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Vibra&onally Excited Water Emission at 658 GHz from Evolved Stars Alain Baudry Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux « Band 5 Science Workshop - Synergy with APEX/SEPIA » ESO Garching, February 1-3, 2017
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Vibra&onally  Excited  Water  Emission  at  658  GHz  from  Evolved  Stars  

Alain Baudry

Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux

« Band 5 Science Workshop - Synergy with APEX/SEPIA » ESO Garching, February 1-3, 2017

 

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Contents    •  First  detec&ons  in  vibrat.  excited  H2O  

•  Why  important  to  observe  excited  water  •  Source  selec&on    •  APEX  results  at  658  GHz  •  First  conclusions  

Several  collaborators  –  E.  Humphreys,  A.  Richards,  W.  Vlemmings,  M.  Gray,  M.  WiMkowsky  

       C.  de  Breuck,  F.  Herpin  &  others    

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Vibra-onally  Excited  H2O  at  mm/submm  λ  in  O-­‐rich  Stars  

     •  Maser  ac&on  observed  from  8  rotat.  transi&ons  in  (010)  &  (020)  excited  states  of  the  bending  mode  

•  See  e.g.  review/modelling  paper  (Gray  et  al  2016)  or  IK  Tau  line  survey  (Velilla-­‐Prieto  et  al  2017)    

•  First  observa&ons  of  J  transi&ons  in  v2=1  mode  made  with  30-­‐m  and  APEX  

•  Menten  &  Melnick  1989,  Menten  et  al  2006  

•  Powerful  658  GHz  emission  from  11,0-­‐10,1  transi&on  in  v2=1,  2400  K  above  ground  level    

•  First  detec&on  by  Menten  &  Young  (1995)  with  CSO  in  10  out  of  12  evolved  stars  

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E  (K)  

J  

0  

2000  

4000  

________  

________  

_______  _______  

E  (cm-­‐1)  

(001)  (100)  

(010)  

(000)  

SiO  v=1  1240  cm_1  

H2O  vibra-onal  states  

6.3  um  

(010)  state  

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658  GHz  emiFers,  many  more  to  detect  

•  Addi&onal  sources  were  detected  at  658  GHz      –  SMA  (period  2004-­‐2006)  at  low  spa&al  resolu&on  (≈1-­‐2  arcsec)  

•  Hunter  et  al  2007,  IAU  Symp.  #242  

– HIFI  aboard  Herschel  (≈30  arc  sec)  •  JusManont  et  al  2012,  O-­‐rich  AGB  stars;  Alcolea  et  al  2013,  VY  CMa    

•  Weak  658  emission  from  2  OH/IR  stars  and  1  PPN  

•  From  published  literature  22  known  658  GHz  sources  •  16  Miras  or  SR  and  3  Supergiants  (VY  CMa,  VX  Sgr,  NML  Cyg)  

•  Many  more  658  GHz  emiMers  are  to  be  discovered  •  Difficult  because  of  poor  atmospheric  transparency  &  noisy  Rxs    

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Why  observe  658  GHz  H2O  emission?  (1/2)  

•  Need  more  detec&ons  to  beMer  understand  the  proper&es  of  this  emission  

• Widespread  but  discrete  source  surveys  yet  to  be  done  

•  Apparent  maser  emission  s&ll  ‘enigma&c’  •  Can  be  strong  up  to  3000  Jy  -­‐not  as  strong  as  22  GHz  maser  

–  Useful  as  poten&al  ALMA  Band  9  phase  calibrators  

•  Line  width  rather  broad  and  asymmetric  -­‐a  general  behavior?  •  Time  variability  and  polariza&on  proper&es  unknown  

•  Found  in  evolved  stars  and  Orion    -­‐like  SiO  maser  

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Why  observe  658  GHz  H2O  emission?  (2/2)  

•  Exact  loca&on  of  the  emission  in  the  CSE  unknown  

•  Close  to  SiO  masers?  similar  excita&on  levels  1800  K  (SiO)  versus  2400  K  (excited  H2O)  and  similar  velocity  range  

