, managers,researchers, or engineers with whom theywork and to enable them to perform a varie-ty of detailed scientific or technical work asoutlined by general procedures or instruc-tions; but requiring individual judgment, in-itiative, and resourcefulness in the use of

'Adapted from United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Of-flee of Education publication, Occupational Cnterui and Preparatory CurriculumPatterns in Technical Education Prognma (0E800151 Washington, D.C.: H.S.Government Printing Office. 1962, p, 5.

techniques, handbook information, andrecorded scientific data.

(5) Communication skills that include the abili-ty to record, analyze, interpret, and transmitfacts and ideas with complete objectivityorally, graphically and in writing.

(6) Leadership and personality characteristicsconducive to good interpersonalrelationships.

ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BYTECHNICIANS IN VETERINARYSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY'

The veterinary science technicians will use thesix special abilities as they perform some or all ofthe following activities. It is the combination ofthese activities that defines the technician's fieldof specialization and course of study. Some of theactivities are broadly inclusive, others describevery specific job functions. The technicians may:

(1) Apply knowledge of science andmathematics extensively in renderingdirect technical assistance to veterinaryand bio-medical scientists engaged in scien-tific research or experimentation asdemonstrated in Figure 3. They may helpconduct laboratory and/or field studies indeveloping new drugs, breeds and strains oflaboratory animals, diagnostic or analyticalequipment, or medical and surgicalprocedures.

(2) Design, develop, or plan modifications ofnew products, procedures, techniques,processes, or applications on his own or un-der the supervision of a veterinary orbiomedical scientist in applied research,design, and development.

(3) Plan, supervise, or assist in installing orassembling complex apparatus or equip-ment and control systems used inveterinary practice, the researchlaboratory, teaching institutions, or inslaughter and processing facilities.

(4) Advise concerning, or supervise, thepurchase, operation, maintenance, andrepair of complex equipment and medicaland research instruments to obtain max-imum operating efficiency.

(5) Plan production or operations as a memberof the management unit or as the personresponsible for efficient use of manpower,

'Ibid.

7

materials, money, and machines used inanimal health care and laboratory animalproduction.

(6) Advise, plan, and estimate costs as a fieldrepresentative of a manufacturer or dis-tributor of technical apparatus, equipment,services, or product. Or he may need to ad-vise, plan, or estimate costs on renovationor new construction of buildings, facilitiesand environmental controls for animalhospitals or laboratory animal vivariums.

(7) Perform determinations, analyze and/ortest biological and pharmaceutical productsin the hospital or in the researchlaboratory. He may prepare appropriatetechnical reports covering the tests or makemanagement decisions as a result of them.

(8) Prepare or interpret drawings or sketchesof buildings, equipment, or environmentalcontrol systems and write detailedspecifications or instructions to accompanythem.

(9) Read, select, compile, and use technical in-formation from references such asprofessional journals, operation manuals,handbooks, and scientific journals.

(10) Analyze and interpret information on quali-ty control, percent compositions oradulterations of meat and meat by-productsamples as tested by precision measuringand recording instruments.

(11) Analyze and determine technical problemsthat involve independent decisions. Theirjudgment may require technical ability andpractical experience to arrive at decisions.

(12) Deal with a variety of technical problemsinvolving many factors and variables whichrequire an understanding of severaltechnical fields. They must know how to goabout solving a new problem, includinglocating sources of pertinent information.This versatility is a characteristic thatrelates to breadth of applied scientific andtechnical understanding, the antithesis ofnarrow specialization.

The foregoing activities do not include functionsor activities that are the special prerogatives ofrecognized professional or skilled worker groups.The technician, however, must be familiar with thework of the research scientist, practicingveterinarian, and regulatory or meat inspectionveterinarian, since they may work with any ofthem in performing their duties. Few, if any,

18

Figure 3A research scientist has administered a drug undergoinginvestigation to the rat. The effects et the drug injected are beingobserved and noted by the veterinary technician who is determiningthe rat's blood pressure utilizing sophisticated laboratory equipment.

technicians perform all twelve activities, but thework of all technicians requiressome combinationof them.

A two-year program must concentrate onprimary or fundamental needs if it is to prepare in-dividuals for responsible technical positions in orrelated to the veterinary and bio-medical fields. Itmust be realistic and pragmatic in its approach.The program suggested in this guide has beendesigned to provide maximum technical instruc-tion in the time that is scheduled.

To those who are not familiar with this type ofeducational service (or with the goals and interestsof students who elect it), the technical programoften appears to be inordinately rigid and restric-tive. While modifications may be necessary in in-dividual institutions to meet regional or localneeds, the basic structure, content, level, and rigorof this program should be maintained.

Most of the specialized technical courses inveterinary science technology are laboratory-oriented. They provide application of the scientificprinciples being learned concurrently in courses inmathematics, chemistry, and introductorymicrobiology. For this reason, mathematics andscience courses must be coordinated carefully withtechnical courses at all stages of this program. Thiscoordination is accomplished by schedulingmathematics, science, and technical courses con-currently during the first two terms. Generaleducation courses constitute a relatively small partof the total program. It has been found thatstudents who enter a technical program do sobecause of the depth in the field of specializationthat the program provides.

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FACULTY

The first faculty member employed in an in-structional program in veterinary sciencetechnology is likely to also become the programdirector. With this in mind, the individual con-sidered should be a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.There are several reasons for making this choice.The principal faculty member should be veryfamiliar with what will be the student's needs fortheoretical knowledge and practical skills in orderto give proper guidance to the program. An ex-perienced practitioner would have this knowledgeand also be able to order the proper equipment andinstruments at the inception of the program. TheAVMA has recommended that program directorsbe veterinarians, and that veterinarians should beemployed as part of the full time teaching facultyto insure the proper indoctrination of students inthe scope, limitations and ethics of practice whichapply to qualified technicians.

The AVMA is in the process of accrediting train-ing programs of institutions who are graduatingveterinary technicians. This accreditationprogram, of course, would be on a voluntary par-ticipation basis. Since any institution that desiresto serve the veterinary profession by training para-professional assistants for its use, will desire anaccredited status, it would be well for ad-ministrators to keep in mind the AVMArecommendations when recruiting for faculty.Another advantage in program directors beingveterinarians is that they already have many con-tacts with colleagues and officials of the State andNational Veterinary Medical Associations withwhom they might develop a liaison for theprogram. These contacts will be important in gain-ing employer support for placement of graduates,in achieving satisfactory salary schedules forgraduates, in securing some kind of certification orrecognition of graduate competence, and in findingencouragement and support from practitioners forimprovement of the training program.

In addition to the qualifications of the programdirector, there are other general considerationsthat should be made concerning faculty. It is wellknown that the effectiveness of a program of thistype depends largely upon the competence andenthusiasm of the teaching staff. It is important,therefore, that the college dean or other ad-ministrator responsible for faculty selection beaware of the specialized competencies that are re-quired of the teacher due to the nature of thecurriculum. Technical program teachers must

possess a larger base of technical knowledge thanthe high school instructor, but are usually lessspecialized than instructors of graduate courses inuniversities. They must be teaching-oriented incontrast to research-oriented in their work. Theyshould be masters of the skills in their specialty;have a practical knowledge and yet the academicbackground to understand and interpret relatedtechnical information. To be successful in this levelof instruction, they must also understand thespecial educational philosophy peculiar totechnical education.

In working with today's youth, instructors inthis program must be intellectually honest, have apositive, lively interest in their subject matter, andpresent material that is relevant and up to date.They must understand and appreciate the need fortechnician training in his field. Students expecttheir instructors to be proficient in the skills andtechniques they are required to learn. Any facultymember serving as a student advisor in thisprogram should possess mature judgement andemotional stability. There are many studentsenrolled in college today that fail or drop outbecause of various types of personal problemsrather then because of intellectual deficiencies. Agood advisor must show concern and provide per-sonal as well as academic advisement.

Instructors who teach in this technical cur-riculum may be one of two types. The "first is thefull-time professional teacher, who is professional-ly prepared, with at least a minimum of teachereducation courses at the university level, anddevotes full time to the technical program. Inselecting this kind of teacher, the administratorshould look for former students who have com-pleted a related university program. Baccalaureatedegree technologists with backgrounds in biology,animal or veterinary science or teachers who haveinterned in technical programs or spent con-siderable time at work in the veterinary orlaboratory animal fields also make good can-didates. Veterinarians who wish to leave practice,meat inspection, regulatory work, or the militaryfor an instructor's position in a school ofveterinary science technology may be suitableprospects if they are still proficient in their prac-tice skills and are interested and able to relate tothe two-year college age student. It is often a temp-tation for administrators to hire newly graduatedveterinarians because of the lower salary they w, illaccept and because of their ability to relate %%ell tothe tv,o- ear college student. However, in somecases their lack of experience in the field may

9

weigh more heavily against their selection.Another very good source of veterinary instruc-

tors would be officers being discharged from themilitary service. These veterinary officers havealready gained much experience in training andutilizing veterinary technicians under their com-mand. Individuals, who have been trained in a two-year school of veterinary science technology andproceeded up the educational ladder to earn theDoctor of Veterinary Medicine degree or graduatedegree in some area of research, would probablymake one of the best choices for instructors, sincethey would have the understanding and the properperspective on the role of both the technician andthe professional.

Where two-year technical programs are locatedon the same campus as a veterinary college itwould be practical and wise to investigate thepossibility of members of the professional staff ofthe veterinary college teaching a number of theclinical skills and techniques to technical students.This is now occurring in at least two veterinarycolleges in this country with very gratifyingresults. It has been reported that a definitelyfavorable rapport is quickly developed betweenprofessional and technical students and that eachgains through learning and understanding theother's role in practice. It is certain that this in-novative development in veterinary technical in-struction will help improve the technician's educa-tion and further the understanding of the role ofthe paraprofessional in veterinary medicine.

The other type of teacher is the part-time in-structor from a veterinarybiomedical industryclosely related to the technical program. Part-timeteachers from industry may be employed to teachcourses requiring special skills or knowledge. Theymay be prospective employers of students orformer students working in industry. Sometimes itis possible to obtain people who have had teachingexperience prior to going into industry.

Both full-time and part-time instructors may beused to make up the staff. Part-time teachers fromindustry may bring needed technical knowledgenot possessed by the others. Full-time teachers,however, should comprise the large majority of thefaculty for this program. They will usually bebetter able to advise and counsel students and tohelp part-timers with teaching methods andclassroom management.

In all technical programs there should be a teamapproach to teaching, with close liaison main-tained between the various staff members. Coor-dination of course content should be discussed at

,t. 20

staff meetings. Concepts taught in basic scienceclasses should be reinforced in advanced classes bypractical examples and application. This closeliaison should also be maintained with the teachersof general education subjects. Student weaknessesin communications should be as much the concernof technical teachers as it is of the languageteacher.

Another member of the team should be thelibrarian. The librarian responsible for technicaleducation should be included in staff meetings andcurriculum discussions whenever possible. Thisimportant two-way communication will apprisethe librarian of what materials are needed, andteachers of what new materials are available.

The philosophy of the team approach is toemphasize the cohesiveness of the program. Theaims and objectives are: immediate employment,advancement on the job, social competency, andcitizenship. They can best be accomplished by aneducational program that combines technicalknowledge, skills, and general education in ameaningful program.

Faculty members should be encouraged todevelop technically and professionally. This can beaccomplished by offering release time and finan-cial assistance for in-service training. The in-service training program should be developed tostrengthen individual weaknesses. One teachermay profit more from summer employment in in-dustry, while another should attend formalclasses. Additionally, faculty positions shouldprovide professional challenges and should befinancially attractive to assure the stability andcompetence of the faculty.

In-service teacher training is very important inschools which are changing from vocationalprograms to technical programs while using thesame staff. It is also necessary in schools whereuniversity staffs, who are accustomed to teachingin the four-year or professional program, teachpart time or full time in a technical program. Ineach case, the aims and objectives, subject matterpresentation, and philosophy are different. The ad-ministrator should be certain that the teachingstaff is oriented to these important differences andthat individual staff members are allowed time toprepare for the new teaching role.

All technical teachers should be encouraged tomaintain close liaison with professional andtechnical societies related to their teachingspeciality. Attendance at society or organizationmeetings provides opportunities for the teacher tokeep abreast of new developments. This is impor-

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tant also for placing graduates in suitable employ-ment.

The workload of the technical teacher shouldpreferably be less than fifteen and not more thantwenty hours per week. Due to the mixed lectureand laboratory schedule, it is sometimes difficultto compare this teaching load with that of non-technical teachers in the same school. A com-parison is sometimes made by counting one lecturehour or a two-hour laboratory period as oneteaching unit and a three-hour laboratory periodas two teaching units. However, these comparisonsare difficult to make. The time required to prepareadequately for a laboratory period and do the re-quired follow-up work may in some cases exceedthat needed for a lecture hour.

The size of lecture classes will vary with the sub-ject matter being taught. In lecture classes, it maybe possible to have forty to fifty students. Inclasses where demonstrations or specimens areused, the class size should be limited to the numberthat can readily observe what is being shown.Laboratory classes should be limited to betweentwenty and twenty-four students. This allows thestudents to see the laboratory materials and the in-structor to give more individual attention. In anycase, the smaller the laboratory class section, thegreater will be the amount of information and skillpreparation transferred to individual students.

Good laboratory classes require much time inthe preparation of materials and equipment.Whenever possible, it is desirable to use laboratoryassistants to help the instructor with laboratorypreparation and procedure.

The curriculum outlined in this guide will re-quire a faculty of seven to nine members. Aminimum of four is needed to teach the veterinaryscience technical courses (including the depart-ment head teaching at least part time) if no optionis offered. If the option in meat inspection andregulatory technology is offered, then a minimumof six full-time veterinary science technical in-structors will be required. In addition, there shouldbe the equivalent of three full-time faculty for in-struction in mathematics, science, com-munications (language skills), social sciences andthe auxiliary and supporting technical courses.

Since the requirement for graduateveterinarians or laboratory animal scientists as in-structors is great in this program, perhaps somepart-time personnel could be utilized to completestaffing requirements. A staff of this size providesinstructors with the required specialization in thetechnical subject and permits instructors and the

department head to spend some time in job place-ment. For purposes of fiscal planning the programcan be initiated with one instructor in addition tothe department head. However, the remainingtechnical faculty members will need to be ap-pointed at the beginning of the second year of theprogram's inception.

The faculty and facilities suggested in this guideare intended to accommodate a beginning class ofthirty students. Allowing for reasonable attrition,it can be expected that about twenty students willstart the third semester of the program.

STUDENT SELECTION AND SERVICES

While the effectiveness of a technician educationprogram depends greatly upon the quality of thefaculty, student selection is equally important.Only well prepared, highly motivated and qualifiedstudents will successfully complete thiscurriculum, obtain employment as beginningtechnicians, and grow into larger responsibilities.They must want to work in the veterinary-biomedical career field and recognize the need forextensive technical training to achieve success.

Many post high school institutions have an open-door policy, wherein all high school graduates areeligible for admission to the college. The open-doorpolicy has merit in that any high school graduate isgiven the opportunity to enter post high schooleducation. However, the open-door policy shouldnot be interpreted to mean that all who enter theinstitution can expect to succeed in a rigoroustechnical program. The importance of some systemof selection of students who have a reasonable ex-pectation of succeeding in the program cannot beoveremphasized. Schools which are changing fromvocational to technical programs must have newcurriculums which achieve the rigor of thetechnical level. New schools offering a technicalprogram must select students who can master ahigh level of technical instruction from the begin-ning.

In cases where unqualified students are allowedto enroll, the students will usually fail or the levelof instruction may be lowered. If the level of in-struction is lowered, high-quality technicians withthe depth and breadth of preparation required foremployment will not be attracted. In either case,students or employers soon become disillusionedand the whole program is endangered.

Another reason for setting selection standardsfor students is that it adds strength and potentialquality to the program. Students and their parents

11

find the technician objective attractive when theyappreciate that it is a special objective which re-quires high scholastic standards. As it has beenpointed out in the section on Special Abilities andActivities of Technicians, the technician does needspecial skills and abilities that challenge the bestefforts as well as the deepest interest of students.The fact that student selection does take place andthat students must do good work to enter and to re-main in the program is an important feature inrepresenting the program to students, parents, andprospective employers.

For these reasons, a good counseling andguidance program is necessary. This should startbefore the student enrolls, preferable at the highschool level. Brochures or catalogs which show theprogram and the pretechnical training requiredshould be distributed to high school counselors.They should also be made available to counselorswho may be advising older students or adults.

This program is designed for students with par-ticular interests and abilities in working withanimals and/or in medically oriented jobs. In addi-tion, they will need an ability to communicatefluently, solve mathematical problems, get alongeasily with all kinds of people, and have certainmechanical and manipulative abilities. Therecruitment and admissions program should bedesigned to select students with these interests andabilities.

Those students who plan for their career inveterinary science technology early, should mapout a high school course of study which is collegeentrance level and includes a considerable amountof mathematics and science background.

The entering student should have completed twoyears of high school mathematics, including oneyear of algebra and one year of geometry, one yearof biology, and one year of chemistry, includinglaboratory experience or the equivalent. For thosestudents who have not completed the equivalent ofthese courses, many post high school institutionsoffering technical programs offer a pretechnicalprogram.' The pretechnical program, which in-cludes up to a year's work, gives promising but un-prepared students an opportunity to prepare andto prove that they are ready for a technicalprogram.

Most post high school institutions administersome type of achievement test to all incomingstudents. Tests can be used as an indication of ver-

'V S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education.Peetechtucal Post high School Programs, A Suggested Guide. (0E40049)Washington, D.C.. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.

.41

bal and mathematical ability, and to some degree,mechanical ability; but should not be used as ma-jor criteria for student selection. Many of thepromising students may not have developed theabstract tools of language, numbers, and sciencerequired to do well in tests, but can use the tools asneeded to serve their vocational interests.

The school admissions officers should have attheir disposal the high school transcript showingsubjects taken and grades received, various testscores, and grades in pretechnical courses, if taken.In addition, it is recommended that a personal in-terview be held with each applicant by a facultymember of the technical program. Such an inter-view can be of value to determine seriousness ofpurpose and motivation. Motivation is difficult tomeasure, but is necessary for success in theprogram.

It is very important for candidates for this train-ing program to have a fundamental understandingof what veterinary assisting or laboratory animalcare and research assisting is all about. If they donot, once they begin their classes they may becomedisillusioned due to certain personal "hang ups" oridiosyncracies, such as allergies to various animalspecies, inability to work with or see blood drawn,or inability to perform in anatomy cadaver dissec-tion.

Students should learn to recognize and accept inthe beginning their own deficiencies, if any, andunderstand that all is not glamour behind the frontdesk of the veterinary medical hospital. Thereforeit is desirable that applicants have had some kindof work-experience.

Another effective method for personnel respon-sible for the admissions process to gain insight intoan applicant's motivation and seriousness of pur-pose is to require a letter, composed by the appli-cant, stating why he (she) desires entrance into theveterinary science technology training program. Itis always wise to require letters of recommenda-tion from former employers or professional per-sons who are familiar with the applicant and his(her) family. Such a letter will aid in evaluatingthe student's maturity, seriousness of purpose, andwork habits. Qualified women applicants should befully advised about the career potential of thetechnology and encouraged if they desire to enterthe program. However, all students should bestrongly advised and counseled that this technicalprogram is in no way a substitute for the conven-tional Pre-Veterinary Medicine program. The stu-dent should clearly understand that this programprepares primarily for occupational employment.

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Effective guidance and counseling is essential.In addition to each student having a regularcounselor, it is desirable to have a member of theveterinary science technology faculty available forguidance as an advisor. Students often develop aclose relationship with the technical faculty ad-visor and he can help the student with many of hisproblems. The faculty advisor can be of specialvalue during times of personal or academicproblems or during registration time.

Some type of orientation program for newstudents is desirable. This can be done beforeschool starts or at the beginning of the term. Theorientation program should include campus toursto acquaint students with the campus, plus talksby administrators and student personnel represen-tatives regarding campus rules and regulations. Alibrary orientation to acquaint students with theuse of library facilities is a very important part ofthe orientation program.

The placement of students in suitable and at-tractive employment upon graduation is a vitalpart of the program. Placement of graduates givesmeaning to the whole program. A good record ofplacement helps motivate current students andhelps attract new students. It is also desirable thatstudents be placed in summper employmentbetween the first and second year of the program.These jobs should fit the occupational objectives ofthe students to allow them to have real work ex-periences before graduation.

Job placement can be managed in various ways.Experience has shown that individual instructorscan do much of the placement work. During visitsto veterinary hospitals, pharmaceuticallaboratories, medical centers, or advisory com-mittee meetings, the member of the instructionalstaff should always keep placement in mind and beprepared to make recommendations whenemployers ask for help.

Periodic followup studies of previous graduatesshould be made. This can be done by question-naires through the mail or by personal visits toplaces of employment. A check on the progress ofgraduates offers a good means of curriculumevaluation and can be used as a basis for improve-ment of the program.

Another part of the student service program isthe sponsoring of a departmental studentorganization. Student club activities offer a goodmedium to utilize important speakers, to showgood films of general interest, and to teach groupdynamics and parliamentary procedures. Studentorganizations can be helpful in sponsoring field

days or open house for guests from local highschools, 4-H veterinary science, or explorer scoutgroups. Student club organizations have beenfound to be helpful in developing leadershipqualities in students.

Each student should be given the opportunity tobecome acquainted with members of technicalsocieties or professional groups in his area ofspecialization. Many technical societies offer stu-dent membership rates. Contacts with thesegroups help the student become acquainted withpeople active in the field and with tradepublications. Such contacts may eventually helpthe student in finding employment, and theyprovide a future source of technical information.

An associate degree or comparable certifiCateshould be conferred by the institution to indicatethe student's successful completion of theprogram. This may be presented at graduation orsome similar ceremony held to recognize achieve-ment. Outstanding individual achievement alsomay be recognized at this time or at a banquet ormeeting of the student organization.

TEXTBOOKS, REFERENCES,INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

Textbooks, references, and instructional mediamust be reviewed constantly in light of newdevelopments in science, agriculture, medicine,and teaching methods. The impact ofdevelopments in science applied to the medicalfields is demanding fresh textbooks, articles injournals, and teaching materials.

Departures from teaching the traditional collegecourse in various subjects also are creating a needfor new and different books and references. Sincethere are practically no texts developed yet for thetwo-year student in this technology, instructorsmust glean from professional texts in the medicaland veterinary fields and translate the informa-tion found there into language understandable tothe student. A limited number of texts designedfor the veterinary science technology student arejust beginning to appear, but many more areneeded. New texts which are now available andrelevant to this curriculum have been suggested inthe course outlines and appear in thebibliographical listing.

The teacher should familiarize himself with theavailable books before selecting that best suited tothe particular needs of the students as a text. Butin many courses, it will be necessary for theteacher to develop his own teaching materials. It

13

also may be necessary for students to read frommany different sources in the library rather thanto have one assigned text.

In a changing technology, knowing how to findinformation is as important as knowing facts. Thegrowth and success of the graduate technician willdepend in large measure on his ability to keepabreast of changes in his field. Therefore, studentsshould be encouraged to use the library to look upmaterials and to become acquainted with sourcesof information. Class assignments in the librarymay be necessary to familiarize the student withits use.

Instructional media may be a great help to theteacher when they are pertinent to his teachingobjective. Only a few have been listed in this guidebecause of changing techniques and procedureswhich tend to make films obsolete in a relativelyshort time. Teachers should preview all visual aidsbefore use in order to determine whether they willfit the instructional plan. At times only part of afilm might be used to demonstrate a point. If so,the film should be set up in the projector beforeclass to conserve time.

New types of instructional media are beingdeveloped and should be considered wheneverpossible. Specifically, research is now being con-ducted by a committee under the auspicies of theAmerican Institute of Biological Sciences for thedevelopment of teaching modules (which includesinstructional media) which are soon to be availableto this technology.' Inquiries concerning theprogress of this research should be made directlyto Project BIOTECH, A.I.B.S., 3900 WisconsinAvenue, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20016. In somenew schools the buildings are being planned foreducational television. Video tapes ofdemonstrations or procedures can be produced nowfor about $1 per minute or approximately $50 for aclass period. Video tapes can be used in the libraryfor individual study by students. Strong considera-tion should be given to use of video tape capabilityin this program. It enhances total class instructionin detailed techniques which otherwise must bedemonstrated in very small group sessions.

Administrators and teachers should check withthe local telephone company in regard to amplifiedphone conversations in classrooms. Whereapplicable, such as in general and industrialeconomics or animal hospital procedures, it ispossible to have pre-arranged telephone conver-

Busser, John H. "BIOTKC11". Bio Science. rot 2t. No. 5 Washington, D C.American Institute of Biological Sciences, May 1972 This article describes the concept and uses of the "teaching module",

24.

sations with experts in any part of the country fora relatively small charge.

Many new audiovisual devices are now available,and new ones, including auto-tutorial devices, aregaining more general acceptance. All such teachingaids should be thoroughly studied by teachers andadministrators before investing money in them.Staff members need to be adequately prepared inthe use of equipment or materials before effectivepresentation can be made to students. The unitcost in relation to educational effectiveness shouldbe a prime consideration before purchase.

LIBRARY

A central library under the direction of aprofessional librarian is important to the successof the teaching of technology curriculums. Most in-structors have private libraries in their officesfrom which they may select books of special in-terest in their personal conferences with studentsand thereby stimulate interest in relatedliterature. However, a central library, headed by aprofessional librarian, insures the acquisition andcataloging of the library content according to anaccepted library practice and provides themechanics for location of reference materials bythe use of systematic card files. It also provides themechanics for lending books to students in a con-trolled and orderly manner typical of librarieswhich they may encounter after leaving school.

Study space with suitable lighting and freedomfrom outside distraction should be provided in thelibrary for short-term study of reference data, andprovisions for checking out of reference materialsfor out-of-library use should be systematic and ef-ficient. The content of a library must provide ade-quate material in all subjects in the curriculum,and should extend somewhat beyond the degree ofcomplexity or depth encountered in classroom ac-tivities. Uterature dealing with highly specializedaspects of the various subjects may be acquired asneeded or may be borrowed by the librarian frommore comprehensive libraries.

The teaching staff and the library staff shouldactively cooperate with one another. The teachingstaff must cooperate with the library staff onmaterials to be acquired and should be responsiblefor the final selection of materials that supporttheir technical courses. It must take the initiativein recommending new library content to keep itcurrent, pertinent, and useful. In addition toreference books on all important aspects ofveterinary, laboratory animal, and regulatory and

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meat inspection technology, the library should con-tain current magazines pertaining to the field andrelated agricultural fields, bulletins and informa-tion from the local extension service, and a wealthof trade and commercial literature.

The library staff should periodically supply theteaching staff with a list of recent acquisitionscomplete with call numbers. Technical, trade, andassociation journals should either be circulated tothe teaching staff or be placed in a staff reservearea for a short time before they are madeavailable for general library use.

In addition to reference materials, journals, andtrade publications, a library should have materialof an encyclopedic nature available for quickreference, and should maintain reference indexmaterial. The course outline for CommunicationSkills presents a comprehensive list of periodicalindices which should be helpful.

Instructional media may be centered in thelibrary. These should be reviewed and evaluated byboth the librarian and a member of the teachingstaff as they become available. This procedure willinsure that appropriate visual aids are acquired bythe library, and should familiarize members of theteaching staff with exactly what is available andwhere these aids may best be used in the technicalprograms. Visual instructional media shouldalways be previewed and analyzed for timelinessand pertinency before being used in a teachingsituation.

More and more libraries are becoming com-prehensive learning centers with individual stu-dent carrels, multimedia learning materials, andprogrammed learning materials for a variety ofsubjects. It will be noted that the laboratoryfacilities suggested in this guide have also madeprovision for the inclusion of nine study carrels.

All instructors should be encouraged to build upa collection of colored slides illustrating principles,concepts, and techniques to be presented in theirspecialized subject area. These may also be kept inthe library.

A well-equipped, modern library should havesome type of duplicating service available so thatcopies of library materials may be obtained easilyby students and staff. This service allows both stu-dent and staff to build up-to-date files of currentarticles appropriate to the courses in a curriculum.This service should be available to the students atminimum cost and, within reasonable limits, freeof personal cost to the staff.

A list of suggested texts and references may befound at the end of each course outline. In order to

provide a current list, few books over 10 years oldhave been included. In cases Nt here books over 10years old are still considered current, a notation tothat effect has been made. It should be possible toselect suitable texts or references from the listspresented. However, it should not be assumed thatunlisted books are not suitable. There are, nodoubt, others which are excellent.

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT ANDFACILITIES

Specialized laboratory facilities, equipment, andmaterials for this program are very expensive incomparison to those for other technician trainingprograms. In addition, the animal holding facilitiesneeded to ,support the laboratory aspects of thiscurriculum have rigid legal requirements (AnimalWelfare Act, P.L. 89-544) for environmental con-trol. These requirements also add substantially tothe cost for providing optimum training ex-periences for students in this program.

Nevertheless, a well-equipped laboratory isnecessary to provide for valid laboratory ex-periences basic in nature, broad in variety, and in-tensive in practical experience. The technicianprogram should include equipment that illustratesprinciples used in radiological techniques; surgicalassisting (large animal and small); restraint;sampling, weighing, and measuring; clinicallaboratory testing; demonstration of physiologicalfunctions; anesthesiology; histological techniques;germfree technology; slaughtering and meatprocessing; and regulatory techniques.

Variety and quality of equipment are more im-portant than quantity. Each piece of laboratoryequipment should be considered carefully beforepurchase. A study of types of equipment used inveterinary hospitals and in laboratories in the localarea should be made. The ways in which thisequipment might be used in laboratory experiencesshould be considered. Study may show thatlaboratory models of certain large, expensivemachines, such as autoanalyzers, can be purchasedand used to illustrate principles.

A list of the various kinds of equipment neededto teach this curriculum is included in a later sec-tion. It may seem rather extensive, but it is con-sidered vital to the program, and the curriculumshould not be attempted without it. Much of it isused to provide students exposure to and practicein using diagnostic, medical and surgical equip-ment, such as the X-ray machine shown in Figure4, which they will encounter in the field. In addi-

15

Lion, some of the equipment is excellent forteaching critical thinking, patience, and properlaboratory procedures.

1\ 1

....ilik._......----

Figure 4 Wearing protective clothing, students practice proper pa-tient positioning and Xray machine operation to produce radiographsof diagnostic quality for the practitioner to examine. The Xray machine is one example of the many expensive and precision type instruments required.

The equipment has also been selected to il-lustrate principles or concepts. Even though thespecific machines will change, if students learn theprinciples and concepts of a testing procedure theycan adapt to new or improved machines.

In addition to the laboratories and equipmentsuggested in this guide, it is highly desirable if afarm complex is available on the campus for use byinstructors in this technology. If not, field tripsmay be designed and scheduled to local cooperatingfarms for instruction in large animal assisting andregulatory techniques.

The farm used should be stocked with represen-tative numbers of all the main large animaldomestic species, to include if possible horses, cat-tle (dairy and beef), sheep, and swine. Studentswill need to become familiar with breeds andstrains of these species, as well as restraint, hous-ing, and production methods, and their utility inthe veterinary-biomedical fields.

ADVISORY COMMITTEES ANDSERVICES

The success of technician education programsdepends to a great extent on the formal and infor-mal support of advisory committees." When an

'American Association of Junior Colleges. The Rote l)) the eldmory Committee enthe ki440.... EA.ntion in the Junior I. uilegt le% aShingtun, DC. The Association.1967

'American Vocational Association. Inc Tio Adotsory Comoutfee and timitionalEduoutaan Washington. D.C.. The Association. 1969.

26

institution decides to consider the advisability ofinitiating a particular technological program, thechief administrator or dean should appoint the ad-visory committee. Members can be appointed forregular terms, subject to reappointment, andmembership should rotate so that some ex-perienced advisors are present with new ones eachterm.

The program advisory committee for theveterinary science technology program should becomprised of representatives of veterinarians andresearchers who employ technicians, publicemployment services, scientific or technicalsocieties, and associations in the field, andknowledgeable civic leaders who meet with and ad-vise the specialists on the school's staff. When theprogram has been operating long enough, it isdesirable to add experienced technician graduatesto the committee makeup. They provide uniqueand special insights for evaluating the program.All members serve without pay as interestedcitizens. They have no legal status but provide in-valuable assistance. The committee normally con-sists of about 12 members (but may vary from 6 to20), who generally serve for a one to two yearperiod. The head of the institution or the depart-ment head of the technology is ordinarily chair-man or executive secretary. It should beremembered that persons agreeing to serve arealways busy individuals; therefore, meetingsshould be called only when committee action isneeded to handle a specific task or problem.

The committee assists in surveying and definingthe need for technicians: the knowledge and skillsthey will require; employment opportunities;available student population; curriculum, faculty,laboratory facilities and equipment; and cost andfinancing of the program. When the studies in-dicate that a program should be initiated, the com-mittee's help in planning and implementing it is in-valuable. The program advisory committee shouldcoordinate their activities with the appropriatecommittee of the State Veterinary MedicalAssociation. Once the program has become well es-tablished, its advisory committee may contributegreatly by meeting periodically to evaluate theeffectiveness of the curriculum. The group shownin Figure 5 represents a temporarily expandedcommittee makeup meeting for such a purpose.When students or graduates seek summer or per-manent employment, the committee assists inplacing them and in evaluating their performance.These evaluations often will result in minormodifications, hich more closely relate the pro-

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gram to employment requirements.Frequently the committee gives substantial help

to school administrators in obtaining local funds.Likewise, it may be instrumental in securing Stateand Federal support for the program.

The advisory committee may use this guide,designed primarily for planning and developmentof full-time preparatory programs in post highschool institutions, as a starting point, modifyingit to meet local needs. The program can also formthe basis for courses to meet the requirements ofemployed adults who wish to upgrade or updatetheir skills and technical capabilities. In this way,the school administration, with the help of thecommittee and special consultants, can effectivelyinitiate the needed program, quickly develop it to ahigh level of excellence, and maintain itstimeliness.

1-4 11 I.A1.11

Figure 5Illustration of a veterinary science technology advisorycommittee in action. In this case, the group includes not only theAdvisory Committee, the Academic Dean and the faculty, but alsosome emplGyers and graduate technicians engaged In a joint evaluation of the program.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICALSOCIETIES

Scientific and technical societies and tradeassociations are an important source of instruc-tional materials and other benefits for teachersand students. Such societies provide, through theirpublications and meetings, reports and continuingdiscussion of new concepts, processes, techniques,and equipment in the physical sciences and relatedtechnologies. Their presentation and interpreta-tion of scientific and technical discoveries explainthe relationship of the thew etical scientist's workto the applied science practitioner's needs. Theyare invaluable aids in keeping abreast of newdevelopments in a particular phase of science.

Less conspicuous, but extremely important, isthe support which societies may give (1) in helpingto develop idence of need for a training program,

(2) in helping to promote the program, (3) inenlisting members' support for the program, (4) inhelping to provide work experience for students,(5) in helping with the placement of graduates, (6)in helping the technician Alumni Association inprograms of continuing education, and (7) in help-ing develop certification programs for public andemployer recognition of graduate competence.

Associations and societies may supply resourcepeople to act as guest speakers. They also mayserve as hosts on field trips when student groupsexplore specific phases of the industry.

Instructors should be encouraged to become ac-tive members in these societies so that they maylearn quickly of new technological developments.Membership will also enable them to meet peoplein the community who are actively interested inthe field. Some educational institutions pay all, orpart, of the costs of membership dues and atten-dance at local or national meetings in order to en-courage staff participation in selected societies.

Early in their studies students should be re-quired to become acquainted with the literatureand services of scientific, technical, and relatedveterinary and medical societies. They should alsobe encouraged to join those which offer student-affiliate memberships.

The following is a selected list of societies,associations and organizations which relate toveterinary science technology:7

American Animal Hospital AssociationAmerican Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal

CareAmerican Association for Contamination ControlAmerican Association for Laboratory Animal ScienceAmerican Association for the Advancement of ScienceAmerican Association of Bovine PractitionersAmerican Association of Equine PractitionersAmerican Association of Veterinary Laboratory DiagnosticiansAmerican Association of Zoo VeterinariansAmerican College for Laboratory Animal MedicineAmerican College of Veterinary PathologistsAmerican Institute of Biological SciencesAmerican Meat Institute FoundationAmerican Public Health AssociationAmerican Society for Microbiology,.American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental

TherapeuticsAmerican Society of Animal ScienceAmerican Society of Laboratory Animal PractitionersAmerican Society of Medical TechnologistsAmerican Society of ParasitologistsAmerican Society of Veterinary Clinical PathologistsAmerican Veterinary Medical AssociationAmerican Veterinary Society for the Study of Breeding

Soundness

'See the Appendix for a brief description of each of these organizations u of 1972.

17

Animal Health InstituteAnimal Medical CenterAnimal Nutrition Research CouncilAnimal Technicians AssociationAnimal Welfare InstituteAssociation for GnotobioticsAssociation cf American Boards of Examiners in Veterinary

MedicineAssociation of American Veterinary Medical CollegesConference of Public Health VeterinariansConference of Research Workers in Animal DiseasesCouncil of Biology EditorsFederation of American Society for Experimental BiologyFuture Farmers of AmericaIndustrial Veterinarians' AssociationInstitute of Laboratory Animal ResourcesInternational Association of Milk, Food and Environmental

SanitariansLaboratory Animal Breeders AssociationNational Association of Federal VeterinariansNational 4-H Service CommitteeNational Society for Medical ResearchPharmaceutical Manufacturers AssociationSociety for Experimental Biology and MedicineSociety for Industrial MicrobiologyUnited States Animal Health AssociationWomen's Veterinary Medical Asscciation

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THE CURRICULUM

Insuring functional competence and success in afield as broad as veterinary science technologyassumes several basic requirements which acurriculum must be designed to meet:

(1) Training should prepare the graduate to be aproductive employee at the job entry level.

(2) The broad technical training, combined witha reasonable amount of work experience,should enable the graduate technician toaccept and perform satisfactorily inpositions of increasing responsibility.

(3) The training foundations established in thetechnical, basic science, and general coursesmust be broad enough to provide facility forpursuing a program of continuing educationand professional advancement within thefield, following graduation. In addition toattendance in seminars, workshops, andshort courses, this further study may includethe reading and assimilation of informationfrom journals, new text materials, or formaladvanced course work.

(4) The training boundaries and principles ofprofessional ethics should be presentedclearly. In this way, there should be no ques-tion as to what the graduates' roles will be inthe employment situation, especially regard-ing their relationships with those theyserve or work with. Likewise, a sufficientbase of technical and professional ter-minology and an adequate understanding ofhuman relations should be provided toenable the veterinary science technologygraduate to effectively communicate withand coordinate between the highly educatedprofessional employer and the unlearned en-try level caretaker or kennel assistant.

(5) The technical and general education courseofferings must insure a broad relevant orien-

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tation which will provide the graduate with amaximum ability to understand, reason, andfunction in today's highly complex andtechnically oriented society.

The curriculum suggested here is designed tofulfill these requirements as outlined. It providesthe necessary special ab:lities and proficiencies forentry-level achievement, as well as the tools andfacility for on-the-job growth and continued study.

This curriculum is intented as a guide forprogram planning and development in post highschool institutions. It is a suggested guide for aprogram in Veterinary Science Technology with anoption for Meat Inspection and RegulatoryTechnology which is exercisable in the fourthsemester. It is likely that most initiating in-stitutions will start with the veterinary sciencetechnology program and may offer in the begin-ning, or at a later date, the optional meat inspec-tion and regulatory technology program. In somecases, however, the program may be initiallydesigned entirely for meat inspection andregulatory technology; and in these instances,courses may be added later which are required forthe complete veterinary science technologyprogram.

The level of instruction anticipated represents aconsensus on the level of proficiency and un-derstanding required for success in occupations inwhich trained manpower is in short supply todayand threatens to be even more so in the future.This curriculum reflects the combined efforts ofmany people educators, scientists, employersand experts from the veterinary and biomedicalfields, and the staff of the United States Office ofEducation. The overall objective has been to designa training program which would complement andsatisfy the needs of graduates where such diversecareer opportunities exist as in the Veterinary-

Biomedical career field. On-the-job flexibility andadaptability on the part of the technician should bea natural and significant characteristic ofgraduates who have received this training.

The curriculum is organized as 17-week collegesemesters, rather than as college quarters, becauseit is usually easier to convert a program fromsemesters to quarters than the reverse. Theseventeenth week, however, is for the ad-ministering of examinations, and is not accountedfor in the curriculum and course outlines.

In a rigorous program of study, such as this onefor veterinary science technology, outside study isa significant part of the student's total program. Ingeneral, this curriculum recommends two hours ofmeaningful outside study for each hour ofscheduled class time. The laboratory periods are

invaluable to the student, since it is here that prin-ciples and concepts presented in lecture are il-lustrated and practiced.

A typical weekly work schedule for a student inthe first semester of this curriculum would be:class attendance, 13 hours; laboratory, 13 hours;outside study, 26 hours making a total of 52hours per week. While this provides the averagestudent a full study schedule, it is not excessive orunusual for this type of program. All studentsshould be advised at the beginning of the programto budget and use their study time as effectively aspossible. Because of the sequential nature of thecurriculum in the technical specialty courses,failure in one of the basic courses may preclude thestudent from advancing in the program untilachievement and proficiency have beendemonstrated.