•  Presumably  lies  within  dust  forma&on  zone  at  a  few  R*  •  One  first  ALMA  map  made  in  VY  CMa  (Richards  et  al  2014)  

–  Shows  aggrega&on  of  masers  <  100-­‐150  mas  wrt  star  –  Desirable  to  map  less  complex  sources  

•  Combine  658  GHz  with  other  maser  transi&ons    •  To  constrain  CSE  condi&ons  on  AU/sub-­‐AU  scales  •  To  improve  vibra&onally  excited  H2O  modelling  

»  Using  line  intensity  ra&os  and  line  profiles      

 

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Main  Goals  

•  Survey  many  O-­‐rich  stars  to  detect  new  658  sources  with  APEX  

•  BeMer  understand  the  nature  of  the  658  GHz  maser    –  Later  map  most  interes&ng  sources  

   to  this  end  we  have:  

•  Built  a  small  catalogue  of  poten&al  new  sources  

•  Extracted  a  ‘representa7ve’  sample  of  10  sources  from  this  catalog  

•  Used  SEPIA  Band  9  science  verifica&on  &me  to  perform  observa&ons  of  this  sample  

•  Companion  project  on  &me  variability  observa&ons  

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A  few  words  on  mini-­‐catalogue  

•  Based  on  homogeneous  sample  of  evolved  stars  observed  with  same  telescope  in  SiO  &  H2O  (22  GHz)  (Kim  et  al  2012)    

•  Flux  density  above  50  Jy  •  Added  sources  from  compila&on  of  SiO/H2O  publica&ons  to  improve  <  0°  dec.  source  count  

•  Used  Parkes  and  SEST  southern  hemisphere  observa&ons  with  same  flux  density  limit  

•  Several  sources  not  in  old  Benson  et  al  compila&on    

•  Total  of  about  90  sources  •  Includes  the  19  already  known  sources  

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DSB  Observa&ons  (1/2)  

•  Band  9  DSB  receiver  &  2.5  GHz  Back-­‐Ends  •  Band  9  sky  freq  coverage  602  –  720  GHz  &  IF  range  =  4  –  12  GHz  •  IF  processor  records  4  GHz  BW  <=>  2  x  2.5  GHz  BEs  with  1  GHz  overlap  

•  H2O(v2=1)  and  13CO(6-­‐5)  at  658.007  and  661.067  GHz  simultaneously  in  LSB  

•  Added  both  polars.  –polar  info  lost  at  658  •  April  to  July  2016,      PWV  =  0.45  to  0.8  mm,      Integr.  -me  ≈    15  –25  min/source  

•  Poin&ng  &  Reference  posi&on  •  Beam  ≈  9  arcsec    –from  CO(6-­‐5)  •  Poin&ng  correc&ons  &  focus  checked  on  CO  sources  &  some&mes  on  planets  prior  to  658  GHz  obs.  

•  Posi&on  switching  /  Reference  posi&on  several  beams  away      

 

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DSB  Observa&ons  (2/2)  

•  4  GHz  recorded  •  LSB    ≈  657.5  -­‐  661.5  GHz    USB  ≈  669.5  –  673.5  GHz  

•  Smoothed  spectral  resolu-on  =  0.14  km/s  •  <  0.1  km/s  resolu&on  used  to  check  for  possible  spikes      •  Some  details  lost  with  0.5  km/s  =>  adopt  0.14  km/s    •  2  10-­‐4  GHz  freq  uncertainty  at  658  GHz  <=>  ≈  0.1  km/s    •  Used  W  Hya  asymm.  profile  to  check  for  op&mal  resolu&on  

•  Polariza-on  info  lost  •  Masers  are  owen  linearly  polarized;  658  GHz  maser(?)  •  Orthogonal  polars  could  be  examined  separately  in  strongest  sources  ….  although  

–  Leakage  from  one  polar  into  the  other  unknown    –  Short  integra&ons  =>  can’t  es&mate  intrinsic  polariza&on  angle    