VETERINARY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM OUTLINE

First Semester

Hours Per WeekOut-

Labora- sideClass tory study Total

Third Semester

Hours Per WeekOut -

Laboru- sideClass tory study Total

Applied Chemistry 3 3 6 12 Animal Diseases 3 0 6 9

Applied Mathematics 3 0 6 9 Animal Management 4 6 8 18Communication Skills 3 0 6 9 General and IndustrialIntroductory Microbiology? 2 4 4 10 Economics 3 0 4 9

Introduction to Veterinary Laboratory Techniques 3 8 6 17Science Technology 2 6 4 12

Total 13 14 26 53Total 13 13 26 52

Fourth SemesterSecond Semester Animal Hospital Procedures .... 3 0 6 9

Applied Microbiology 4 6 8 18 Animal Nutrition 3 0 6 9

Comparative Anatomy and Clinical Techniques 3 8 6 17Physiology 4 6 8 18 Laboratory Animal Methods .... 3 6 6 15

Human Relations 3 0 6 912 14 24 50Technical Reporting 2 0 4 6 Total

Total 13 12 26 51

Summer Session Occupational experience in the veterinary science technology field

MEAT INSPECTION AND REGULATORY TECHNOLOGY OPTIONFirst, Second, and Third Semesters are identical to those exhibited above.

Fourth SemesterAnimal Nutrition 3 0 6 9Applied Meat and

Poultry Inspection 3 4 4 11

Elements of Meat andPoultry Inspection 3 4 4 11

Regulatory Technology I 3 0 4 7Regulatory Technology II 3 6 4 13

Total 15 14 22 51

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1-..."..........9.=1...

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF COURSESFOR VETERINARY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

FIRST SEMESTER

Applied Chemistry

A review of general inorganic chemistry andan introduction to the principles of organicchemistry and biochemistry which apply to thefield of veterinary science technology. Thelaboratory exercises have been chosen toprovide practice in making chemical solutionsand solving problems involving the use ofchemicals as encountered in industry. The artof objective observation and accurate note tak-ing is also emphasized.

Applied Mathematics

The fundamental concepts relating to realnumber systems, properties of numbers, lawsof exponents, linear equations, and applicationof algebraic techniques to work problems arereviewed. Statistical methods and tools are ex-plored to enable the student to evaluatevarious kinds of numerical data encountered inthe veterinary science technology field.

Communication Skills

A course designed to promote greater com-petence in reading, writing, talking, and listen-ing. Use of communication skills in interper-sonal relationships is emphasized.

Introductory Microbiology

A basic foundation course introducing the stu-dent to classification and techniques of iden-tification, culture, and control of bacteria,viruses, and fungi. Laboratory sessionsprovide for acquiring of manual skills andproficiencies regarding the details of mediapreparation, inoculation, and microscopic ex-amination of microbial growth. Students

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become familiar with types of culture mediaand biochemical tests most commonly utilizedin the diagnostic laboratory today. The conceptof contamination by microbial organisms is es-tablished through culturing of articles in thestudent's immediate environment (examples:toilet bowl, hand towel, etc.)

Introduction to Veterinary Science Technology

An orientation course which introduces theareas of professionalism, veterinaryprofessional services, and an elementary con-sideration of veterinary pharmaceutical iden-tification and usage. Additionally, the courseprepares for later study in Animal Manage-ment and Laboratory Animal Methods by in-vestigating briefly the animal husbandry areasof nutrition, growth, genetics and environmen-tal factors. "Hands-on" experience is gainedthrough laboratory exercises in breeding,nutritional and environmental experiments,practice in preparing drugs and chemicalsolutions, preparing and examining bloodfilms, performing fecal exams and other exer-cises which provide a relevant base ofreference during the first semester of study.

SECOND SEMESTER

Applied Microbiology

A continued study which investigates thepathogenic and non-pathogenicmicroorganisms having an importantrelationship to animal health, dairy and foodprocessing, public health and meat inspection.Diagnostic methods and techniques used foridentification purposes, and determination ofantibiotic sensitivity or other control of themost commonly occurring pathogens seen in

practice and laboratory animal research, areemphasized in lecture and laboratory.

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology

A basic comprehensive course, designedthrough a systems approach, to provide a fun-damental understanding and appreciation forform and function of the animal body and itsparts. Considerable emphasis is placed uponclinical use of a knowledge of anatomy andphysiology as it relates to the accomplishmentof everyday techniques and procedures per-formed in a veterinary hospital or researchlaboratory. Instruction compares and con-trasts anatomical and physiologicaldifferences between the species reviewed. Liveanimals, cadaver dissection specimens, andskeletons are utilized in laboratory study toconfirm lecture facts and concepts.

Human Relations

A course in which the student investigates thehuman relations aspects of: securing an ap-propriate job; functioning as a techniciansupervisor; maintaining relations with clients,union and other organizational memberships;and addressing the problems posed by employ-ment discrimination. Interpersonalrelationships between the technician andprofessional employer and between the techni-cian and subordinate employees are examinedand the methods for establishing good rapportin both directions are outlined.

Technical Reporting

A continuing, but specialized study in the artof communication skills. The course isdesigned to give students practice in readingand evaluating scientific and technicalliterature of others, indoctrination in libraryusage and data retrieval, and opportunities forsubmitting written and verbal report presen-tations of their own for group reaction.

Students are encouraged to learn and applythe skills of technical reporting to their areasof special interest within the veterinaryscience curriculum.

THIRD SEMESTER

Animal Diseases

A course which introduces the student to oh-

21

normalities of form and function. A survey ismade of different types and specific examplesof diseases occurring in the animal body.Emphasis is placed on origin and developmentof diseases, prevention and control, and therecognition of lesions or abnormal function im-portant to necropsy and inspection procedures.

Animal Management

Basic principles of animal management are ex-plored through lecture discussion, audio-visualpresentations, and field trips. Major areas ofstudy include breeds and strains, social andreproductive behavior, feeding methods, hous-ing, principles of animal production andbreeding, and programs for maintainingcolony or herd health. Demonstration andpractice in restraint and necropsy techniquesare examples of the practical type laboratoryexercises that are scheduled.

General and Industrial Economics

A study of general economic principles, and ananalysis, of the factors involved in manage-ment of personal finances and methods of costcontrol in a business enterprise. The economicfactors which guide governmental spendingand fiscal policies relating to the individualcitizen are also presented and discussed.

Laboratory Techniques

A fundamental study in the principles andpractice of clinical pathology as these relate tothe responsibilities of the veterinary techni-cian. Instructional emphasis is placed onlaboratory diagnostic techniques and methodsutilized in: hematology, blood coagulation,blood chemistry, testing for abnormal liver,kidney and pancreatic function, body fluid ex-amination and parasitology. Laboratoryperiods are dedicated to development of skillsin the processing of tissue samples frompatients. Students repeat each clinicalpathology test until proficiency isdemonstrated.

FOURTH SEMESTER

Animal Hospital Procedures

A course designed to outline and establish thenecessary attitudes, understanding and skills

32

for effective technician performance in ananimal hospital. Considerable attention isgiven to investigating and suggesting methodsfor relieving the employing practitioner fromthe more routine hospital matters andproviding more time for professional duties.The scope of this course is such that the jobfunctions and responsibilities presented, in ad-dition to those outlined in other courses of thiscurriculum, complement the requirements fora functional supervising veterinary technicianemployed in the animal hospital. Topical areaswhich are emphasized include: orientation topractice and to the veterinary medical profes-sion, principles of ethical conduct, theveterinary technician and his identity, clientrelations, bookkeeping and secretarial duties,pharmacy operation, veterinary medical nurs-ing, small animal grooming, and the technicianas a supervisor.

Animal Nutrition

A broad introductory course which presentsthe basic principles of nutrition applicable toall classes of domestic and research animals.Topics covered include: the requirements for,synthesis and metabolism of essentialnutrients; types, combinations and prepara-tion of various feed stuffs; as well as the sub-ject of feed additives, their use, economic im-portance, and related governmental controls.

Clinical Techniques

A clinically oriented course designed to providethe student with the necessary skills andproficiencies to assist the veterinary surgeon.Lecture principles concerning techniques inanesthesiology, radiology and surgicalassisting are confirmed and reinforced throughrepeated laboratory exercises. in these areas.

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Instructional emphasis in radiological tech-niques, is placed on the student learning toproperly position patients, expose film, andprocess exposed radiographs of diagnosticvalue. In the areas of anesthesiology and sur-gical assisting, the learning process includes anorientation to pre-anesthetic and anestheticdrugs, skill development in anesthetizingpatients with injectable and inhalantanesthetics, preparation of the assistant, thepatient, and the operating theatre and equip-ment for aseptic surgery, direct assisting dur-ing surgery, and post-surgical nursing.Maintenance and care of anesthetic and sur-gical equipment as well as preparation of sur-gical packs is thoroughly explained and prac-ticed.

Laboratory Animal Methods

A course which continues in the study ofanimal use and management, but is designedto provide a fundamental understanding andproficiency in experimental methods andtechniques employed specifically withlaboratory animals. Subject areas in whichstudents are indoctrinated and/or receivepractice experience include body fluid collec-tion and withdrawal, infusion techniques,tranquilization, anesthetization, euthanasia,and safety procedures. Skills are alsodeveloped in performing endocrinectomies andother surgical procedures on rodents. The con-cept and requirements of "germfree"technology are investigated in detail. The scopeand conduct of this course is such that uponcompletion, the student will have achieved aworking knowledge and appreciation of basicequipment, operation, and management ofboth conventional and germfree vivarial andresearch laboratory systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF COURSES FOR THE MEATINSPECTION AND REGULATORY TECHNOLOGY OPTION

FOURTH SEMESTER

Applied Meat and Poultry Inspection

A course designed to involve the student in ac-tual inspection procedures, techniques anddecisions. Lectures outline and explore specificinspection procedures and methods. Con-currently, laboratory sessions in collegeslaughter and processing facilities permitstudents to gain problem solving experienceand opportunity to apply newly acquired skillsunder simulated working conditions.

Elements of Meat and Poultry Inspection

A course designed to acquaint students withthe general elements of regulatory functions asthey apply to meat and poultry inspection. Lec-ture orientation is achieved through topicswhich include the objectives of inspection,history, methods used and basic principles ofinspection. During laboratory sessions, inspec-tion principles and methods presented in lec-ture are confirmed and illustrated through stu-dent involvement in actual demonstrationsconducted by inspection personnel at work.

Regulatory Technology I

A lecture course designed to orient the studentto the general activities, practices andprocedures peculiar to the field of regulatoryveterinary medicine. Subject areas which are

outlined and discussed in detail includenational animal health programs havingeconomic and human health significance;related authorities, cooperating agencies,regulations, policies; foreign animal diseasesand prevention of their introduction into theUnited States; monitoring the health of transitanimals; enforcement of the Animal WelfareAct; and the role of the technician in support ofveterinary medical officers.

Regulatory Technology II

A laboratory oriented course designed to adddetail and depth to the student's understand-ing of the duties and role of the regulatorytechnician. Lecture sessions outline the prin-ciples and techniques which are demonstratedor practiced in the laboratory. Maximum use ismade of field trips, where facilities areavailable, to provide practical experience.Regulatory technical procedures studied in-clude animal identification methods; collectionand submission of blood and milk samples andectoparasite specimens to the laboratory forexamination and/or testing; appraisal of test-reactor animals; supervision of premise clean-ing and disinfection; preparation, use, and dis-po§al of pesticides; investigations of animalquarantine law violations, tracing of infectedand exposed animals, and inspection oflaboratory animal dealer premises.

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CURRICULUM CONTENT ANDRELATIONSHIPS

Curriculum content and organization are in-fluenced by the special occupational needs of thegraduates, the limited time available to teach thecurriculum, and new methods or techniques whichseem imminent in the field of veterinary sciencetechnology. The technician is expected todemonstrate proficiency in manipulative skills onthe job, so that more instructional emphasis isplaced on basic concepts and skill developmentthan on theory, as would occur in a baccalaureateprogram. Wherever possible, course work shouldbe presented in such a way that the student'sthought and reasoning processes are sharpened byproviding problem-solving experiences. This willhelp to assure that the student will be prepared tomeet new situations as they arise on the job.

Because the program is of only two years' dura-tion great care was taken in selecting and arrang-ing subject matter in this curriculum. While moregeneral education orientation might seemdesirable, it is impossible to include all of thechemistry, mathematics, biology, and socialscience typical in a four-year program. Thereforethe course outlines in these areas have beentailored to reflect a very applied approach. Theprinciples and concepts which relate most directlyto techniques performed in veterinary sciencetechnology are stressed. The technical studycourses are designed to reinforce the conceptslearned in each of the specific general educationcourses. For these reasons, the sequence of coursesshown in the curriculum is important. In fact, thesequence of all courses included represents a seriesof building blocks of knowledge; each semester'swork, adds measurably to the student's scope ofunderstanding and level of competency,culminating at the end of two years in a highlyfunctional graduate. Failure in basic course work,therefore, may preclude the student from regularprogression and graduation from the program.

Skills, techniques, and applied principles neededby the technician can best be taught throughlaboratory experiences. Organized and relatedideas, concepts, and factual information can bepresented most efficiently to large groups duringlecture sessions. Therefore, there must be a specialrelationship between the kind and amount of thescientific and technical specialty taught in thetheory classes and that presented in thelaboratory. To provide lecture information in aninteresting and relevant manner, maximum use

35 24

should be made of current films, filmstrips, 2x2colored slides, video tapes, selected texts andreferences, and guest speakers from potentialemployment areas. Some method of monitoringstudent progress in course work should be es-tablished to insure regular and systematic outsidestudy on the part of the student. Good study habitsshould be acquired early in order to achieve in anyrigorous technical program such as this one.

It has been proven essential that somespecialized technical course work be introduced inthe first semester. Two important advantages Oc-cur from an early introduction of the technicalspeciality:

(1) Students who enroll to study veterinaryscience technology start their training im-mediately in this specialty. If their firstsemester consists entirely of general educa-tion subjects mathematics, English,chemistry, etc. they often lose the interestthey originally had, particularly if they havea propensity for skill acquisition, as opposedto theory.

(2) The students begin at once to acquire a foun-dation of terminology and facts upon which agreater depth of understanding is achievedin specialized subjects in the later stages ofthe two-year program.

Safety and careful workmanship are stressedthroughout the course of study. There are potentialdangers involved in any technician's work. Byobserving normal safety practices, whether work-ing with caustic chemicals, ultra-sharp cutting in-struments or with vicious and mean-temperedanimals, many dangers can be avoided.

While the importance of protecting human lifeand limb cannot be overstressed, students alsoneed to learn good work habits and to develop apride in workmanship. On the job, the technicianmay become involved with operating highly expen-sive and delicate diagnostic equipment, may beasked to care for laboratory animals valuable tothe outcome of some significant research project,or be assigned to nursing a client's hospitalized andcritically ill companion-animal. In all instances,any mistake in carrying out precise operationalorders or neglect of duty or attention to detail, mayresult in loss of time, money, or even animal life.Attention to the proper care and maintenance ofexpensive equipment is likewise an importanttechnician responsibility.

Discipline and intellectual honesty are an impor-tant part of training, particularly in the clinicallaboratory science courses where life may hang in

the balance as an outcome of clinical tests.Students must learn to perform their laboratorywork accurately and report the test results honest-ly. If an experiment or diagnostic procedure doesnot produce the expected results, students shouldbe encouraged to repeat the procedure until theydetermine why. Aberrant test results may oc-casionally be an indication of somethingdramatically abnorm I with a patient's physicalcondition rather than an error in procedure. Theveterinary practitioner and research investigatormust receive reports based on facts, not fiction,from their trusted employees.

The basic and beginning technical courses in thiscurriculum, the other science courses, com-munications skills and mathematics are includedin the first and second semesters. This approachprovides an educational balance of technical versusgeneral courses and allows the student to reflect onthe relationships which exist between thesecourses. It also establishes the breadth of base inscience and mathematics permitted by the limitedtime for the curriculum, and it provides adequatefoundation for students to probe and study moreadvanced procedures and techniques during thirdand fourth semester specialty courses.

This curriculum provides for a substantialamount of time for laboratory work in the variouscourses. As soon as the underlying theory in acourse is developed and understood, it is applied inthe laboratory exercises with each succeedingcourse adding experience in depth. As notedearlier, there is a definite progressive relationshipand synchronization built into this curriculum, es-pecially among laboratory-oriented courses. Forexample, a fundamental knowledge of chemicalprinciples, acquired in the first semester, isnecessary for proper understanding and study ofnormal and abnormal physiology. The thirdsemester Laboratory Techniques course is a studyin clinical laboratory diagnostic testing for deter-mining normal and abnormal body function. In thefourth semester course in clinical techniques,students continue to practice and perfect theirskills in laboratory testing as an adjunct tomonitoring the condition of their surgical andmedical patients.

Applied Microbiology is taught the semester im-mediately following Introductory Microbiology inorder to build on and reinforce the basic principlesand concepts presented earlier. Application to thefield of veterinary science technology is made im-mediately so that maximum benefit can be gainedfrom associative and correlative aspects of the two

25

courses.The animal diseases course, programmed in the

third semester, becomes, in part, a natural exten-sion of the study in introductory and Appliedmicrobiology. A fundamental understanding ofmaterial presented in the animal diseases course isessential for application in laboratory animalmethods, meat inspection and regulatorytechnology which follow in the curriculum. Other,similar relationships between basic and advancedcourses can be noted.

Courses offered in the fourth semester arehighly specialized; hence, the need for designing aseparate option for meat inspection and regulatorytechnology. The facilities required for the optionalprogram in the fourth semester also differ con-siderably in construction and kind of equipment.In the case of veterinary science technology, thelaboratory facilities should be designed to simulateas closely as possible the clinical type of work areasfound in animal hospitals and medical researchlaboratories. The design requirements of thelaboratory utilized for demonstrating and il-lustrating the principles of germfree technologyare especially unique and exacting. To providepractical experience for students in the meat in-spection and regulatory technology option, acollege slaughter and processing laboratory isdesirable, as demonstrated in Figure 6. If for somereason it cannot be provided, students should begiven the opportunity to participate indemonstrations at commercial packing plants.Field trips to livestock sales exchanges and State-Federal diagnostic laboratories should also be con-sidered.

All courses in this training program through thethird semester have a common application in theveterinary-biomedical field. Thus, the optionalprogram, in the fourth semester, may be listed inthe college catalog a full year before the extra staffand facilities are provided, and first-year costs willbe kept relatively modest.

The middle management function which thetechnician is expected to perform, particularly inthe veterinary hospital or research laboratory, hasinfluenced the inclusion of certain courses. Incarrying out instructions of the doctor or researchinvestigator and in supervising subordinate per-sonnel, an adequate understanding of the prin-ciples of human relations is essential. In themedical research laboratory, the technician mayassist in gathering and reporting numerical data,retrieving information through library research,and/or helping to prepare supporting documents

36 .

Figure 6Then students are being instructed in the technique ofbeef carcass and slaughtering process inspection. Note the special.ized equipment and facilities required.

for approval and fiscal support of scientificresearch projects. The course included inTechnical Reporting provides for development offacility in this area. A technician supervisor,responsible for management. of a laboratoryanimal production colony or in handling financesin an animal hospital, is obviously better preparedto perform if he has an understanding of generaland industrial economics.

The specialized course in Animal HospitalProcedures has been included in the fourthsemester. It establishes a base of professionalethics after which the technician can pattern hisconduct when employed. Further, it is designed toprovide guidance and capabilities in the non-professional and business managment aspects ofveterinary hospital operations. Performing in thecapacity of supervisor, client relations officer, andbusiness officer manager, the technician relievesthe veterinary medical doctor from many time-consuming tasks for more professional duties ofdiagnosis and treatment.

Aerospace, cancer, nutritional, and othermedical research programs have brought about in-creasing needs for better quality researchlaboratory animals. The microbiological, genetic,

26

37

and physical profiles of these animals must be ac-curately defined or known and environmental fac-tors during the experiment exactingly controlled.The Laboratory Animal Methods course has beendesigned and included in the curriculum to providethe technician with proficiencies and capabilitiesin the latest techniques and procedures practicedin the laboratory animal vivarium and medicalresearch laboratory. The suggested laboratory ex-ercises in germfree technology and rodent en-docrinectomies are examples of two importantlaboratory animal research emphases unique tothis curricular option.

Both Animal Hospital Procedures andLaboratory Animal Methods are courses, which asoutlined here, are found in few curriculums at thepresent time, yet appear to be needed as the role ofthe veterinary technician expands and becomesmore generally understood. In fact, in a few in-stitutions where veterinary science technologyprograms have been in effect for some time, eachcourse represents the beginning of a sequence ofcourses in each of these two specialty areas.

Employers want technicians who cannot onlyperform their daily tasks but who are able to com-municate in writing and speaking, to calculatepercentages and add figures, and are able to getalong with those they serve and with whom theyassociate. General education courses in thiscurriculum are designed to accomplish this objec-tive.

The Communications Skills course is provided inthe first semester to facilitate the student's use oflanguage throughout the entire program. It in-cludes instruction in both writing and speaking.Instructors in technical courses should set in-creasingly high standards of clarity, grammaticalcorrectness and neatness for student work inreporting. Freedom to report on veterinary sciencesubjects of their own choosing may add interestand extra motivation. Oral reports presented in theTechnical Reporting class will reinforce and givepractice in developing speaking abilities as out-lined during communication skills sessions. Thegeneral education requirements vary considerablyfrom state to state. For that reason, the generaleducation content of this curriculum has beendesigned to meet the minimum needs of studentsenrolled in it.

The course outlines included in this guide areconcise and comprehensive, intended as guidesrather than as specific plans of instruction to becovered in an inflexible order or sequence. They

represent a judgment on the relative importance ofeach instructional unit, especially where time es-timates are shown for major divisions within eachcourse. It is expected that the principles outlined inthese courses will be supplemented withveterinary science technology applicationswherever applicable. Field trips add greatly to theeffectiveness of instruction if they are planned inadvance so that the processes observed relate tothe unit being studied at the time of. the visit.Guest speakers from the field also contribute awealth of relevant, up-to-date, practical informa-tion and are in a position to challenge the classwith interesting problem situations with which thetechnician will be faced upon graduation. Again,planning in advance is essential so that items fordiscussion are understood and agreed upon by boththe instructor and guest speaker.

The program offered here is not intended tomake the individual proficient in all of the dutieshe might be asked to perform, because proficiencyin work of a highly specialized nature comes withpractice and experience. It is also impossible toforecast the exact requirements or to predict ac-curately the course. needs or rate of change in re-quirements for veterinary science technology.Employers are generally agreed that recentgraduates need at least six months or more of workexperience to orient themselves to their respon-sibilities and role in an organization. In reality,however, the technician graduate is no different inthis respect than the recent professional schoolgraduate. It is anticipated that the truly produc-tive technician graduates in veterinary sciencetechnology will continue to study throughout theircareer in an effort to realize their full potential.

COOPERATIVE EDUCATION PLANThis technology is adaptable to a cooperative

work-study arrangement a plan which offersimportant advantages to students, to the school,and to employers of technicians. A cooperativeeducation program is a plan for student learningthrough coordinated study and employment ex-perience. Students alternate periods of attendanceat the institution where they receive theirtechnical education with periods of employment ina veterinary hospital, medical research laboratory,pharmaceutical research laboratory, laboratoryanimal breeder establishment, slaughter andprocessing plant, or even in a zoological garden.The students' employment constitutes an essentialelement in the educational process and should be

27

related as closely as possible to some phase of thefield of study in which they are engaged.

There is no substitute for the opportunity forstudents to test their school-learned theory in awork situation; immediately the study becomesmore meaningful. Co-op students learn not onlythe applied essentials of their technology, but alsothe importance of reliability, cooperation, andjudgment as employed workers in their chosenfield.

The co-op students' career choice is stimulatedand shaped by their work experiences. Should theyfind satisfaction in their work, they return to theclassroom stimulated to learn as much as possibleabout their future career. However, should theyfind through their work experience that they arenot fitted for a specific area of work, they maydecide to change their major field of study whenthey return to the college. This early decision mayprevent them from washing time and money on amisguided choice of study. It is also beneficial tothe college for students to gain this work ex-perience, especially if in the process any shoulddecide to withdraw from college because of dis-enchangment with this field of study. If these dis-illusioned students should remain under suchfrustrating conditions, they would at best probablybecome marginal graduates and additionallymight exert an undesirable influence on other classmembers.

A variety of successful methods for implement-ing a cooperative work study program are ineffect at different institutions graduatingveterinary technicians. Generally speaking, onesemester, one quarter, or one summer period hasbeen found sufficient for work study employmentin this career field in order to meet the objectivesstated earlier. Often one-half of the class under-takes a work study arrangement while the otherhalf remains for formal study. At the end of thespecified term of work study the half who workedreturned to their formal studies at school, whilethe other half are employed. This procedure may ormay not be repeated once more during thestudent's two years at college. Each initiating in-stitution will have to decide for itself which workstudy plan will best fit its peculiar needs. It shouldbe noted that the student's technical program islengthened beyond the curriculum outlined in thisguide by an amount of time equal to the totallength of the employment experience.

Specific employment is obtained, as cir-cumstances permit, by the educational institution,

38

with the cooperation of the student. The institutionregards the work-experience program as an in-tegral part of the technician education program asa whole. Therefore, in most instances a satisfac-tory overall co-op student performance rating isrequired in order for the student to continue intothe second year of the program. The work-experience program is not regarded primarily asan earning opportunity, although all students arepaid at the prevailing wage scale for the job theyhold. Work reports by both the student and theemployer are submitted to the school work-program coordinator. The college should providean opportunity for the work-program coordinatorto visit with each student/employer at least onceduring the work-experience period.

As mentioned earlier, the cooperative work-experience program is an opportunity to gaindirectly related experience which will make thestudent more desirable as an employee. As a resultof their work-experience with a particular es-tablishment, many students have been offered per-manent positions with that organization upon com-pletion of their schooling. Cooperating es-tablishments agree, however, not to make offers ofemployment which become effective before thecompletion of the technician's educationalprogram.

Cooperative programs provide special oppor-tunities for the educational institution to maintainclose contact with employers in their variousprograms. This contact becomes a valuable two-way channel of communication which helps theeducational institution to keep its knowledge ofspecific employer needs in each technical field upto date, and at the same time keeps employers ac-quainted with and involved in the program of theinstitution.

SUGGESTED CONTINUING STUDYA two-year technical training program concen-

trates on the primary needs, related knowledgeand complementary skills as perceived to be impor-tant to the industry served. With the limitedamount of time available to it, a program of thisnature cannot provide instructional depth in all thesubjects which are pertinent to a particulartechnology. In addition, it is impossible to predictchanges that may arise due to our changingeconomy and technology. Some form of continuingstudy for graduates of technology programstherefore seems very desirable.

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39

In the field of veterinary science technology, con-tinuing education for those that are interested maybe achieved in a variety of different ways. Thesimplest method, of course, is through readingcurrent literature related to the technology. Thisapproach helps the graduate keep abreast oftechnical developments in his field of specializa-tion. The method is limited in value, however, sinceit tends only to build on the organizedtechnological base provided by the curriculum thatwas originally studied.

The next most favorable approach is probablyattendance in seminar or workshop type sessions.These programs are usually sponsored periodicallyby or in cooperation with the State VeterinaryMedical Society (at their annual business meeting),the regional or local branches of the AmericanAssociation for Laboratory Animal Science(quarterly or annually), and at annual veterinarycollege conferences. These programs consist of anumber of one-half hour to one hour lectures ondifferent subjects in an attempt to providesomething relevant and of interest to everyone inattendance. The workshop type program providesmore opportunity for actual participation in thesubject discussion.

Formal continuation in supplementary courses,no doubt, provides the most efficient and practicalmeans of adding important related areas ofknowledge and skill to the initial education of thetwo-year technical program graduate. Thesecourses offer the advantages of systematic subjectcoverage, disciplined and competent teaching, op-portunity for class discussion, and scheduling onevening or Saturday hours which does not conflictwith the technician's working day. Again, there arevarious kinds of formal courses to choose from:there are available summer short courses inschools of veterinary science technology, in-service-training programs where the employing in-stitution can afford it and has the instructionalcapability, and the classical evening or extensioncourses offered by almost all accredited collegesand universities.

The summer short courses are usually of one ortwo weeks duration and designed as "refresher"courses or intensive introductory courses inspecialized subject areas such as hematology,radiological techniques, laboratory animalanatomy, advanced laboratory animal techniques,etc. The group shown in Figure 7 represents a classof students gathered to participate in a continuingeducation program (summer "refresher" course).

e 4,

- 1....... ......1: i

Figure 7 This group of technicians from veterinary medical practicesand biomedical research laboratories have assembled for a"refresher"course in hematology. Note the specialized facilities and equipmentrequired for such a continuing education program.

4,

-$

1

The in-service-training programs are usuallystructured once or twice weekly for one or twohours per session for a number of weeks ormonths. They are designed to provide informationand demonstrate techniques and methods of opera-tion which will allow upgrading of employeecapabilities, thus making participants morevaluable to the institution or company. One exam-ple of the type of educational program frequentlysponsored for technicians is that dealing withhuman relations and principles of supervision.Veterinary medical centers, university medicalcenters (human) and the large pharmaceuticalhouses are most often involved in this kind of con-tinuing education for technicians.

In the area of college evening or extensioncourses, there is a wide range of continuing

29

educational courses open to the technician. All thatis required of an individual is an interest in thesubject matter, ambition and willingness tosacrifice evening hours (after a day of labor), andpayment of a nominal course fee. In certain univer-sity or commercial company employmentsituations, it is becoming fairly common for theemployer to share or pay all the cost of tuition forcontinuing education courses, if they relate to thejob the technician is performing. Wheretechnicians are employed in colleges, hospitals, oruniversities, opportunities for enrollment inrelated courses such as biology, microbiology,medical technology or biochemistry should not beoverlooked, if these are available in their parent oraffiliated institutions. Technicians with per-sistence may even earn the baccalaureate degreeafter a period of time.

The following are examples of courses whichmight be considered for continuing study byveterinary science technology graduates who wantto improve and expand their usefulness on the job.

Advanced geneticsData processingEnvironmental scienceExotic animal managementFederal, State, and local taxesHistological techniquesPrinciples of accountingPrinciples of business managementPsychologySociologyTypingVeterinary and biomedical instrumentationZoology

404

COURSE OUTLINES

The course outlines which follow are suggestedto provide the content which should be taught inthe curriculum. The materials suggested provide apractical and attainable coverage of the field andhave been reviewed by experienced instructors insuccessful veterinary science technical educationprograms and by experts representing employersof these technical graduates.

Some modification of content may be acceptableto meet the needs defined by local advisory com-mittees and to use effectively the special interestsand capabilities of teaching staffs. However, theimplied level, quality, and completeness of theprogram should not be compromised.

At the end of each course outline is a list of textsand references. Each should be analyzed for itscontent and pertinency; current editions should besubstituted, and new books relevant to the subjectmatter added, as soon as they are available. Totalinformation desired for courses in veterinaryscience technology curriculums, particularly thetechnical specialty courses, is seldom available inone textbook, hence several are suggested in thelist. Considerable augmentation of the lists ispossible with current materials from manufac-turers, trade and professional journals, pamphletsand newsletters of technical societies, and infor-mational brochures from suppliers of apparatusand services in the option studied.

A list of suggested instructional media is alsooffered for most of the courses. A visual aid shouldbe used when it is appropriate, and when its useserves as an effective teaching method. Films andfilmstrips which are current and of good teachingquality are sparsely available for application in thefield of veterinary science technology today. (Thereis a great need for development of this type of in-structional medium in all subject areas of thiscurriculum.) Instructors should avoid the excessiveuse of films to replace well prepared lectures and

30

demonstrations. All visual aids should be ex-amined by the instructor prior to their beingshown to the class.

Undoubtedly, the experienced instructor willmake liberal use of charts, slides, models, samplesand specimens to illustrate special technicalaspects of the subject. These instructional aids areusually accumulated by the instructor from the ex-perience of previous laboratory or lecturepreparations, and should be updated when newdevelopments occur. Since this type of materialbelongs in private collections, it is not generallyavailable for distribution to others. However, it ishelpful to realize that assistance in this area isabout to appear on the horizon. As noted previous-ly, this help will appear in the form of teachingmodules to be produced by Project BIOTECH, un-der the auspices of the American Institute ofBiological Sciences, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W.,Washington, D. C. 20016. It is anticipated thatwithin three years this organization will haveproduced 300-400 modules, almost all of which willbe appropriate for use in two-year veterinaryscience technology training programs. A teachingmodule is defined as "a kit of teaching materialsavailable to the user as a single unit, covering onlyone task (concept)". When these become available,they are to be nationally advertised and dis-tributed.

The laboratory hours suggested in thecurriculum outlines and course descriptions arenot necessarily intended to be achieved in singlesessions. They represent total hours of laboratoryper week, to be scheduled in reasonable and effec-tive increments. For example, a six-hourlaboratory total per week, might be scheduled asthree two-hour sessions, two three-hour sessionsper week, or any other divisions that seem ap-propriate.

TECHNICAL SPECIALTY COURSES

ANIMAL DISEASES Units of Instruction

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

A course which introduces the student to theconcept of disease and the pathological state.Having just previously completed the course incomparative anatomy and physiology, the stu-dent progresses to an understanding of howdisease is produced in the animal body. Themajor types of diseases are classified and ex-amples of specific diseases which relate to eachtype are outlined.

A substantial portion of the study is devotedto the infectious and zoonotic diseases. Inreference to the zoonoses, the epidemiologicalcharacteristics, causative agent, symptoms,pathogenicity and recommended control foreach disease are covered. Public health im-plications are presented for the zoonoses affect-ing laboratory animals as well as domesticlarge and small animals.

Emphasis is placed on the student recogniz-ing and identifying lesions, which may repre-sent some disease process, rather than toattempt actual diagnosis of the specific dis-ease. In this respect, the student is made readyfor instruction in necropsy and inspectiontechniques found in fourth semester technicalcourses. Likewise, this course will develop anappreciation for the importance of good colonyand herd management, proper sanitation prac-tices and the latest methods of disease controland prevention.

Major DivisionsClassHours

I. Introduction to Disease 1

II. Etiology 2III. Congential Diseases 3

IV. Acquired Diseases 6

. V. Retrogressive Disease Processes 3

VI. Reactive Disease Processes 4

VII. Microbic Diseases (Non-Zoonotic) 10

VIII. Zoonoses 17

IX. Behavioral Diseases 2

Total 48

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I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Introduction to DiseaseA. Health

1. Definitions2. Individual and population

B. Disease1. Definitions2. Form, substance, function3. Virchow theory of disease4. Structural levels of disease

EtiologyA. Evolution and lesionsB. Casual agents

1. Causality2. Necessary conditions3. Predisposing oz contributing factors

Congential Dis acesA. Hereditary diseasesB. Inherited predispositionC. Pre-natal infectionD. Developmental diseases

Acquired DiseasesA. Nutritional diseasesB. Overwork or overstrainC. TraumaD. Physical agentsE. Micro-organismsF. ParasitesG. Chemical agents

Retrogressive Disease ProcessesA. Degenerative

1. Cloudy swelling2. Fatty degeneration

B. Infiltration1. Fatty infiltration2. Calcareous infiltration

C. Tumors1. Benign2. Malignant

Reactive Disease ProcessesA. Inflammation

1. Acute2. Chronic

B. Repair1. First intention2 Second intention

C. Fever1. Causes of fever

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2. Changes occurring during feverVII. Microbic Diseases (Non-Zoonotic)

A. Neurotropic virus diseases1. Poliomyelitis of mice2. Scrapie of sheep

B. Epitheliotropic virus diseases1. Foot and mouth disease2. Mouse pox

C. Pneumotropic virus diseases1. Swine influenza2. Chronic murine pneumonia3. Feline pneumonitis4. Infectious bovine rhino-tracheitis

D. Pantropic virus diseases1. Canine distemper2. Hog cholera3. Equine infectious anemia4. Feline panleucopenia5. Epidemic diarrhea of infant mice

E. Tumor causing virus diseases1. Papillomatosis2. Avian leukosis3. Bittner's mammary-tumor milk agent4. Shope fibroma and myxomatosis5. Bovine lymphomatosis

F. Diseases due to true bacteria(Eubacteriales)1. Blackleg2. Malignant edema3. Enterotoxemia4. Strangles5. Mastitis6. Glanders7. Hemorrhagic septicemias8. Listeriosis

G. Diseases due to higher bacteria1. Paratuberculosis2. Infections due to corynebacterium3. Rabbit syphilis

VIII. ZoonosesA. Definitions and conceptsB. Neurotropic virus zoonoses

1. Rabies2. Equine encephalitis3. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis4. B virus infection

C. Epitheliotrophic virus zoonoses1. Vesicular stomatitis2. Contagious ovine ecthyma3. Cat scratch fever4. Cow pox

D. Pantropic virus zoonoses1. Rift valley fever

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2. Influenza3. Newcastle disease

E. Rickettsial zoonoses1. Psittacosis2. Q fever3. Typhus

F. Zoonoses due to true bacteria1. Plague2. Tularemia3. Brucellosis4. Salmonellosis5. Erysipeloid6. Anthrax7. Haverhill fever

G. Zoonoses due to higher bacteria1. Sodoku2. Weil's disease3. Canicola fever4. Tuberculosis

H. Zoonoses due to fungi1. Dermatophytoses2. Coccidioidomycosis3. Histoplasmosis4. Blastomycosis5. Cryptococcosis6. Moniiiasis

IX. Behavorial DiseasesA. Confused sexual rolesB. Whisker and fur chewingC. Cannibalism

Texts and References

Coles. Veterinary Clinical Pathology.Faust and others. Animal Agents and Vectors of Human

Disease.Gordon. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man.Minckler and others. Pathobiology.Ribelin and McCoy. Pathology of Laboratory Animals.Runnells and others. Principles of Veterinary Pathology.Smith and Jones. Veterinary Pathology.Van der Hoeden. Zoonoses.

Instructional MediaAlden Films (McGraw Hill), 5113 16th Avenue, Brooklyn, New

York 11200Stress. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

American Society of Microbiology, 115 Huron View Boulevard,Ann Arbor, MichiganRubies. 7 min., 16 mm., black and white, silent.

American Veterinary Medical Association, Film Library, 600South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605Anthrax in Ohio. 25 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Epidemic Foot and Mouth Disease - Saskatchewan. 16min., 16 mm., color, sound.Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Man and Animals. 14min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Leptospirosis and the Veterinarian. 12 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

Association Films, Inc., Schering Professional Film Library,Broad and Elm, Ridgefield, New Jersey 07657Diagnosis and Management of Fungus Infections of theSkin, Hair and Nails. 30 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Cornell University, Department of Communication Arts,College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14850Back -the Attack on Bruccellosis. 27-1/2 min., 16 mm., color,sound:Radiation Effects on Farm Animals. 13 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Skin Diseases in Animals. 25 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

33

Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corporation, 188Pickwick Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025Body Defenses Against Disease. 11,min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

Leder le Laboratories, Film Library, American Cynamid Com-pany, Pearl River, New York 10965The Inflammatory Reaction. 26 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

National Medical Audio Visual Center (Annex), Chamblee,Georgia 20005 (Attention: Film Distribution)Epidemiology of Brucellosis. Film Strip, 86 frames, 35 mm.,color, sound.Plague in Sylvatic Areas. 26 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

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ANIMAL HOSPITAL PROCEDURES

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

A course designed to outline and establishthe necessary attitudes, understanding andskills for effective performance whenemployed as a paraprofessional in an animalhospital. Orientation will focus upon areas oftechnician responsibility in hospital businessoperations and management. Methods forrelieving the doctor of the more routinehospital duties in favor of professional func-tions, will be pursued.

To provide interesting, relevant, and up-to-date practice and business methods orienta-tion, considerable use is made of guestspeakers from the field. Personnel who arecalled upon for assistance in this area include:(1) outstanding veterinary practitioners, (2)supervising veterinary technicians from prac-tice, (3) a representative from a veterinarycollege, veterinary student chapter, or animalmedical center, (4) sales representatives fromveterinary drug companies, (5) a publicrelations representative of the regionaltelephone company, and (6) others as timeallows. Students are encouraged to askquestions and further investigate the topicspresented by guest speakers.

To effectively illustrate principles and con-cepts presented in lecture material, maximumuse is made of audio-visual aids. Additionally,certain portions of the course will rely heavilyupon problem solving as a technique fordeveloping understanding and facility in thesepracticular areas.

Major DivisionsClassHours

I. Overview of Course and Orientationto the Technician's Role in aVeterinary Practice 2

II. Orientation to the Profession ofVeterinary Medicine 3

III. Principles of Veterinary Medical,Office, and Personal Ethics 4

IV. The Veterinary Technician,His Identity, and Jurisprudence 3

V. The Image Builder (Receptionist) andClient Relations 3

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VI. Duties of the Office Secretary 3VII. Hospital Records and

Business Transactions 7VIII. Clinical Pharmacology and

Pharmacy Operation 12IX. Veterinary Medical Nursing 7X. Small Animal Grooming Techniques 2

XI. Human Relations and theSupervising Technician 2

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Overview of Course and Orientation to theTechnician's Role in the Veterinary PracticeA. Philosophy of veterinary technician train-

ing avid utilization in practiceB. Survey of class members regarding prac-

tice experienceC. Outline of work areas and responsibilities

usually delegated to the technician in aveterinary practice

II. Orientation to the Profession of VeterinaryMedicineA. HistoryB. Present statistical breakdown of

professional service areasC. Education of veterinariansD. Veterinary organizationsE. A.V.M.A. the national professional or-

ganization1. Composition and make-up of governing

bodies2. A.V.M.A. councils

a. Judicialb. Educationc. Researchd. Veterinary servicee. Biological and therapeutic agentsf. Public health

3. Special interest groups4. Specialty boards5. The A.V.M.A. professional staff

a. Headquartersb. Staffingc. Functions

6. A.V.M.A. publications7. Types of memberships in A.V.M.A.

III. Principles of Veterinary Medical, Office, andPersonal EthicsA. The code of veterinary medical ethics

1. Sponsored by

2. Purpose3. Enforcement4. Applications for the veterinary technician5. Section I - General conduct

a. Departmentb. Fraudsc. Commercialismd. Deceptive surgery

6. Section II - Communication with thepublica. Advertisingb. Telephone directoriesc. Professional stationeryd. Professional signse. Emergency servicef. Identification tagsg. Animal showsh. Vehicular advertisingi. Greeting cards and calendarsj. Reminder cardsk. Fees for services renderedI. Liaison with dog pounds, humane soci-

eties, farm cooperativesm.Definitions of veterinary facilities

(1)Animal medical center(2)Animal clinic(3)Animal hospital

7. Section III - Employment of profession-al knowledgea. Alliance with unqualified personsb. Testimonials and endorsementsc. Boarding kennels, pet shops and phar-

maciesd. Merchandizing vs. dispensing

8.Section IV - Enhancing the quality ofveterinary services through consultationsand cooperation

9. Section V - Professional self-discipline10. Section VI - Responsibilities of the pro-

fessional to society as well as to thepatient

11. Reviewing of the meaning and applicationof the "Code" to the technician

B. Office ethics1. Definition2. Purpose3. Conduct

C. Personal ethics1. Definition2. Conduct

a. Accuracyb. Cooperationc. Dependabilityd. Personal initiative

35

e. Loyaltyf. Building rapportg. Leaving an employment position

IV. The Veterinary Technician, His Identity, andJurisprudenceA. Institutions training veterinary science tech-

niciansB. Alumni organizationC. Relationship to other lay assistantsD. Legal status of technicians

1. Accreditation of training programs2. Certification

a. Veterinary medical practice actsb. Veterinary medical examining boardsc. Board examsd. Certification vs. licensure

3. Veterinary medical jurisprudence

V. The Image Builder (Receptionist) and ClientRelationsA. Importance of receptionist's "image"B. Psychology of client relations

1. General considerations2. Client orientation3. Communication with clients4. Reception of clients

a. General considerationsb. Opening the officec. Problem clientsd. Making appointments

C. Information for clientsD. Hospital work slipE. Discharging patients/clients

1. Patients condition at discharge2. Instructions to owner3. Collecting fees due4. Suggesting other services5. Encouraging clients return

VI. Duties of the Office SecretaryA. Office mail and correspondenceB. Keeping historical records

1. Daily log or appointment book2. Completing and filing case histories, etc.

a. Current patient/client filesb. Patient/client "dead" filesc. Correspondence

(1) Filing system(2)Cross referencing

3. Ownership of patient/client records4. Confidentiality of client records

C. Telephone techniques1. The audio "image"2. Voice qualities that are desirable

46

3. Telephone courtesy4. Answering incoming calls5. Special considerations regarding house or

farm call appointmentsa. Information neededb. Emergency callsc. Instructions for doctor on arrival

6. "Island of communication"7. Quick reference list of most frequently

used telephone numbers8. Telephone answering services

a. Personal typeb. Automatic recording systems

9. Two-way radio operation

VII. Hospital Records and Business TransactionsA. Purpose for keeping accurate, concise fi-

nancial and business operation recordsB. Types of business records and summaries

kept1.Individual client financial record2. Daily earnings record3. Monthly earnings summary4. Yearly earnings summary5. Income other than from practice6. Deductible disbursement other than for

practice7. Monthly practice disbursements8. Yearly disbursement summary9. Asset depreciation record

10. Yearly depreciation summary11. Individual payroll record12. Payroll summary record13. Checking account operation

C. Income tax record and Social Security1. Reporting taxes and wages

a. Cash methodb. Accrual method

2. Forms required3. Exemptions from paying Social Securi-

ty taxesD. Workmen's CompensationE. Class exercise utilizing "Histacount" sys-

tem (or some double-entry system)F. Handling cashG. Inventory recordsH. Billings and collections

VIII. Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy Opera-tionA. Definitions and terminology relating to

drug handling1. Pharmacology2. Pharmacologist3. Pharmacist

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47

4. OtherB. Types of veterinary drug suppliersC. Veterinary drug catalogue breakdownsD. Biological products

1. Definition2. Examples

a. Live organismsb. Killed organismsc. Inactivated toxins (toxoid)d. Antitoxinse. Antibodiesf. Miscellaneous biologicals

3. Methods of vaccine production4. Packaging and handling biologicals

E. Pharmaceuticals1. Definition2. Brand name vs. generic name3. Packaging of pharmaceuticals

F. AntibioticsG. Chemotherapeutic agentsH. Drug orderingI. Purchasing discounts

1. Quantity2. Cash3. Prepaid transportation

J. Return of merchandiseK. Damaged shipmentsL. Drug inventories

1. Spot checks2. Perpetual or daily3. Year-end

M. Understanding and filling prescriptions1. Definition of Rx2. Essential parts of a classical prescrip-

tion3. Commonly used Rx abbreviations4. Weights and measures

a. Metricb. Apothecariesc. Conversion equivalents

5. Practice solving problems involving Rxwriting and drug dispensing

N. Drug administration1. General factors producing variable res-

ponse2. Methods of drug administration

a. Oral(1)Advantages and disadvantages(2)Restraint and methods of admin-

istration of different oral dosageforms

(3)Gastric lavageb. Parenteral

(1)Equipment needed(2)Aseptic technique and prepara-

tion of parenteral medications forinjection

(3)Dangers involved with parenteralinjections

(4)Minimizing pain on injection(5)Parenteral injection sites(6)Terminology related to drug ad-

ministration

0. Study of drugs according to clinical usage1.Sources of drugs2. Drug dosage forms3. Principles of drug activity

a. Types of drug actionb. Distribution and concentration in

tissuesc. Drug metabolismd. Quantitative dose effecte. Drug combinationsf. Drug compatabilitiesg. Drug antagonismh. Drug synergism

4.Drugs affecting the central nervoussystem

5. Drugs affecting the autonomic nervoussystem

6. Muscle relaxants7. Local anesthetics8. Cardiotonic drugs and diuretics9.Blood coagulants

10. Antianemic drugs11. Drugs affecting metabolism12. Hormones13. Anti-infective drugs14. Parasiticides15. Symptomatic medicaments

P. Pharmacy management1. Dispensing procedures2. Ordering, receiving, and handling drugs3. Rapport with drug salesmen4. Inventory of drugs5. Special considerations for narcotic,

stimulant and depressant drugsa. The law and regulationsb. Ordering requirements

(1)BNDD number(2) Special order forms(3)Annual reports

c. Security of: narcotic, stimulant, anddepressant drugs; injection needles;syringes

d. Inventories required

37

IX. Veterinary Medical NursingA. Care of sick animalsB. Restraint techniquesC. First aidD. Technique of medicationE. Signs of diseaseF. Diseases commonly diagnosed and treated

in the animal hospitalG. Vaccination programs for the common in-

fectious and/or contagious diseases

X. Small Animal Grooming TechniquesA. Breeds most often involvedB. Reasons for grooming

1. Professional show2. Therapeutic

C. Equipment required1. Clippers (blade types)2. Combs, brushes, scissors3. Slings and tables

D. Maintenance of equipmentE. Types of clipsF. Technique of clippingG. BathingH. Parasiticidal dipsI. Dental prophylaxis

XL Human Relations and the Supervising Tech-nicianA. Characteristics and the role of a good su-

pervisorB. Interviewing new personnelC. Evaluation of job performanceD. Counseling and appealE. Releasing personnel from employment

(firing)F. Training of personnelG. MotivationH. Some do's and don't's

Texts and References

American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Win MoreFriends by Telephone.

American Veterinary Medical Association. Principles ofVeterinary Medical Ethics.

Catcott. Animal Hospital Technology: A Text for VeterinaryAides.

Federal Register. Regulations Implementing the Comprehen-sive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.

Grey. Veterinarians' Product and Therapeutic Reference.Histacount Corporation. Histacount Key Master Bookkeeping

System Veterinarian's Edition.Jones. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.Kirk. Current Veterinary Therapy.Kirk and Bistner. Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and

Emergency Treatment.

Lawton and Foy. Comprehensive Review for the Medical Assis-tant.

-. A Textbook fin- Medical Assistants.Leahy. Restraint of Animals.New York State Department of Health. Article 3J-A Public

Health Law (Depressent and Stimulant Drug Control Act).Peterson. The Dentist and His Assistant.Pfizer and Company, Inc. Modern Concepts of Veterinary Client

Service.Sarner. The Business Management of a Small Animal Practice.Squire. Basic Pharmacology for Nurses.

Instructional MediaAssociation Films, Inc., Schering Professional Film Library,

Broad at Elm, Ridgefield, New Jersey 07657Consultant to Twenty Million. 13 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Prescription Writing in Modern Dentistry. 25 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.

Cornell University, Film Library, Department of Communica-tion Arts, Ithaca, New York 19850Friend of a Friend. 15 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

4938

Eli Lilly and Company, Audio-Visual Film Library, P.O. Box618, Indianapolis, Indiana 96206Bridge to Tomorrow. 26 min., 16 mm., color, sound.What 1rTakes Is Time. 20 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Your Clients Want to Know. 20 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

New York Telephone Company, Film Library, 1750 GeneseeStreet, Utica, New York 13502A Manner of Speaking. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.For Immediate Action. 18 min., 16 mm., color sound.The Voice of Your Business. 12-1/2 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

State University of New York at Delhi, Audio-Visual Depart-ment, Delhi, New York 13753Preparation for Aseptic Surgery. 30 min., 1 inch AmpexVideo Tape, black and white, sound.Small Animal Restraint. 20 min., 1 inch Ampex Video Tape,black and white, sound.

Sterling Movies, Inc., 43 West 61st Street, New York, New York10023Medicine Man. 27 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.I Am a Doctor. 30 min., 16' mm., color, sound.

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

Hours Per WeekClass, 4; Laboratory, 6.

Course Description

Basic principles of animal management arestudied through exploring the areas of husband-ry, breeds and strains, social and reproduc-tive behavior, feeding methods and animalhousing. Techniques of restraint, handling,identification, care, clinical observation andknowledge of commercial and industrial usageof various species are acquired duringlaboratory sessions.

Laboratory practice in necropsy technique isgained through the use of available clinicalcases and small laboratory animals. Methodsfor establishing breeding programs andproduction schedules, acquisition quarantineand conditioning requirements necessary foroptimum performance of the various specieswill be developed.

Each of the subjects will be presented withinthe context of comparing and contrasting theneeds of the companion, laboratory, and foodproducing animals.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Breeds and Strains of Animals 6II. Animal Behavior 12

III. Restraint and Handling 4IV. Care and Housing 6V. Feeding Methods 4

VI. Animal Identification and Records 4VII. Acquisition of New Animals 4

VIII. Production Schedules 5IX. Breeding Programs 5X. Maintaining Colony or Herd Health 14

Total 64

Units of Instruction

I. Breeds and Strains of AnimalsA. Horse

1. Riding2. Working

B. Bovine1. Beef2. Dairy

39

C. Sheep1. Wool2. Meat

D. Swine.1. Lard type2. Bacon type

E. Dog1. Working2. Companion

F. Rabbit1. Fur2. Meat

G. Mouse1. Tumor studies2. Virus studies3. Bio-assay type

H. Exotics1. Primate2. Research3. Exotic companion

I. FelineIL Animal Behavior

A. IntroductionB. Behavior patterns

1. Causes2. Daily and seasonal cycles3. Physiologic basis4. Environmental modification5. Developmental changes

C. Motivations1. Hunger2. Thirst3. Sex4. Pain5. Elimination

D. Methods of communication1. Sound2. Olfactory3. Visual

E. Social relationships1. Care dependency2. Dominance and subordination3. Sexual relationships4. Leader-follower relationships5. Inter-species relationships6. Socialization7. The role of man as a part of the herd or

colonyF. Population density and behavior

1. Social pathology2. Litter size3. Birth rate4. Cannibalism5. Suicide

50

G. Effects of environment on behavior1. Heat2. Cold3. Odors4. Noise5. Light6. Nutrition

III. Restraint and HandlingA. PrinciplesB. Applications

1. Horse2.Cow3.Sheep4.Swine5. Dog6.Cat7. Rabbit8. Guinea pig9.Mouse

10.Rat11. Birds

IV. Care and HousingA. Purpose of housing and climate controlB. Farm animals

1. Housing requirements for horses, dairycattle, beef cattle, swine and sheep

2. Housing requirements for laboratory rab-bits, dogs, rodents, primates

3. Housing requirements for fowlC. Sanitation

1. Waste removal2. Disinfection3. Arthropod and insect control

V. Feeding MethodsA. Starting animals on feed

1. Individual species requirements2. Amount, frequence, regularity and order

of feedingB. Hand feeding versus self-feedingC. Feed preparation

1. Grinding or rolling2. Pelleting3. Cooking4. Cutting or grinding5. Feed supplements

D. Commercial feeds1. Selection criteria2. Ingredients indicated on feed tag

E. Species requirements for feed containersF. Water requirements

1. Containers2. Automatic waterers

51 40

VI. Animal Identification and RecordsA. General principlesB. Identification methods

1. individual characteristics2. Ear tagging3. Ear punching4. Tattooing5. Toe clipping6. Leg banding7. Neck chain numbering8. Collar tag9. Branding

C. Records1. Animal procurement records2. Quarantine colony records3. Test data records4. Production data records5. Reproductive records6. Animal health records7. Financial records

VII. Acquisition of New AnimalsA. Criteria and specifications

1. Species2. Strains3.Sex4. Numbers5.Body weight6. Stage of maturity7. Pre-shipping treatment8. Surgical pre-treatment9. Delivery date

10. Delivery site11. Mode of transportation12. Payment13. Single or standing order

B. Receiving procedures1. Isolation2. Quarantine3. Vaccination program4. Deworming5. Clinical examination6. Health certificates7. Hematologic and biochemical profiles8. Special conditioning

C. Introduction of newly acquired stock intomain animal colony or herd

VIII. Production SchedulesA. Market fluctuations

1. Species specific influences2. Time scheduling to allow for considera-

tion of:a. Weight gainb. Litter size

c. Weight at weaningd. Time between birth and weaninge. Gestation periodf. Frequency of estrusg. Expected mortality and morbidity

ratesh. Infertility rates

IX. Breeding ProgramsA. NaturalB. ArtificialC. Intensive breeding

1. Monogamous2. Bigamous3. Polygamous

D. Seasonal variationE. Breeder replacementF. Ascertaining of estrus and breeding

1. Vaginal cytology2. Behavioral observation3. Anatomical change4. Cervical mucous discharge

X. Maintaining Colony or Herd HealthA. Providing for professional careB. Prevention of disease

1. Vaccination2. Disinfestations3. Disinfections4. Culling5. Personal hygiene6. Avoidance of undesirable inherited char-

acteristics7. Poison control8. Observation and recognition of abnormal-

ities

Suggested Laboratory Projects (96 hours)

1. Familiarization with breeds and strains. Afield trip to livestock auction, state or countyfair, or college farm. (3 hours)

2. Familiarization with breeds and strains oflaboratory animals implemented by a field tripto a research institution or pharmaceuticalcompany . (3 hours)

3. Experience in animal behavior by observingand recording behavior patterns in severallaboratory animal species. (3 hours)

4. Experience in animal behavior by observingand recording animal behavior patterns infarm animal species. (3 hours)

5. Practice in restraint of mice, rats, gerbils, andhamsters. (3 hours)

6. Practice in restraint of rabbits, cats, dogs. (3hours)

41

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwinglIMAXEM

7. Practice in restraint of sheep, goats, and pigs.(3 hours)

8. Practice in restraint of cows and horses. (3hours)

9. To reinforce lecture material on care and hous-ing; define car and housing for one laboratoryanimal species in terms of biotic, climatic,nutritive, spatial, and temporal fractories ofthe ecosystem. (3 hours)

10. Same as above for farmhours)Same as above except for avian species. (3hours)

12. Observe methods of feed preparation by a fieldtrip to a commercial feed producer. (3 hours)

13. Student participation in methods of identifica-tion. Practice ear punching, tattooing, toe clip-ping, and collar tagging. (3 hours)

14. Student participation in methods of identifica-tion. Practice individual characteristicsrecognition, leg banding, neck chain number-ing, branding, and ear tagging. (3 hours)

15. Practice record keeping. Student participationand discussion of various systems of animalproduction and breeding records includingcomputer analysis. (3 hours)

16. Practice in keeping financial records. Discus-sion with a Certified Public Accountant onorganization of financial records. (3 hours)

17. Exercise in purchasing livestock. Student role-playing in purchase of livestock evolving adefinition of the project, criteria of livestock,preparation of purchase order, and considera-tion for financing. (3 hours)

18. Same as above but for laboratory animals. (3hours)

19. Practicing receiving procedures. Student par-ticipation in shipping, receipt, isolation,clinical examination and vaccination of newanimals. (3 hours)

20. Exercise in production and weight gainscheduling. Student participation in thedevelopment of a profitable productionschedule from given data. (3 hours)

21. Exercise in breeding scheduling. Student par-ticipation in developing a breeding program forlaboratory animals from given data. (3 hours)

22. Exercise in determing estrus. Study of vaginalcytology in determing stage of estrus. (3 hours)

23. Practice in sanitation techniques. Student par-ticipation and familiarization with variousmethods of sanitation with reference tolaboratory species and farm animals. (3 hours)

24. Exercise in culling procedures. Culling and

11.

animal species. (3

52

euthanasia procedures as applied to variousspecies. (3 hours)

25. Student familiarization with various poisoncontrol procedures and identification ofpoisonous plants. (3 hours)

26. Field trip to zoological garden for observationof exotic species to demonstrate housing andbehavior. (3 hours)

27. Exposure to legal aspects of buying and sellinganimals. Student role-playing in simulatedlitigation involving the laws of impliedwarranty and the laws of contract. (3 hours)

28. Student observation and recognition of signs ofill health. (3 hours)

29. Monitoring temperatures, pulses andrespiratory rates on various species. (3 hours)

30. Anatomy review and observation of diseaseprocesses, necropsy procedures includingnecropsy reports involving various species asavailable. (6 hours)

31. Skin scraping techniques. (1 hour) Mastitisspecimen collection . (2 hours)

42

Texts and References

Acker. Animal Science and Industry.Blood and Henderson. Veterinary Medicine.Conalty. Husbandry of Laboratory Animals.Hafez. The Behavior of Domestic Animals.Leahy and Barrow. Restraint ofAnimals.Tinbergen. Animal Behavior.Worden and Lane-Peter. The UFA W Handbook on the Care and

Management of Laboratory Animals.

Instructional MediaNew York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health

Education, Film Library Supervisor, 84 Holland Avenue,Albany, New York 12208Biology and Control of Domestic Flies. 15 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Sanitary Storage and Collection of Refuse. 19 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.The Water Around Us. 25 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.

Syracuse University, Film Rental Center, 1455 East ColvinStreet, Syracuse, New York 13210Behavior Theory in Practice Part I. 20 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Behavior Theory in Practice Part II. 20 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Behavior Theory in Practice Part III. 20 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Behavior Theory in Practice Part IV. 20 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

APPLIED MEAT AND POULTRYINSPECTION

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 4

Course Description

A course designed to involve the student inactual inspection procedures, techniques anddecisions. The lectures discuss specific inspec-tion techniques, while laboratory sessions givethe student experience in practical problem-solving situations. Sessions in slaughterfacilities permit students to apply newlylearned skills under simulated working con-ditions.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Facilities and Equipment 3II. Slaughter (All Species) 4

III. Abnormalities, Diseases andAnte-Mortem Inspection 3

IV. Post-Mortem (Cattle) 4V. Post-Mortem (Swine) 3

VI. Post-Mortem (Poultry) 2VII. Edible Parts, Inedible, and Condemned 4

VIII. Restricted Products andMoisture Control 2

IX. Marking, Cutting, Packaging andLabeling 4

X. Reinspection and Sampling 3XI. Applied Sanitation I 3

XII. Applied Sanitation II 3XIII. Applied Processing I 8'XIV. Applied Processing II 2XV. Forms and Reports Summary 3

XVI. Procedures Review 2

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Facilities and EquipmentA. LiteratureB. General considerationsC. BlueprintsD. Principles of construction and use

II. Slaughter (All Species)A. Identification through inspectionB. Restraint

C. DeathD. BloodE. The headF. The carcass and visceraG. After inspection if passesH. Knowledge of plant processes

III. Abnormalities, Diseases and Ante-MortemInspectionA. Abnormalities and diseasesB. Ante-mortem inspection

IV. Post-Mortem (Cattle)A. Plant reviewB. Sanitary dressingC. Inspection

1. Cervical2. Viscera inspection3. Rail inspection4. Other inspection activities

V. Post-Mortem (Swine)A. Plant reviewB. Sanitary dressingC. Inspection

1. Cervical2. Viscera inspection3. Rail inspection4. Other inspection activities

VI. Post-Mortem (Poultry)A. Plant reviewB. Sanitary considerationsC. Inspection during slaughterD. Other inspection activities

.VII. Edible Parts, Inedible and CondemnedA. Edible parts

1. General2. Cattle3. Swine4. Poultry

B. Inedible parts1. General2. Cattle3. Swine4. Poultry5. Variations6. Animal food7. Pharmaceutical use8. Inspection requirements

C. Condemned parts1. General2. Cattle3. Swine4. Poultry

43 -.

5. Variations6. Inspection requirements

D. Tanking1. Rendering2. Oil - obviously inedible3. Oil - appearance of edible4. Solids5. Blood6. Inspection requirements

VIII. Restricted Products and Moisture ControlA. Restricted products

1. General considerations2. Treatment of product3. Alternatives to treatment4. Recoi.ds

B. Moisture control1. Why necessary2. The chill procedure3. The moisture test4. Allowed pickup5. Excessive water pickup

IX. Marking, Cutting, Packaging and LabelingA. Marking

1. General2. Cattle3. Swine4. Poultry5. Grading

B. Cutting1. General considerations2. Cattle3. Swine4. Poultry

C. Packaging1. Kinds of containers and wrapping2. Sizes of packages3. Composition

D. Labeling1. General2. Meat labels3. Poultry labels4. Official references5. Trends

X. Reinspection and SamplingA. Reinspection - general considerationsB. "Scheduled" reinspection and sampling

1. Statistical quality control2. Surveillance

C. "Unscheduled" reinspection and sampling1. During operations2. "Odd hours" inspections

D. Forms and reports

44

E. Sampling1. General considerations2. Sampling programs3. Pathological sampling4. Specific examples

XI. Applied Sanitation IA. Sanitation surveyB. PreparationC. Survey by areaD. Time of surveyE. RecordsF. DeficienciesG. Working examples

XII. Applied Sanitation IIA. Working sanitationB. CoverageC. Before slaughter begins

1. "Pre-operative" sanitation2. Preparation for slaughter-plant3. Preparation for slaughter-inspector4. During slaughter operations5. Breaks, lunch, breakdowns6. After the slaughter

XIII.Applied Processing IA. CalculationsB. Additives

1. Purpose2. Conditions for approval3. Kinds of additives4. Control of additives5. Calculations

XIV. Applied Processing IIA. Composition of characteristics of meatB. Meat identificationC. Standards of compositionD. Statistical quality control programsE. Processing forms and reports

XV. Forms and Reports SummaryA. Kill results systemB. Trace through (examples)C. Plant production systemD. Non-meat itemsE. Returned goodsF. Others at the instructor's discretion

XVI. Procedures ReviewA. Slaughter inspection routines

1. Meat2. Poultry

B. Reinspection routinesC. ProcessingD. Other reviews to be decided upon by the

instructor

Suggested Laboratory Projects (64 hours)

1. Exercises and workshops utilizing thepublications on facilities and equipment. (4hours)

2. Tours of commercial plants (beef and hogslaughter, meat processing and poultry). (8hours)

3. Review of diseases and abnormalities emphasiz-ing those of significance to inspection and alsoemphasizing the early changes. Study of ad-vanced disease cases and dead animals which onoccasion are sent to slaughter establishmentsand are easily detected. Stress organolepticdetection. (4 hours)

4. Knife sharpening, care of tools and equipment,security of inspection stamps. (2 hours)

45

5. Inspection procedures practice. (12 hours)6. Workshops on sampling. (8 hours)7. Workshops, films, and exercises in sanitation.

(10 hours)8. Problem solving in processing. (8 hours)9. Practice exercises in forms and reports comple-

tion. (8 hours)

Text and ReferencesPlease refer to listing recommended fur the Elements of meat

and Pou Ito Inspection course outline, tv hich also applieshere.

Instructional Media

At the discretion of the instructor, the same audio - visualreferences recommended for Elements of Meat and PoultryInspection may be considered for use here.

56

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Hours Per WeekClass, 4; Laboratory, 6

Course Description

An advanced course which concentrates onthe characteristics of micro-organisms, bothpathogenic and non-pathogenic, having an im-portant relationship to animal health, dairyand food processing, as well as public healthand meat inspection. Emphasis is directedtoward the culture and identification ofselected species of these microorganisms.

Serological techniques are studied and prac-ticed in depth as they relate to the diagnosticand public health aspect of microbiology.Laboratory exercises correlated with the lec-ture sequence, provide repeated opportunitiesfor the student to gain proficiency in thosediagnostic skills essential to employmentsuccess.

Major Divisions

alifieffilliallifilli

2. Microorganisms and disease3. Infection and resistanceA. Inflation

B. The immune response1. Antigens and antibodies2. Types of immunity3. Antibody production4. Allergy, anaphylaxis and hypersensi-

tivity

III. Dairy and Food MicrobiologyA. Beneficial and contaminant bacteria

1. Organisms used in food manufacture2. Organisms causing fermentation3. Acid production in dairy foods caused

by microorganismsB. Factors influencing dairy and food pro-

cessing1. The pasteurization process2. Heat in the processing of food products3. The need for variation in food process-

ing methodsC. Quality control

1. Sampling methods2. Sample processing3. Sterility tests

Antibiotics and ChemotherapyA. Therapeutic agents

1. Sulfonamides2. Penicillin3. Streptomycin4. Tetracyclines5. Nitrofurans

B. Sensitivity, resistance and concentrations1. Disc sensitivity tests2. Fluid titration tests3. Determination of serum levels

V. Public Health MicrobiologyA. Water

1. Collection of specimens2. Enumeration of viable bacteria3. Quantitative E. coli tests4. Determination of chlorine content

B. SewageC. Air

1. Slit samplers2. Filters3. Open plate methods

D. Surfaces1.. Swabbing2. Rodac technic

VI. SerologyA. The use of known antibodies

ClassHours

IV.I. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria 4

II. Infection and Immunity 6III. Dairy and Food Microbiology 6IV. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 3V. Public Health Microbiology 6

VI. Serology 8VII. The Schizomycetes 22

VIII. The Microtatobiotes 4IX. The Pathogenic Fungi 5

Total

Units of Instruction

I. Isolation and Identification of BacteriaA. Specimen careB. EnrichmentC. Pure cultureD. DifferentiationE. MorphologyF. Cultural characteristicsG. Biochemical reactionsH. Serological identification

II. Infection and ImmunityA. The inflammatory response

1. Irritants

64

46

1. Slide agglutination tests2. Tube agglutination tests3. Tests for precipitins

B. The use of known antigens1. Titration of serum to determine anti-

body concentrations2. Hemagglutination3. Hemagglutination - inhibition4. Complement fixation

VII. The SchizomycetesA. Pseudomonadaceae

1. Pseudomonas2. Alcaligenes

B. Lactobacteriaceae1. Lactobacillus2. Streptococcus3. Diplococcus

C. Brucellaceae1. Pasteurella2. Malleomyces3. Brucella4. Hemophilus5. Bordetella

D. Micrococcaceae1. Staphylococcus2. Gaffkya3. Sarcina

E. Enterobacteriaceae1. Escherichia2. Enterobacter3. Klebsiella4. Proteus5. Salmonella6. Shigella7. Serratia

F. Bacillaceae1. Bacillus2. Clostridium

G. Spirillaceae1. Vibrio2. Spirillum

H. Bacteriodaceae1. Bacteriodes2. Fusobacterium

I. CorynebacteriaceaeJ. MycobacteriaceaeK. ActinomycetaceaeL. MycoplasmataceaeM. Spirochaetales

1. Borrelia2. Treponema3. Leptospira

N. Neisseriaceae

47

VIII.The MicrotatobiotesA. Rickettsia les

1. Rickettsia2. Bartonella

B. ViralesIX. The Pathogenic Fungi

A. Dermatophytoses1. Trichophyton2. Epidermophyton3. Microsporum

B. Systemic Mycoses1. Cryptococcus2. Candida3. Coccidioides4. Histoplasma

Suggested Laboratory Projects (96 hours)

1. Prepare (dehydrated) media, blood agar, triplesugar iron agar. (3 hours)

2. Prepare (dehydrated) media, deoxycholatecitrate agar, glucose fermentation broth.Inoculate media from labs. 1 and 2 to obtainisolated colonies and/or demonstrate typicalreactions. (3 hours)

3. Study cellular and colonial morphology oftypical gram positive and gram negative rodsand cocci. Inoculate TSI media with organismsfrom each genus of the enterobacteriaceae. (3hours)

4. Correlate TSI results with genus of organism.Prepare a suspension of '0' antigens from S.typhimurium. Prepare suspension of phase 1'H' antigens from S. typhimurium. (3 hours)

5. Inoculate rabbits with either the '0' or 'H' an-tigens. Observe phagocytosis in vitro.Inoculate rabbit with sheep red blood cells forhemolysin production. (3 hours)

6. Study histological preparations illustratingthe inflammatory process. (3 hours)

7. Continue inoculation of rabbits. Study milkspecimens for causative organisms of mastitis.(3 hours)

8. Study food (hamburger, yogurt) for presenceof contaminating organisms. (3 hours)

9. Continue inoculation or rabbits. Determinesensitivity of streptococcus, pseudomonas andstaphylococcus by disc technic. (3 hours)

10. Determine antibiotic concentration in serumby titration technic. (3 hours)

11. Continue inoculation of rabbits. Study actionof penicillin on cell wall of E. coli. (3 hours)

12. Determine number of viable bacterialaggregates in a specimen of water. Compare

results of incubation at 20° and 37°. (3 hours)13. Continue inoculation of rabbits. Determine

most probable number (MPN) of coliformorganisms in a specimen of water. (3 hours)

14. Prepare media and conduct confirmation testson coliforms from lab. 13. (3 hours)

15. Prepare media and pour rodac plates.Inoculate these plates from surfaces in kitchenand determine levels of contamination ofkitchen surfaces. (3 hours)

16. Exsanguinate rabbits and prepare vials of thevarious antisera. (3 hours)

17. Determine chlorine levels in specimens of tapand swimming pool water. (3 hours)

18. Demonstrate slide agglutination using an-tigens from lab. 4 and antisera from lab. 16.Perform titration of sera containing '0'salmonella antibodies using S. typhimuriumand S. newport antigens to demonstratedifferences of somatic antigens. (3 hours)

19. Perform titrations of serum containing 'H'salmonella antibodies using S. typhimuriumand S. newport antigens to demonstratedifferences in flagellar antigens. (3 hours)

20. Perform titration of hemolytic antiserum us-ing sheep red blood cells as antigen and freshguinea pig serum for complement. (3 hours)

21. Perform complement-fixation test (Wasser-man reaction). (6 hours)

22. Perform hemagglutination test using Reo 3virus antigen to agglutinate human group 0red blood cells. (3 hours)

23. Perform hemagglutination-inhibition test us-ing Reo 3 virus antigen, human group 0 redblood cells, positive and negative test sera. (3hours)

24. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from urine (cystitisspecimens). (3 hours)

25. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from feces (paratyphoidspecimens). (3 hours)

26. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from respiratory tracts (3hours)

27. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from the genital tract(mares, cows, etc.). (3 hours)

28. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from wounds andabscesses. (3 hours)

29. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from blood (septicemic).(3 hours)

59 48

30. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from eyes and ears (dogs,cats, etc.). (3 hours)

31. Isolate, identify and determine antibiotic sen-sitivity of organisms from nasal and buccalcavities. (3 hours)

Texts and References

American Public Health Association. Standard Methods ofapplied Microbiology.

Bailey and Scott. Diagnostic Microbiology.Boyd. Fundamentals of Immunology.Breed and others. Bergey's Manual of Determinative

Bacteriology.Keiser and Schoening. Manual of Veterinary Bacteriology.Skerman. Guide to the Identification of the Genera of Bacteria.Weiser. Practical Food Microbiology and Technology.

Instructional MediaCoronet Films, 65 South Water Street, Chicago, Illinois 60601

Infectious Diseases and Man Made Defenses. 11 min., 16mm., color, sound.Infectious Diseases and Natural Body Defense& 11 min., 16mm., color, sound.Microorganisms that Cause Disease. 11 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc., 1150 Wilmette Avenue,Wilmette, Illinois 60091Bacteria. 19 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Eli Lilly and Company, Audio-Visual Film Library, P.O. Box618, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206Triad of Infection. 14-1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

McGraw-Hill, Inc., Text-Film Division, 330 West 42nd Street,Nea York, New York 10036The Germ Theory of Disease. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

National Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex), Station K,Atlanta, Georgia 30333Chemical Disinfection. 30 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Epidemiology of Brucellosis. 15 mitt., 35 mm. film strip (86frames), color, sound.Epidemiology of Murine Typhus. 18 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.Epidemiology of Samonellosis in Man and Animals. 15min., 16 mm., color, sound.Epidemiology of Staphylococcal Infections. 13 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Epizootiology of Anthrax. 9 min., 35 mm. film strip (67frames), color, sound.Isolation and Identification of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci.16 min., 16 mm., color, sound.The Infectious Diarrheas. 15 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Tuberculosis. Laboratory Aids to the Diagnosis and Treat-ment. 13 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

CLINICAL TECHNIQUES

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 8

Course Description

An introduction to radiological techniques,anesthesia and surgical assisting as involved inthe practice of veterinary medicine and inbiomedical institutions. Each student learnshow to position a patient, calculate exposurevalues, expose radiographic films and processradiographs of diagnostic quality for theveterinarian to examine.

The student learns the basics of animalanesthesia and surgical assisting by participa-tion in lecture and laboratory sessions. Actionsof basic anesthetic agents and tranquilizers aredemonstrated and the student is made awareof dangers involved in utilizing these drugs.

Surgical assisting skills are acquiredthrough actual student involvement in anumber of different operative procedures per-formed by a veterinary surgeon. During thelaboratory sessions, the class is divided intofunctional groups of five members each. Twostudents learn to perform in p..tient prepara-tion, one in administering and monitoringanesthesia, one as circulating nurse, and one asthe direct operative assistant. Team membersswitch roles in subsequent laboratory periods.This approach provides an opportunity forbecoming proficient in each area. Students areto be available after hours, if necessary, tomonitor patients recovery from anesthesia orto render any emergency assistance related totheir assigned surgical procedure.

Depending upon the class size, surgicalprocedures may be duplicated live for benefitof the remaining surgical assisting groups, oreach type of procedure may be video taped fortotal class viewing. Where a clinical facility isavailable, the first approach may bepreferable. If there is no clinical facilityavailable, or the class size is very large, thelatter approach should be considered. Videotape capability is desirable, in that it providesinstant reproducibility of specialized surgicaltechniques for simultaneous orientation ofremaining laboratory groups. All studentsmay thus observe assisting techniques at aclose range and use of this media makesdemonstration of a larger number of surgicaloperations possible. After viewing the surgical

49

procedure on video tape, the surgicalassistant's role is critically analyzed by theclass.

This course follows the Laboratory Techni-ques course so that additional clinical ex-perience in hematology, urinalysis andparasitology related to patients undergoingsurgery can be gained. This sequence is advan-tageous since it reinforces the skills andproficiencies developed in the earlier course.

We A team of technician students practice the specializedtechniques of assisting for aseptic surgery, supervised by a veter-inary surgeon.