•  Checked  for  line  contamina-on  from  USB  

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PWV  

____LSB____   ____USB___  

PWV  =  0.7  mm   O3  lines  USB,  669.8-­‐670,  671.6-­‐671.8,  672.8  GHz  

O3  lines  LSB  658.039,  661.4-­‐661.6  GHz    

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JKaKc  

SO2  &  SO  lines  observed  in  R  Dor,  W  Hya,  IK  Tau  HIFI  &  APEX  &  IRAM  

   Danilovich  et  al  2016  Also  present  in  VY  CMa  spectral  scans  

Many  species  observed  in  O-­‐rich  evolved  stars,  eg  Alcolea  et  al,  JusManont  et  al,  Davilovich  et  al,    Velilla  Prieto  et  al    CO    CS    SiO    HCN    HNC    H2O    SiS    SO2    SO    etc.    Checked  for:  SO,  34SO,  S18O,  SO2  v=0,  CO  and  isotopes,  CS,  HCN,  H13CN,  H2O  ground  &  vib  states,  SiS  v=0,  SiO  v=0-­‐4,  29SiO          in  USB  [669.54        673.54  GHz]    1  SO  &  1  SiS  lines,  2  SO2  lines  with  rela-vely  low  energy  fall  in  USB  

 SO2  line  at  673.067  GHz    coincides  with  658  GHz  transi7on  ≈  3  10-­‐4  GHz  =  0.15  km/s  SO2  detected  in  W  Hya  but  it  is  weak    -­‐could  model  SO2  and  subtract  from  658  GHz  H2O  line  

LINES  in  USB  SO2  

Coincides  with  658  GHz  

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Observed  Sources  (1/2)  

   

 

Source    

Stellar  type

RA  (J2000)

Dec  (J2000)

Date    (2016  year)

PWV  (mm)

Note

o  Ce- Mira 02 19 20.79 -02 58 39.5 26 July 0.45-0.5 First detected with HIFI Normalized spetrum

R  Hor Mira 02 53 52.72 -49 53 22.7 9 April 0.7-0.8 New detection

RT  Eri Mira 03 34 12.48 -16 09 50.7 15 June 0.5-0.65 New detection

IK  Tau Mira 03 53 28.87 +11 24 21.7 28 July 0.65 First detected with HIFI

RT  Vir SR b 13 02 37.98 +05 11 08.4 28 July 0.75-0.8 New detection

R  Hya Mira 13 29 42.78 -23 16 52.8 28 July 0.8 Mentioned by Hunter et al., no spectrum shown

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Observed  Sources  (2/2)  

   

 

Source    

Stellar  type

RA  (J2000)

Dec  (J2000)

Date    (2016  year)  

PWV  (mm)

Note

W  Hya Mira 13 49 02.00 -28 22 03.5 28 July 0.8 First detected by Menten & Young Detected with HIFI

RU  Hya Mira 14 11 34.40 -28 53 07.4 28 July 0.75 New detection

AH  Sco SR c Supergiant

17 11 17.02 -32 19 30.7 9 April 0.45-0.5 New detection

X  Pav SR b 20 11 45.86 -59 56 12.8 26 July 0.4-0.45 New detection

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All  Sources  Detected  •  Used  observatory  calibrated  files  and  CLASS  to  derive  TA*  

–  No  offline  opacity  correc&on  was  tried  at  this  stage  …  could  increase  Tpeak?  

–  Data  obtained  with  old  ‘pick-­‐up’  mirror  =>  exact  TA*/Jy  conversion  factor  ?    

 

 

Source   Type   ≈  (TA*)peak  (K)    

≈  DV1/2  (km/s)  

Note  

O  Ce&   Mira   6   4.75   Several  features/Asymm.  

R  Hor   Mira   0.6   2.4  

RT  Eri   Mira   0.35   3  

IK  Tau   Mira   5.5   4.7   Asymmetric  profile  

RT  Vir   SR   1.6   8   Several  features?/Asymm.  

R  Hya   Mira   3.8   2.9   Asymmetric  profile  

W  Hya   Mira   17   4.5   Several  features/Asymm.  