Major DivisionsClass

Hours

I. X-ray Production 2II. Safety Procedures 2

III. Image Recording 2IV. Exposure Factors 3

V. Film Storage and Handling 1

VI. Film Processing 1

VII. Introduction to Anesthesia 1

VIII. General Anesthetic Considerations .. 2IX. Preanesthetic Drugs 4

X. General Anesthesia 8XI. Anesthetic Monitoring 4

XII. Anesthetic Emergencies 4

XIII. Introduction to Surgical Assisting ... 2XIV. Sterile Technique 4

XV. Surgical Principles 8

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. X-ray ProductionA. Introduction

60

1: Radiograph concept in diagnostics2. X-rays and the physics of X-radiation3. Construction and operation of an X-ray

tubeB. X-ray beam production

1. Central-ray concept2. Kilovoltage effect

C. X-ray absorption1. Subject contrast2. X-ray wave length

D. Image factors1. Milliamperage and brightness2. Film-focal distance3. Kilovoltage and penetration

E. Heel effectF. Image formation

1. Shadow effect2. Radiation source3. Rules for accurate image formation

G. Scatter radiation1. Effects on contrast2. Methods of reducing scatter radiation

IL Safety ProceduresA. Introduction and state laws on radiationB. X-ray protection

1. Tissue involvement2. Importance of exposure records3. Establishing good technique4. Decreasing scatter radiation5. Instruments used to record radiation6. Importance of technical competence

C. Electrical safeguards1. Dangers of electrical §hock2. Shockproof equipment standards3. "one-hand rule" application4. Portable veterinary equipment problems

D. Radiographic technical failure1. Introduction2. Dark or black radiographs3. Gray non-contrast radiographs4. Light or excessively white radiographs5. Dark spots on radiographs6. White or light spots on radiographs7. Streaks, fingerprints and miscellaneous

problems

III. Image RecordingA. Methods of recording image

1. Photosensitive film2. Fluorescent screen

B. Intensifying screens1. Use of screens2. Composition of screens3. Types of screens

50

61

4. Screen-film contactC. X-ray film

1.. Composition of film2. Mechanics of film3. Types of film

IV. Exposure FactorsA. Intensity and timeB. Film sensitivityC. Density of radiographD. Radiographic contrastE. Standardization of exposure factorsF. Contrast media and its applicationG. Detail

1. Motion effects2. Subject contrast3. Definition

V. Film Storage and HandlingA. Storage of film

1. Room requirements2. Precautions regarding film3. Systems for dating film

B. Handling sheet film1. Precautions utilized2. Film containers3. Procedures for loading film holders4. Loading processing hangers

VI. Film ProcessingA. Film processing solutions

1. Developer2. Fixer3. Water bath

B. Preparation of solutions1. General precautions2. Liquid chemicals3. Dry chemicals

VII. Introduction of AnesthesiaA. Definition of terms

1. Anesthesia2. Analgesia3. Tranquilization4. Sedation5. Narcosis6. Hypnosis7. Local anesthesia8. Regional anesthesia9. Basal anesthesia

10. General and surgical anesthesiaB. Reasons for administration of anesthesia

1. Restraint2. Examination3. Manipulation4. Surgery

5. Convulsion control6. Euthanasia

C. Types of anesthesia1. Inhalation2. Intravascular3. Topical, infiltration and conduction4. Electronarcosis5. Hypothermia

VIII. General Anesthetic ConsiderationsA. Anesthetic factors

1. Relative size2. Physical condition3. Age and sex4. Recent feedings and activities5. Preanesthetic medication6. Fear and excitement8. Concurrent diseases and drug adminis-

tration8. Anesthetic agents and tolerance9. Available facilities

B. Physical examination1. Areas of examination2. Ancillary examinations

C. Selection of anesthetic agent1. Qualities, of an ideal anesthetic agent2. Practical consideration for agents3. Precautions regarding anesthetic agents

D. Preparation of patient1. Feeding and water availability2. Antibiotic utilization3. Correction of anemic conditions4. Preparation procedures

IX. Preanesthetic DrugsA. Uses of preanesthetic drugsB. Types of preanesthetic drugs

1. Anticholinergics2. Tranquilizers3. Morphine and morphine substitutes4. Miscellaneous agents

C. Discussion of specific drugsD. Drug abuse

1. Heroin, morphine2. Lysergic acid diethylamide3. Cannibis

X. General AnesthesiaA. Stages of anesthesia

1. Analgesia2. Delirium3. Surgical anesthesia4. Depression and death

B. Inhalation anesthesia1. Introduction

51

2. Liquid inhalant anesthetic agents3. Gaseous inhalant anesthetic agents4. Methods of induction and maintenance5. Halothane and Methoxyflurane

C. Respiration and respiratory physiology1. Acid-base balance2. Acidosis and alkalosis3. Hypoxia types, symptoms and effects

D. Barbiturate anesthesia1. Introduction2. Classification of barbiturates3. Therapeutic uses of barbiturates4. Pentobarbital sodium5. Thiopental sodium and Thiamylal sodium6. Routes of barbiturate anesthesia admin-

istration7. Barbiturate slough

XI. Anesthetic MonitoringA. Respiratory rate and qualityB. Pulse rate and qualityC. Heart rate and qualityD. Blood pressureE. Temperature variationsF. ElectroencephalogramG. Practical veterinary anesthesia monitoring

XII. Anesthetic EmergenciesA. Blood and blood substitutesB. Vasopressors

1. Pharmacology of epinephrine2. Pharmacology of Amphetamine3. Amphetamine abuse

C. Adrenocorticotropic and adrenocorticosteriodtherapy1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone2. Steroid pharmacology and clinical use

D. Cardiac defibrillatorE. Analeptic pharmacology

1. Pentylenetetrazol2. Methetharimide3. Doxopram hcl

F. Respiratory resuscitationG. Cardiac resuscitation

XIII. Introduction to Surgical AssistingA. History of surgery

1. Prehistoric2. Hippocrates3. Semmelweiss4. Pasteur5. Lister

B. Current Status of Surgery in VeterinaryMedicine1. Small animal practice

62

2. Large animal practice3. Laboratory animal practice

XIV. Sterile TechniqueA. Microorganism contaminationB. Sterile equipmentC. Cold sterilization

1. General use2. Vegetative bacteria3. Disadvantages4. Use in cutting instruments

D. Heat sterilization1. Dry heat2. Moist heat (autoclave, boiling)3. Advantages and disadvantages

E. Operating room1. Construction of operating theater2. Procedures in operating theater3. Infected wound surgery4. Contamination

F. Patient preparation1. Clipping surgical site2. Surgical scrub3. Positioning4. Draping

G. Preparation of surgeon and surgical assis-tant

H. Preparation of surgical packs and othersterile equipment and supplies

XV. Surgical PrinciplesA. Preoperative considerations

1. Emergency surgery vs elective surgery2. Clinical pathology examinations3. Radiological examinations4. Use of antibiotics5. Use of adrenocorticosteroids

B. Hemorrhage and hemostasis1. Types of hemorrhage2. Effects of hemorrhage3. Causes of hemorrhage4. Natural hemostasis5. Artificial hemostasis6. Electrocautery and electrocoagulation7. Topical hemostasis8. Coagulants9. Systemic hemostatic agents

C. Wound healing1. Closed wounds (contusions)2. Incisions3. Lacerations4. Punctures

D. General factors in wound healing1. Epithelialization2. Contraction

52

63

3. Connective tissue repair4. Healing rates

E. Local factors in wound healing1. Blood supply to area2. Nerve supply to area3. Degree of tissue trauma4. Foreign bodies in wound5. Improper closure of wound

F. Systemic factors in wound healing1. General health of animal2. Vitamin deficiencies3. Neoplasia4. Age of patient5. Obesity6. Anemia7. Hypoproteinemia8. Hormonal imbalances

G. Wound infection1. Bacterial contamination2. Use of antiseptics

H. Wound treatment and protection1. Debridement2. Use of enzymes3. Bandaging procedures4. Waterproofing

I. Wound dehiscense1. Causes of dehiscense2. Signs of dehiscense

J. Sutures and suture patterns1. Terminology2. Use of sutures3. Strength of sutured wound4. Absorbable suture material5. Silk suture6. Cotton suture7. Nylon suture8. Stainless steel suture9. Wound clips

10. Relative tissue strength11. Tensile strength of suture materials12. Tissue reaction to suture materials13. Interrupted and continuous suture patterns14. Mattress suture patterns15. Cushing and Connell suture patterns16. Purse string suture patterns

Suggested Laboratory Projects (128 hours)

1. Radiology (total 34 hours)a. Orientation to radiology laboratory.b. Demonstration of protective equipment used

in radiology.

c. Demonstration of stationary x-ray unit.d. Demonstration of portable x-ray unit.e. Demonstration of production of radiographs

of diagnostic quality.f. Exhibit of radiographs of insufficient

diagnostic quality and reasons for oc-currence.

g. Demonstration of radiographic screens andvarious types utilized in veterinaryradiology.

h. Students expose a series of radiographs andcompare variations of exposure factors.

i. Demonstrations of contrast media methods.j. Demonstration of film storage methods.k. Student will load film processing hangers.1. Demonstration of x-ray processing techni-

ques.m. Student develops, fixes and processes ex-

posed radiographs as assigned throughoutremainder of this course.

2. Anesthesiology (total 34 hours)a. Orientation to the surgery laboratory.b. Introduction to pharmacy, drug control and

precautions necessary.c. Perform presurgical examination of canine

and feline patients for vital signs andhematology, urinalysis and other ancillaryexaminations.

d. Observation of demonstrations of variousanesthetic agents and note the effects oneach individual patient. .

e. Injection of laboratory animals with variouspreanesthetic drugs in the laboratory.Students will note the reactions observed ineach patient.

f. Physiograph demonstration of variousparameters utilized to monitor preanestheticand general anesthetic medications.

g. Weekly laboratory sessions involving patientpreparation, barbiturate anesthesia, en-dotracheal inti:bation, inhalant anesthesia,surgical preparation and observation of in-duction and recovery involving the differentanesthetic agents. This series of laboratoryprojects extends over a period of weeks inorder for each student to develop a sufficientdegree of competence in the multifacetedareas of successful and safe anesthesia.

h. Clinical monitoring of anesthesia is con-ducted in the laboratory.

i. Demonstration of specialized equipmentused for anesthetic emergencies.

j. Demonstration of various drugs and

53

methods utilized during anesthetic emergen-cies.

3. Surgical assisting (total 60 hours)a. Prepare patient for surgery

(1) Bathing(2) Pre-operative blood, serum, and urine

analysis(3) Anesthetization of patient under supervi-

sion of the veterinarian.(a) Short acting barbiturates or other

anesthetic agent(b) Intubation and inhalation anesthesia

(4) Clipping of surgical site(5) Surgical scrub and disinfection of sur-

gical site(6) Position patient appropriately on operat-

ing table for type operative procedurebeing performed

(7) Apply sterile surgical drapes to patientb. The student will assist the veterinary sur-

geon directly in the operative procedures.Techniques involved will vary with the in-dividual surgeon being assisted and with thespecific procedure performed. The assistingexperience involves both small and largeanimal surgical procedures.

c. Post-operative recovery is monitored by thestudent group. Clinical pathology ex-aminations are performed as requested bythe surgical assisting instructor. Studentsare also responsible for administering post-operative medications as prescribed and un-der the supervision of the veterinary sur-geon.

d. Operative procedures suggested for classdemonstrations include:(1) Canine and feline ovariohysterectomy(2) Canine, feline, equine and bovine castra-

tion(3) Canine and feline cystotomy(4) Canine and feline gastrotomy(5) Canine thoracotomy(6) Bovine displaced abomasum repair(7) Bovine, canine and feline cesarean sec-

tion(8) Bovine rumenotomy(9) Canine femoral fracture repair

(10) Canine enucleation

Texts and References

Abbatt and others. Protection Against Radiation.Archibald and others. Canine Surgery.Cahoon. Formulating X-Ray ?Mottoes.

644

Carlson. Veterinary Radiology.Catcott. Animal Hospital Technology: A Manual for Veterinary

Aides.Canine Medicine.Progress in Canine Practice - Part I. Modern Veterinary.

Reference Series.

Catcott and others. Equine Medicine and Surgery.Collins. Principles of Anesthesiology.Eastman Kodak Company. The Fundamentals of Radiology.Epstein. Skin Surgery.Fletcher. Textbook of Radio Therapy.Fuchs. Principles of Radiographic Exposure and Processing.Ginsburg and others. Manual of Operating Room Technology.Hall. IVright's Veterinary Anesthesia am! Analgesia.Jones. Animal Nursing, Part I.-. Animal Nursing, Part ILLeonard. Fundamentals of Small Animal Surgery.Lumb. Small Animal Anesthesia.Mayer and others. Canine Surgery.Ormond. Surgery of the Dog and Cat: A Practical Guide.Perkins. Principles and Methods of Sterilization in Health Sciences.Smith. Electrical Anesthesia.Westhues and Fritsch. Animal Anesthesia - General Anesthesia,

Vol. IL

-. Animal Anesthesia - Local Anesthesia, Vol. I.

65 54

Instructional MediaAbbott Laboratories, Film Library, North Chicago, Illinois

60600

Fire and Explosion Hazards from Flammable Anesthetics.30 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

American Animal Hospital Association, Film Library, 3920East Jackson Boulevard, Elkhart, Indiana 46514Preparation for Aseptic Surgery. 45 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

American Society for Microbiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103Venipuncture. 12 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Ayerst Laboratories, 685 Third Avenue, New York, New York10000

Principles of Inhalation Anesthesia in Domestic Animals. 40min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Bectin, Dickinson, Inc., Rutherford, New Jersey 07070Collecting Blood Samples. 20 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Davis and Geck, American Cyanamid Co., Danbury, Connec-ticut 06810Fundamental Aseptic Techniques. 21 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Gloving and Gowning for Surgery. 12 min.. 16 mm., color,sound.

UFA Films, RKO Building, New York, New York 10000Moving X-Rays. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY ANDPHYSIOLOGY

Hours Per WeekClass, 4; Laboratory, 6

Course Description

A comprehensive applied course designed toprovide the veterinary science technology stu-dent with a working knowledge of cells,tissues, and organs which comprise the mam-malian organism. Emphasis is placed upon aconceptual approach, relating structure tofunction. Anatomical areas having clinicalsignificance are stressed.

The study develops a broad base of un-derstanding in the area of medical terminologyas well as in the area of form and function. Alltechnical courses which follow will rely heavilyupon basic language and concepts developedhere. Therefore, mastery of the subject matterpresented in each segment of this course is es-sential to the students' successful advance-ment in this program.

The anatomical and physiological principlesadvanced in lecture are confirmed throughlaboratory experience. To achieve this end, stu-dent groups learn through dissection ofpreserved mammalian (preferably canine)cadavers, prepared histological sections anddemonstrations of physiological principles andphenomena. Live animals are also utilized inthe laboratory to enable students to palpateand relate structures learned on the cadaverwhich have clinical importance. At this time,such structures as superficial veins (used inveinpuncture), superficial arteries (for ob-taining pulse), and common intramuscular in-jection sites are stressed.

Throughout the course, anatomical andphysiological similarities and differencesbetween various mammalian species are noted.Illustrations drawn from the instructor'sveterinary practice or laboratory animalresearch experience are effective in stressingto the student the importance of understand-ing anatomical and physiological principlesand relationships. Audio-visual aids areutilized at every opportunity, in both lectureand laboratory, to reinforce and provide amore complete understanding of the subjectmatter presented by the instructor.

55

Major Divisions

I. Introduction to Anatomy and

ClassHours

Physiology 4IL Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells,

Tissues and Organs 5III. The Skeletal System 6IV. The Joints 2V. The Muscular System 4

VI. The Circulatory System 10VII. The Respiratory System 4

VIII. The Digestive System 12IX. The Urinary System 3X. The Reproductive System 7

XI. The Endocrine System 3XII. The Integumentary System 1

XIII. The Nervous System 3

Total 64

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyA. DefinitionsB. Need for study of anatomy and physiologyC. Specialized subdivisions of anatomical

studyD. Descriptive anatomical terminologyE. Medical etymology

II. Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells, Tissuesand OrgansA. Cells

1. Typical cell structure2. Cell types and specialization3. Somatic4. Germ

B. Tissues1. Epithelial2. Connective tissue3. Muscular tissue4. Nervous tissue

C. Organs1. Component tissues2. As units of body systems

III. The Skeletal SystemA. Terminology and classificationB. Functions of boneC. Skeletal partsD. Micro-anatomy of boneE. Bone formationF. Physio-pathology of bone

IV. The JointsA. Classification by types and actionB. Identification of joints in relation to skele-

tal partsC. Pathology of joints and related structures

V. The Muscular SystemA. Functional grouping of musclesB. Related synovial structuresC. Major muscles of the front limbD. Major muscles of the hind limbE. Abdominal musclesF. Muscle physiology

1. Micro-structure of skeletal muscle2. Mechanics of contraction3. Chemistry of contraction4. Heat production5. Muscle fatigue

G. Muscle pathology

VI. The Circulatory SystemA. The heart and associated structuresB. VesselsC. Blood and other body fluids

1. General considerations2. Cellular components

a. Erythrocytesb. Leukocytes

(1) Granulocytes(2)Agranulocytes

c. Thrombocytes3. Fluid component of blood

a. Plasmab. Serumc. Blood clotting mechanisms

4. Blood volume5. Introduction to clinical hematology6. Lymph7. Cerebrospinal fluid8. Synovial fluid

D. Component parts of the circulatory system1. Pulmonary circulation2. Systemic circulation3. Hepatic portal system4. Fetal circulation

E. Lymph nodesF. SpleenG. Hemal lymph nodesH. Physiology of circulationI. Pathology of the circulatory system

VII. The Respiratory SystemA. General functional considerationsB. Component organs and structures of the

respiratory tract

67 56

C. Physiology of respirationD. Pathology of the respiratory system

VIII. The Digestive SystemA. Organs and other anatomical structures

comprising the gastrointestinal tract1. Oral cavity

a. Teethb. Tonguec. Palate

2. Pharynx3. Esophagus4. Simple stomach5. Ruminant stomach6. Small intestine7. Large intestine8. Anal orifice and related structures

B. Accessory digestive organs1. Salivary glands2. Pancreas3. Liver

C. Essential foodstuffsD. Digestion of foodsE. Metabolism of foodsF. Liver functionsG. Liver pathologyH. Liver function tests

IX. The Urinary SystemA. Anatomy of the kidneyB. Kidney functionsC. An ,ay and physiology of the ureter,

bladder and urethraD. Pathology of the urinary system

X. The Reproductive SystemA. Female reproductive system

1. Anatomy of the reproductive tract2. Physiology of the reproductive tract

a. Pubertyb. Oogenesisc. Ovulation and corpus luteum for-

mationd. Estrus cycles of selected species

3. Hormones of female reproduction4. Pregnancy and parturition

a. Gestation periods of selected speciesb. Fertilizationc. Implantationd. Types of placentatione. Pregnancy diagnosisf. Act and events of parturition

5. Pathology of the female reproductivesystem

B. Male reproductive system

1. Anatomy of the reproductive tract2. Physiology of male reproduction3. Castration4. Condition of cryptorchidism5. Pathology of the male reproductive

system

XI. The Endocrine SystemA. General considerationsB. The pituitary glandC. The adrenal glandD. The thyroid glandE. The parathyroid glandF. Hormones of the pancreasG. Review of the hormones of the ovary and

testis

XII. The Integumentary SystemA. General considerationsB. The skinC. The foot and hoof of solipeds (Equidae)D. The foot and hoof of bipeds (Ruminants,

Porcine)E. Horn structuresF. Nails of carnivoresG. Mammary glands (accessory integu mental

organs)1. Anatomy of mammary glands2. Milk secretion3. Colostrum4. Hormonal control of mammary gland

development and milk "let-down"5. Pathology of the mammary gland

XIII.The Nervous SystemA. General anatomical organization of the

nervous system1. Central nervous system2. Pheripheral nervous system

B. Embryology of the nervous systemC. Histology of the nervous systemD. Gross anatomical components of the cen-

tral and peripheral nervous systemsE. Physiology of the nerve impulseF. Pathology of the nervous systemG. Sense organs

1. Taste2. Olfactory3. Sight4. Hearing and balance5. Other

Suggested Laboratory Projects (96 hours)

1. Care and use of the microscope, introduction tobasic tissue histology - epithelia. (3 hours)

57

.,,,=mmwwwwil.p.1.1111111111.11111.11111111111111111

2. Basic tissue histology continued - connectivetissue. (3 hours)

3. Basic tissue histology continued - muscularand nervous tissues. (3 hours)

4. Osteology of the canine utilizing skeletons andradiographs. (3 hours)

5. Comparative osteology - bovine, equine,feline, rodentia, primate, and avian. (6 hours)

6. Myology of the canine - musculature of theneck and pectoral limb. (3 hours)

7. Myology of the canine - musculature of thepelvic limb and trunk. (3 hours)

8. Dissection of the viscera of the thoracic cavity- lungs, heart, and branches of the thoracicaorta; thoracic venous system. (3 hours)

9. Dissection of the viscera of the thoracic cavityconcluded; histology of the respiratory system.(3 hours)

10. Dissection of the clinically significant arteries,veins and nerves of the limbs. (3 hours)

11. Applied anatomy demonstrations followed bystudent practice in pulse monitoring,venipuncture and intra-muscular injectionsutilizing live animals. (3 hours)

12. Monitoring of physiological events and collec-tion of data utilizing the physiograph machine,student analysis of this data. (3 hours)

13. Dissection of the abdominal viscera of the dog.(6 hours)

14. Anatomy of the ruminant stomach, gross andmicroscopic. (3 hours)

15. Microscopic anatomy of the tongue, esophagus,stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas andsalivary glands. (3 hours)

16. Microscopic anatomy of the spleen, lymphnodes, tonsils, and thymus. (3 hours)

17. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the canineurinary system. (3 hours)

18. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the canineendocrine system. (3 hours)

19. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the maleand female reproductive systems. (6 hours)

20. Gross anatomy of the hoof of the equine andbovine. (3 hours)

21. Microscopic anatomy of the integumentarysystem: skin, mammae, hoof of equine andbovine. (3 hours)

22. Gross dissection of the brain and spinal cord.(3 hours)

23. Microscopic anatomy of the brain and spinalcord. (3 hours)

24. Dissection of the eye and adnexia. (3 hours)25. Microscopic anatomy of the (*e and ear. (3

hours)

68

26. Ophthalmoscopic examination of the eye andotoscopic examination of the ear of the canine.(3 hours)

27. Neurological (reflex) examination of the canineand feline. (3 hours)

28. Comparative gross anatomy of various speciesof laboratory rodents (fresh specimens). (3hours)

29. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the chicken.(3 hours)

Texts and References

Baer. Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates.Bloom and Fawcett. A Textbook of Histology.Booth and Chiasson. Laboratory Anatomy of the Cat.Chiasson. Laboratory Anatomy of the White Rat.Christensen and Evans. Guide to the Dissection of the Dog.Crouch. Functional Human Anatomy.Dukes. The Physiology of Domestic Animals.Frandson. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.McLeod. Bovine Anatomy.Miller and others. Anatomy of the Dog.Stedman and others. Stedman Medical Dictionary.Taylor. Regional and Applied Anatomy of the Domestic

Animals, Part I Head and Neck. Part II Thoracic Limb.Part Pelvic Limb. Part IV Thorax and Abdomen.

Trautmann and Fiebiger. Fundamentals of the Histology ofDomestic Animals.

Wischnitzer. Atlas and Dissection Guide for ComparativeAnatomy.

Instructional Media

American Medical Association, Motion Picture Library, 535North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610Exploring the Human Nervous System. 23 min.. 16 mm.,color, sound.

Coronet Films, 63 East South Water Street, Chicago, Illinois60601

Human Body. Digestive System. 14 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.Human Body. Muscular System. 13-1/2 min., 16 mm., blackand white, sound.Human Body. Nervous System. 13-1/2 min., 16 mm., blackand white, sound.Ihiman Body: Respiratory System. 13-1/2 min., 16 mm.,black and white, sound,Hainan Body. Sense Organs. 18-1/2 min., 16 mm., color.sound.

58

69

Eli Lilly and Company, Audio-Visual Film Library, P.O. Box618, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206Kidney Function in Health. 38 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc., 1150 Wilmette Avenue,Wilmette, Illinois 60091Digestion of Foods. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.Mechanisms of Breathing. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sou nd.

Syracuse University, Film Rental Center, 1455 East ColvinStreet, Syracuse, New York 13210Alimentary Tract. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.Blood. 16 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Circulation (MB& 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Endocrine Glands. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.Form and Function (AIBS). 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Functions of the Body. 15 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.Heart and Circulation. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.Hearts and Circulatory Systems. 14 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Heart. Linos and Circulation. 11 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Heart: Hou, It Works. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.Lesson in Anatomy. 9 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.Muscles and Bones of the Body. 11 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Work of the Blood. 13 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Work of the Kidneys. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.

r-

-er

v

3.-.

(-11:74\P1

Figure 9As illustrated here, a laboratory for instruction in Compara-tive Anatomy and Physiology requires a variety of instructional models(skeletal as well as cadavers). The equipment, work tables, and workspaces demonstrated here represent one example of a very satisfactory facility for this type of course.

ELEMENTS OF MEAT AND POULTRYINSPECTION

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 4

Course Description

A course designed to acquaint students withthe general elements of regulatory functions asthey apply to meat and poultry inspection. Thesubject matter includes the objectives of in-spection, history, methods used, and the prin-ciples on which inspection is based. Laboratorysessions and experience outside the classroominvolve the student in actual demonstrations ofinspection methods and principles at work.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. History of Meat Inspection 3II. General Principles of Inspection 3

III. Official Federal References 2

IV. The Organization of InspectionService 2

V. Cooperation with Other Groups 2VI. An Industry Profile 2

VII. Economics 3VIII. Industry Byproducts and Wastes 3

IX. Food-Borne Conditions 4

X. Elements of Sanitation 4

XI. Elements of Safety 4

XII. Introduction to Processing I 4

XIII. Introduction to Processing II 4XIV. Relationship of

Inspection to the Plant 3XV. Model Job Study 3

XVI. Review 2

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. History of Meat InspectionA. MeatB. PoultryC. Other speciesD. ProcessingE. 1967-1968 Acts of Congress

1. Effects2. Future outlook

59

II. General Principles of InspectionA. Goals of in-plant inspectionB. Methods of achievement of goals

1. General considerations2. Methods of inspection

III. Official Federal ReferencesA. MeatB. PoultryC. BothD. UsageE. Comparison

IV. The Organization of Inspection ServiceA. Federal organization

1. Structural2. Functional3. Washington level4. Field units

B. State programs1. Requirements2. Examples of organizations

C. Job positions for graduates in meat inspection1. Federal meat inspection2. State meat inspection3. Military4. Industry

D. Advancement in general1. Career ladders2. Promotions3. Training opportunities in general4. Self-development in general

V. Cooperation with Other GroupsA. Animal healthB. MilitaryC. GradingD. Investigative, OIG, GAOE. StatesF. CountiesG. Consumer groupsH. FDAI. Foreign countries

VI. An Industry ProfileA. Production statisticsB. TrendsC. Kinds of plants - meat, poultry and proc-

essingD. Impact on welfare of the country

VII. EconomicsA. Economics of industry

1. Conversion in slaughter2. Variety and convenience in processing3. "Value added" concept

70

4. "Quality standards"5. "Composition standards"6. Impact of demand7. Impact of technology

B. Product flow1. Grower to slaughter2. Live to chilled3. Cooler to consumer4. Aging

VIII. Industry Byproducts and WastesA. Industry byproductsB. Byproduct controlC. Industry wastes

1. Human wastes2. Refuse3. Animal wastes

IX. Food-Borne ConditionsA. "Food poisoning"

1. Epidemiology of human illnesses2. Common causes3. Prevention

B. ParasitesC. Residues

1. Kinds2. Effects3. Benefits and drawbacks4. Current use and control

D. Review of microbial zoonoses1. Epidemiology2. Kinds3. Eradication programs

X. Elements of SanitationA. Official premisesB. Dimensions of contamination

1. Surroundings2. Product3. People4. Non-meat items5. Time6. Contaminants

C. Considerations1. Cleaning compounds2. Pesticides3. Hand creams and cleaners

D. Inspection coverage1. Scope2. Importance3. Chemical compounds list use4. Labels - read!

XL Elements of SafetyA. Dimensions of the hazards

1. In-plant factors

60

71

2. To and from work3. Home safety

B. StatisticsC. Safety principlesD. Specific hazards

1. Meat2. Poultry3. Processing

E. Safety programs1. Federal programs2. State and other programs3. Plant responsibility4. Inspector's role

XII. Introduction to Processing IA. Scope

1. Processing defined2. Current statistics3. Official references4. Impact on economy5. Role of inspection6. Trends

B. Basic processes1. Process approval2. Basic steps

a. Raw materialsb. Change processes

C. Inspection principles1. Inspecting the process2. Sampling the product3. Statistical quality control programs

XIII. Introduction to Processing IIA. Basic processes

1. Formulation2. Curing and smoking3. Rendering and refining4. Loaf making5. Sausage making6. Canning7. Slicing and packaging

B. Labels and package design1. Review of label parts2. The ingredient statement3. Package design

XIV. Relationship of Inspection to the PlantA. The role of the plant

1. The agreement2. Plant responsibility3. The plant goal-economic survival4. The role of inspection5. Inspection responsibility

B. Inspector relationships1. Working relationships2. Potential problems

3. Recommended reading

XV. Model Job StudyA. Meat

1. Smaller plants3. Larger plants3. Sheep

B. Poultry1. Smaller plants2. Larger plants3. Construct the "floor" position

C. Processing1. Smaller plants2. Larger Plants3. Design coverage for several small plants

XVI. Review - Topics and activities to be decidedupon by instructor.

Suggested Laboratory Projects (64 hours)

1. Viewing and discussions of films whichemphasize the importance and need for aneffective country-wide meat and poultry in-spection service. (2 hours)

2. Review of anatomy and physiology of cattle,swine, sheep and poultry. (10 hours)

3. Reading assignments in the various textsfollowed by structured discussions and exer-cises. (4 hours)

4. Exercises on using the official references anddetermining a plan of action from the officialinstructions. (4 hours)

5. Workshops clarifying the relationship betweenmeat and poultry inspectors and other groups.(4 hours)

6. Workshop outlining the meat and poultry in-dustries and their impact on the welfare of theUnited States. (2 hours)

7. Food-borne illnesses, epidemiology andresidues workshops. (16 hours)

8. Sanitation workshops. (6 hours)9. Safety workshops. (4 hours)

10. Processing workshops, reading assignments,exercises. (8 hours)

11. Management and supervision, labor-management relations. (4 hours)

61

Texts and References

American Meat Institute Foundation. The Science of Meat andMeat Products.

American Public Health Association Incorporated. StandardMethods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

Brandly and others. Meat Hygiene.Collins. Meat Inspection.Consumer and Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. Federal Facilities

Requirements for Existing Poultry Plants.-. Federal Facilities Requirements for Small Existing

Meat Plants.-. Guidelines for Implementation of Sanitary Re-

quirements in Poultry Establishments.-. List of Chemical Compounds.-. Manual of Meat Inspection Procedures of the U.S.D.A.-. Meat Inspection Regulations.-. Poultry Inspectors' Handbook.

Sanitation Handbook of Consumer ProtectionPrograms.

-. U.S. Inspected Meat Packing Plants.Ehlers and Steel. Municipal and Rural Sanitation.Thornton. Textbook of Meat Inspection.United States Public Health Service. Ordinance and Code.

Instructional MediaCornell University, Department of Communication Arts,

College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14850Prinaples of Food Sawtatton. 20 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Safe Handling of Foods nn Quantity. 20 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

Michigan State University, Instructional Media Center (CharlesF. Schuller, Director), East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (orfrom any of the State film libraries of the 50 States.)Mark of Wholesome Meat, A. 19 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Your Meat Inspection Service. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

National Medical Audiovisual Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30333Spread and Prevention of Trichinosis. 12 min., 35 mm., filmstrip (67 frames), black and white, sound.The Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Man and Animals. 15min., 16 mm., color, sound.Worms in Your Muscles. 10 min., 35 mm. film strip (52frames), black and white, sound.

USAF Central Audio-Visual Library, Audio-Visual Center,Norton AFB, California 92409Poultry Processing Inspection. 22 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Public Health Aspects of Poultry Processing. 23 min., 16mm., color, sound.

United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Informa-tion, Motion Picture Service, Washington, D. C. 20250That the Best Will be Ours. 18 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Veterinarian, USDA. 28 1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

72a

INTRODUCTION TO VETERINARYSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

Hours Per WeekClass, 2; Laboratory, 6

Course Description

An orientation and survey course in-troducing the beginning student to basic prac-tices and principles underlying the field ofveterinary science technology. Professionalrequirements and employment opportunitiesin this broad career field are investigated.Inherited and environmental influences onanimal growth and development are studied.Through an exploration of the need for andmethods by which animals adapt to and in-teract with their environments, comfortableconditions necessary for optimum animal per-formance are defined. This course alsopresents basic facts relating to phar-maceuticals necessary for compliance with theveterinarian's prescription.

The laboratory sessions provide oppor-tunities to practice those principles, andtechniques presented in lecture. They alsoprovide actual experience in those areas mostimmediately related to the veterinarytechnician's job responsibilities. Field trips aredesigned to illustrate practical applicationsand necessary operational compromises.

Major DivisionsClass

Hours

I. Professional Requirements 1

IL Types of Professional Practice 2III. Introduction to Materia Medica 3IV. Animal Nutrition 6V. Genetics and Animal Breeding 9

VI. Animal Growth 5VII. Interactions of Animals and

Their Environment 6

Total

Units of Instruction

I. Professional RequirementsA. IntegrityB. DecorumC. ResponsibilityD. Ethics

73

32

62

II. Types of Professional PracticeA. Size

1. Single practitioner2. Partnership3. Group practice4. Medical centers

B. Patients1. Large animal2. Small animal3. Mixed practice4. Exotic

C. Other specialties1. Research2. Industrial3. State or federal agencies4. Military veterinary corps

III. Introduction to Materia MedicaA. Drugs

1. Therapeutic methods2. Drug standards3. Drug sources4. Solid and liquid drugs5. Effects of drugs

B. Preparation of solutions1. Review of arithmetic2. Metric and avoirdupois systems3. Solutions

C. Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers

IV. Animal NutritionA. Essential nutrients

1. Water2. Carbohydrates3. Fats4. Proteins5. Minerals6. Vitamins

B. Feeding1. Appetite2. Prehension3. Mastication4. Elimination

V. Genetics and Animal BreedingA. Fundamental principles

1. The cell2. Chromosomes3. Genes4. Mitosis5. Meiosis6. Segregation and recombination7. Monohybridism and dihybridism8. Phenotype and genotype9. Sex linkage

B. Principles of selecting and mating animals1. Phenotypic variations in quantitative traits2. Frequency of genes in a population3. Causes of phenotypic variation4. Selection and mating systems

VI. Animal GrowthA. The phenomenon of growthB. GametogenesisC. FertilizationD. Prenatal growth and developmentE. Infant growthF. Growth from weaning to maturityG. Senescence

VII. Interactions of Animals and Their EnvironmentA. Heredity and environmentB. Adaptation to the environmentC. StressD. Homeothermy and homeostasisE. Temperature regulationF. Fever - pyrexiaG. The comfort zoneH. Heat production and dissipation

Suggested Laboratory Projects (96 hours)

1. Set up breeding experiments with variouscrosses of inbred strains of mice todemonstrate coat color inheritance. (16 weekswill allow for production of F2 young) (3 hours)

2. Field trips to various types of veterinaryhospitals, clinics or medical centers. (3 hours)

3. Start experiments (4 weeks), using laboratoryrats to demonstrate deficiency diseases ofspecified nutrients. Demonstrate controlmethods. (3 hours)

4. Start experiments (14 weeks), using 2 x 2 latinsquare, transparent and opaque filter cap andno filter cap to demonstrate these influenceson production of newborn and weaned mice. (3hours)

5. Arithmetic workshop. Conversion of metric toavoirdupois and vice-versa. Calculation of drugdoses from units/gram body weight ofspecified concentrations. Calculations of dis-infectant dilutions. (3 hours)

6. Preparation of normal saline solutions.Preparation of solution of given percent fromdrug of known percent. Preparation of weakerfrom stronger solution. (3 hours)

7. Reading and interpretation of feed tags. Deter-mination of moisture content of feed. (3 hours)

8. Determination of fat content of feed. Deter-mination of ash content of feed. (3 hours)

63

9. Field trip to beef, dairy, or hog feedlot. (3hours)

10. Field trip to feed mill. (3 hours)11. Study dentition of rabbit, rat, cat, dog, pig,

man, sheep and cow using skulls and livespecimens. Relate this to feeding habits. (3hours)

12. Field trip to poultry farm or agriculturalmachinery distributor to study automatedfeeding. (3 hours)

13. Study of electron micrographs of typical mam-malian cells. Familiarization with use of lightmicroscope and study of cells (ex: liver) atthree different magnifications. (3 hours)

14. Study of the stages of mitosis using whitefishblastulae and mammalian bone marrow cells.(6 hours)

15. Study of the stages of meiosis using squashpreparations of grasshopper testes, sections ofmammalian testes and sections of chickenovaries. (6 hours)

16. Determination of student's own Rh phenotypeand deducing student's probable genotype. (3hours)

17. Determination of monohybrid and/or dihydbidinheritance of coat characteristics of F1 miceproduced from first laboratory exercise. (3hours

18. Determination of phenotypic variation and dis-tribution by studying kernels on ears of or-namental corn. (3 hours)

19. Demonstration and practice in the preparationof stained blood films and the identification ofcellular components. (12 hours)

20. Variation in erythrocyte sedimentation rate inanimals of different species. (3 hours)

21. Study of spermatogenesis from preparedslides. (3 hours)

22. Study of chicken and mouse embryos from liveand preserved specimens. (6 hours)

23. Determine presence of parasites ova in feces ofanimals of different species. (3 hours)

24. Correlate data, analyze and draw conclusionsfrom laboratory No. 1. (3 hours)

25. Correlate data, analyze and draw conclusionsfrom laboratory No. 3. (3 hours)

26. Cm relate data, analyze, and draw conclusionsfrom laboratory No. 4. (3 hours)

Texts and ReferencesCampbell and Lasley. The Science of Animals That Serve

Mankind.'atcott. Animal Hospital Technology. A Text for Veterinary

Aides.

74

Coles. Veterinary Clinical Pathology.Singleton. Elementary Genetics.Squire. Basic Pharmacology for Nurses.Sussman. Growth and Development.Wallace and Srb. Adaptation.

Instructional MediaAssociation Films Inc., Broad at Elm, Ridgefield, New Jersey

07657Search at Schering. 25 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

AVMA Film Library, 600 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,Illinois 60605The Veterinarian. 25 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Department of the Army, Army Pictorial Center, 35-11 35thAvenue, Long Island City, New York 11106Veterinary ServirP in the U.S. Army. 26 min., 16 mm., blackand white, sound.

64

75

Radio-Motion Picture Bureau, State Department of Commerce,West Mall Plaza, Albany, New York 12206Veterinarian, USDA. 28 1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Syracuse University, Film Rental Center, 1455 East ColvinStreet, Syracuse, New York 13210Egg into Animal. 12 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Genetics: Chromosomes and Genes. 16 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Genetics: Improving Plants and Animals. 14 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Growth and Replacement. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Human Body: Nutrition and Metabolism. 14 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Human Body: The Chemistry of Digestion. 16 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Natural Selection and Adaptation. 28 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Physical Environment. 11 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Science of Genetics. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

LABORATORY ANIMAL METHODS

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 6

Course Description

Experimental methods and techniquesemployed with laboratory animals will bestudied. Laboratory practice will be reinforcedby lectures providing understanding of themechanisms underlying the variousprocedures. Topics include collection andwithdrawal of body fluids, infusion tech-niques, anesthesia and euthanasia as utilizedin the research laboratory. Surgical techniquesfor the preparation of rodents for specializedstudy will include adrenalectomy, gonadec-tomies and hypophysectomy. Concepts andtechniques of gnotobiotics will be applied toselected species. Methods of record keepingwill be explored and practiced. Procedures andrequirements essential to conformity withAnimal Welfare Act and the various otherfederal guidelines will be emphasized.

Major DivisionsClassHours

I. Introduction to Laboratory AnimalTechnology 3

IL The Role of the Laboratory AnimalTechnician 2

III. Classification and Discussion ofLaboratory Animals According toMicrobiological Profile 3

IV. Basic Equipment Essential in theBreeding and Maintenance ofLaboratory Animals 3

V. Axenic Techniques and Gnotobiology 15VI. Design and Administration of Barrier

Systems for Breeding and Research . 4

VII. Utilization of Laboratory Animals forBiomedical and Veterinary Research 3

VIII. Practical Laboratory Animal Anatomy 3

IX. Tranquilization and Anesthesia inLaboratory Animals 4

X. Surgical Techniques in LaboratoryAnimals 3

XI. Recommended Euthanasia Techniquesfor Laboratory Animals 2

XII. Safety Procedures in the AnimalLaboratory 3

Total 48

-65

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction to Laboratory Animal TechnologyA. Historical aspects and evolution of labora-

tory animal research technology1. Early approaches (equipment and tech-

nology)2. Present day (procedures and facilities)3. Philosophical and ethical aspects of ani-

mal research4. Justification and contributions of labora-

tory animal researchB. Legal requirements and regulatory stand-

ards relating to laboratory animal research1. Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (P.L.

89-544)2. State laws3. Local laws4. Institutional regulations5. ILAR standards for breeding, care and

maintenance of laboratory animals6. Advisory organizations (ex: American

Association of Accreditation of Labora-tory Animal Care)

II. The Role of the Laboratory Animal TechnicianA. In a breeding colony operationB. As a laboratory animal services technicianC. As a research laboratory technician

III. Classification and Discussion of LaboratoryAnimals According to Microbiological ProfileA. Axenic (germfree)B. GnotobioticC. Gnotobiotic (customized intestinal flora)D. Specific pathogen free (maximum barrier)E. High grade conventional (medium barrier)F. Conventional

IV. Basic Equipment Essential in the Breeding andMaintenance of Laboratory AnimalsA. Caging, cage systems and ancillary equip-

ment1. Basic requirements for effective caging2. Caging construction materials3. Types of caging and caging systems for

various animal species4. Cage size and space requirements for

ten common laboratory species (ILARstandards)

5. Caging accessoriesa. Cage lidsb. Food hoppersc. Watering equipment and systemsd. Ancillary items (various)

76a

1

B. Mechanical cage washing, sanitation andsterilization equipment1. Specifications for effective use2. Cage washers

a. Tunnel-conveyor typesb. Cabinet types

3. Cage rack washers4. Bottle washers5. Autoclaves

a. Various models (regular)b. High vacuumc. Gas (ethylene oxide) type

V. Axenic Techniques and GnotobiologyA. Introduction to gnotobiologyB. Theory and philosophical aspects of germ-

free life1. Pure culture techniques2. Open and closed systems3. Technical and biological approaches

C. Classification of gnotobiotic animals (bymicroflora profile)

D. Germfree isolator equipment1. Physical barrier theory2. Germfree isolator development

a. Stainless steel isolator (Reyniers unit)b. Flexible plastic isolator (Trexler)

(1)Small rectangular units (2' to 6'lengths)

(2)Jacket isolator(3)Surgical unit(4)Isolation unit (human)(5)Other design possibilities

c. Rigid plastic isolator (plexiglass con-struction)

E. Methods of sterilization of germfree suppliesand equipment1. Autoclave (high vacuum type)2. Gas sterilization (ethylene oxide)3. Chemical sterilization with peracetic acid4. Dry heat utilizing a hot air oven5. Ultra filtration6. High energy electron beam (Van de Graaf

accelerator)7. Germicidal ultra violet

F. Derivation, maintenance and shipment ofgnotobiotic animals1. Methods of derivation for germfree ani-

malsa. Cesarean surgical proceduresb. Breeding germfree animals

2. Rearing methodsa. Foster suckling on lactating female

77 66

b. Hand rearing techniques (variousspecies)

3. General characteristics of germfree ani-mals

4. Basic differences between gnotobiotic andconventional species

5. Gnotobiotic isolator construction andmaintenancea. Construction and sterilization of iso-

latorb. Preparation of isolator after steriliza-

tionc. Processing and sterilization of suppliesd. Entry of suppliese. Entry of animals

6. Problems associated with gnotobiotic pro-ductiona. Physical difficulties (cecal size)b. Nutritional (oversterilization of feed)c. Strain variationsd. Absence of florae. Reduced growth rate (same species)f. Brittle bones and other abnormalities

7. Shipment of gnotobiotic animalsa. Specialized equipment for self-con-

tained operationb. Shipping isolators and protective

coversc. Shipment by personal vehicle (truck or

station wagon)d. Shipment by commercial carrier

G. Histological, anatomical and biochemicalprofiles of gnotobiotic animals1. Histological2. Anatomical (gross)3. Biochemical

H. Some immunological characteristics of gno-tobiotic animals1. Globulins2. Immunological effects of ingestion of

dead bacteria3. Resistance to x-ray exposure4. Non-specific resistance5. Role of microflora in certain diseases

I. Determination of germfree status1. Microbiological quality control (general)

a. Routine culture methodsb. Supplemental mediac. Tissue culture methodsd. Gross microscopic methodse. Other detection techniques

2. Detection methods including determina-tion of various classes of contaminatingorgan isms

J. Examples of gnotobiotic animals as researchtools1. Microbiological investigations2. Nutritional investigations3. Human medicine4. Veterinary medicine

K. Outlook for the future in gnotobiotic re-search1. Gnotobiotic animals as research standards2. Space research3. Advantages in improving conventional

animal qualities4. Other

VI. Design and Administration of Barrier Sys-tems for Breeding and ResearchA. Philosophical considerations and justifica-

tionsB. Maximum barrier (SPF) concept

1. Recommendations for basic design andconstructiona. Fundamental designs and construc-

tion materials specificationsb. Single species per room specificationc. Equipment and supplies traffic flow

pattern (clean and dirty concepts)2. Specifications for maximum barrier

environmental systemsa. Air conditioningb. Ventilationc. Ultra filtrationd. Humidification-dehumidificatione. Heat exchangesf. Temperature control

3. Environmental requirements for tencommon species of laboratory animals(according to ILAR standards)a. Recommended temperatureb. Optimum humidityc. Recommended air changes per hour

4. Special treatment (sanitation-steriliza-tion of supplies and equipmenta. Autoclaveb. Steam chestc. Dip tank

5. Operational requirements for an SPFfacility

6. Specialized training for SPF colonypersonnel

7. Research and breeder usefulness, ad-vantages and limitations of SPF qualityanimals

8. Microbiological profile of SPF animals9. Continuous microbiological quality con-

trol testing programs

67

VII. Utilization of Laboratory Animals for Bio-medical and Veterinary ResearchA. Product quality controlB. Screening studies (drugs) (anti-carcino-

genic compounds)C. Efficacy testingD. Toxicity studiesE. Assay testsF. Surgical techniquesG. Basic researchH. Teaching

VIII. Practical Laboratory Animal AnatomyA. Skeletal systemB. Muscular systemC. Circulatory system

1. Veins used in venipuncture2. Arteries used for determining pulse

ratesD. Thoracic and abdominal viscera

1. Surgical sites2. Cardiac bleeding3. Injection sites4. Necropsy and tissue collection

E. Reproductive system1. Pregnancy determination2. Semen collection

F. Excretory systemG. Nervous systemH. Lymphatic system

IX. Tranquilization and Anesthesia in Labora-tory AnimalsA. Tranquilizers

1. Definition2. Use of tranquilizers3. General effects of tranquilizing drugs4. Activity of tranquilizers5. Action of tranquilizing drugs

a. Autonomic suppressantsb. Central nervous system relaxantsc. Narcotics

6. Toxicity of tranquilizers7. Chemical composition8. Contraindications of tranquilizing

drugs9. Tranquilizers as preanesthetic medica-

tionB. Anesthetics

1. Definition2. Planes of anesthesia3. Reflexes4. Examples and action in general (in-

jectable) anestheticsa. Long acting

78

b. Short acting5. Inhalant anesthetics6. Examples and action of local anes-

theticsC. Analeptics

1. Definition2. Antagonists

a. Types used for barbituratesb. Types used for morphine

3. StimulantsD. AnticholinergicsE. Electro-anesthesia

X. Surgical Techniques in Laboratory AnimalsA. Instruments and equipmentB. Surgical preparation of the animalC. Preanesthetic medicationD. AnesthesiaE. Surgical approachF. LigationG. Suturing techniqueH. Post surgical care (nursing)

XI. Recommended Euthanasia Techniques forLaboratory AnimalsA. Definition and general informationB. Selection of method and material

1. According to species2. According to circumstances

a. Routineb. Experimental animals

C. Methods of euthanasia81. Inhalant agents

a. Anesthetics(1)Chloroform(2)Ether(3)Halothane(4)Methoxyflurane

b. Carbon dioxidec. Carbon monoxided. Methane gase. Hydrogen cyanide gas

2. Non-inhalant pharmacologic agentsa. Barbituric acid derivativesb. Other injectable agents which are

either undesirable as euthanasiaagents or are recommended forlimited species use

3. Physical methodsa. Electrocutionb. Rapid decompressionc. Decapitation (guillotine)d. Pneumothoraxe. Heart rupturef. Cervical fracture

68

g. Shootingh. Captive volt pistol or other means of

stunningi. Rapid freezing in liquid air followed

by decapitation

XII. Safety Procedures in the Animal LaboratoryA. Protective clothingB. InoculationsC. Reporting bites and injuriesD. First aidE. Physical safetyF. Biological safetyG. Radiological safetyH. Personal hygieneI. Safety proceduresJ. Safety education.

Suggested Laboratory Projects (96 hours)

1.Introduction to the Vivarium. (3 hours)a. Tour of facilities (SPF and conventional)b. Types of caging and ancillary equipmentc. Identification of animal species and strainsd. Cage washing and sanitation equipment

2.Introduction to Animal Laboratory Methodsand initiation of Vivarial Practice projects. (3hours)a. Initiation of semester length, rodent

breeding project in SPF facility (each stu-dent has complete responsibility for onebreeding cage; including maintenance,breeding, record keeping and the collectionof food-water consumption and growth ratedata)

b. Indoctrination to and initiation of laboratoryanimal practice program; a semester lengthproject in which each student is scheduled toparticipate in vivarial practice and supervi-sion in both SPF and conventional areas ofthe breeding facility

c. Basic animal breeding colony maintenanceand care techniques

3. Rodent dissection, anatomy review and necrop-sy procedures. (6 hours)a. Anatomical review of injection sitesb. Review of general gross anatomy including

viscera and lymphaticsc. Location and excising of endocrine glands -

gland weight determination on analyticalbalance

'The euthanasia methods presented here parallel those discussed andrecommended in the Report of the A M A Panel on &Manama as reported in theMarch 1, 1972, issue of the Journal of the A.V.M.A The reader is referred to theBibliography section of this guide for a full reference to this article.

d. Necropsy techniques and removal of samplesfor microbiological and/or histopathologicalexamination.

4.Introduction to methods and practice oflaboratory animal injections. (9 hours)a. Indoctrination relating to identification,

processing and use of various types and sizesof hypodermic needles and syringes

b. Sterile techniques in removing fluids fromsealed containers

c. Identification of common injection sitesd. Restraint and practice injections (IM, IV,

SQ, IC, IP, ID) selectively in variouslaboratory animal species(1) Mice(2) Rats(3) Gerbils(4) Hamsters(5)Guinea pigs(6)Rabbits(7) Cats(8) Dogs

5.Intubation techniques and introduction tolaboratory animal tranquilization and bloodsampling. (9 hours)a. Intubation and forced feeding - medicating

(1)Mice(2) Rats(3) Gerbils(4) Hamsters

b. Tranquilization techniques relating to abovelisted species(1)Calculation of dosage(2) Administration(3) Observation of effects

c. Practice blood sampling techniques (abovelisted species)

6. Practice of miscellaneous laboratory tech-niques. (9 hours)a. Practice tattooing - identification proceduresb. Practice catheterizationc..Ectromelia (mousepox) vaccination

procedured. Determination of estrus (cytological method)e. Pregnancy testing

7.Intubation, laboratory animal tranqulizationand blood sampling techniques. (9 hours)a. Intubation and forced feeding - medicating

(1)Guinea pigs(2)Rabbits(3) Cats(4) Dogs

69

b. Tranquilization techniques relating to abovelisted species(1)Calculation of dosage(2) Administration(3)Observation of effects

c. Practice blood sampling techniques (abovelisted species)

8.Introduction to small animal anesthesia. (6hours)a. Preanestheticsb. Injectable anesthetics

(1)Local(2) General

c. Practice dosage calculationd. Administration of injectable anestheticse. Identification of planes of anesthesiai Reflexesg. Use of analepticsh. Inhalant anesthesia

(1)Passage of endotracheal catheter(2) An tichol inergics

9.Basic rodent surgery procedures (completed byeach student on an individual basis). (6 hours)a. Orientation, ethics and indoctrination of

methodsb. Surgical preparation (instruments - needles

and sutures)c. Surgical (preoperative) preparation of

animald. Surgical procedure

(1) Incision(2)Ligation and removal of organ(3)Suturing(4)Post-operative care

10.Endocrine surgery laboratory sequence. (9hours)a. Completion of thyroidectomy technique on

laboratory ratsb. Ovariactomy technique completed on

laboratory ratsc. Adrenalectomy technique completed on

laboratory rats

11.Introductory indoctrination and orientationrelating to gnotobiotic isolator equipment andessential ancillary components. (3 hours)a. Identification of isolator types and compo-

nent partsb. Operational informationc. Methods of utilization of isolator equipmentd. Processing supplies

(1)Proper packaging of food and cage bed-ding material

80

(2)Packing supplies into sterilizationcylinder

(3)Processing sterilization cylinder forautoclaving (placement and taping ofmylar film)

(4)Preparation of water bottles (Square PakFlasks) for autoclaving

12.Initiate construction of isolator sequence. (3hours)a. Prepare isolator basesb. Locate and cut holes in isolator for gloves

and door

13.a. Install glovesb. Install door bracketsc. Install isolation doord. Attach isolator to basee. Process and sterilize vertical air filterf. Attach air outlet trap

14.Complete isolator construction sequence andprepare supplies. (3 hours)a. Attach vertical filterb. Attach air hose (filter air pump)c. Prepare Square Pak Flasks for autoclavingd. Prepare sterilization cylinders for autoclav-

inge. Method of preparing and dispensing

peracetic acid

15.Sterilization techniques. (3 hours)a. High vacuum autoclave

(1)Instruction in operational procedures(2)Sterilization of supply cylinders(3) Sterilization of water (Square Pak Flasks)

without vacuumb. Assembling of isolator supplies for chemical

(peracetic acid) sterilizationc. Chemical sterilization - peracetic acid

sterilization of plastic film isolator andisolator equipment fabricated of stainlesssteel, plastic, glass or rubber

16.Commence operational phase of sterilizedisolator units. (3 hours)a. Start air systemb. Process interior of isolator (set up)c. Enter supplies from sterilization cylinderd. Prepare isolator for entry of animalse. Practice (become familiar with) working

with hands in isolator glovesf. Practice attachment (with plastic sleeve)

between separate isolator units

17.Surgical (cesarean derivement) technique forpopulating functioning isolators with

7

810

_Ann.meimommiwwimPREIIIM11111MMIRMIONIIIIIMI

gnotobiotic mice. (3 hours)a. Cesarean surgeryb. Intiloduction of surgically removed pregnant

uterus into surgical isolatorc. Removal of fetal mice from uterusd. Post removal techniquese. Transfer of derived animals into

maintenance isolators

18.0perational and maintenance procedures in thecare and handling of gnotobiotic mice inisolators. (3 hours)a. Routine procedures

(1)Feeding, watering, cleaning, handlingtechniques

(2)Entrance of supplies (pass-throughtechniques)

b. Microbiological quality control of isolatorequipment(1)Sampling methods(2)Sample removal from isolator(3)Processing of samples (using prescribed

techniques) in the microbiologylaboratory

19.Practice of routine experimental techniquesutilizing animals housed in plastic isolatorequipment. (3 hours)a. Intraorbital bleedingb. Injections (various sites) with saline solutionc. Tail vein bleeding - preparation of blood

smear slides for hematological examinationd. Removal of gnotobiotic mice from isolator -

comparison of internal anatomy (cecum -organs) with conventional mice

Texts and References

Animal Welfare Institute. BasicCure of Experimentut A amts.Arrington. Introductory Laboratory Animal Science.Collins. Manual for Laboratory Animal Technicians.Coates. The Germ-Free Animal in Research.Conalty. Husbandry of Laboratory Animals.Cotchin and others. Pathology of Laboratory Ruts and Mice.Croft. An Introduction to the Am:I-them of Laboratory

Animals.D'Amour and others. Manual for Laboratory Work in Mam-

malian Physiology.Farris. The Care and Breeding of Laboratory Animals.Farris and Griffith. The Rat in Laboratory Investigation.Gay. Methods of Animal Experimentation.Green. Biology of the Labiratory Mouse.Harris. The Problems of Laboratory Animal Diseases: Sym-

posiaInstitute of Laboratory Animal Resources. Laboratory

Animals.-. Standards fir the Breeding. Care and Management of

Mice. Rats. Guinea Pigs. Rabbits, Hamsters. Dogs. Cats andMonkeys.

Lane-Petter. Animals for Research.Luckey. Germfree Life and Gnotobiology.Lumb. Small Animal Anesthesia.National Institute of Health. Guide for Laboratory Animal

Facilities and Care.New York Academy of Sciences. Germfree Vertebrates: Present

Status.Notre Dame University. Proceedings of the Second Symposium

on Gnotobiotic Technology.Short and \Voodnott. The IAT Manual of Laboratory Animal

Practice and Techniques.Smith. Electrical Anesthesia.Teklad Incorporated. Physiological Data for Cum mun

Laboratory Animals.

Instructional MediaAmerican Medical Association, Motion Picture Library, 535

North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610Technic of Injection in Animals Part I. 12 min., 16 mm.,color, silent.Part II. 15 min., 16 mm., color, silent.

American Veterinary Medical Association, Film Library, 600

71

South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605So Life May Continue. 18 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.

Audio-Visual Support Center (forward request to. CommandingGeneral in the U.S. Army area in which the borrowerresides).Animals for Research. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Use of Germfree Animals in Research. 47 min., 16 mm.,black and white, sound.

Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corporation, 1822Pickwick Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025Endocrine Glands, 11 .nin., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

McGraw-Hill Book Company (Text Film Division) 327 West 41stStreet, New York, New York 10036Endocrine Glands' - How They Affect You. 20 min., 16 mm.,black and white sound.

National Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex), Station K,Atlanta, Georgia 30324Germfree Animals in Medical Research. 19 min., 16 mm.,color, sound. ,

Plastic Isolators: New Tools for Medical Research. 14 min.,16 mm., black and white, sound.

82

LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 8

Course Description

A fundamental study in laboratory tech-niques, commonly known as clinical pathologywhich includes: hematology, blood coagulation,blood chemistry, liver function, renal function,pancreatic function, body fluid examinationand parasitology.

Lecture periods involve the theory andapplication of diagnostic methods and prin-ciples as they apply in veterinary practice orthe biomedical institution.

Laboratory exercises are dedicated todevelopment of skills in the processing oftissue and specimen samples from patients.After an introduction to the test procedure,each student then performs and repeats thisclinical test until proficiency is demonstrated.

Skill in the use of various items oflaboratory equipment is acquired, including:microscopes, blood cell counting equipment,spectrophotometers, electronic particlecounters, hemoglobin equipment, volumetricmeasuring equipment, and other items foundin clinical and industrial laboratories.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Introduction to Hematology 1

II. Collection and Handling of Blood 2III. Leukocytes 6IV. Erythrocytes 6V. Coagulation of Blood 1

VI. Blood Chemistry 4VII. Liver Function 3

VIII. Kidney Function 6IX. Pancreatic Function 2X. Miscellaneous Examinations 4

XI. Parasitology 13

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction to HematologyA. Functions of bloodB. Blood examination

8372

1. Elements of complete blood count2. Other examinations of blood

C. Basic purpose of hematology1. Diagnosis2. Prognosis3. Research

II. Collection and Handling of BloodA. Methods of collection

1. Equipment2. Technique3. Anatomical sites for blood collection

in various speciesB. Anticoagulants

1. EDTA2. Oxalates3. Heparin

C. Blood typingD. Blood banking

III. LeukocytesA. Indications and limitations

1. Reasons for performing WBC counts2. Limitations in methods

B. Methods of determination1. Total white cell count2. Correction factors3. Differential cell count4. Blood smear5. Staining methods6. Special preparations

C. Leukocyte types and function1. General2. Neutrophil3. Eosinophil4. Basophil5. Lymphocyte6. Monocyte

D. Species variation1. Canine2. Feline3. Bovine4. Equine5. Ovine6. Porcine7. Rabbit8. Guinea pig9. Hamster

10. Mouse11. Rat12. Gerbil13. Rhesus monkey14. Human

E. Interpretation of leukocyte count1. Factors influencing cell count

2. Leukocyte response in disease3. Leukocytosis4. Leukopenia5. Toxic neutrophils6. Prognostic value

F. Leukemia1. General considerations2. Classification of leukemic types

IV. ErythrocytesA. General considerations

1. Composition2. Size3. Number per unit volume of blood-.4. Function5. Erythropoiesis6. Erythrocyte fate7. Hemolysis8. Hemoglobin

B. Laboratory techniques for measuring ery-throcyte values1. Tests used2. Limitations of tests used3. Total red cell count4. Electronic counting methods5. Hemoglobin determination6. Hematocrit determination7. Mean corpuscular values8. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate9. Red cell morphology

a. Normalb. Abnormal

C. Anemias1. Definition2. Classification

V. Coagulation of BloodA. Clotting mechanism

1. Thromboplastic activity2. Prothrombin conversion3. Fibrinogen conversion4. Clot dissolution5. Anticoagulants

B. Abnormal coagulation1. Lack of factors2. Anaphylactic shock

C. Laboratory examinations1. Coagulation time2. Bleeding time3. Blood platelets4. Prothrombin test

VI. Blood ChemistryA. Basic laboratory procedures

1. Preparation of solutions

73

2. ColorimetryB. Plasma proteins

1. Identity and properties2. Metabolism3. Indications for determining plasma

protein4. Analytical procedures,5. Total serum proteins

C. Blood urea nitrogen1. Indications for determination2. Technique of BUN analysis

D. ElectrolytesL Calcium2. Phosphorus3. Sodium4. Potassium5. Chloride6. Magnesium

E. Cholesterol1. Indications .

2. TechniquesF. Blood glucose

1. Indications and limitations2. Techniques3. Glucose tolerance test

G. Enzymes1. Alkaline phosphatase2. Transaminases (SGOT, SGPT)3. Lactic dehydrogenase (LOH)

VII. Liver FunctionA. General considerations

1. Indications for liver function tests2. Limitations of tests3. Classification

B. Bile pigments1. Normal physiology2. Van den Bergh reaction (bilirubin)3. Urinary urobilinogen4. Fecal pigments

C. Liver fuliztion tests1. Sulfobromophthalein (BSP)`2. Carbohydrate metabolism tests3. Serum enzyme activity4. Liver biopsy

VIII. Kidney FunctionA. Methods of urine collectionB. Indications for urine testingC. Urinalysis

1. Physical examinationa. Gross examinationb. Specific gravityc. Other tests

2. Chemical examination

a. Reaction (pH)b. Proteinc. Glucosed. Ketonese. Bloodf. Bile pigmentsg. Indicanh. Chloride

3. Microscopic examinationa. Techniqueh. Leukocytesc. Erythrocytese. Epithelial cellsf. Castsg. Other forms

D. Renal function tests1. Dye excretion tests2. Renal clearance tests

IX. Pancreatic FunctionA. Indications for testsB. Techniques

1. Microscopic2. Fecal trypsin3. Serum lipase4. Serum amylase

C. Interpretation of tests1. Acute necrosis2. Chronic pancreatitis

X Miscellaneous ExaminationsA. Cerebrospinal fluid

1. Indications for analysis2. Techniques for securing fluid3. Examination

B. Vascular and tissue fluid losses1. Exudates2. Transudates3. Cytodiagnosis

C. Synoviai fluid1. Porcessing of synovial fluid2. Examination of synovial fluids

D. Genital fluids1. Female - estrus cycle, fluid and cellular

analysis2. Male - spermatozoa analysis

E. Tissue collection1. Materials2. Preparation

XI. ParasitologyA. Fecal examination

1. Direct smear2. Flotation3. Sedimentation

74

85

4. Quantitative evaluation5. Microfilaria examination

B. Ectoparasites1. Mites2. Lice3. Ticks4. Fleas5. Larval and bot flies

C. Endoparasites1. Protozoa2. Arthropod borne parasites3. Platyhelminths4. Nematodes5. Filaroidae

Suggested Laboratory Projects (128 hours)

1. Introduction to hematology laboratory andequipment. (2 hours)

2. Preparation of basic blood smears. (2 hours)3. Preparation and counting of white blood cells,

including differential cell count. (4 hours)4. Hematocrit and sedimentation rate, prepara-

tion and reading. (2 hours)5. Preparation and interpretation of blood

hemoglobin determination, using variousmethods on comparative basis. (4 hours)

6. Identification of red blood cell abnormalitieson prepared slides. (4 hours)

7. Clinical demonstrations of platelet counts andprothrombin times. (2 hours)

8. Clinical practice of above hematologicalmethods on blood samples drawn by the stu-dent on all available species of animals. (12hours)

9. Demonstration of clinical analysis of samplesfor various blood chemistry determinations. (8hours)

10. Demonstration of liver function tests, studentspractice determining liver function values onspecies of animals available. (8 hours)

11. Analysis of physical, chemical and microscopicfactors in urine of available animal species. (24hours)

12. Analysis of pancreatic function in availablespecies utilizing methods discussed in lecture.(8 hours)

13. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid, exudates,transudates, synovial fluid, sperm, and vaginalswabs on available animal species. (12 hours)

14. Collection of specimens for parasite identifica-tion. (4 hours)

15. Microscopic examination of feces for parasites.(24 hours)

16. External parasite identification from preparedsamples and clinical cases. (6 hours)

17. Examination of miscellaneous parasites fromprepared materials. (2 hours)

Texts and ReferencesBenbrook and Sloss. Veterinary Chuacal Parasitology.Benjamin. Outline of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.Bloom. Urine of the Dog and Cat.Brooks. Essentials of Medical Parasitology.Brown. Basic Clinical Parasitology,Cameron. Parasites of Domestic Animals.Chandler and Read. introduction to Parasitology.Coffin. Manual of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.Coles. Veterinary Clbacal Pathology.Leavell and Thorup. Fundamentals of Clinical Hematology.Merck and Company. Alerch Veterinary ManuaSchalm. Veterinary Hematology.Seiverd. Hematology for Medical Technologists.Soulsby. Helminths. Arthropods and Protozoa of Dimiesticated

Animals (Mimnig).Whitlock. Diagnosis of Veterinary Paramtisnis.Wintrobe. Clinical Hematology.

Instructional MediaAlden Films, 5113 16th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11204

Ant yloNtinti. Lift History of Hoirhornis. 25 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.

American Medical Association, Motion Picture Library, 535North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610

75

......m.wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwilmIPMEMMIIIIIIIPINIIIIIII.11.1111111111

Aritylobturria Carolyn in the Intestine of the Dog. 5 min., 16mm., black and white, sound.

American Society for Microbiology, 115 Huron View Boulevard,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103Dynamics of Phagocytosis. 25 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

American Veterinary Medical Association, Film Library, 600South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605Bovine Parasitic Gastritis. 17 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Psoroptic Sheep and Cattle Scabies. 12 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 19 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

Bell Telephone Company, New York, New York 10000Henan the Miignificant. 60 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Churchill Films, 662 North Robertson Boulevard, Los Angeles,California 90069Circulation, Why and How. 10 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corporation, Regional Of-fice, 202 East 44th Street, New York New York 10017Parasitism (Parasitic Flat Worms). (EX. No 2065) 16 min.,16 mm., color, sound.Work of the Blood. 13 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

Extension Media Center, Distribution, Universit!, of California,Berkeley, California 94720The World Within. 27 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

McGraw-I fill Book Company, 330 West 42nd Street, New York,New York 10036White Blood Cells. 12 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

National Medical Audio-Visual Center (Annex), Atlanta,Georgia 30333Anthropod., of Public Health Importance. 7 min., 35 mm.film strip (42 frames), color, sound.

86

REGULATORY TECHNOLOGY I

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

Regulatory Technology I is designed to ac-quaint the student with the national animalhealth programs of economic and humanhealth significance, related authorities,regulations, policies; cooperating agencies,foreign animal diseases, and prevention oftheir introduction into the United States;monitoring the health of transit animals; en-forcement of the Animal Welfare Act; and therole of the technician in support of VeterinaryMedical Officers.

Major Divisions

I. Historical Basis for Regulatory Animal

ClassHours

Programs 2II. Major Animal Disease Eradication

Programs 14III. Emergency Disease Programs 5IV. Animal Welfare Programs 5V. Interstate Regulations Enforcement 2

VI. Regulatory Aspects of LivestockMovement and Animal Identification . 4

VII. Importation of Animals and Products . 5VIII. Exportation of Animals and Animal

By-Products 5IX. Civil Defense Responsibilities and

Environmental Quality 2X. Public Relations and Safety Practices . 2

XI. Information Support 2

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Historical Basis for Regulatory AnimalHealth ProgramsA. Introduction

1. Conditions leading to creation of Bu-reau of Animal Industry

2. Legislation - authorities - policies3. How cooperative programs are devel-

oped4. U.S. Animal Health Association; Live-

stock Conservation, Inc.5. State-Federal cooperation

76

87

II.

6. Successful disease eradication pro-grams

7. Current disease eradication programs8. Economic losses from animal diseases

and parasitesB. Organization

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture2. Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service3. Veterinary Services4. Local-State organizations5. Relationship to other governmental

agencies

Major Animal Disease Eradiction ProgramsA. Cattle diseases

1. Brucellosisa. Definitionb. History of programc. Economic lossesd. Human health significancee. Present program

2. Tuberculosis3. Anaplasmosis

B. Swine diseases1. Hog cholera2. Trichinosis

C. Special diseases1. Cattle scabies2. Sheep scabies3. Scrapie in sheep and goats4. Bluetongue in sheep and cattle5. Tick eradiction6. Screw-worm eradiction

D. Poultry diseases1. Salmonellosis2. Duck viral enteritis3. Avian mycoplasmosis4. Newcastle disease

E. Equine diseases1. Equine piroplasmosis2. Equine infectious anemia3. Eastern-western equine encephalomye-

litisF. Disease of several species of animals -

anthraxEmergency Diseases ProgramsA. State-Federal Emergency Disease Organi-

zation1 Responsibilities2. Organization3. Declaration of emergency

B. Foreign anima! diseases (exotic) of majoreconomic importance

1. Foot-and-mouth disease2. African swine fever3. Rinderpest4. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis5. African horse sickness6. Hog cholera7. Newcastle disease

IV. Animal Welfare ProgramsA. Laboratory animal welfare

1. Purpose of legislation2. Extent of coverage3. Standards4. Methods of enforcement

B. Zoos, circuses, exhibitionsC. Horse Protection Act

V. Interstate Regulation EnforcementA. Regulation compliance and disease eradi-

cation1. Promulgation of regulations2. Investigative procedures, affidavits, ex-

hibits3. Code of Federal Regulations4. 28-Hour law

B. Quarantine enforcement1. Premises quarantine2. State quarantine3. Federal quarantine

VI. Regulatory Aspects of Livestock Movementand Animal IdentificationA. Monitoring animals in transit

1. Inspection and certification2. Release of healthy animals for move-

ment3. Disposition of unhealthy animals

B. Related inspection activities1. Receipt, identification, delivery of ani-

mals to commission companies2. Truck cleaning-disinfection, supervi-

sion-records3. Disposal of contaminated (infectious)

cars4. Cattle patrols5. Dipping of sheep and cattle6. Identifying reactors and determining

origin

VII. Importation of Animals and ProductsA. Applicable regulations

1. Code of Federal Regulations, Part 922. USDA memoranda

B. Inspection of animals and animal by-products1. Determination of prohibited, restricted,

77

or eligible for entry2. Certification

VIII.Exportation of Animals and Animal By-ProductsA. Applicable regulations

1. Code of Federal Regulations, Part 912. Memoranda3. Inspection procedures

B. Inspection and certification of animals1. Requirements2. Inspection procedures3. Space4. Feed, water, care aboard vessel or air-

craft

IX. Civil Defense Responsibilities and Environ-mental QualityA. USDA responsibilitiesB. Radiological monitoring instrumentsC. Effect of radiological fallout on man, ani-

mals and plants

X. Public Relations and Safety PracticesA. Dealing with the public

1. Legal authorities2. Methods of obtaining compliance3. Liability

B. Safety practices1. On-the-job safety practices2. Handling pesticides and disinfectants

XI. Information SupportA. StateB. FederalC. Procedures

Texts and References

Cockburn.Wections of Domestic Animals in the United States.Code of Federal Regulations. Title 9 - Animal and Animal

Products.Smith. How U.S. Livestock are Protected from Foreign

Disease&United States Department of Agriculture. Anthrax in

Livestock. (Program Aid No. 431)-. Contagious Pleuropneuntonia. (PA-769)-. Duck Virsus Enteritis. (PA-925)-. Equine htfectious Anemia. (PA-805)-. Eradicating Bovine TB. (PA-641)-. Eradicating Cattle Scabies. (PA-471)-. Eradicating Sheep Scabies. (PA-458)-. The Fight Against Cattle Fever Ticks. (PA-475)-. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (PA-600)

Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (ARS 91-58-1)-. Market Cattle Testing. (PA-434)-. Minimum: Program Standards jbr Hog Cholera Eradusz-

tum. (Memo No. 561.4)-. Questuns and Ansi/ crs - .5( re Itoeto Ins. (ARS 91-61-1)

88

Regulatory Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture HandbookNo. 167.

. Rinderpest. (PA-944)

. Stamping Out Hog Cholera. (PA-928)

. Trichinosis LEV let No. 428.

. Uniform Methods and Rules for Brucellosis.. Uniform Methods and Rules for Tuberculosis.

Instructional MediaOffice of Information, Motion Picture Service, U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 20250 (or from any of thecooperating State Film Libraries; for example, The NewYork State Film Library at Radio-Motion Picture Bureau,State Department of Commerce, West Mall Plaza, Albany,New York 12206).African Horse Sickness. 28-1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Among Your Souvenirs. 13-1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Back the Attack on Brucellosis. 27-1/2 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Blue Tongue. 9 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Bovine Contagious Pleuropneumonia. 28 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Brucellosis Ring Test. 5-3/4 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Conquest of Sheep Scabies. 13-1/2 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

78

89

Do Unto Animals. 21 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.Epidemic Fooband-Mouth Disease in Canada. 16 min., 16mm., color, sound.Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). 16-1/4 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Fallout and Agriculture. 22-3/4 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Handling Livestock Safely. 9-3/4 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Hog Cholera African 'Swine Fever, A Comparison. 23min., 16 mm., color, sound.Psoroptic Sheep and Cattle Scabies. 12 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Radiation Effects on Farm Animals. 13 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Rinderpest. 18 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Roundup (Screwworm). 18-1/4 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Safe Use of Pesticides. 21-1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Scruple. 8 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Sign of Profit. 20 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Stamp Out Hog Cholera. 21-1/2 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Threat of the Cattle Fever Tick. 14-1/2 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Traceback. 13 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Triple Threat of Brucellosis. 27 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Vesicular Exanthema. 17 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Vicious Circle (Tuberculosis). 21 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

REGULATORY TECHNOLOGY II

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 6

Course Description

This course in regulatory technicalprocedures includes the collection and submis-sion of blood and milk samples for laboratorydiagnostic tests, of ectoparasites (ticksmites) as demonstrated in Figure 10; animalidentification procedures, appraisal of reactorsto tests, supervision of premises cleaning anddisinfection; preparation, use, disposal ofpesticides; investigations of animal quarantinelaw violations; inspection of animal productsoffered for importation into the United States;use of slaughter samples in programs, tracingof infected and exposed animals; and inspec-tion of laboratory animal dealer premises.Laboratory sessions provide practical applica-tion of principles emphasized in lectures. Fieldtrips will be utilized where operations andfacilities are available to demonstrate andprovide practical experience.

Figure 10As demonstrated here, regulatory technicians are respell.sibie for the collection of external parasites infesting beef cattle andother species. The technician must be capable of identifying the para.sites collected or know how to properly submit the specimens to adiagnostic laboratory.

79

Major Divisions

I. Brucellosis Testing ProceduresII. Market Cattle and Swine Identification

III. Cleaning and DisinfectionIV. Ectoparasites Collection;

Submission 4

V. Sheep and Cattle Scabies, and TickEradication; Screwworm Eradication 6

VI. Equine Diseases 4VII. Swine Diseases Program Procedures 4

VIII. Regulations Compliance Proceduresand Public Stockyard Inspection 4

IX. Importation of Animal ProductsInspection Procedures 4

X. Animal Welfare Inspection Programs 4

XI. Emergency Programs 4XII. Poultry Diseases 2

ClassHours

54

3

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Brucellosis Testing ProceduresA. Introduction

1. Purpose of sample collection2. Area certification and validation3. State-Federal officials, practitioners,

livestock ownersB. Collection of blood samples

1. Locating herds, premises, farms2. Restraint of animals, chute operation,

tagging and branding3. Equipment required and use of equip-

ment4. Safety precautions, sanitary practices5. Test charts, care and submission of

samples

II. Market Cattle and Swine IdentificationA. Orientation

1. Purpose of program2. Importance of program3. Application of program to Brucellosis,

Tuberculosis eradication programsB. Operation of market cattle and market

swine identification1. Identification system2. Tracing animal from slaughter to farm

of origin3. Testing of reactor herds4. Documentation, records, reports

III. Cleaning and Disinfection --A. Introduction

1. How disinfectants work2. Approved disinfectants

B. Application of disinfectants1. Selecting proper disinfectant2. Preparing solution3. Cleaning premises - application of dis-

infectant4. Selection of equipment - proper use of

equipment5. Safety practices, disposal of disin-

fectant

IV. Ectoparasites - Collection; SubmissionA. Introduction

1. Eradication program2. Host ranges3. Transmission

B. Submission of mites, ticks1. Collection of mites and ticks2. Prepare slide with mite specimens3. Laboratory submission of mites and

ticks4. Maceration-flotation technique5. Documentation - reports

C. Submission of screwworm larvae1. Collection2. Prepare for laboratory submission3. Documentation - reports

V. Sheep and Cattle Scabies, and Tick Eradica-tion; Screwworm EradicationA. Introduction to scabies and tick programs

1. State-Federal cooperative programs2. Economic losses from scabies and ticks3. Signs and symptoms of scabies and tick

infestations4. Tracing procedures5. Documentation, report forms

B. Dipping operation1. Owner contacts2. Quarantines3. Equipment required4. Protective clothing5. Selecting proper pesticide, formulation

of dip6. Handling livestock and dipping opera-

tion7. Disposal of pesticides, safety practices8. Operating spray-dip machines9. Dipping vat management

C. Screwworm eradication1. Eradication program2. Economic losses from screwworms

80

91

3. Screwworm plant operation4. Dispersal of screwworm flies

VI. Equine DiseasesA. Introduction

1. Equine piroplasmosis or horse tickfevera. Program guidelinesb. Tick collectionc. Spraying infested horses with pesti-

cided. Report of inspections

2. Equine infectious anemiaa. Historyb. Economic lossesc. Diagnostic tests

VII. Swine Diseases - Program ProceduresA. Introduction

1. Guidelines for national hog cholera erad-ication program

2. Guidelines for national trichinosis erad-ication program

B. Program procedures - hog cholera1. Regulation application to garbage fed

swinea. Sanitationb. Cooking equipment, time, tempera-

turec. Health inspection of swine

2. Field operations - hog choleraa. Depopulation of infected herdsb. Appraisal, disposal of swine, safety

practicesc. Cleaning and disinfection of prem-

isesd. Placing quarantines on premises,

swine movements3. Market supervision4. Quarantine supervision

VIII. Regulations Compliance Procedures and Pub-lic Stockyard InspectionA. Introduction

1. Applicable laws, regulations, policies2. Relation of regulation compliance to

successful eradication programsB. Regulation compliance procedures

1. Code of Federal Regulations2. Chapters of CFR relating to special

programsC. Role of compliance officer

1. Handling apparent violations, obtain-ing data from truckers, shippers,owners

2. Obtaining affidavits - proper format3. Documentation, reports, records, ex-

hibits4. Jurisprudence

IX. Importation of Animal Products - Inspec-tion ProceduresA. Introduction

1. Criteria for inspection of animal prod-ucts

2. Diseases transmitted by animal prod-ucts

3. Related federal agencies, customs, pub-lic health, immigration, animal quaran-tine inspection

4. Receiving and disposition of restrictedproducts

5. Importation of animal by-products, hayand straw

B. Inspection procedures1. Sea stores, meats, animal by-products,

ship garbage2. Meats: cooked, cured, fresh frozen,

chilled3. Inspection of hides, casings, disinfection4. Baggage inspection5. Inspection of other animal products

X. Animal Welfare Inspection ProgramsA. Animal Welfare Act - Public Law 89-544

1. Purpose of Animal Welfare Act2. Animal species covered by Act3. Standard for humane care of animals4. Technician's duties under the Act

B. Animal Welfare Act - Public Law 91-5791. Zoos, circuses, exhibitions2. Inspection and inspection procedures3. Documentation4. Animal species covered by Act5. Violations of standards

C. Horse Protection Act - Public Law 91-5401. Purpose of Act2. "Soring" defined3. Penalties for non-compliance with reg-

ulation4. Documentation5. Technician duties under the Act

XI. Emergency ProgramsA. Introduction

1. Emergency disease organization de-fined

2. Duties and responsibilities of members

81

3. Foreign animal diseases of major eco-nomic importance

B. Operations1. Information2. Investigations3. Quarantine, cleaning, and disinfection4. Appraisals, disposals5. Movement of animals and products

XII. Poultry DiseasesA. Introduction

1. Poultry marketing practices2. Hatchery sanitation3. Broiler production and SPF concept4. Layer flocks5. Turkey production6. Duck production

B. Laboratory projects1. Hatchery inspection2. Air sampling3. Feed sampling for contamination4. Bleeding fowl for blood tests5. Tracing hatching eggs, baby chicks,

started poultry movement

Suggested Laboratory Projects (96 hours)

1. Review restraint of cattle, horses, sheep, andpoultry, and use of cattle ,chute. Collection ofblood samples from animals, identification ofanimals, record eartags on test chart, preparesamples for laboratory shipment. (6 hours)

2. Set up blood serum and conduct Brucellosisagglutination tests, perform white blood cellcounts for Cholera, record results on testcharts. (6 hours)

3. Collect milk samples and conduct BrucellosisRing Test, interpret and record results. (6hours)

4. Appraise, tag, and brand Brucellosis andTuberculosis reactor cattle and swine, com-plete documents and shipping permit. (4 hours)

5. Study market cattle and swine identification,identification tag application and tattoo. Visitmarkets and slaughter plant to observe samplecollection. (8 hours)

6. Assist in cleaning and disinfection of premises,prepare and apply disinfectant. (6 hours)

7. Examine and identify several species of ticksand mites and screwworm larvae; mount miteson glass slide, prepare mites, ticks, andscrewworm larvae for submission tolaboratory. (8 hours)

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92

8. Prepare pesticide solution, dip sheep and cattlefor mites, collect dip samples, dispose ofpesticide, operate spray-dip machines, observesafety precautions. (6 hours)

9. Inspect a swine garbage feeding facility andobserve health of swine sanitation, cookingequipment, time and temperature. (8 hours)

10. Prepare affidavits for apparent violation ofanimal quarantine laws, complete reportforms, documentation. (4 hours)

11. Investigate and check waybills for violation of28-Hour Law, prepare documents for violation,inspect feed, water, and rest station. (4 hours)

12. Inspect animal by-products offered for impor-tation, determine if restricted, prohibited oreligible for entry; inspect ships, flights, forprohibited animal by-products, inspectbaggage for prohibited animal by-products. (6hours)

13. Inspect laboratory animal dealer premises forcompliance with standards for humane treat-ment, document report of inspection, andassist veterinarian while inspecting horses forsoring. (8 hours)

14. Study the responsibilities of technician's rolein the emergency disease organization; operateradiological monitoring instruments, imple-ment enthanasia and disposal operations. (4hours)

82

93

15. Visit a State-Federal diagnostic laboratory,State and Federal regulatory offices and dis-cuss animal health programs. (8 hours)

16. Visit a hatchery and observe and assist insampling procedures, and bleeding of fowl fortests. (4 hours)

Texts and References

Texts and references cited for use in Regulatory Technology Iare also applicable for Regulatory Technology II instruction.Regulations, memoranda, manuals, pamphlets, andprotocols related to cooperative animal health programs orFederal-State responsibilities are available from the Federaland State aninh,l health officials located in the StateCapital, in most instances. These officials should be con-tacted to provide guidance and to recommend currentreference material related to the regulatory technologycurriculum.

Instructional Media

Fims, filmstrips and 35 mm. slide sets applicable to theregulatory technology curriculum are located in the Office ofthe Veterinarian in Charge, Veterinary Services, Animaland Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA in theState Capitals. Information pertaining to referencematerials and visual aids may also be obtained from TheDeputy Administrator, Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA,Washington, D. C. 20250. See Regulatory Technology Icourse outline for a listing of suggested films through thesesources.