RU  Hya   Mira   0.2   4.9   Weakest  in  sample  

AH  Sco   Supergiant   3.2   5.8   Asymmetric  pedestal  

X  Pav   SR   0.6   6  

New  detec-ons  

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AH  Sco  

RT  Vir  

X  Pav  

TA*  Scale    

APEX  

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658  GHz  H2O  

O  Ce-  

HIFI  JusManont  et  al    

APEX  TA*  Scale    

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0.14  km/s  resolu&on  

0.017  km/s  resolu&on  

W  Hya      28  Jul  2016  APEX  

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13CO  (6-­‐5)  

Mira  

W  Hya  

*  Detec&on  in  Mira  *  Weak  in  W  Hya,  IK  Tau,  R  Hya?  

   

Weakly  detected  in  R  Leo,  RX  Boo,  NML  Cyg  

 Menten  &  Young  

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General  Proper-es    (1/2)  •  Large  range  of  TA*    

•  Rela&ve  intensi&es  go  from  1  for  W  Hya  to  3.5    10-­‐2  for  R  Hor  and  X  Pav  and  ≈  10-­‐2  for  RU  Hya    

• W  Hya  rela&vely  close  ≈  100  pc  while  R  Hor  ≈  200  pc  and  distance  to  X  Pav  and  R  U  Hya  is  uncertain  (large?)    

•  Strong  to  weak  emission  detected  •  Taking  my  provisional  S/TA*  (Jy/K)  for  2016  obs.  with  ‘old’  mirror  =>  Speak  ≈  3700  Jy  for  W  Hya  and  ≈  45  –  75  Jy  for  weakest  sources  in  sample  

•  S/TA*  (Jy/K)    with  planets  could  be  0.75  less  =>  2800  Jy  for    W  Hya    and  ≈  35  –  55  Jy  for  weakest  sources    

•  Flux  density  comparable  to  first  detec&ons  •  Menten  &  Young  measured:  3000  Jy  W  Hya;  weakest  source  100  Jy    –  Flux  uncertainty?      

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General  Proper-es    (2/2)  

•  Profiles  owen  asymmetric  •  Double  line  Gauss  fi}ng  some&mes  works  beMer  

–  Higher  resolu&on  does  not  help  •  DV1/2  in  2.5  -­‐  6  km/s  range  

–  but  6  &  8  km/s  for  RSG  AH  Sco  &  RT  Vir  (several  features?)  –  Take  with  care:  asymmetric  profile  &  several  features  ?  

•  Dis&nct  features  in  o-­‐Ce&,  W  Hya,  RT  Vir(?),  AH  Sco(?)    

•  658  GHz  H2O  vel  range  close  to  SiO  vel  range    •  Safely  conclude  that  658  GHz  is  masing  

•  Strong  &  rela&vely  narrow  velocity  emission  =>  amplifica&on  •  First  map  in  VY  CMa  confirms  spa&al  compactness  =>  high  Tb  •  Models  confirm  maser  ac&on  

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ALMA  maps  of  VY  CMa  Richards  et  al.    

658  GHz  shows  aggrega&on    of  masers  <  100-­‐150  mas  wrt  star    &  complex  picture    

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Recent  advances  in  H2O  modelling    

•  Nesterenok  (2015)  

•  Gray,  Baudry,  Richards,  Humphreys,  Sobolev,  Yates  (2016)  

•  Gray  et  al  sample  a  large  parameter  space  (T,  n,  Vel)  with  simple  models  for  typical  late-­‐type  star  condi&ons    

– water  slabs  of  3  to  15  AU;  models  are  not  for  specific  sources  

•  All  models  predict  rather  strong  658  GHz  emission  •  Some  difficul&es  s&ll  there  for  a  few  transi&ons,  however  

–   e.g.  no  emission  at  67.8  GHz  (v2=1)  while  predicted      =>  variability?  or      =>  high  H2O  density  needed  to  excite  this  line  (tbc)  

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TK  vs  nH2O    O-­‐H2O  fract.  abundance  =  3  10-­‐5    

Gray  et  al.  2015  

Gain  vs  Tgas                o-­‐  and  p-­‐water  O-­‐H2O  fract.  abundance  =  10-­‐4  

nH2O  =  3  105  cm-­‐3    

Nesterenok  2015      

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Masers  (owen)  Time  variable  and  Polarized  

•  Polariza&on  lost  here  •  Variability?  important  

•  Related  to:  density  &  velocity  field  changes;  stellar  radia&on  •  Pumping  mechanisms  &  satura&on  

•  Evidence  for  variability  at  658  GHz?  •  Requires  stable  Rx.,  stable  atmos.  condi&ons,  stable  calibra&on  •  Compare  published  data  ?  