1.,

AUXILIARY AND SUPPORTING TECHNICAL COURSES

ANIMAL NUTRITION

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

An introductory course which presents thebasic principles of nutrition applicable to allclasses of domestic and research animals. Theessential nutrients are covered in detail andtheir synthesis and metabolism explored.Types, combinations, and preparation offeedstuffs as they relate to various animaldiets, are investigated. Methods for the evalua-tion of commercially available rations are alsodiscussed. The metabolic role of, .conomic im-portance and governmental controls applicableto the use of feed additives are also pursued.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Introduction 5

II. Essential Nutrients 10III. Physiology of Nutrition 5IV. Bioenergetics 4

V. Feedstuffs 20VI. Feed Additives 4

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. IntroductionA. The general basis of nutritionB. Composition of the animal body

1. Minerals2. Blood3. Muscle and other tissues,4. Gross body composition/

C. Composition of plants and their products1. Leafy plants2. Seeds3. Roots

II. Essential NutrientsA. Water

1. Metabolic water2. Water requirements of animal species

83

B. Carbohydrates1. Chemistry of carbohydrates2. Determination of carbohydrates for

nutritional purposes3. Carbohydrate metabolism

C. Lipids1. Body fats2. The fatty acids3. Lipid metabolism4. Fat depositions5. Ketosis

D. Proteins1. Composition2. Essential and non-essential amino acids3. Protein quality4. Protein metabolism5. Minimum and optimum protein intake

E. Inorganic elements1. Essential minerals2. General function of mineral elements3. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism

a. Composition of boneb. Absorption of calcium and phos-

phorus4. Iron, sodium, potasium and chlorine

requirements and metabolism5. Iodine requirements and deficiency

symptpms6. Chelated and trace minerals

F. The vitamins1. Action of vitamins in body metabolism2. Fat soluble vitamins3. Water soluble vitamins

III. Physiology of NutritionA. Digestion

1. Ruminant2. Non-ruminant

B. AbsorptionC. Conversion of food into body elements

IV. BioenergeticsA. Total digestible nutrientsB. Digestible energyC. Metabolizable energyD. Net energy

V. FeedstuffsA. PasturesB. IIay and silagesC. Legumes and cereal grainsD. Preparation of feedstuffs

94

1. Grinding2. Cooking3. Cracking4. Pelleting

E. Useful combinations of ingredients1. Small animal diets2. Large animal diets3. Examples of complete diets for specificspecies

F. Evaluation of normal rations (commercial)1. Total digestible nutrients2. Protei43. Fat4. Ash5. Vitamins6. Minerals

VII. Feed AdditivesA. HormonesB. AntibioticsC. Prophylactics (example: anthelminthics)D. Iodinated caseinE. Thyroxine and thiouracil

84

5

------,--FrrPrr.rmm.........mRPPmM

Texts and References

Arrington. Introductory Laboratory Animal Science.Crampton and Harris. Applied Animal Nutrition: The Uses of

Feedstuff's in the Formulation of Livestock Rations.Crampton and Lloyd. Fundamentals of Nutrition.Jennings. Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals.Maynard and Loosli. Animal Nutritun:.Morrison. Feeds and Feeding.Worden and Lane-Petter. The UFA W Handbook on the Care

and Management of Laboratory Animals.

Instructional MediaAmerican Cynamid Company, Davis and Geck Division, Film

Library, 1 Casper Street, Danbury, Connecticut 06810Vitamins and Some Deficiency Diseases. 35 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.

Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc., 1150 Wilmette Avenue,Wilmette, Illinois 60091Foods and Nutrition. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.Fundamentals of Diet. 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.

Michigan State University, Instructional Media Center, EastLansing, Michigan 48823Foods and Nutriti6 11 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.

Syracuse University. Film Rental Center, 1455 East ColvinStreet, Syracuse, New York 13210Energy Relations (AIRS). 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Understanding Vitamins. 14 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

TECHNICAL REPORTING

Hours Per WeekClass, 2

Course Description

This course is designed as a specialized ex-tension of Communication Skills. It utilizes thebasic background previously acquired todevelop capabilities in the areas of technicalreport preparation and verbal communicationwithin group situations.

The comprehensive approach employed inachieving the objectives of this course includesreading and evaluation of selected articles oftechnical literature, indoctrination and prac-tice relating to library usage and dataretrieval, as well as extensive practice both inwriting and verbal presentation of technicaldata.

The use of graphs, charts, sketches,diagrams, drawings and projectable items isencouraged in achieving maximum clarity andeffectiveness in the preparation and/or presen-tation of technical reports. The scope of thiscourse makes possible communication practiceexercises (both written and verbal) in a varietyof different technical areas within theveterinary science technology curriculum.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Introduction to Technical Reporting 3II. Elements of Technical Writing 4

III. Organizing the Technical Paper 2IV. Writing of Technical Reports 11

V. Illustrating Technical Reports 4VI. Review and Evaluation of Technical

Literature 4VII. Oral Presentation of Technical

Literature 2VIII. Group Communication and

Participation 2

Total 32

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction to Technical ReportingA. Justification of the field of technical

writingB. Application of technical communication to

85

the bio-medical and veterinary fieldsC. Historical review of data retrieval meth-

ods and technical reporting

II. Elements of Technical WritingA. Responsibilities of the technical writerB. Selection of technical styleC. Factors which contribute to effective writ-

ing1. Concise language2. Word usage3. Spelling4. Punctuation5. Compound words and derivatives6. Numerals7. Preparation of copy

D. Familiarization with technical reports(distribution of selected copies to class forpositive and/or negative evaluation)

III. Organizing the Technical PaperA. Subject and purposeB. Source materials

1. Bibliographical tools2. Periodical indexes3. The library

C. Organizing the paper1. A working bibliography2. Notes and the outline3. The rough draft4. Quoting and footnoting5. The final paper

IV. Writing of Technical ReportsA. General considerationsB. Collection of raw data through preparation

of information (abstract) cardsC. Structure of the report

1. Preparation of the Title Page2. Preparationt: rag, foi a tech-

nibal report3. Preparation of the Introduction section

a. Literature surveyb. Citing references

4. Preparation of the Materials Andlilethods section

5. Preparation of the Results section6. Preparation of the Discussion section 07. Preparation of the Summary-Conclu-

sion section8. Preparation of the Bibliography sec-

tiona. General bibliography formatb. Method for citing technical reportsc. Method for citing reference books

9. Preparation and use of the Appendixsection

V. Illustrating Technical ReportsA. Illustrations as aids to brevity and clarityB. Use of technical sketching and drawingsC. Use of pictorial drawings and sketchesD. Use of a diagrammatic representation

1. Electrical diagrams and symbols2. Process flow diagrams3. Instrumentation diagrams4. Bar charts, pie diagrams, and similar

presentation of dataE. Graphical presentation of data

1. Types of graph paper2. Choice of scale for graphs3. Points and lines4. Use of data from graphs

F. Use of photographsG. Selection of appropriate illustrations

1. Availability2. Cost of preparation3. Maximum brevity and clarity of presen-

tation

VI. Review and Evaluation of Technical Litera-tureA. Reading of selected bio-medical or veterin-

ary oriented papers and reportsB. Critical review and evaluation of individ-

ual sections of assigned reading.

VII. Oral Presentation of Technical LiteratureA. Preparation of the oral report

1. Organization of materials to be pre-sented

2. Time allotment3. Method of delivery4. Audio-visual supplementation (films,

slides)B. Recommendations for speaking in public

(before a professional group)C. Importance of personal appearanceD. General considerations

57 86

E. Responses during question and answer ses-sion at conclusion of oral presentation

VIII. Group Communication and ParticipationA. The problem-solving approach

1. Stating and analyzing the problem2. Proposing solutions3. Selecting and implementing a solution

B. Participating in group communication1. The chairman duties and qualifica-

tions2. Rules of order3. The panel discussion and symposium4. Group investigation

Texts and References

American Institute of Biological Sciences. Style Manual forBiological Journals.

Brown. Casebook fir Technical Writers.Corbin and Perrin. Gusde to Modern English.Crispin. Dictionary of Technical Terms.Crouch and Zetler. A Guide to Technical Writing.Dean and Bryson. Effective Comsnunication.Estrin. Techsucal and Professional Wnting. A Practical

Anthology.Fowler. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage.Hays. Principles of Technscal Writtng.Luzadder. Graphics for Engineers.Menzel and others. Writing a Technical Paper.Nicholson. A Dictionary of American-English Usage.Schutte and Steinberg. Communication in Business and In-

dustry.Sherman. Modern Technical Writing.Sigband. Effective Report Writing.Souther. Technical Report Writing.Strunk. The Elements of Style.

Instructional MediaArmed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army

Medical Center, Washington, a C. 20305Orul Presentation of Scientific Data. 44 min., 16 mm.. blackand white, sound.The Csc of Meshes!! Literature. 53 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

National Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex), Atlanta, Georgia30333Medlars. 35 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE COURSES

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

An introductory course designed to providethe basic concepts and principles ofmathematics that relate to the technicalcourses in this curriculum. Fundamental con-cepts relating to real number systems, proper-ties of numbers, laws of exponents, linearequations, application of algebraic techniquesto solution of work problems, will be es-tablished. An introduction to the nature anduse of statistical tools will enable the studentto evaluate the kinds of numberical data en-countered in the veterinary science technologyfield. The final unit on economics is includedbecause of its universal application and valueto all students.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Basic Mathematical Concepts andOperations 3

II. Basic Geometric Figures and Units ofMeasure 4

III. Basic Algebraic Fundamentals 10IV. Probability 2V. Statistics 16

VI. Functions and Graphs 4VII. Logarithms 4

VIII. Mathematics of Investment 5

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Basic Mathematical Concepts and OperationsA. The integers positive, negative, and

zeroB. Whole numbers, fractions, and literal

numbersC. The four fundamental operationsD. Operations involving exponentsE. Roots of numbers

1. Squares and square root

87

2. Cube and nth rootF. Decimals and percentageG. Data Processing

1. Concept of electronic business dataprocessing

2. Applications to veterinary science tech-nology

II. Basic Geometric Figures and Units of MeasureA. Systems of measurement

1. English2. Metric

B. Linear and square measurement1. Triangles2. Rectangles3. Perimeter4. Trapezoids5. Circles6. Irregular areas

C. Units of area measurementD. Volume measurement

1. Solids2. Liquids

E. Units of volume measurementF. Density of solids and liquids

III. Basic Algebraic FundamentalsA. Laws of algebraB. Basic laws of operating on literal numbers

1. Terms, monomials, binomials, and poly-nomials

2. Factoring algebriac expressions3. Equations and formulas4. Operations on equations5. Operations with and simplifying radicals

C. Linear equations and their solutions1. Solutions of systems of two linear equa-

tionsa. Graphicalb. Algebriac

2. Solution of systems of three linear equa-tions in three unknowns

D. Quadratic equations and their solution1. By factoring2. By completing the square3. By quadratic formula

E. Rational algebraic expressions1. Fundamental principles2. Lowest common denominator and multi-

ple3. Ratio

98

4. Propottion5. Mixtures and dilutions

IV. ProbabilityA. Independence of setsB. Set and its complementC. Binominal distribution

V. StatisticsA. Descriptive methods for ungrouped and

grouped data1. Mean2. Median3. Mode4. Standard deviation5. Frequency polygon6. Histogram and bar-graph7. Normal distribution8. Standard scores9. Percentiles

B. Inferential methods1. Confidence intervals, error2. Null and alternate hypotheses, one and

two tailed testing3. Student's t-distribution4. Predicting population from sample test-

ing, use sample means or proportions5. Comparing two samples using sample

means or proportions6. Linear correlation, regression, and rank-

ing

VI. Functions and GraphsA. FunctionsB. Rectangular coordinatesC. Graphs of functions

VII. LogarithmsA. Exponential and logarithmic functions

9988

B. Graphs of y=bx and y= log bxC. Properties of logarithmsD. Common logarithmsE. Reading logarithm tables and interpolationF. Computations using logarithms

VIII. Mathematics of InvestmentA. Principal and interest

1. Simple interest2. Compound interest

B. MortgagesC. Installment buyingD. LoansE. Profit and lossF. TaxesG. DiscountH. Comm m ission or brokerage

Texts and References

Addison-Wesley. Statistics by Example.Hoel. Elementary Statistics.Mendenhall and Ott. Understanding Statistic&Naiman and others. Understanding Statistics.Tuites. Basic Mathematics for Technical Courses.Washington. Basic Technical Mathematics.Zuwaylif. General Applied Statistics,

Instructional MediaMichigan State University, Instructional Media Center, East

Lansing, Michigan 48823Algebra: Relations, Functions and Variations. 11 min., 16mm., black and white, sound.Analog Computer. 28 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.Geometry: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning. 13 min., 16mm., color, sound.Mean, Median, Mode. 13 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Probability. 12 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Hours Per WeekClass, 3; Laboratory, 3

Course Description

This course reviews general inorganicchemistry. It also introduces organic andbiological chemistry as applied to theveterinary science technology field.

The laboratory exercises have been chosen toprovide basic skills in handling equipment andchemicals, and to provide applications ofchemical principles to this field. The ex-periments performed are intended to enhancematerial presented in lecture. The student isintroduced to objective observation, accuratenote taking and reporting, and safety practicesin handling chemicals and equipment. Visualand other instructional aids are employed tovary the approach to subject matter andprovide stimulation throughout the course.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Review of the Metric System 2II. Chemical Symbols and

the Elements 3III. Chemical Bonds and Valence 4IV. Physical and Chemical

Properties 3

V. Solutions 3

VI. Ionization 5VII. Chemical Reactions 4

VIII. Colloids 3IX. Basic Organic Compounds 5

X. Carbohydrates 3XI. Lipids 2

XII. Amino Acids and Proteins 4XIII. Nuc leo-Proteins 2XIV. Enzymes 3XV. Hormones 1

Total 48

Units of Instruction

I. Review of the Metric SystemA. Decimal SystemB. ExponentsC. Units of length

89

D. Volume and weight relationships, andunits

E. The temperature scales

II. Chemical Symbols and the ElementsA. Atomic structure and particlesB. Radio-active isotopesC. Atomic number and weightsD. Compounds

1. Law of definite proportion2. Formula and formula weights3. Percent composition

III. Chemical Bonds and ValenceA. Ionic bondsB. Covalent bondsC. Hydrogen bondsD. Valence theory

IV. Physical and Chemical PropertiesA. Physical and chemical changesB. Heat of solutionC. Heat of reactionD. Particle size and solubility

V. SolutionsA. Definition and components of a solutionB. Percentage solutionC. Saturated and supersaturated solutionsD. Molar and normal solutionsE. Dilutions

VI. IonizationA. Ionization of water; the pH scaleB. Measurement of pHC. Acids, bases, and saltsD. Common ionsE. Water hardness, distilled water

VII. Chemical ReactionsA. Reaction kineticsB. EquilibriumC. NeutralizationreactibnsD. Oxidation-reductionE. Reactions of acids, bases, and salts

VIII. ColloidsA. Particle size and surface activityB. Suspensions and emulsionsC. Modified suspensions and emulsionsD. Emulsifying agentsE. Dialysis and precipitation of colloids

IX. Basic Organic CompoundsA. The carbon atomB. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbonsC. Organic functional groups

1. Organic halogen compounds

100

2. Alcohols and ethers3. Acids, aldehydes, and ketones4. Amides and amines

D. Organic reaction

X. CarbohydratesA. Structure and nomenclature of carbohy-

dratesB. Classification of carbohydratesC. Optical activity

XI. LipidsA. Structure and occurrence of lipidsB. Compound lipidsC. Essential fatty acids

XII. Amino Acids and ProteinsA. Structure and nomenclature of amino

acidsB. Protein structure, the peptide bondC. Classification of proteinsD. Essential amino acidsE. Urea

XIII. Nuc leo-ProteinsA. Composition of nucleo-proteinsB. Function of nucleo-proteins in biological

systemsC. The structure of RNA and DNA

XIV. EnzymesA. Nature and function of enzymesB. Influences on enzyme activityC. DigestionD. Vitamins

XV. HormonesA. SteroidsB. AndrogensC. Estrogens

Suggested Laboratory Projects (48 hours)

1. Basic Techniques (3 hours)a. Orientation in the laboratoryb. Use of measuring devices

(1) Eyedropper(2)Measuring and volumetric pipettes(3)Burette(4)Graduated cylinder(5)Volumetric flask

2. Basic Techniques Continued (3 hours)a. Use of trip and torsion balanceb. Use of gas burnerc. Determination of organic matter content in

feces by combustion of an air dried sampled. Density and specific gravity

101 90

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Chemical and Physical Changes; Reactions (6hours)a. Positive heat of solutionb. Endothermic reactionc. Percentage solution; dilutionsa. Reactions between saltse. Reactions of metals and salts with acidsf. Reactions of bases with acidsSolutions (6 hours)a. Solubility and solventsb. Particle size and solubilityc. Saturated and supersaturated solutionsd. Molar and normal solutionse. TitrationElectrolytes (6 hours)a. Ionization and conductivityb. Qualitative analysisc. Hydrogen-ion concentrationd. Color indicatorse. PotentiometerAcid-base Reactions (3 hours)a. Acid-base titrationb. Determination of total active and reserve

acidityColloidal Studies (3 hours)a. Properties of colloids; the Tyndal effectb. Surface activityc. Precipitation of a colloidd. Protective action of a colloidOrganic compounts (3 hours)a. Comparison of inorganic and organic com-

poundsb. Organic solventsc. Preparation of an esterd. Preparation of aspirinCarbohydrates (3 hours)a. General test for carbohydratesb. Benedict and Seliwanoff tests; lab-stixc. Iodine test for starchesd. Acid hydrolysis of starchLipids (3 hours)a. The acrolein testb. Iodine test for unsaturated fatsc. Preparation of soapd. Free fatty acids from soape. Fat solventsAmino Acids and Proteins (6 hours)a. Ninhydrin testb. Burrette testc. Physical properties of proteinsd. Separation of globulin from serum by

saturated salt solutionsc. Determination of serum albumin/globulin

ratio in various species

12. Enzymatic Studies (3 hours)a. Reaction of invertase on sucroseb. Reaction of lipase on fatsc. Reaction of protease on gelatind. Reaction of rennin on milke. Reaction of ptyalin on starch

Texts and References

Estok. Organic Chemistry a Short Course.Hered and Nebergall. Laboratory Manual: Basic Laboratory

Similes in College Chemistry.Holum. Elements of General and Biological Chemistry.King and Caldwell. General Chemistry.McElroy. Cell Physiology and Biochemistry.Ouelette. Introductory Chemistry.Routh. Fundamentals of Inorganic. Organic and Biological

Chemistry.

91

Seiwood. Chemical Principles.-. General Chemistry.Watt and others. Chemistry in the Laboratory.

Instructional MediaIndiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (NET) 47401

The Chemical Elements. 35 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.

Modern Learning Aids, New York, New York 10000Gasses and How They Combine. 22 min.,' 16 mm., color,sound.

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240Atomic Models, Valence and the Periodic Table. 44 min., 16mm., color, sound.

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Director, Public InformationService, 376 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014Understanding the Atom (12 part series). 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

102

INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY

Hours Per WeekClass, 2; Laboratory 4,

Course Description

An introductory course in microbiologystructured to familiarize the student with thecharacteristics of bacteria, viruses and fungi,particularly as they relate to man's environ-ment. In achieving the objectives of thiscourse, the student will become familiar withthe classifications and techniques of identifica-tion, culture and control of the commonmicrobial species. Practical relevancy isdeveloped by a detailed study of the modes ofaction, applications and uses of the varioustechniques of sterilization and disinfection.

Laboratory sessions include the practice oftests enabling the student to select the op-timum control techniques for any given situa-tion. This course is designed to prepare the stu-dent for Applied Microbiology by emphasizingbasic investigative procedures.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Introduction to Microbiology 2II. The Microscope 3

III. Microbial Taxonomy 2IV. Cellular Morphology 1

V. Staining 1

VI. Bacterial Growth and Metabolism 13VII. The Fungi 2

VIII. Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia 2IX. Control of Microbes 4X. Specimen Care and Shipping 2

Total 32

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction to MicrobiologyA. Microbiology as a part of biology

1. Characteristics of living things2. The protista

B. History of microbiology1. Spontaneous generation2. Germ theory of disease3. Pasteur4. Tyndall

. 92

.11.e1MIMMPFM.11.1.PPIROM

5. Koch's postulates6. Development of vaccines

II. The MicroscopeA. Mechanics of operation

1. Types2. Parts3. Use4. Care

B. Theory of operation1. Magnification2. Numerical aperture3. Resolution4. Definition5. Illumination

III. Microbial TaxonomyA. Principles

1. Basis of classification2. Scientific names - binomial system3. The classification scheme4. Orders of bacteria5. Bergey's manual

IV. Cellular MorphologyA. Shape, size, cell aggregationB. Spores, capsules, flagella

V. StainingA. Simple stains (methylene blue)B. Negative stainsC. Gram stainD. Flagellar stains

VI. Bacterial Growth and MetabolismA. Nutritional requirements

1. Heterotrophs2. Autotrophs3. Specialized media

B. Physical conditions1. pH2. Temperature3. p024. pCO2

C. Growth rates and reproduction1. Methods of reproduction2. Growth curves3. Quantitating bacterial growth

D. Pure culture isolation and preservation1. Methods of pure culture isolation2. Preservation of stock cultures3. Role of culture characteristics in identi-

ficationE. Enzyme production

1. Chemical and physical properties2. Factors affecting activity

3. Types of enzyme reactions4. Methods of study

F. Metabolism1. Fermentation2. Respiration3. Carbohydrate breakdown4. Protein breakdown and synthesis5. Fat breakdown6. Integration of metabolic processes7. Modes of action of antibiotics

VII. The FungiA. Molds

1. Morphology2. Reproduction3. Cultivation4. Taxonomy

B. Yeasts1. Morphology2. Reproduction3. Cultivation4. Taxonomy

VIII. Virus, Mycoplasma and RickettsiaA. TaxonomyB. MorphologyC. Composition of viruses

IX. Control of MicrobesA. Introduction

1. Control terminology2. Effects of time, temperature and species3. Logarithmic death curve

B. Agents for microbe control. 1.Dry heat2. Boiling water3. Intermittent steam4. Steam under pressure5. Irradiation6. Filtration7. Phenols8. Quarternary ammonia compounds9. Heavy metals

10. Oxidizing agents11. Reducing agents

X. Specimen Care and ShippingA. General considerations

1. Collection of the specimen2. Information to be submitted with speci-

menB. Shipment of specimens

1. Methods of transportation2. Timing3. Preservation4. Transport media

93

Suggested Laboratory Projects (U hours)

1. Acquaint the student with the laboratoryfacilities and with the basic safety proceduresof microbiology. (2 hours)

2. Prepare nutrient agar and sterilize byautoclave. (2 hours)

3. Prepare serum agar and sterilize by intermit-tent steam. (2 hours)

4. Set up microscope and use different objectivesfor the examination of hay infusion wetmounts, yeast suspensions and prepared slidesof body materials showing cocci, bacilli andspirilla. (2 hours)

5. From data sheets describing an organism'scharacteristics, students use Bergey's manualto describe the taxonomy of a number oforganisms. (2 hours)

6. Students collect specimens from a wide varietyof sites (toilet bowl, hand towel, shoe sole, desktop, door handle, puddle, etc.) make culturesand study for variety of forms and ubiquity ofmicrobes. (4 hours)

7. Students examine prepared slidesdemonstrating variety of cell forms, spores,capsules and flagellae. (2 hours)

8. Using swabs of their own interdental detritusstudents prepare and examine slides and stainthem by methylene blue and grams stain.Demonstration of flagellar staining. (2 hours)

9. Determine motility by hanging drop tech-nique. Prepare slides, gram stain and examinecultures of Corynebacterium, Streptococcusand Escherichia. (2 hours)

10. Determine the nutritional adequacy of severaltypes of media using several species of stockcultures. (2 hours)

11. Use enrichment, selective and differentialmedia for three types of cultures todemonstrate the isolation of a specific group ortype of bacteria. (2 hours)

12. Perform streak plate and pour plate methodsfor isolation of pure cultures. (2 hours)

13. Inoculate a Lactobacillus and Alcaligenes ontoreplicates of nutrient agar and Sabouraud'sagar and inoculate at various temperatures "ndemonstrate effects of pH and temperatureupon growth. (2 hours)

14. Perform anaerobic culture methods for theisolation of pure cultures. (2 hours)

15. Demonstrate cultural characteristics for theidentification of several types of bacteria usinggelatin, nutrient broth, agar slants, and streakplates. (2 hours)

104

16. Demonstrate hydrolysis of starch, proteinsand lipids by bacterial enzymes. (2 hours)

17. Demonstrate the fermentation of car-bohydrates by bacteria using various car-bohydrates and various species of bacteria. (2hours)

18. Demonstrate the ability of various types ofbacteria to produce hydrogen sulfide.Demonstrate the ability of various types ofbacteria to produce catalase. (2 hours)

19. Demonstrate the various types of bacterialreactions occurring in Litmus milk.Demonstrate the ability of some strains ofbacteria to produce indole from tryptophane.(2 hours)

20. Determine the reduction of nitrates to nitritesby various species of bacteria. Demonstratethe production of oxidase by some species ofbacteria. (2 hours)

21. Perform the Methyl Red-Voges Proskaur testsusing various cultures. (2 hours)

22. Identify the two unknown organisms in a mix-ed culture by evaluating cellular and colonialmorphology, cultural and biochemicalcharacteristics according to the various keys inBergey's Manual. (10 hours)

23. Using petri dishes and slide cultures onSabouraud's agar study the colonial andcellular morphology of penicillium,microsporum and aspergillus. (2 hours)

24. Determine the tolerance of various types ofvegetative and spore forms of bacteria towardwet heat. (2 hours)

25. Perform the Association of OfficialAgricultural Chemists Phenolcoefficient test.(2 hours)

94

105

26. Perform the Chick-Martin test on halogen,quarternary ammonia, heavy metal andphenol-based disinfectants. (2 hours)

27. Perform the Association of OfficialAgricultural Chemists Use-dilution test oneach of the disinfectants in lab. 26, (2 hours)

Texts and References

Breed and others. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteri-ology.

Dubos. Bacterial and Mycotic Inkctions of Alan,Lewis. Arrousmith.Pelczar and Reid. Microbiology.Stanier and others. The Microbial World.Sykes. Disinfection and Sterilization.Zinsser. Microbiology.-. Rats, Lice and History.

Instructional MediaArmed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D. C. 20305

The Microscope, Part I. 27 min., 16 mm., color, sound.The Microscope. Part IL 15 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

Michigan State University, Instructional Media Center, EastLansing, Michigan 48823Hospital Sepsis: A Communicable Disease. 26 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Microscope and Its Use. 10 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound,

National Medical A udim isual Center (Annex), Atlanta, Georgia30333Sterilization Problems and Technics. 30 min., 16 mm., color,sound.

Syracuse University, Film Rental Center, 1455 East ColvinStreet, Syracuse, New York 13210Importance of Microorganisms. 28 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Protist Kingdom. 13 min., 16 mm., color, sound.Story of Louis Pasteur. 34 min., 16 mm., black and white,sound.Viruses. 28 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

GENERAL COUTSES

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

This course is based on the premise thatcommunication is basically a thinking act.Effective communicators must be prepared todeal with the two major aspects in com-munication: their own thinking as readers orlisteners, and the thinking of the writer orspeaker as they use ideas and the materials ofexpression. Emphasis should be placed uponexercises in writing, speaking, reading, andlistening. These exercises are designed to rein-force the basic principles of communicationtheory presented.

Each student's strengths and weaknesses insuch areas as grammar and usage should beanalyzed. The pattern of instruction should bedesigned to help individual students improveskills in areas where weaknesses are found.

Major Divisions

ClassHours

I. Introduction to Communication 3II. Communication: Development of Ideas 9

III. Communication: Analysis andArrangement of Ideas 9

IV. Communication: Presentation of Ideas 9V. Communication and the Thought

Process 18

Total

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction to CommunicationA. Nature and scopeB. Major purposes

1. Information2. Persuasion3. Conviction4. Inquiry5. Entertainment

C. The communication process1. Communication source

48

95

2. Encoder3. Message4. Channel5. Decoder6. Communication receiver

D. Levels of communication1. Interpersonal2. Intergroup3. Mass

II. Communication: Development of IdeasA. Definition of dataB. Nature of data

1. Primary sourcea. Sampling and sampling methodsb. Questionnairesc. Interviewsd. Company records

2. Secondary sourcesa. Library

(1)Library classification systems(2) Card catalog(3)Reference volumes

(a) Dictionaries(b) Encyclopedias(c) Annuals and other serials(d) Biographical works(e) Guides to books and periodi-

cals in print (BIP)(f) Indexes to periodicals

(i) Applied science and tech-nology index

(ii) Biological abstracts(iii) Biological and agricultur-

al index(iv) Business periodical index(v) Current contents

(vi) Excerpta medica(vii) Index medicus

(viii) Industrial arts index(ix)Monthly catalog to U.S.

Government publications(x)Nutrition abstracts and

reviews(xi) Science citation index

(g) Government documents(h) General directories

(i) Names and addresses ofmanufacturers, suppliers,or dealers in a specific

106

field of interest(ii) Service and product listings

(i) Business or trade directoriesb. Otherc. Recording secondary source data

(1)Bibliographical entries(2)The technique of taking notes(3)Note card content(4)Types of notes

(a) Precis or summary(b) Paraphrase(c) Quotation(d) Critical

(5)Documentation of material

III. Communication: Analysis and Arrangement ofIdeasA. Nature of analysisB. Patterns of content analysis

1. Descriptive2. Historical3. Problem-solving4. Logical5. Psychological

C. Audience analysis1. Planning the message

a. Delimitation of topicb. Formulation of specific purposec. Development of major ideas or patternsd. Selection of supporting detailse. Choice of language

2. Evaluation of message effects3. Approaches to audience analysis

a. Demographic analysisb. Purpose-oriented analysis

D. Arrangement of material1. Topical2. Spatial3. Chronological4. Problem-solution5. Causal6. Psychological

E. Patterns of outlining1. Coordination2. Subordination3. Sequence4. Symbolization

IV. Communication: Presentation of IdeasA. Style to attain clarity

1. Purposeful introduction2. Appropriate word selection3. Simplicity of sentence structure4. Use of supporting materials

a. Definition

96

14 7

b. Examplec. Illustration

5. Meaningful transitional materials6. Purposeful summaries

B. Style to make a predictable impression1. Modes of expression

a. Logicalb. Emotionalc. Ethicald. Artistic

2. Sentence structure3. Emphasis

. a. Repetitionb. Climax

4. Rhythm5. Imagery

C. Qualities to be developed1. Accuracy2. Simplicity3. Propriety4. Effectiveness5. Economy6. Liveliness

D. Contrasts between oral and written styles ofdiscourse

V. Communication and the Thought ProcessA. Logic

1. Induction2. Analogy3. Casual reasoning4. Deduction

B. Emotion and emotional appeals in communi-cation1. Problems of emotional appeals in commu-

nication2. Kinds of emotional appeals3. Uses of emotional appeals

C. Ethics and ethical appeals in communication1. Problems of ethics in communication2. Types of ethical appeals3. Uses of ethical appeals4. Propriety of ethical appeals

Texts and ReferencesBeardsley. Thinking Stmight,Berlo. The Process of Communication.Brown. Wards and Things.Campbell and Helpler. Dimensions w Commanication.Case and Vardaman. Matnee Reading and Thinking.Dance. Human Communication Theory, A Roak of Readings,Dean and Bryson. Oil-tire Communication.Eisenson and others. The Psychology of Com municatimi.Fowler. A Dictionary of Modern English l'sage.Nicholson. A Dictionary of American-English Csage.Strunk. The Eleine»ts of Style.

Inutructional Media

Cornell University, Film Library, Department of Communica-tion Arts, Roberts Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork 14850Talking Sense: Just What is General Semantics? 30 min., 16mm., black and white, sound.

Michigan State University, Instructional Media Center, EastLansing, Michigan 48823Meanings are in People. 24 min., 16 mm., color, sound..Hissed Signals in Extension. 12 min., 16 mm., black andwhite, sound.

97

Syracuse University, Film Rental Center, 1455 East ColvinStreet, Syracuse, New York 13210Communication by Voice and Action. 14 min., 16 mm., color,sound.Communications Primer. 22 min., 16 mm., color, sound.English Language. Patterns of Usage. 11 min., 16 mm.,color, sound.Marshall McLuhan. Medium is the Massage. 55 min., 16mm., color, sound.

108

GENERAL AND INDUSTRIALECONOMICS

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

A Study of economics designed to impart abasic understanding of the principles ofeconomics and their implications; to developthe ability to follow an informed personalfinance program; to aid in the development ofintelligent consumption; and to provide an un-derstanding of the underlying relationship ofcost control to success in industrial enterprise.The programs or problems worked upon by anytechnician in either research, practice, orproduction ultimately must be measured by acost analysis. Awareness of this fact and aknowledge of elementary economics preparesthe students for the cost-conscious environ-ment of their future employment. It issuggested that instruction in this course bebased on this pragmatic approach and thatstudents be encouraged to study examplesfrom industry as they learn about industrialcost analysis, competition, creation of demand,economic production, and related aspects ofapplied economics.

Major DivisionsClusx

flours

I. Introduction 2II. Economic Forces and Indicators 3

III. Natural Resources - The Basis ofProduction 3

IV. Capital and Labor 3V. Business Enterprise 7

VI. Factors of Industrial Production Cost 8VII. Price, Competition, and Monopoly 5

VIII. Distribution of Income 2IX. Personal Income Management 2X. Insurance, Personal Investments, and

Social Security 3XI. Money and Banking 3

XII. Government Expenditures, Federaland Local 3

XIII. Fluctuations in Production,Employment and Income 2

XIV. The United States Economy inPerspective 2

Total 48

98

1C 9

Units of Instruction

I. Introduction

II. Economic Forces and IndicatorsA. Economics definedB. Modern specializationC. Increasing production and consumptionD. Measures of economic activity

1. Gross national product2. National income3. Disposable personal income4. Industrial production5. Employment and unemployment

III. Natural Resources - The Basis of ProductionA. Utilization and conservation of resourcesB. Renewable resourcesC. Nonrenewable resourcesD. Future sources

IV. Capital and LaborA. Tools (capital)

1. The importance of saving and invest-ment

2. The necessity for marketsB. Large-scale enterpriseC. Labor

1. Population characteristics2. Vocational choice3. General education4. Special training5. Management's role in maintaining la-

bor supply

V. Business EnterpriseA. Forms of business enterprise

1. Individual proprietorship2. Partnership3. Corporation

B. Types of corporate securities1. Common stocks2. Preferred stocks3. Bonds

C. Mechanics of financing businessD. Plant organization and management

VI. Factors of Industrial Production CostA. Buildings and equipment

1. Initial cost and financing2. Repair and maintenance costs3. Depreciation and obsolescence costs

B. Materials1. Initial cost and inventory value2. Handling and storage costs

C. Processing and production

1. Methods of cost analysis2. Cost of labor3. Cost of supervision and process control4. Effects of losses in percentage of origi-

nal product compared to finished prod-uct (yield)

D. Packaging and shippingE. Overhead costsF. TaxesG. Cost of sellingH. Process analysis, a means to lower costsI. Profitability and business survival

VII. Price, Competition, and MonopolyA. Function of pricesB. Price determination

1. Competitive cost of product2. Demand3. Supply4. Interactions between supply and de-

mandG. Competition, benefits and consequences

1. Monopoly and oligopoly2. Forces that modify and reduce competition3. History of government regulation of

competitionD. How competitive is our economy

VIII. Distribution of IncomeA. Increasing real incomeB. Marginal productivityC. Supply in relation to demandD. Income resulting from prcduction

1. Wages2. Interest3. Rents4. Profits

E. Income distribution today

IX. Personal Income ManagementA. Consumption - the core of economicsB. Economizing definedC. Personal and family budgetingD. Analytical buying

1. Applying quality standards2. Consumer's research and similar aids

E. The use of creditF. Housing - own or rent

X. Insurance, Personal Investments, and SocialSecurityA. Insurance definedB. Life insurance

1. Group, industrial, and ordinary lifepolicies

99

2. Type of policies their advantages anddisadvantages

C. Casualty insuranceD. Investments

1. Savings accounts and Government bonds2. Corporation bonds3. Corporation stocks4. Annuities5. Pension plans

E. Social Security1. Old-age and survivors' insurance2. Unemployment compensation3. Medicare

XI. Money and BankingA. Functions of moneyB. The Nation's money supplyC. Organization and operation of a bank

1. Sources of deposits2. The reserve ratio3. Expansion of bank deposits4. Sources of reserves

D. The Federal Reserve System1. Service functions2. Control of money supply

E. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

XII. Government Expenditures, Federal and LocalA. Economic effectsB. Functions of GovernmentC. Analysis of Government spendingD. Future outlookE. Financing Government spending

1. Criteria of sound taxation2. Tax revenues in the United States3. The Federal and State personal income

taxes4. The corporate income tax5. The property tax6. Commodity taxes

XIII. Fluctuations in Production, Employment andIncomeA. Changes in aggregate spendingB. Output and employmentC. Other factors affecting economic fluctua-

tions1. Cost-price relationship2. Fluctuations in demand for durable

goods3. Involuntary fluctuation of supply of

commodities4. Economic effects of war5. Inflation and deflation of currency

value

IY 110

6. Economic effects of inventions andautomation

D. Means of implementing fiscal policyE. Government debt

1. Purpose of Government borrowing2. How burdensome is the debt3. Problems of debt management

XIV. The United States Economy in PerspectiveA. Recent economic changes

1. Increased productivity and well-bring2. Effects of war and depression3. New products and industries4. Increase in governmental controls

B. Present economic problems of U.S. economy1. The world market - a community of

nations2. International cooperation3. Maintenance of prosperity and progress4. Economic freedom and security

C. Communism: Nature and control by SovietState

D. FascismE. British socialismF. Problems common to all economic systemsG. Special economic problems of the United

States

111 100

Texts and References

Blodgett. Comparative Economic Systems.Donaldson and Pfahl. Personal Finance.Dunlop. Automation and Technological Change.Dye. Economics: Principles, Problems, Perspectives.Edwards. The Nation's Economic Objectives.Gordon. Economics for Consumers.Katona. The Mass Consumption Society.Pond. Essential Economics: An Introduction.Reynolds. Economics: A General Introduction.Samuelson. Economics: An Introductory Analysis.Schultz. The Economic Value of Education.

Instructional MediaMcGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York,

New York 10036Basic Economic Concepts. Set of four 35 mm. filmstrips,black and white.Business Cycles and Fiscal Policy. 35 mm. filmstrip, blackand white.Money, Price, and Interest. 35 mm. filmstrip, black andwhite.Savings and Investment. 35 mm. filmstrip, black and white.Supply and Demand. 35 mm. filmstrip, black and white.

HUMAN RELATIONS

Hours Per WeekClass, 3

Course Description

This course is designed to assist the studentin applying for, securing and advancing on thejob as a successful technician with supervisingcapabilities. In implementing this course,students should be given an opportunity toprepare application forms and letters ofapplication for positions. Also, they should ex-amine copies of applications of others andevaluate them. In the latter case, the identityof the applicant may be concealed. The formsmay be examined by means of a projector or bygiving copies to each student. Letters ofapplication may be prepared and studied in asimilar manner.

Interviews may be demonstrated by a role-playing procedure, using prospectiveemployers or others to interview students infront of the class. Reports of experiences ofstudents who have had interviews may also beincluded.

Other areas of human relations, which offsetsupervisors, are also explored. The roles oforganizations and unions as they affectproductivity and morale are investigated.

The course concludes with a discussion of thedeleterious effects of employment discrimina-tion and suggests methods of correction wheresuch exists. The attitude of Government in thearea of employment discrimination is also ex-plained and discussed.

Major DivisionsClassHours

I. Getting a Job 5II. Functions of Supervision 4

III. Functions of Employees 3IV. In-Service Training of Employees 4V. Customer Relations 4

VI. Motivation 4VII. Morale 3

VIII. Organizational Dynamics 5IX. Discipline 6X. Counseling and Interviewing 3

XI. Organizations and Unions 4XII. Employment Discrimination 3

Total 48

101

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Units of Instruction

I. Getting a JobA. What employers want

1. Desirable attitude toward the joba. Willingness to workb. Ability to get along with othersc. Characteristics of leadershipd. Teamwork

2. Ability necessary to do the joba. Carry out the policies of the firmb. Follow the best safety practice at all

timesc. Project the best possible image of the

firm3. Adequate training for the job

a. Competent for the present jobb. Ability and willingness to progress

through(1)Further training for promotion(2)Retraining to keep abreast of new

technologyB. Applying for the job

1. Types of interviews2. Preparing and presenting credentials

a. Personal data: name, address, age,marital status, health, military ser-vice

b. Education: schools attended, majorcourses

c. Work experience: place of employ-ment, kind of work, length of em-ployment

d. Referencese. Hobbies

3. Understanding job descriptions4. Writing letters of application

II. Function of SupervisionA. Techniques of supervision of employees

1. Delegation of responsibility and au-thority

2. Accountability of employees3. System of awards

B. Labor-management relations1. Promotion policies2. Worker grievances3. Wages, benefits program4. Legal regulations (wages and hours,

child labor, nondiscrimination)

III. Functions of EmployeesA. Responsibility to management

1. Perform assigned tasks in a satisfac-tory manner

112

2. Carry out the policy of management3. Do an adequate day's work4. Keep management informed

a. Working conditionsb. Safety conditionsc. Condition of productd. Condition of machinery, buildings

and equipment5. Project desirable company image

B. Responsibility for self-improvement1. Aware of need for keeping up-to-date2. Recognizing the need for self-improve-

ment3. Accepting the opportunity for self-

improvementa. Self studyb. In-service training

IV. In-service Training of EmployeesA. Orientation of new workers to the jobB. Participation in programs for up-dating

workers1. Products2. Techniques and equipment3. Uses for a product4. Government regulations and policies5. Economic situations

C. Where to get in-service training1. In-plant training offered by the firm2. Short courses, summer schools, insti-

tutes offered by universities and voca-tional-technical centers

3. Adult evening school programs4. Private technical institutions

V. Customer RelationsA. Handling customer complaintsB. Serving the customerC. Neat appearanceD. Product informationE. Neat building and groundsF. Off-duty responsibility to the firmG. Other

VI. MotivationA. McGregor's X and Y theoriesB. Maslow's heirarchy of needsC. Hertzberg's two factor theory

VII. MoraleA. The nature of moraleB. Morale and productivityC. Security morale information

102

113

VIII. Organizational DynamicsA. Structures and peoplesB. SpecialistsC. Span of managementD. Size of organization

IX. DisciplineA. Early disciplineB. InsubordinationC. AbsenteeismD. Fights and quarrelsE. DishonestyF. IncompetencyG. Discipline of supervisors

X. Counseling and InterviewingA. The need for counselingB. Types of counselingC. Interviewing techniques

XI. Organizations and UnionsA. Professional organizationsB. Informal organizationsC. Trade unions

XII. Employment DiscriminationA. Women employeesB. Older workersC. Minority groupsD. Affirmative action planning

Texts and References

Chruden and Sherman. Personnel Management.Garrett. Ethics in Business.Harrington. Life in the Crystal Palace.Palmer. Understanding Other People.Sayles and Strauss. Human Behavior in Organizations.U.S. Department of Labor. Prepare Yourself for Job Inter-

views.

Instructional MediaNational Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

Illinois 60611Down at the Office. 10 min., 16 mm., black and white, sound.

Round Table Films, Inc., 321 South Beverley Drive, BeverleyHills, California 90212I Just Work Here. 17 min., 16 mm., color, sound.

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office ofEducation, Washington, D. C. 20201A Supervisor Takes a Look at His Job. 13 min., 16 mm.,black and white, sound.

FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND COSTSe

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f6.11 A FACKRIES PLAN FOR VETERNARR XING( FICHNOlOGY

A most important part of planning anycurriculum is the consideration of facilities, equip-ment, and costs. Administrators, staff, and ad-visory committees should keep the educationalneeds described in this guide in mind when plan-ning their facilities. Failure to do so can easilyresult in facilities that are either inadequate, of thewrong type, or too elaborate to provide optimuminstruction.

GENERAL PLANNINGThe suggestions that follow are intended as a

general guide to groups planning facilities for aprogram in veterinary science technology or meatinspection and regulatory technology, or both. It isassumed that facilities for general education andrelated support instruction already exist on thecampus. Therefore, the suggestions offered in thisguide apply only to those facilities and equipmentwhich will be needed for the technical course areassuggested in the curriculum.

103

Those responsible for planning facilities shouldgive serious consideration to other programs withfacilities which may be shared. In fact, thebuilding plans shown in Figure 11 represent onefloor of a two-story facility which also housesrelated programs. It should- be noted that thisfacility is so planned that the laboratories haveconsumed the entire outside wall space. The designutilizes a central men's and women's locker andrestroom area, with a staircase leading to thedivisional or departmental and faculty offices andagricultural or health-related laboratoriesbeneath. A loading-docking area and exits arelocated at the rear of this second story facility.

The facilities plan for the veterinary sciencetechnology program illustrated in Figure 11, hasbeen subdivided into major functional laboratorycomplexes as shown in Figures 12, 14, 15, and 17 ingreater detail. The specialized facility for the op-tional meat inspection laboratory is illustrated inFigure 19.

Since the facilities suggested for this curriculumare designed to be usable, as well, for associatedagricultural or health-related programs, there is apossibility of occasionally scheduling laboratoryspace and equipment in this facility for students inthe other programs. However, those planning anysuch use should bear in mind that even thoughsome equipment can be used for other curriculums,the facilities suggested in this guide will be neededprimarily for the veterinary science technologyprogram. Obviously, students in the veterinaryscience technology program will need to share lec-ture, library and physical education classroomspaces with other students in facilities additionalto those presented here.

Some schools in the beginning, may offer eitherthe veterinary science technology program or theoptional prograni for meat inspection andregulatory technology, but not both. Therefore, thebreakdown of facilities, equipment, and costs areshown separately for the primary functionallaboratories, the over-all veterinary sciencetechnology facility, and the separate meat inspec-tion facility, in the summary total following. Muchof the recommended equipment would be commonto either option.

The planning of buildings and facilities shouldalways include some provision for growth. It isrecommended that classroom facilities be closeenough to the rest of the campus to be an integral

tr 114

part of it and to allow adequate passing timebetween classes.

LAND REQUIREMENTS

The amount of land provided for a veterinaryscience technology program may vary dependingon the ease with which land can be made available,the expected size of the program 5 or 10 years afterit has started, and other factors, such as the extentof the total campus property or availability of ad-jacent land for a farm complex. Whatever amountof land is considered to be appropriate for aspecific program, it is recommended that the landbe owned by the institution, or controlled by along-term lease.

The building site should be situated in a well-drained area and furnished with sufficientroadways for easy access to the rear loading anddocking area. Walkways and landscaping should beprovided so as to blend with the physical and es-thetic qualities of the total campus.

LABORATORY FACILITIES ANDEQUIPMENT

The number and size of laboratories and relatedclassrooms, offices and storage rooms required forinstruction in veterinary science technologydepends on whether the optional meat inspectionand regulatory program will also be establishedand the number of students enrolled in each area.These facilities could be arranged in manydifferent ways. However, the plans presented hereare designed to provide efficiency and flexibility inoperation.

Buildings should be constructed to suit thegeographic region. If constructed of masonry, theymay be more permanent, easily cleaned, and easilyheated in a temperature climate than if con-structed of other common materials. Littlemaintenance is required for such a building. Theroof could be of the built-up flat type. The floors,walls, and ceilings should be impervious to acids,alkalies, and other chemicals and easy to keepclean.

Hot and cold water, compressed air, and gas ser-vice are required in all laboratories. An abundantsupply of cold and hot water and steam is also es-sential in the autopsy area, the cage cleaning area,and the meat inspection laboratory. Oxygen supplyis an additional requirement in the surgical area.Service lines for each should be planned for theshortest length of piping consistent with

104

. 11.5

laboratory arrangements. They should be hiddenas far as practicable but control points should beplanned for safety, accessibility, and ease ofmaintenance. It is recommended that eachlaboratory have a master control panel with ashut-off valve for each utility. This master controlpanel should have a locking door so that utilitiescan be controlled at a central point.

Classrooms and laboratories should be well-lighted with a recommended minimum of fifty-foot candles of light at the table or desk tops.Fluorescent lighting is satisfactory. Incandescentlighting will give ample lighting in storage roomsand toilets.

Electrical services should provide both 110 and220 volt single-phase electrical service forlaboratories. Most equipment used in thelaboratory requires 110 volts; occasionally a 220volt single-phase current is required. In connectingelectrical service to laboratory benches it issuggested that each be connected to a separate cir-cuit breaker. Each laboratory should have aseparate master distribution control panel for elec-trical circuits. Careful thought should be given toplacement of electrical outlets in the most con-venient location for use. An emergency electricgenerator system should be built in to providepower for the environmental control system, atleast for the animal maintenance areas. This is es-sential ur loss of animal life could occur. Completeenvironmental controlled air conditioning is re-quired by law. Specifications can be found in theInstitute of Laboratory Animal Resource's guide,which outlines such requirements as twelve airchanges per hour and 100% air exhaust.' Further,compliance with standards found in the I.L.A.R.guide is necessary for accreditation of facilities in-volved in laboratory animal research. A consultantwho is familiar with environmental contro.systems for animal quarters should be engagedwhen planning this phase of construction.

Adequate telephone service can be an importanttime saver for the teaching staff. Outlets mightwell be placed at remote ends of the laboratoriesand instructional areas away from the buildings.

Careful planning and good practices to assurethe safety of people and property must always beemphasized. Doors must be made large enough andmultiple exits must be provided. Mechanizedequipment to handle heavy objects should beprovided. Safe methods and practices should beemphasized at all times.

'Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Guar for Laboratory AnimalYak-dates and Care, Washington, D C. The Institute, 1968.

The Basic Sciences LaboratoryThe Basic Sciences laboratory, illustrated in

Figure 12, provides a facility for instruction inanatomy and physiology, laboratory techniques,and applied microbiology plus an associated autop-sy and morgue (cadaver storage) area. Also in-cluded is a laboratory preparation room, a facultyoffice and areas for five student study carrels. Themain laboratory area has been designed with flex-ibility since it can be scheduled for one largelaboratory class or two smaller classes being con-ducted simultaneously.

It is very important that all laboratories bedesigned with adequate individual student workspace and the proper equipment and utilities, assuggested in this guide. Floor plans reflect theneed for the instructor to be readily accessible toeach student at all times. Also adequate storagespace has been provided in each laboratory suitefor all supplies, instruments, and equipment whichwill be needed for conducting each semestercourse. Figure 13 illustrates one example of thetype of student work table (with associatedutilities and services) which would be required inthe Basic Sciences Laboratory for instruction incourses such as laboratory techniques or AppliedMicrobiology. There are many additionaldiagnostic or testing instruments, not shown in thepicture, which are very expensive but essential tocourses conducted in this laboratory. These itemsare outlined, however, in the equipment list whichis keyed to this laboratory complex and directlyfollows this description of laboratory facilities.Figure 9 (page 58) illustrates another example ofa type of student work table which could be con-sidered as an alternate, for use in one-half of theBasic Sciences Laboratory. This type of table re-quires only electrical service (for use ofmicroscopes) and where other utilities and servicesare supplied peripherally to student work areas, issufficient for instruction in courses such as Com-parative Anatomy and Physiology.

The Research Laboratory ComplexThe Research Laboratory Complex (shown com-

pletely in Figures 14 and 15) is separated into twospecific operational, instructional areas. Each areais designed to provide the student with a full rangeof training experiences involving vivarial care andexperimentation in the use of conventional as wellas disease-free, quality animals. The two instruc-tional areas in the Research Laboratory Complex

105

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Figure 13A class, such as this in hematology, requires a rather so.phisticated facility, equipped with many expensive items of clinicallaboratory testing instruments. Note that ample individual work spacewith proper utility services must be provided.

are defined as the Conventional ResearchLaboratory and the Maximum Barrier ResearchLaboratory.

The Conventional Research Laboratory. Thisarea provides clean, comfortable housing andmaintenance for dogs, cats and primates (specieswhich in commercial breeding and researchfacilities are usually housed in strictly conven-tional areas of the vivarium). The utilization ofthis animal area in conjunction with AnimalInstructional Laboratory No. 2 provides the stu-dent with a practice complex wheredemonstrations can be programmed and individualstudent proficiencies developed which relate to

106

117

routine care, health, clinical sampling and develop-ment of experimental techniques on three animalspecies of extreme importance in the field ofbiomedical research at the present time. Both theanimal rooms and the Instructional LaboratoryNo. 2 can be entered from the conventional cor-ridor. Figure 14 illustrates a suggested plan forthis portion of the Research Laboratory Complex.

The Maximum Barrier Research Laboratory.Widely practiced at present in many commerciallaboratory animal breeding establishments and toa limited, but increasing extent in the research sec-tor, is the maximum barrier concept relating todesign and operation of vivarial facilities. Thissophisticated and expensive, yet essential portionof the research laboratory complex, isdemonstrated in Figure 15. Specifications for theproper size, type and construction of equipmentrequired in this area are as exacting as for thefacility itself. The maximum barrier concept,which emphasizes a high quality approach tobuilding design, environmental system, sanitation,animal quality and preparedness of personnelworking in this type facility, is concerned at pre-sent primarily (but not exclusively) with rodents

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and other smaller species of laboratcry animals.The Maximum, Barrier Research Laboratory in-

cludes seven breeding rooms, an adjacent AnimalInstructional Laboratory (Laboratory No. 1 inFigure 111, a dean corridor, an equipment washroom area, and a personnel show er and locker area.It provides the student N1,, ith an opportunity, whilestill in college, to become acquainted with thedesign and operational aspects of this type facility,which is found in mar* research institutions.Representative of the intricacies of the functionand design which enables the rearing andmaintenance of disease-free animals in this facilityare: the autoclaving of all supplies entering themaximum barrier area: a sophisticated en-vironmental system which includes the ultrafiltra-tion, tempering, humidity controlling and differen-tial pressuring of air flow according to areaswithin the barrier complex; the surgical derive-ment of all animals being entered into the barrierarea; the continuous operation of high level sanita-tion programs which include showering and theuse of sterile uniforms by personnel. Note inFigure 16, an illustration of the size and type ofcage washer which is required to clean all sizes ofracks and cages and provide an integral "pass-through" from duly to clean areas of the complex.

Training obtained in this type facility adds ahigh degree of sophistication to the education ofthe student and a degree of technical proficiencywhich is not only consistent with the present stan-

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Figure 16Cage washers, of the size and type demonstrated here, arean essential and integral part of Maximum Barrier Systems. Note theoperator adjusting the automatic control mechanism, the stainlesssteel construction; and the "passthrough" (double door) design.

107

dards but also preparatory for the future inlaboratory breeding and biomedical research.When an initiating institution adopts this portionof the research laboratory complex in its buildingplans, it should do so with the knowledge that thequality of operational plan, environmental controlsand equipment required and suggested in thisguide will not be compromised. For furtherguidance in planning a facility of this type, due tothe uniqueness of design, it is recommended thatcontact be made with individuals or institutionsfamiliar with maximum, barrier types of facilities.

The Surgery PharmacyRadiology Clinical Laboratory

This laboratory is designed to reflect a clinicalapproach to instruction in surgical assisting,anesthesiology and radiological techniques. Whereconditions and situations allow, the addition of aveterinary out-patient clinic would also bedesirable. (In some institutions instructing inveterinary science technology, this may not beallowed.) Figure 17 illustrates a suggested floorplan for this clinical laboratory area. One exampleof a surgical laboratory, including a portion of therequired equipment and instruments, is illustratedin Figure 18.

faunSURGERY - PHARMACY- RAPOU:GY

Q.NCAL LABORATORY

P.s.*

WIWI W. 01.1 1I

t;PIIS2r:71;;G11 'L.?i:S.7

Figure 18 A surgical laboratory requires a variety of specializedequipment items such as the anesthetic machines, operating tables,and lamps shown here.

118

The Meat Inspection LaboratoryThis facility is optional if there is a cooperating

commercial plant located in a nearby communityto which students could be transported forlaboratory instruction. The building must be onground level but does not necessarily have to belocated near the main facility. The suggested floorplan, which includes no classroom areas, is il-lustrated in Figure 19.

F

Nuts 19 MEAT INSPECTION LAZIORATORY

ACQUISITION OF EQUIPMENT, ANDESTIMATED COSTS

The need to have adequate facilities and equip-ment for the veterinary science technologyprogram has already been emphasized. The initialcost of facilities and equipment is a major expen-diture. The importance of using the combined ex-pert knowledge of (a) the local advisory commiteewhich advocates and supports the program, (b) theconsultants who are a part of an existing andsuccessful program, and (c) the head of theveterinary science technology program beingplanned, cannot be over-emphasized when plansand estimates of costs of facilities are made. Eachprogram with its total facilities will be differentfrom others because of local or regional employ-ment opportunities, climatic differences, andmany other factors.

Specific facilities and equipment for anyprogram should be acquired only after specialistswho are technically competent in the field havemade exhaustive studies of the plans for, andpotential suppliers of, materials and services. Thedepartment head who will be responsible for theprogram should be deeply involved and carry themajor responsibility for final planning and acquisi-tion of facilities and equipment. This will avoid thecostly mistakes which often result if non-technicalpersonnel attempt to plan and equip technicalprogram facilities.

119 108

There are many sources of equipment thatshould be explored in an effort to equip theprogram *ith up-to-date, adequate machinery andapparatus at minimum cost. Surplus equipmentfrom either private or public organizations may befound acceptable for equipping laboratories.Government surplus property may often be an es-pecially attractive source of either standard orspecialized units, apparatus, instruments, andequipment, the cost of which usually is only asmall fraction of the original cost. Educational in-stitutions are high on the priority list of agenciesto which government surplus property is madeavailable.

Distribution of surplus property within thestates is made through state agencies for surplusproperty. Most such state agencies maintain one ormore distribution centers at which authorizedrepresentatives of eligible schools or schoolsystems select materials for educational use. TheDirector of Vocational and Technical Education ineach state can provide specific information on thelocation of the government surplus property dis-tributing agency in his state.

Experience has shown that it is important to ex-ercise the same elements of judgment and care inacquiring surplus equipment as are used whenbuying new equipment. Specifically, beforepurchase the following steps should be taken: acareful analysis should be made of its total effec-tiveness in the program; its cost should be deter-mined, including purchase price, transportationcharges, and installation, repair and maintenanceexpense; and its rate of obsolescence should be con-sidered.

Only technically competent, responsible, and im-aginative persons should select surplus equipment,and then only after a thorough on-site inspection.This practice avoids the temptation to acquire at-tractive but obsolete, irrelevant, or inefficientequipment. With these precautions in mind,resourceful department heads or instructors canoften obtain instruments, apparatus, and other es-sential up-to-date equipment for their laboratoriesand shops at a very reasonable cost.

The suggested equipment for laboratories andfacilities listed on the following pages is rather ex-tensive. Careful consideration has been given tothe various types of units and mounts of equip-ment shown and the contributions of each of theeducational program. It represents a list con-sidered adequate for the program in veterinaryscience technology and/or the optional meat in-spection and regulatory technology program, as in-

dicated. Cost estimates shown are representativeof those prevailing when this guide was developed(1972) and may vary from 10 to 20 percent fromone region or community to another.

Basic Sciences Laboratory Equipment

' Item

Teacher demonstration lecture table

Quantity

clinical test area 1

Student laboratory work tables4 stations/table 8

Student laboratory chairs 32

Bacteriological incubator 2

Histological slide warmer 48 slide 4

Ultra-centrifuge 1

Clinical centrifuge bench type 8Micro-capillary centrifuge 8Analytical balance 3

Animal scale 300 lb. capacity,platform type 1

Gas chromatograph, Chromalyzer-100complete 1

Flame photometer 1

Colorimeter 3

Paraffin dispenser 4Tissue flotation bath ring type 15Water bath serological 2

Unitest kit blood/urine complete 4

Prothrombin analyer 1

Auto-analyzer 1

Microtome strop 2

Coulter particle counter with vacuum(Clinician Model) 2

Pipette shaker 8 pipette capacity 8Microtome 10Microtome blade sharpener 2

Au totechnicon automatic tissueprocessing machine, double unit 2

Paraffin oven 4.3 cu. ft. capacity 2

Cryostat 2

Tissue filing cabinet 6

Tissue filing cabinet base for abovefiling cabinets 2

Micro-slide cabinet with base 10Museum specimen storage cabinet 10Automatic slider stainer 2

Freezer-dry (lyophylizer) machinecomplete 1

Refrigerator-freezer combination14 cu. ft. refrigerator, 3 cu. ft. freezer 1

Flourescent antibody scope 1

Microscope student, binocular,3 objectives 32

109

Item Quantity

Microscope dissecting, withstereo zoom 4

Sink acid resistant 1

Bacteriological hood 1

Microscope phase contrast, binocularwith 35 mm. camera attachment 1

Lectern 1

Cabinets work top, shelving, locking As roomdoors, sink, base al lows

Case mounted above base cabinets As roomwith shelving, locking doors allows

Cabinet for glassware, preparation As roomstorage area al lows

Cabinet for chemicals, reagents, etc., As roomacid proof counter allows

Sinks 1 double with double drainboard;1 single with single drainboard 2

Shelving As roomallows

Refrigerator-freezer combination14 cu. ft. refrigerator, 3 cu. ft. freezer 1

Chairs, lab; for preparation room 4

Micro-slide storage cabinets; forpreparation room 4

Water still 1

Dem ineralizer 1

Autoclave 1

Pipette washer-dryer 2

Automatic pipetter 1

Explosion proof refrigerator 1

Manual pipetter 3

Glassware washer 1

Glass drying oven 1

Chemical scale 2

Teacher demonstration lecture table,anatomy area 1

Student laboratory work tables(2 stations/table)

Student laboratory chairsSkeletons 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 pig, 1 sheep,

1 chimp, 1 Rhesus monkey, 8 dogs,4 cats, 2 rabbits, 4 rats, 1 chicken

Sink double with drainboard andgarbage disposal

Electrocardiograph machineCabinets wall mounted

16

32

25

2

1

As roomallows

Wall base cabinets As roomallows

Refrigerator-freezer 14 cu. ft.refrigerator, 3 cu. ft. freezer 1

Physiograph machine projector type 2

120

Item Quantity

Knife sharpening hone 4Microscopes student, binocular,

3 objectives 32Lectern, with projector storage 1

Wall shelving stainless steel As roompreferable, morgue area allows

Water hose connection, morgue area 1

Autopsy table stainless steel,autopsy area 1

Overhead lamp double surgical 1

Storage cabinet As roomallows

Sink double sink, double drainboard,garbage disposal unit 1

Cabinet wall mounted As roomallows

Band saw floor model 1

Refrigerator-freezer combination14 cu. ft. refrigerator, 3 cu. ft. freezer

Stools, laboratoryHose connection heavy duty, hot and

coldHose connection steam, heavy dutyHoist electric operated overhead hoist

on tracksRefrigerator walk-in, 5' x 5' with

stainless steel shelvingAutopsy saw powered meat sawAutopsy saw Stryker skull sawDisinfection tub and shower

walk through 1

Total estimated cost $246,870

Bent Quantity

Wall storage cabinet 1

Primate scale 25-50 lb. capacity 1

Examination table stainless steel,hinged, wall mounted 1

Ophthalmoscope-otoscope combination,wall mounted 1

Primate metabolism cage stainlesssteel, for 25 lb. primate 1

Sink partitioned type stainlesssteel, with drainboard 1

Primate cage stainless steel transportcage 1

Primate cage breeding cage 1

Colony-type cat cage 1

Drain floor, with garbage disposal Asunit required

Cleaning station hot and cold water,steam with hose, wall mounted 1

1 Litter boxes (for cat cages) 108 Cat feed and bedding bin 1

Environmental recorder cat room 1

2 Work table (storage cabinet) table top1 resistant to chemicals 1

Wall storage cabinet 1

1 Cat scale Toledo type, 25-50 lb.capacity 1

Examination table stainless steel,hinged, wall mounted 1

Ophthalmoscope-otoscope combinationwall mounted

Sink partitioned, stainless steel,with drainboard

Cat metabolism cage stainless steel,portable

Quantity Cat caging individual stainless steelcages

Cat caging exercise platforms benchtype

1

1

1

Conventional Research Laboratory EquipmentItem

Primate cage surgical recovery,stainless steel 1

Primate cages maintenance type,individual housing, stainless steel

Primate colony cageGarbage disposal unit for use in

floor drainStainless steel disposal trough

installation under primate cagesCleaning station hot and cold water,

steam with hose, wall mounted 1

Cage flushing device for Asprimate cages required

Primate feed bin 1

Environmental recorder, primate room , 1

Work table with storage cabinet topresistant to chemicals

1

1

1

10

10

5 Heating system in complete floor of As1 the dog runs and "catch area" required

Indoor dog run-flushing system As1 required

Doors guillotine, weathertight 301 Doors pet type, rubber or plastic

diaphragm, weathertight 30Doors, dog run area, hinged from roof,

to enclose complete area in case ofbad weather 8

Cleaning station high pressure water, Ashot and cold water required

Fencing woven wire, heavy duty, As1 stainless steel required

121110

Item Quantity

Gates woven wire, heavy duty,stainless steel 17

Drain floor, with garbage disposal Asunit required

Cleaning station steam with hose,wall mounted 1

Dog feed bin 2Environmental recorder dog room 2Work table top resistant to

chemicals 2Wall storage cabinet with sliding

doors 1

Dog scale 300 lb. capacity 1

Examination table stainless steel,hinged, wall mounted, 22" x 46" 2

Ophthalmoscope-otoscope combination,wall mounted 1

Dog metabolism cage stainless steel,portable 1

Sink partitioned type, stainless steel,drainboard 1

Dog cages individual stainless steelfor dogs weighing up to 75 lbs.Feed dishes and holders 30

Total estimated cost $103,660

Instructional Media Equipment

Item

Overhead projector, transparency typeOverhead projector, opaque typeMicro-slide projectorSound-on-slide projectorCarousel slide projector, 35 mm. slide

typeMotion picture sound projector, 16 mm.

typeProjection tablesProjection screen, Dalite type,

wall mountedProjection screen, Dalite type,

ceiling mountedProjection screen, Dalite type, portablePortable tape recorder, cassette typePortable tape recorder, reel typeComplete self-study carrel modules

including: carousel slide projectors,35 mm. slides booth projection screenstape recorder cassette type motionpicture projector, 8 mm. type

Total estimated cost

Quantity

,miwwwwikmipummliMPOINIIIIMIIMMIIIIIIIIIPPENIM

Maximum Barrier ResearchLaboratory Equipment

Item

Microscopes binocular, threeobjectives

Microscopes dissecting, stereo zoomGermfree isolator rigid plexiglas typeGermfree isolator flexible plastic,

surgical type 4

Germfree isolators flexible plastic,maintenance type 20

Germfree isolators stainless steel 2

Accessory isolator components Asrequired

Micro-biological safety cabinet 2

Water bath serological 2

Work tables top resistant to chemicals,10 stations/table 4

Autoclave small bench type 2

Scales rodent type 4

Scales Toledo verilux model 4

Storage cabinets As roomallows

Quantity

4082

Countertop cabinets work station typewith microscope storage in base, As roomcounter top resistant to chemicals allows

Sinks double with drainboard 4

Laboratory stools adjustable 40File cabinets 2

Tables instructor's demonstrationtype 2

5 Lectern with projector storage 22 Refrigerator explosion-proof 22 Upright freezers explosion-proof 22 Centrifuge counter top model 8

Centrifuge floor model 1

3 Analytical balance 160 grams capacity 6

Surgical tables stainless steel,2 hydraulic, adjustable 4

5 Hatching incubator 1

Hot air drying oven 25 Incubator microbiological 2

Water bath utility 21 Physiograph projector model 21 Inhalant type anesthetic machine 22 Shelving and racks metal, open type As room1 allows

Storage cabinets As roomallows

Rabbit feed bin 1

Work table table top impervious to9 chemicals, storage cabinet beneath 1

$9,550 Wall storage cabinet 2

111

.122

Item Quantity

Rabbit room environmental recorder 1

Scale Toledo type, 20-25 lb. range,1 ounce graduations 1

Examination table stainless steel,wall mounted 1

Ophthalmoscope-otoscope combinationwall mounted 1

Rabbit metabolism cage stainlesssteel, portable 1

Sink double, stainless steel,drainboard 1

Automatic cage watering system Asrequired

Rabbit cages individual, stainlesssteel, for rabbits 18-20 lbs. 20

Rabbit caging breeding unit 1

Drain floor, with garbage disposalunit 1

Mouse feed bin 1

Mouse room environmental recorder 1

Work table storage cabinet 1

Wall storage cabinet 2Mouse scale exact weight, instant

reading 1

Mouse metabolism cages stainlesssteel 20

Sink stainless steel, doublecompartment, drainboard 1

Racks (cage) stainless steel, 5 shelves,castered 4

Caging (plastic), polycarbonate, 10-1/2"x 19" x 5-1/4" 200

Caging (plastic), polycarbonate, 8" x 12"x 5-1/4" 150

Cage lids stainless steel, 10-1/2" x 19",feeder type 150

Cage lids stainless steel, 8" x 12",feeder type 100

Mouse restraining devices stainlesssteel 15

Exercise cage, stainless steel withcounter 1

Water bottles glass, 1-pint 400Sipper tubes ball bearing ends,

stainless steel 300Rubber stoppers size 7, 1-hole 300Drain, floor, with garbage disposal unit 1

Cleaning station, hot and cold water 1

Rat feed bin 1

Rat room environmental recorder 1

Work table storage cabinet chemicalresistant table top 1

112

123

Item Quantity

Wall storage cabinet 1

Rat scale exact weight, instantreading 1

Rat metabolism cage stainless steel 15

Rat exercising cage stainlesssteel with counter 2

Rat restraining device stainless steel 15Sink stainless steel, double

compartment, drainboard 1

Racks (cage), stainless steel, 5 shelves,castered 4

Caging plastic, polycarbonate, 10-1/2"x 19" x 6-1/4" 250

Cage lids stainless steel, 10-1/2" x 19",feeder type 150

Water bottles glass, 1-pint 300Rubber stoppers, size 7, 1-hole 300Sipper tubes stainless steel,

,ball-bearing ends 300Drain, floor, with garbage disposal unit 1

Cleaning station, hot and cold water 1

Guinea pig feed bin 1

Guinea pig room environmentalrecorder 1

Work table storage cabinet 1

Wall storage cabinet 1

Guinea pig scale Toledo verilux,instant reading 1

Guinea pig metabolism cage stainlesssteel, portable 1

Sink stainless steel, doublecompartment, drainboard 1

Caging units stainless steel,4 cages/rack for group housing,castered 4

Water bottles one pint, glass 50Sipper tubes stainless steel,

ball bearing ends 75Rubber stoppers size 7, 1-hole 50Drain floor, with garbage disposal

unit 1

Cleaning station, hot and cold water 1

Refrigerator floor type, compact(for keeping fresh green feed) 1

Hamster feed bin 1

Hamster room environmental recorder 1

Work table storage cabinet 1

Wall Stcrage cabinet 1

Scale exact weight scale, instantreading 1

Metabolism cage (Hamster)stainless steel 20

Racks stainless steel, 5-shelves,

Item

casteredSink stainless steel, double

compartment, drainboardCaging plastic, polycarbonate, 10-1/2"

x 19" x 6-1/4"

Quantity

2

1

150

Item Quantity

Refrigerator compact (to hold Quaileggs) 1

Exhaust system (cage wash area) 1 orto remove excess heat, steam and ascondensation from washroom area required

Cage lids stainless steel, 10 -1/2' x 19",feeder type 100

Sinks stainless steel, partitioned typewith storage area in base 2

Exercise cages stainless steel with Wall storage cabinet 2

counter 2 Water fountains foot activated type .. 2

Water bottles glass, 1-pint 150 Counter top cabinets top resistant toSipper tubes stainless steel, ball chemicals and detergent 2

bearing ends 150 Laboratory stools 2

Rubber stoppers size 7, 1-hole 150 Cleaning station steam 1

Drain floor, garbage disposal unit .... 1 Drain floor 1

Cleaning station, hot and cold water .... 1 Cage washing machine tunnel typeGerbil feed bin 1 with conveyor for cage locomotion .... 1

Gerbil room environmental recorder 1- Cage rack and large animal cage washerWork table 1 double door type 1

Wall storage cabinetScale exact weight scale, instant

reading

1

1

Autoclave 36" x 48" x 60" size, doubledoor, high vacuum cycle attachment,for ethylene oxide gas sterilization also 1

Metabolism cageSink stainless steel, double

15 Bottle filler water, stainless steel,automatic, 20-24 bottle capacity 1

compartment, drainboard 1 Bottle racks stainless steel, capacityRacks (cage) stainless steel, 5-shelves,

casteredCaging plastic, polycarbonate 10-1/2"

2

of 20-24 16 oz. bottlesCage storage shelving

25As roomallows

x 19" x 6-1/4"Cage lids stainless steel 10-1/2" x 19",

feeder type

120

120

Receptacle for animal cage beddingstainless steel, casters and removablelid, capacity 200 lbs. bedding,

Water bottles glass, 1-pint 120 partitioned 2

Sipper tubes stainless steel, ball Cabinet (food, bedding and storage area)bearing ends 120 3 drawers, open shelving above,

Rubber stoppers size 7, 1-hole 120 metal, drawers,to be rodent proof 2

Exercise cages stainless steel withcounter 2

Shelving floor to ceiling, open,adjustable

As roomallows

Restraining device stainless steel 6 Bin and shelving units closed, rodentDrain floor, with garbage disposal proof, 2' wide x 3' long x 4' deep, metal . 4

unit 1 Work tables 30" x 60" 2Cleaning station, hot and cold water .... 1 Receptacles waste, stainless steel,Quail feed bin 1 20 gallon capacity 4Quail room environmental recorder 1 Refrigerator, upright, explosion proof,Work table storage cabinet 1 14 cu. ft. with 3 cu. ft. freezerWall storage cabinet 1 compartment 1

Scale exact weight, instant reading ... 1 Sink stainless steel, doubleBird metabolism cages 15 compartment, garbage disposal 1

Sink stainless steel, double Can opener automatic 1

compartment, drainboard 1 Hot plate heavy duty, 2 or 3 burners .. 1

Caging stainless steel rack with 3 bird Food mixer blender commercial type . 1

cages, castered 2 Chopping block approved non-woodDrain floor, with garbage disposal type with knives 1

unit 1 Food scales measured in grams orCleaning station, hot and cold water 1 ounces 1

113

sr .124

ltem Quantity

Animal incinerator (destruction room)combustion tube crematory

destructor, 10'7" x 4' x 4' or larger 1

Oil tank 1000 gallon capacity,underground 1

Fan size to provide adequate oxygenfor combustion and cooling 1

Cleaning station hot and cold waterand steam 1

Waste cans 33 gallon capacity 6Drain 1

Screened enclosure fireproof, lockable Asrequired

Exhaust fan (refrigerated waste area)size motor and fan as required, Asmanual switched required

Compressor Asrequired

Cleaning station equipped with steam,cold and hot water 1

Waste cans 33 gallon, stainless steel 8Drain floor 1

Garbage cans, trash room, 33 gallon,stainless steel 10

Drain floor, garbage disposal unit 1

Lockers, mens' and womens' fulllength, individual 290

Showers, mens' and womens', passthrough design 8

Total estimated cost $363,480

Surgery Pharmacy Radiology ClinicalLaboratory Equipment

Item Quantity

X-ray machine 200 MA, 125 KVP,high speed timer, heavy duty contactor 1

X-ray table table with Potter-Buckymovable grid 1

X-ray tube-stand twin track floor toceiling 1

X-ray machine 15 MA, 85 KVPportable 1

Wall hangers for X-ray aprons andgloves, peg type 6

Docimeters 36Illuminator, wall mounted, 4 sections,

6 feet long 1

Counter space top impervious to As roomchemicals allows

Cabinets 2Clock, wall 1

Stools, student 18

114

125

Bent Qt«tntity

Controller X-ray machine 1

Operator X-ray table 1

Viewing window, lead glass, size asrequired 12

Tanks film processing, stainless steel 2Transfer box built-in, light proof 1

Paddles stainless steel, mixing 2Dryer X-ray film, with fan 1

Film storage bin light proof 1

Counter space top impervious to As roomchemicals allows

Film trimmer 1

Cassette storage cabinet 4' x 20" x 20"with vertical dividers 1

File cabinet film storage 1

Film holder rack pegboard, wallmounted 2

Film cassettes various sized Asrequired

Illuminator X-ray, 24" x 24", with"safe light" 1

Pilot light, at entrance to darkroom Asrequired

Safe light, inside darkroom Asrequired

Surgical tables hydraulic, stainlesssteel 3

Surgical table hydraulic, V-top,stainless steel 1

Surgical lamps double, track mounted 4Electrocautery instrument 1

Surgical kick buckets stainless steel,wheel mounted stand 6

Wall cabinets, storage 2Instrument stands adjustable,

stainless steel 4Inhalation anesthesia machine 3Radiological film viewer for

surgery room 1

Stools adjustable back, adjustableheight, metal 12

Emergency suction apparatus 1

Surgical oxygen source 1

Heart defibrillator 1

Dressing carts stainless steel, mobile 2Scrub sinks knee operated 3Soap dispenser foot operated 3Scrub brush dispenser autoclavable 3Arm immersion tanks 2Towel dispenser 3Wall cabinet with shelves 1

Rack clothes 1

Surgical table (Preparation and

Item

Treatment Room) hydraulic

Quantity Item

Refrigerator 6 cu. ft., explosion proof

Quantity

stainless steel 1 (Recovery Room) 1

Clippers animal, with various sized Refrigerator (Pharmacy Area) 18 cu.blades

Bathtub animal, with grate and cover,stainless steel

4

1

ft., with 6 cu. ft. freezer unit,explosion proof

Storage area and work space cabinets1

Whirlpool apparatus 1 (Pharmacy Room) chemical resistant As roomScales shelf type animal scales,

measured in pounds 1

countersWaring blender

allows1

Scales floor type, human balance Narcotics cabinet double lock metalscales 1 cabinet, warning light 1

Storage cabinets As room Sink double drain 1

allows Hot plates with stirring mechanism 2

Animal dryer 1 Typewriter electric, large carriage .... 1

Dressing cart stainless steel, mobile Filing cabinet 5 drawer, legal size(for Preparation and Treatment Room) 1 with locks 1

Refrigerator 14 cu. ft. with 3 cu. ft.freezer unit, explosion proof 1

Chemical scales electric balance,analytical 1

Sink double drain 1 Window pass-through 1

Ophthalmoscope-otosoope, wall mounted 1 Card file 1

Dental cleaning unit 1 Desk with typewriter leg 1

Narcotics locker cabinet double door,double locking system, warning light .. 1

Chair swivel, deskCounter stools adjustable with backs

1

2Surgical lamp (for Preparation and

Treatment Room) 1

Safe wall or bench, burglarproof,fireproof 1

Record chart cart clinical and patient, Calculator electric 1

castered, stainless steel, removableclipboards 1

Total estimated cost $100,280

Washing machine automatic, heavyduty 1

Meat Inspection Laboratory Equipment

Clothes dryer automatic, heavy duty 1Item Quantity

Electric iron steam type 1 Band saw, all purpose, floor model 1

Laundry sink double drain 1 Beei paunch table 1

Autoclave sterilizer with vacuum Skinning cradle 1

exhaust, ethylene oxide adapter,floor model 1

Gambreling tableElectric hoist, ceiling mounted

1

1

Counter-cabinet base storage As room Table, cutting 3

allows Meat chopping block, approved type 1

Sterilizer foot operated, boiling water . 1 Utility and wrapping table 1

Distilled water apparatus, pyrogen free Load lugger cart with lugs 1

capability 1 Smokehouse, portable 1

Incubator-oven dry heat 1 Retained beef cage 1

Storage cabinets As room Single lug dolly 1

allows Double lug dolly 1

Work table 1 Trash cans 2Dog caging (Recovery Room) Waste receptacles 2

Shor-Line 5-unit assembly,stainless steel 1

Meat treesHog gambrel

10

15Oxygen control and humidification unit . 1 Sandwich board 6Counter space storage cabinets As room Scale, carcass 1

allows Lug cover 6Examination table wall mounted,

stainless steel 1

Utility lugCarborundum stone

44

115

Item

Tapeshooter-50Hog flank spreaderBell hog scraperPork loin knifeMulti-oilstone setScabbard, all aluminumSticking knifeButcher knifeSteak knifeBoning knivesStainless steel armored skewer

thermometersBaby dial executive thermometersHot water thermometersWall thermometersSanitary aluminum stomperPork and lamb cleaversAll-use pattern cleaverBone dust removerBlock scrapersSpider dolliesGalvanized steel gambrelSmoke traysWire holdersMetal mesh glovesSafety hatsFlexi-gard meat apronsArm guard metalMetal mesh apronsAerofog sprayerLever grease gunHeavy duty wet-dry pickup and

Quantity Item Quantity

1 Humidity indicator 1

50 Sharpening steels 126 Oilstones 32 Butcher saws 42 Hog toenail puller 1

12 Utility hook strips 64 Coat rack for coats and hats 1

4 Ladders, aluminum 26 Beef tree 2

36 Pickling tank 1

Meat work tables, stationary 22 Meat work tables with casters 22 Chairs, folding steel 62 Cord reel for electric hoist 12 Hand truck, medium duty 1

1 Meat shear 13 Garbage cans with covers 63 Casters with pevolon wheels 46 Swivel casters, stainless steel bushings 26 Meat hook rail rack 12 Hoist with chain container 1

4 Deep fat fryer with basket 1

2 Shelf assembly 1 unit6 Lockers, full length 6

40 Locker, tiered 1

18 Mobile shelf unit 118 Pans, meat processing 6

2 Remote reading thermometer for3 walk-in cooler 1

1 Food blender 1

1 Total estimated cost $24,900

accessories 1

Fiberok heavy duty utility can 2Garbage can with cover 2Step ladders, metal 2Shelving, steel, closed type, non-ledge . 8 sectionsLockers, steel 12Convertible utility truck 1

Calculator, electric 1

Refrigerator display case 1

Head inspection stand, metal 1

Beef paunch truck 1

Heavy duty hot water hosewith accessories 100 ft.