–  Difficult  with  different  intensity  scales  &  flux  uncertain&es  –  Yes  we  can!  compare  line  profiles  and  velocity  extent  at  different  epochs  

•  Variability,  best  approach:  dedicated  observa&ons  •  Ini&ated  project  to  monitor  W  Hya,  RT  Vir,  VX  Sgr  &  R  Aql  •  A  few  observa&ons/source  

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Comparison  of  VY  CMa  line  profiles  

15  June  2016    0.17  km/s  resolu&on  APEX            

-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐23  kms-­‐1-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐  -­‐30  kms-­‐1-­‐-­‐  

16  Feb  2005  0.4  km/s  chann.  spacing  SMA        Hunter  et  al  Peak  flux  similar  to  flux  in  1995  

March  1995  0.9  km/s  CSO  Menten  &  Young  

March  2010  1  km/s  resolu&on  HIFI      Alcolea  et  al.  

Tmb  

S (Jy)

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Comparison  of  W  Hya  line  profiles  

28  July  2016  0.17  km/s  resolu&on  this  work  

March  1995  0.9  km/s  resolu&on  Menten  &  Young  

Nov  2005  0.4  km/s  chann.  spacing  Hunter  et  al  

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Line  Profile  &  Velocity  Extent    

•  Line  profile  remains  stable  at  least  for  VY  CMa  and  W  Hya  over  ≈  20  years  

•  Saturated  masers  ?    But  1  new  feature  seen  in  W  Hya  ?  (tbc)  

•  V(658)peak  close  to  V(SiO)peak  v=1,  J=2-­‐1    –  Owen  close  to  V*    -­‐  but  not  always  

–  In  our  sample  we  measured  •  At  658:    48.5,  38,  25,  33,  17.5,  -­‐9.0,  41.5,  -­‐2.4,  -­‐2.5,  -­‐17.5  km/s  •  In  SiO:    46.5,  35,  25,  35,  18.5,  -­‐9.5,  41.5,  -­‐5,  -­‐6.5,  -­‐19.5    km/s  

–  V(SiO)peak  may  change  up  to  1  km/s  or  more  in  a  few  months  

•  DVFWZI(658)  tends  to  be  correl.  with  DVFWZI(86  SiO)    •  17  sources  combining  with  Menten’s  results;  4  RSGs  included  •  Difficult  to  build  a  ‘clean’  diagram,  but  trend  is  there  

•  Above  results  suggest  658  GHz  line  excited  in  dust  forma&on  zone  where  SiO  is  observed  (<  a  few  R*)  

•  Largest  DVFWZI(658)  found  in  RSGs  suggest  shocks  playing  some  role              as  suggested  by  VY  CMa  map  

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Concluding  remarks    •  SEPIA  Band  9  SV  data  provided  new  results,  undoubtedly  658  line  is  widespread  and  masing  

•  more  sources  to  be  discovered  +  a  few  ALMA  maps    

•  658  GHz  line  excited  in  the  dust  forma&on  zone  •  IR  pumping  &  Collisions    •  Role  of  Shocks  (?)  cf  VY  CMa  map    

•  Band  9  intensity  scale  s&ll  provisonal    •  Jy/K  conversion  factor  could  be  known  …  today/soon  

•  2SB  Band  9  receiver  wanted  on  APEX  &  ALMA  !  •  Improve  Tsys  &  Calibra&on  /  Cleaner  line  iden&fica&ons    •  Address  &me  variability  ques&ons  in  depth    

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