Stainless steel meat containerwith cover 1

Heart and chain shackle 1

Work platform 1

Meat utility pan 1

Freezer tape dispenser 1

Zip-tyer, with accessories 1

Bone dust remover 12

127 116

SUMMARY OF COSTS

The following estimates are for the cost of com-pletely supplying and equipping a department forteaching veterinary technicians at the time ofdeveloping this guide (1972). The estimates arebased upon the purchase cost of new and modernequipment and supplies of good quality, but of themost expensive type. Leasing, renting, or otherpossible arrange'ments may significantly reducethese figures. The following assumptions aremade:

(1) The program can be started for a lower in-itial expenditure than the estimates shown,but complete plans for, and assurance of ob-taining, adequate facilities soon after theprogram begins will be a part of the in-stitution's policy when initiating theprogram.

(2) Adequate land for facilities needed forprogram implementation is assumed to beavailable, either owned or secured by a long

term lease.(3) Classrooms, support laboratories, a library,

a college farm complex, and other instruc-tional facilities are assumed to be availablefor all except the technical specialty classesand laboratory work associated with theprogram.

(4) No provision is made in this estimate for of-fice furniture, conventional classroomblackboards, conventional staff or instruc-tor's office equipment, janitorial equipmentor rest room locker room equipment, ex-cept student lockers and showersthemselves.

(5) The estimates' assume the availability of abuilding of suitable construction for thelaboratories equipped with normal services,such as electricity, heat, and water to andfrom the building, but otherwise unfur-nished. The cost estimates include piping,wiring, plumbing, and other distribution ofservices within each facility described.

(6) Cost summaries are provided for each func-tional laboratory separately, so that costcomparisons and totals may be arrived atmore easily.Laboratory facilities and equipment, in eachcase, are provided to accommodate classes of20 to 30 students per laboratory in question.Some classes, of course, because of thenature of the subject matter, may have to bemuch smaller than 20.

(7)

Laboratory Equipment for the Program

EstimatedCost

Basic Sciences Laboratory $246,870Conventional Research Laboratory 103,660Instructional Media Equipment 9,550Maximum Barrier Research Laboratory 363,480Surgery-Pharmacy-Radiology Clinical

Laboratory 100,280

Subtotal $823,840

Additional Laboratory Equipment for theMeat Inspection OptionMeat Inspection Laboratory 24,900

Total estimated cost for theCombined Program $848,740

117

The foregoing estimates do not provide for thecost of the two buildings. If the building for theVeterinary Science Technology Program must beconstructed, costs should be calculated at ap-proximately $65 per square foot of laboratoryspace, furnished ready to receive movable equip-ment. All cost factors and data must be adjustedfor geographical areas and the actual facility con-struction date. The construction costs for thisfacility appear unusually high but reflect com-pliance with special legal requirements for com-plete environmental controls systems and provi-sion for the unique Maximum Barrier ResearchLaboratory. The construction costs for the MeatInspection Laboratory can be calculated at ap-proximately $49 per square foot of laboratoryspace furnished ready to receive movable equip-ment.

128

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note-All first editions which follow are dated, all publicationswhich have gone through one or more revisions or are subject tofrequent revision (Le., handbooks, brochures and manufac-turer's operator's manuals) are marked "current edition" inorder to help those who may order them to always order themost recent published information.Abbatt, John D. and others. Protection Against Radiation. Lon-

don: Cassell, 1961.Abbott Labs. A Practical Approach to Fluid Therapy in

Veterinary Medicine North Chicago, III.. The Company,Current edition.

. Atlas of Use of Sternheimer-Malbin Staining Techniquein Examination of Urinary Sediments. North Chicago, Ill..The Company, 1961.

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American Kennel Club. The Complete Dog Book Garden City,N.Y.: The Kennel Club, Current edition.

American Meat Institute Foundation. The Science of Meat andMeat Products San Francisco. %V. H. Freeman & Co., 1960.

American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for theExamination of Water and Wastewater. New York. TheAssociation, Current edition.

American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Win MoreFriends by Telephone. New York: The Company, 1962.

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Breed, Robert S. and others eds. Bergey's Manual of Deter-minative Bacteriology. Baltimore. The Williams & WilkinsCo Current edition.

British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Animal Nurs-ing. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1966.

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Bruner, W. D. and J. H. Gillispie. Hagan's Infectious Diseasesof Animals. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing Co., Inc.,1966.

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Buckett, M. introduction to Livestock Husbandry. El»tsford,Pergamon Press, Inc., 1966.

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Campbell, James H. and Hal W. Hepler eds. Dimensions inCommunication: Readings. Belmont, Calif.: WadsworthPublishing Co., Inc., 1965.

Campbell, R. Clinical Vetennanan Parasitism. Philadelphia.Lea and Febiger, 1966.

Carlson, William D. l'eten nary Radiology. Philadelphia. Leaand Febiger, Current edition.

Carroll, Phil. How to Chart Data. New York. McGraw-Hill BookCo., 1960.

Catcott, Earl J. Ed. Animal Hospital Technology. A Text forVetennary Aides. Wheaton, Ill.. American VeterinaryPublications, 1971.

-. Boone Medicine and Surgery. Wheaton, Ill.. AmericanVeterinary Publications, 1970.

-. Canine Medicine. Wheaton, Ill.. American VeterinaryPublications, Current edition.

-. Equine Medicine and Surgery. Wheaton, III.: AmericanVeterinary Publications, 1963.

-. Progress In Canine Practice-Part I. Modern VeterinaryReference Series. Wheaton, III.. American VeterinaryPublications, 1967.

- and J. F. Smithcors eds. Progress in Feline PracticeIncluding Caged Birds and Exotic Animals. (Vol. 1 & 2,Modern Veterinary Reference Series.) Wheaton, Ill.:American Veterinary Publications, 1970.

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Chiasson, Robert B. Laboratory Anatomy of the White Rat.Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Co., 1958.

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Cloke, Marjane and Robert Wallace. The Modern BusinessLetter Writer's Manual. Garden City, N.Y.. Doubleday &Co., Inc., 1969.

Coates, Marie E. Germ-Free Animal in Research. New York.Academic Press, Inc., 1968.

Cockburn, Aidan, Infections of Domestic Animals in the UnitedStates. Springfield, Ill.. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1967.

Code of Federal Regulations. Title 9-Animal and Animal

119

Products. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Of-fice, 1971.

Coffin, D. L. Manual of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Ithaca,N.Y.: Comstock Publishing Associates, Current edition.

Cole, Harold H. ed. introduction to Livestock Production. SanFrancisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., Current edition.

Coles, Embert H. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Philadelphia.W. B. Saunders Co., 1967.

Collins, F. V. Meat Inspection. Sydney, Australia: HalsteadPress, Current edition.

Collins, George R. ed. Manual for Laboratory AnimalTechnicians. Joliet, III.. American Association forLaboratory Animal Science, 1969.

Collins, Vincent J. Principles of Anesthesiology. Philadelphia.Lea and Febiger, 1966.

Conalty, M. L. Husbandry of Laboratory Animals. New York.Academic Press, 1967.

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Cotchin, E. and F. J. Roe. Pathology of Laboratory Rats andMice. Edinburgh Blackwell, 1967.

Cotton, Horace. Aid for the Doctor's Aide. Oradell, N.J.:Economics Book Division, 1963.

Crampton, E. W. and L. E. Harris. Applied Animal Nutrition.San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., Current edition.

Crampton, Earle and Lewis E. Lloyd. Fundamentals of Nutri-tion . San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1959.

Creager, Joan G. and Darrel L. Murray eds. The Use of Modulesin Colle,,e Biology Training. (CUEBS -Pub. No. 31).Washington, D.C.: Commission on Undergraduate Educa-tion in the Biological Sciences. (CUEBS), March 1971.

Crispin, T. S. Dictionary of Technical Terms. Milwaukee: TheBruce Publishing Co., Current edition.

Croft, Phyllis G. Introduction to the Anesthesia of LaboratoryAnimals. New York. Animal Welfare Institute, 1967.

Crouch, James E. Functional Human Anatomy. Philadelphia.Lea and Febiger, 1965.

Crouch, William G. and Robert L. Zetler. A Guide to TechnicalWriting. New York: The Ronald Press Co., Current edition.

D'Amour, Fred E. and F. R. Blood. Manual for LaboratoryWork in Mammalian Physiology. Chicago: University ofChicago Press, Current edition.

Dance, Frank E. Human Communication Theory: A Book ofReadings. New York. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1966.

Dean, Howard H. and H. Bryson. Effective Communication.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Current edition.

Difco Laboratories. Difco Manual of Dehydrated Culture Mediaand Reagents for Microbiological and Clinical LaboratoryProcedures. Detroit: The Company, 1962.

Donaldson, E. F. and J. K. Pfahl. Personal Finance. New York:The Ronald Press Co., Current edition.

Doris, Lillian and Besse M. Miller. Complete Secretaryls Hand-book. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Current edition.

Dubos, Rene J. and James G. Hirsch eds. Bacterial and MycoticInfections of Man. New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., Currentedition.

Dukes, H. H. and others. Physiology of Domestic Animals.Ithaca, N.Y.. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Current edition.

Dunlop, John ed. Automation and Technological Change.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Current edition.

Dye, Howard S. and others. Economics. Principles, Problemsand Perspectives. Rockleigh, J. J.: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.,Current edition.

Eastman Kodak Company. The Fundamentals J. RadiologyRochester, N.Y.: Kodak, Current edition.

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Edwards, Edgar 0. ed. Nation's Economic Objectives. Chicago.University of Chicago Press, Current edition.

Ehlers, Victor M. and E. W. Steel. Municipal and Rural Sanita-tion Company. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Currentedition.

Eisenson, John and others.Psychology of Communication. NewYork: Appleton Century, 1963.

Emmons, Chester W. and others. Medical Mycology.Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, Current edition.

Epstein, Ervin ed. Skin Surgery. Springfield, Ill.. Charles C.Thomas Publishers, Current edition.

Estrin, Herman A. Technical and Professional Writing: A Prac-tical Anthology. New York, Harcourt, Brace and World,Inc., 1963.

Evans, Howard E and Alexander deLahunta. Miller's Guide tothe Dissection of the Dog. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.,1971.

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and John Q Griffith eds. Rat in Laboratory Investiga-tion. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1963.

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Federal Register, Volume 36, Number 80. RegulationsImplementing the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Preventionand Control Act of 1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, April 24, 1971.

Ferster, Marilyn B. Arithmetic for Nurses. New York. SpringerPublishing Co., 1961.

Fletcher, Gilbert FL Textbook of Radiotherapy. Philadelphia.Lea and Febiger, 1966.

Fowler, Henry W. ed. Dictionary of Modern English Usage.New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., Current edition.

Frandson, R. D. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1965.

Fuchs, Arthur W. Principles of Radiographic Exposure andProcessing. Springfield, Ill.: Current edition.

Garrett, Thomas M. Ethics in Business. New York: Sheed andWard, Inc., Current edition.

Gay, William I. ed. Methods of Animal Experimentation. NewYork: Academic Press, 1965.

Ginsberg, Frances and others. Manual of Operating RoomTechnology. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1%6.

Gordon, John E. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man.New York: American Public Health Association, Currentedition.

Gordon, Leland J. and Stewart M.'Lee. Economics for Con-sumers New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Current edi-tion.

Green, Earl L. ed. Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. New York:McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1966.

Grey, Ross M. ed. Veterinarians' Product and TherapeuticReference. Clifton, N.J.: Therapeutic Communications, Inc.,1972.

Habel, Robert E Applied Anatomy: A Laboratory Guide forVeterinarian Students. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UniversityPress, Current edition.

Hafez, E. S. ed. Behavior of Domestic Animals. Baltimore:Williams and Wilkins Co., Current edition.

Hall, Leslie W, ed. Wright's Veterinary Anesthesia. Baltimore:Williams and Wilkins Co., Current edition.

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Harrington, Alan. Life in the Crystal Palace. New York: AlfredA. Knopf, Inc., 1959.

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Histacount Corporation. Histacount Key Master BookkeepingSystem-Veterinarian's Edition. Melville, L.I., N.Y.:Histacount Corporation, 1969.

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-. Proceedings of Symposium on Animal Technician Train-ing Programs: East Lansing, Mich.: Center for LaboratoryAnimal Resources, Michigan State University, 1969.

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___... Laboratory Animals (Part ID. Washington. D.C.: TheInstitute, Current edition.

-. Standards for the Breeding, Care and Management ofMice, Rats, Guinea Pigs, Rabbits, Hamsters, Dogs, Cats andMonkeys. Washington, D.C.: The Institute, 1967.

Jennings, Joseph B. Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation inAnimals. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1966.

Joint Committee of the American Statistical Association andthe N.C.T.M. Statistics by Example. Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1971.

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Jones, T. Veterinary Necropsy Procedures. Philadelphia: J. B.Lippincott Co., 1959.

Katona, George, Mass Consumption Society. New York:McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1964.

Kirk, Robert W. ed. Current Veterinary Therapy. Philadelphia:W. B. Saunders Co., Current edition.

Kirk, Robert W. and Stephen I. Bistner. Handbook ofVeterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment.Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co, 1969.

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-. A Textbook for Medical Assistants. St. Louis: The C. V.Mosby Co., Current edition.

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Leavell, Byrd S. and 0. A. Thorup. Fundamentals of ClinicalHematology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., Current edi-tion.

Leonard, Ellis P. Fundamentals of Small Animal Surgery.Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1968.

Lewis, Sinclair. Arrowsmith. New York. New AmericanLibrary, Current edition.

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Lumb, William. Small Animal Anesthesia. Philadelphia. Leaand Febiger, Current editio .

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Maynard, Leonard G. and John Loos li. Animal Nutrition. NewYork: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., Current edition.

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Medical Economics. Physician:1 Desk Reference to Phar-maceutical Specialities and Biologicals. Oradell, N.J..Medical Economics, 1969.

Mendenhall, William and Lyman Ott. Understanding Statistics.Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury Press, 1972.

Menzel, Donald H. and others Writing a Technical Paper. NewYork: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1961.

Merck and Company, Inc. The Merck Veterinary Manual.Rahway, N.J.: The Company, Current edition.

Miller, Malcolm E. and others. Anatomy of the Dog.Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1964.

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Morrison, Frank B. Feeds and Feeding "Abridged). Claremont,Ontario, Canada: The Morrison Publishing Co., Current edi-tion.

Naiman, Arnold and others. Understanding Statistics. NewYork: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1972.

National Institutes of Health. Guide for Laboratory AnimalFacilities and Care. Washington, D.C.. U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1963.

New York Academy of Sciences. Germfree Vertebrates. Pres-ent Status. New York: The Academy, 1959.

New York State Department of Health, Bureau of NarcoticControl. Administrative Rules and Regulations of Depres-sant and Stimulant Drug Control. Albany: The Bureau,Current edition.

-. Article 3,t-A Public Health Law (Depressant andStimulant Drug Control Act). Albany: The Bureau, 1966.

Nicholson, Margaret. A Dictionary of A mencan-Enghsh Usage.New York. Signet, The New American Library, 1958.

Notre Dame University. Proceedings of the Second Symposiumon Gnotobiotic Technology. South Bend, Ind.. Notre DameUniversity Press, 1960.

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Health Science& Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. ThomasPublisher, Current edition.

Peterson, Shailer. The Dentist and Ms Assistant. St. Louis: TheC. V. Mosby Co., 1972.

Pfizer, Charles and Company, Inc., Agriculture Division.Modern Concepts of Veterinary Client Service (VCS Series)Volumes I, II, III and IV. New York: The Company, 1965.

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Schultz, Theodore W. Economic Value of Education. New York:Columbia University Press, Current edition.

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-. General Chemistry. New York: Holt, Rinehart andWinston, Inc., Current edition.

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12

Stedman, Thomas L. and others. Stedman's Medical Dictionary.Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., Current edition.

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Strunk, Willard, Jr. The Elements of Style. Revised by E. B.White. New York: Macmillan Company, 1959.

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Tekland, Inc. Physiological Data for Common LaboratoryAnimals. Monmouth, Ill.: The Company, 1968.

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United States Department of Agriculture. Anthrax inLivestock (Programs AID No. 431). Washington, D.C.: TheDepartment, March 1968.

-. Contagious Pleuropenumonia (PA-769). Washington,D.C.: The Department, March 1967.

-. Duck Virus Enteritis (PA-925). Washington, D.C.: TheDepartment, July 1970.

-. Equine Infectious Anemia (PA-805). Washington, D.C.:The Department, August 1967._. Eradicating Bovine TB (PA-641). Washington, D.C.: TheDepartment, November 1964.

-. Eradicating Cattle Scabies (PA -471). Washington, D.C.:The Department, December 1969.

-. Eradicating Sheep Scabies (PA;458). Washington, D.C.:The Department, December 1966.

-. Federal Facilities Requirements for Existing PoultryPlants (C&MS). Washington, D.C.: The Department,Current edition.

-. Federal Facilities Requirements for Small ExistingMeat Plants (0 342-073). Washington, D.C.. L'.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 1969.

-. The Fight Against Cattle Fever Ticks (PA475).Washington, D.C.: The Department, November 1968.

. Food-and-Mouth Disease (PA-600). Washington, D.C..The Department, January 1964.

-. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (ARS 91-58-1). Washington,D.C.: The Department, May 1969.

-. Guidelines for Implementation of Sanitary Re-quirements in Poultry Establishments. (345-321, C&MS-70).Washington, D C U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968.

-. List of Chemical Compounds. (0116-0075). Washington,D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Current edition.

. Manual of Meat Inspection Procedures of the USDA.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,Current edition.

-. Market Cattle Testing (PA-434). Washington, D.C.. TheDepartment, March 1966.

-. Aleut Inspection Regulations (U.S. Federal Register Vol.35, Number 193, Oct 3, 1970). Washington, D.C.. U.S.Government Printing Office, 1970.

133 122

-. Minimum Program Standards for Hog Cholera Eradica-tion (Memo No. 561.4). Washington, D.C.: The Department,1971.

-. Poultry Inspectors' Handbook (0 407-885). Washington,D.C.. U.S. Government Printing Office, Current edition.

-. Protecting Our Food, Yearbook of Agriculture.Washington, D.C.: The Department, 1966.

-. Questions and Answers-Screwworms (ARS 91-61-1).Washington, D.C.: The Department, September 1961.

-. Regulatory Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture HandbookNo. 167. Washington, D.C.. U.S. Government Printing Of-fice, 1960.

Rinderpest (PA-944) Washington, D.C.: The Depart-ment, July 1970.

-.Sanitation Handbook of Consumer Protection Programs(0 401-472). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Current edition.

-. Stamping Out Hog Cholera (h%-928). Washington, D.C.:The Department, October 1969.

-. Trichinosis Leaflet No. 428. Washington, D.C.: TheDepartment, September 1968.

-. Uniform Methods and Rules for Brucellosis.Washington, D.C.: The Department, Current edition.

-. Uniform Methods and Rules for Tuberculosis.Washington, D. C.: The Department, Current edition.

-. Unites States Inspected Meat Packing Plants(Agriculture Handbook 191). Washington, D. C.: U.S.Government Printing Office, Current edition.

United States Department of the Air Force. The VeterinaryTechnician (AF Manual 163-2). Washington, D. C.: TheDepartment, 1968.

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,Office of Education. Occupation Criteria and PreparatoryCurriculum Patterns in Technical Education Program. (OE-80015) Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1962.

United States Department of Labor. Prepare Yourse41 for JobInterview. Washington, D. C.: Superintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.

United States Public Health Service. Ordinance and Code.Washington, D. C.: The Service, Current edition.

Vander Hoeden, J. Zoonoses. New York: American ElseviewPublishing Co., 1965.

Wallace, Bruce and Adrian Srb. Adaptation. Englewood Cliffs,N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Current edition.

Washington, Allyn J. Basic Technical Mathematics. MenloPark, Calif.: Cummings Publishing Co., Current edition.

Watt, George W. and others. Chemistry in the Laboratory. ALaboratory Manual to Accompany Chemistry. New York:W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1964.

Weiser, H. H. and others. Practical Food Microbiology andTechnology. Westport, Conn.. Avi Publishing Company,Inc., Current edition.

Westhues, Melchior and Rudolf Fritsch. Animal Anaesthesia.General Anaesthesia (Vol. II). Chicago. J. B. Lippincott Co.,1964.

Anima/ Anesthesia. Local Anesthesia (Vol. I). Chicago:J. B. Lippincott Co., 1964.

Whitlock, John H. Diagnosis of Veterinary Amisitisms.Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1960.

Willig, Sidney H. The Nurse Guide to the Law. New York:McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1970.

Wintrobe, Maxwell M. Clinical Hematology. Philadelphia. Leaand Febiger, Current edition.

Wischnitzer, Saul. Atlas and Dissection Guide for ComparativeAnatomy. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1967.

Wood, Jesse H. and others. Fundamentals of CollegeChemistry. New York. Harper and Row, Publishers, Currentedition.

Worden, Alastair N. and William Lane-Petter eds. The UAWHandbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory

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Animals. London: Livingstone, Current edition.Zinsser, Hans, Microbiology. New York: Appleton-Century

Crofts, Current edition.. Rats, Lice mid History. Boston. Atlantic Monthly Press,

Current edition.Zuwaylif, F. H. General Applied Statistics. Reading, Mass.:

Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1970.

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Appendix

SELECTED LIST OF PROFESSIONALAND TECHNICAL SOCIETIES ANDORGANIZATIONS WHICH RELATE TOTHE CURRICULUM OF VETERINARYSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

Interested educators may find this selected list ofprofessional and technical societies and associations to be auseful source of instructional information, reference data,audio-visual aids or even for acquiring outstanding guestspeakers from industry.

The selected list which follows is not a complete listing of allknown organizations which relate to this career field. It shouldalso be noted that inclusion of an organization in this list doesnot imply special approval, nor does omission imply dissap-proval.

A request concerning general information, services rendered,or for specific information made to any of the below listedorganizations is usually more promptly answered by addressingthe inquiry to the "Executive Secretary"- of the respectiveorganization.

AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION (AAHA),3920 East Jackson Boulevard, Elkhart, Indiana 46514

An organization of veterinarians engaged in small animalpractice who own small animal hospitals. For the advancementof hospitalization of pet animals. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publication: Animal Hospital, quarterly.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR ACCREDITATION OFLABORATORY ANIMAL CARE (AAALAC), 4 East ClintonSt., Suite 605, P.O. Box 13, Joliet, Illinois 60434

National group of education, health, and researchorganizations professionally concerned with the care, study,and use of laboratory animals in scientific research. Plans aprogram for accreditation of laboratory animal care facilities.Will make site visits to institutions seeking accreditation,review all applications, and evaluate the site visitors' reports.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CONTAMINATIONCONTROL (AACC), 6 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. 02108

An organization concerned with contamination control in-volving, in part, representatives of pharmaceutical, medical andbiological sciences, managers of hospitals, educators andstudents, with interest in that field. Convention/meeting: an-nual.

Publication: Journal of the A.A.C.C.. monthly.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMALSCIENCE (AALAS), 'P.O. Box 10, Joliet, Illinois 60434

An organization composed of biomedical researchers,physicians, veterinarians, animal technicians, commercialanimal breeders, feed and equipment manufacturers and othersprofessionally engaged in the breeding, care and use oflaboratory animals. Convention/meeting: annual.

Local branches of this national organization also pro% ide op-portunities for participation in educational and professionalprograms. Interested individuals should write to the Executive

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Secretary of AALAS, for names and address of local branchesof AALAS in their area.

Publications: (1) Laboratory Animal Care, bi-monthly; (2)ASP Bulletin, quarterly; (3) Membership Directory, irregular.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OFSCIENCE (AAAS), 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20005

The largest general scientific organization representing allfields of science. Membership includes individuals and scientificsocieties, professional organizations and state and cityacademies. Sections of this organization relevant to animalscience include: zoological sciences, medical sciences, phar-maceutical sciences, agriculture, industrial science, educationand statistics. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publications. (1)Science, weekly, (2)Symposium Volumes, (3)Science Education News. quarterly; (4) AAAS Bulletin,quarterly; (5) Understanding, quarterly; (6) Science Books,quarterly.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF BOVINE PRACTITIONERS(AABP), P.O. Box 2319, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906

An organization of veterinary practitioners engaged in thepractice of bovine medicine and surgery. The organization seeksto promote research on bovine diseases and disseminate amongits members the latest scientific information relative to clinicalpractice with this species. Convention/meeting. annual (heldwith A.V.M.A.).

Publication. The Bovine Practitioner, bi-monthly.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS(AAEP), Route 3, 14 Hillcrest Circle, Golden, Colorado 80401

For veterinarians engaged in the practice of equine medicineand surgery, to disseminate latest scientific informationrelative to clinical practice with this species, to promoteresearch on horse diseases. Convention/meeting: annual.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARYLABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS (AAVLD), P.O. Box 70,Ames, Iowa 50010

A professional organization composed of veterinarians whoare engaged in veterinary diagnostic laboratory service. To dis-seminate and share the latest techniques and methodsdeveloped for enhancing the scope and quality of laboratorydiagnostic services to practitioners.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO VETERINARIANS(AAZV), 4542 Seminary Road, Alexandria, Virginia 22304

A professional organization composed of veterinarians whosponsor educational, scientific, and professional meetings to ad-vance the knowledge of and veterinary service for the exoticanimal.

AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR LABORATORY ANIMALMEDICINE (ACLAM), Institute for Laboratory AnimalResources, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418

An organization of veterinarians specializing in laboratoryanimal medicine. Establishes standards of training and ex-periences for qualification of specialists in the field, ad-ministers examinations, and certifies eligible specialists. En-

courages education, training and research in laboratory animalmedicine.

AMERICAN COLLEGE OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGISTS(ACVP), Veterinary Pathology Building, 1925 Coffey Road,Columbus, Ohio 43200

A professional society of specialists in veterinary pathology(origin, nature and course of disease in animals). Recognized asthe certifying agency for the specialty of veterinary pathologyin the United States and Canada.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES(AIBS), 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016

Federation of professional biological associations and in-dividuals with an interest in the life sciences. To promote unityand effectiveness of effort among persons engaged in biologicalresearch, teaching or application of biological data; to furtherthe relationships of biological sciences to other sciences, the artsand industries. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publications. (1) Bio Science, monthly, (2) Review of Biology,quarterly; (3) symposia proceedings, irregular; (4) AEC-AEBSmonographs and (5) select single titles, irregular.

AMERICAN MEAT INSTITUTE FOUNDATION (AMIF), 59East Van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60605

A scientific research and educational institution, affiliatedwith the University of Chicago. Engages exclusively in researchrelated to production of livestock and processing and utilizationof products derived from livestock through grants-in-aidprograms to colleges and universities. Convention/meeting:semiannual.

Publication: AMIF Bulletins, irregular.

AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION (APHA), 1790Broadway, New York, New York 10019

A professional organization of physicians, nurses, educators,engineers, dentists, industrial hygienists, other communityhealth specialists and interested lay persons seeking to protectand promote public and personal health. Its services includepromulgation of standards, establishment of uniform practicesand procedures, development and evaluation and appraisalprocesses, tabulation of important facts on the etiolouof com-municable diseases, creation of testing methods for selection ofprofessional public health workers, establishment of desirableminimum educational qualifications, sponsoring accreditationof schools of public health, research in many areas of publichealth, exploration of various types of medical care programsand their relationship to public health. Convention/meeting:annual.

Publication: A 7:tenant Journal of Public Health, monthly.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY (ASM), 115Huron View Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48100

A scientific society of microbiologists. Bacterial physiology;medical immunology; viroloa; industrial. Convention/meeting:annual.

Publications: (1)Journal of Virology, bi-monthly; (2)Journalof Bacteriology. monthly; (3)Applied Microbiology, bi-monthly;(4) Bactenological Reviews, quarterly; (5) BactenologwalProceedings, annual; (6) Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy. annual.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOLOGY ANDEXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (ASPET), 9650 Rock% illePike, Bethesda, Maryland 20014

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A scientific society of investigators in pharmacology and tox-icology interested in research and promotion of phar-macological knowledge and its use among scientists. Conven-tion/meeting: semi-annual.

Publications. (1) Journal of Pharmacology and ExpenmentalTherapeutics, monthly; (2) Molecular Pharmacology, bi-monthly, (3) Pharmacological Revieics, quarterly, (4) Phar-macologist, semi-annual.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (ASAS), % QCorporation, 39 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, New York 12210

Professional society of persons engaged in investigation, in-struction or extension in animal science, or in the production oflivestock products. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publication. Journal of Animal Science, quarterly.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LABORATORY ANIMALPRACTITIONERS (ASLAP), % A.V.M.A., 600 South MichiganAvenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605

An organization of veterinarians engaged, full or part-time,in the practice of laboratory animal medicine. Conven-tion/meeting: annual (with A.V.M.A. and A.A.L.A.S.).

Publication: Synapse, quarterly.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS(ASMT), Hermann Professional Building, Suite 25, Houston,Texas 77025

Primarily composed of medical technologists who have beencertified by the Registry of Medical Technologists of theAmerican Society of Clinical Pathologists. Also includesspecialists who hold at least a master's degree in one of the ma-jor fields of medical technology, specialists with limited cer-tificates, and students enrolled in AMA and military medicaltechnology schools. Seeks to promote and maintain high stan-dards in clinical laboratory methods and research, and to ad-vance standards of education and training. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

Publications: (1) A merican Journal of Medical Technology, bi-monthly; (2)AS.1fT News. monthly;.(3)Award-O-Grain, annual;(4) ASMT Directory, irregular; (5) Audio-visual LibraryBulletin, biennial.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PARASITOLOGISTS (ASP),Microbiology Department, South Western Medical School,University of Texas, Dallas, Texas 75235

A professional society of persons interested in improving theteaching and promoting the study of parasites and relatedsciences. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publication: Journal of Parasitology, bi-monthly.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF VETERINARY CLINICALPATHOLOGISTS (ASVCP), 3222 Marnat Road, Baltimore,Maryland 21208

A professional and scientific organization for the purpose ofeducation and improvement of veterinary clinical pathologyservices to research scientists and practitioners.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION(AVMA), 600 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605

A professional society of veterinarians. Councils: judicial,education, research, biological and therapeutic agents, publichealth and regulatory veterinary medicine, and veterinary ser-v ice. Sections. research, small animals, poultry, and publichealth. Convention/meeting: annual.

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Publications: (1) Journal of AVMA, semi-monthly; (2)American Journal of Veterinary Research, bi-monthly.

AMERICAN VETERINARY SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OFBREEDING SOUNDNESS (AVSSBS), Association Building,9th and Minnesota, Hastings, Nebraska 68901

An associated group of veterinarians active in gathering anddisseminating the latest research information regardingbreeding soundness in all species. Application of new practicemethods and techniques for improving veterinary services toanimal breeders is encouraged. Convention/meeting: annual(occaiionally cosponsors scientific programs with the A.V.M.A.convention).

Publication: Meeting proceedings, irregular.

ANIMAL HEALTH INSTITUTE (AHI), 940 ExecutiveBuilding, 1030 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005

An organization of manufacturers of antibiotics, drugs andchemicals used in animal health and nutrition products. Specialcommittees: Feed Additives; Law; Pharmaceutical Products,Research; Scientific Advisory; Veterinary Biologicals. Conven-tion/meeting; annual.

Publication: AHI Reporter, monthly.

ANIMAL MEDICAL CENTER (AMC), 62nd Street and EastRiver Drive, New York, New York 10021

This institution conducts research into the nature of animaldisease for the benefit of both animal and human health;provides the best possible treatment for sick animals; educatesveterinarians and technicians in specialty of small animalmedicine and in comparative medical research; and dissemina-tion of knowledge. Research includes infectious disease, car-diovascular disease, cancer, metabolic and endocrine disease.

ANIMAL NUTRITION RESEARCH COUNCIL (ANRC),Dawe's Laboratories, Inc., 4800 South Richmond Street,Chicago, Illinois 60632

The council sponsors research on animal feeds. It also en-courages research in animal nutrition and promotescollaborative studies of assay methods for nutritional factors.Convention/meeting: annual.

Publication: ANRC Newsletter, semi-annual.

ANIMAL TECHNICIANS ASSOCIATION (ATA), MedicalResearch Council, Mill Hill, London, England

An organization for professional improvement and educationof the laboratory animal technician.

Publication: Journal of the Animal Technicians Association,semi-monthly.

ANIMAL WELFARE INSTITUTE (AWL, 22 East 17th Street,New York, New York 10003

The Institute promotes humane treatment of animals, par-ticularly animals used in research and medicine. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

Publications. (1) Information Report, bi-monthly, (2)Manuals are also published for special topics, these include.Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, Basic Care ofExperimental Animals, First Aid and Care of Small Animals(for primary teachers) and Humane Biology Projects (for secon-dary teachers).

ASSOCIATION FOR GNOTOBIOTICS (AFG), 1630 LathamDrive, Madison, Wisconsin 53700

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Composed of biological, medical and veterinary scientists andtechnicians interested and involved in research and/or develop-ment using germfree animals and equipment.

Publication: AFG Newsletter, periodic.

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN BOARDS OF EXAMINERSIN VETERINARY MEDICINE (AABEVM), 1680 TeaneckRoad, Teaneck, New Jersey 07666.

An organization to improve methods of examining candidatesfor licensure, to elevate standards of proficiency; to exchangeinformation on enforcement of practice arts; and to prepare auniform minimum of standards for practice and licensure.Convention/meeting: annual.

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICALCOLLEGES (AAVMC), New York State Veterinary College,Ithaca, New York 14850

An organization composed of colleges of veterinary medicinein the United States and Canada to promote common interestsin veterinary medical research and teaching. Conference: an-nual (with A.V.M.A.).

CONFERENCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARIANS(CPHV), 2 East 63rd Street, New York, New York 10021

A professional society of veterinarians interested in publichealth, education and scientific progress in veterinary publichealth; to encourage educational training and research and theexchange of scientific information. Convention/meeting: an-nual.

CONFERENCE OF RESEARCH WORKERS IN ANIMALDISEASES (CRWAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Univer-sity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55100

An organization for research workers in animal diseasesemployed by governmental or endowed institutions. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

COUNCIL OF BIOLOGY EDITORS (CBE), Department ofBiology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556

Composed of active and former editors of primary and secon-dary journals in the biological sciences, through study groups,panels, and committees, investigates all aspects of biologicalcommunication with emphasis on publication, especiallypublication in primary journals and retrieval in secondarymedia. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publications: (1) Newsletter, irregular, (2) Style Manual forBiological Journals, in conjunction with American Institute ofBiological Sciences.

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOREXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (FASEB), 9650 Rockville Pike,Bethesda, Maryland 20014

This is a federation of six scientific societies; AmericanPhysiological Society, American Society of Biological Chem-ists; American Society for Pharmacology and ExperimentalTherapeutics, American Institute of Nutrition, American Socie-ty for Experimental Pathology, American Association of Im-munologists. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publications. (1) Federation proceedings, bi-monthly, (2)Placement Service Bulletin, bi-monthly.

FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA (FFA), Office of Educa-tion, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,Washington, D.C. 20202

An organization for farm boys studying vocationalagriculture in rural public secondary schools. Organized underNational Vocational Education Act to foster character develop-ment, agricultural leadership and citizenship, and to supple-ment training opportunities for boys planning toward farming.Convention/meeting: annual.

Publication: National Future Farmer Magazine. bi-month ly.

INDUSTRIAL VETERINARIANS' ASSOCIATION (IVA). Nocentral headquarters address, % address of the Presiding Of-ficer at the moment, rotates with change of officers.

Composed of veterinarians who are also members of theAmerican Veterinary Medical Association and are employed ina professional capacity in industrial activities (for example,with drug and chemical firms, in livestock and poultry enter-prises, or in independent research). Hold annual regionalworkshop sessions. Convention/meeting: annual (held withA.V.M.A. Convention).

Publications: (1) IVA Newsletter, 3/year: (2) Directory ofVeterinarians in Industry.

INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES(ILAR), The National Science Foundation, 2101 ConstitutionAvenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418

The Institute provides educational, informational com-munications and many other essential services to laboratoriesand individuals on a national and international basis. It is alsoinvolved in research efforts utilizing laboratory animals.

Publications: (1) ILAR News, quarterly; (2) Users ofLaboratory Animals, annual; (3) Animals for Research. annual.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK, FOOD ANDENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS (IAMFES), P.O. Box 437,Blue Ridge Road, Shelbyville, Indiana 46176

An organization composed of food and drug officials, milkand food industry fieldmen and technicians, laboratoryworkers, sanitary engineers, re-research, teaching, agricultureand military personnel. It develops uniform and propermethods of food and milk supervision and inspection. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

Publications: (1) Journal of Milk and Food Technology.monthly; (2) Also publishes sanitary standards, and proceduresfor investigation of food-borne disease outbreaks.

LABORATORY ANIMAL BREEDERS ASSOCIATION(LABA), Charles River Breeding Laboratories, 251 BallardvilleStreet, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887

The organization breeds animals especially for research. Itpromotes and maintains ethical practices in production andmarketing of laboratory animals, aids in support of activities ofregional diagnostic centers for the study and diagnosis of dis-eases of laboratory animals; functions as the agency for stan-dardizing and improving methods and breeding techniques oflaboratory animals and accredits colonies. Convention/meeting:annual.

Publication: Newsletter, quarterly.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FEDERALVETERINARIANS (NAFV), Suite 828, 1522 K Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20005

A nonprofit corporation formed for the purpose of promotingthe veterinary profession, to improve the professional efficiencyand material interests of its members, to cooperate with theAmerican Veterinary Medical Association and other recognized

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veterinary and livestock sanitary associations. Conven-tion/meeting: annual (with A.V.M.A. and U.S.A.H.A.).

Publication: The Federal Veterinarian, monthly.

NATIONAL 4-H SERVICE COMMITTEE, 59 East Van BurenStreet, Chicago, Illinois 60605

An organization of business executives, educators and privatecitizens devoted to the advancement of 4-H Club work. Grantsawards, at county, state, and national levels to current orformer 4-H members for accomplishments in specific programs.Convention/meeting: annual.

Publications: (1) National 4-H News, monthly; (2) NationalCommittee Comments, 3/year.

NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH (NSMR),1330 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005

A federation of associations, institutions, and companies con-cerned with research in biology and medicine. It works to im-prove public understanding of the principles, methods, andneeds of the biological and medical sciences. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

Publications: (1) Newsletter, monthly; (2) Also publishespamphlets and special reports.

PHARMACEUTICAL MAN-Ii tCTURERS ASSOCIATION(PMA), 1155 15th Street, N.\ ., Washington, D.C. 20005

An organization composed of manufacturers of ethical phar-maceutical or biological products which are distributed undertheir own labels. Members account for upwards of 95 percent ofU.S. sales of prescription drugs. The organization encourageshigh standards for members' products, research towarddevelopment of new and better medical products, betterfacilities and methods for pharmacological and clinical evalua-tion of them, and safer methods for their manufacture, packag-ing, and transportation; enactment of "uniform and reasonabledrug legislation for the protection of public health".Disseminates information on governmental regulations andpolicies, but does not maintain or supply information on specificproducts, prices, distribution, promotion, or sales policies of itsindividual members. Maintains library of 400 volumes on phar-macology and medicine. Sections: Biological, Medical, QualityControl, Production and Engineering, Research and Develop-ment, Financial, International, Law, Public Relations. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

Publications. (1) Newsletter, weekly; (2) Trademark, weekly.(3) PMA Bulletin, monthly; (4) World Review of Drug News, bi-weekly, (5) Product Liability, irregular, (6) State CapitalReports, irregular, (7) Administrative Officers (directory), an-nual, (8) Membership List, (9) Trademarks Listed with PMA,triennial.

SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE(SEBM), 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032

A society of workers actively engaged in research in ex-perimental biology or experimental medicine. To cultivate theexperimental method of investigation in the sciences of biologyand medicine.

Publication: Proceedings, 11 issues annually.

SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY (SIM), 3900Wisconsin 1,,velmc, 14.W., Washington, D.C. 20016

A society composed of my cologists, bacteriologists, biologists,chemists, engineers, zoologists and others interested in

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biological processes as applied to industry. Conven-tion/meeting: annual.

Publications. (1) Developments in Industrial Mzcrobwlogy,annual; (2) NM Newsletter, quarterly.

UNITED STATES ANIMAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION(USAHA), 1444 East Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219

An organization composed of veterinarians, livestockproducers, transportation and livestock companies concernedwith the improvement of the health of livestock and poultrythrough disease control and eradication. Sponsored committees:Anaplasmosis, Biologics, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, Animal

Virus, Characterization, Exotic Diseases, Hog Cholera Eradica-tion, Laws and Regulations, Livestock Markets, ParasiticDisease, Public Health, Rabies, Tuberculosis, Yards andTransportation. Convention/meeting: annual.

Publication: Proceedings, annual.

WOMEN'S VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION(WVMA), % American Veterinary Medical Association, 600South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605

An organization composed of women veterinarians. Conven-tion/meeting: annual (held with A.V.M.A.).

Publication: WVMA Bulletin, quarterly.

ft US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1975-859 81818-8

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