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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Explore the elements of Explore the elements of Visual Visual
CompositionComposition;;
Examine the Examine the Language ElementsLanguage Elements of of moving pictures;moving pictures;
Acquire knowledge to Acquire knowledge to Compose an Compose an Entire SceneEntire Scene SeamlesslySeamlessly;;
Learn how to maintain Learn how to maintain ContinuityContinuity, and , and avoid common mistakes in building avoid common mistakes in building Image Image SequencesSequences..
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Introduce the Introduce the Three Stages Three Stages of Video Production: of Video Production: Preproduction, Production and Preproduction, Production and PostproductionPostproduction;;
Explore techniques for Explore techniques for Developing Ideas and Developing Ideas and Program ConceptsProgram Concepts;;
Organize Organize Strategically Strategically for writing effective for writing effective Stories and TreatmentsStories and Treatments;;
Understand the Understand the Dramatic StructureDramatic Structure;;
Survey the Survey the Creative ProcessCreative Process of of writing writing Stories Stories and Scriptsand Scripts..
THE THREE STAGES OF THE THE THREE STAGES OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESSPRODUCTION PROCESS
PreproductioPreproductionn
ProductionProduction
PostproductioPostproductionn
THE IDEATHE IDEA Personal ExperiencePersonal Experience
Monitor the NewsMonitor the News
AdaptationAdaptation
Composite CharactersComposite Characters
Copyrighted Material Copyrighted Material
The Public DomainThe Public Domain
THE CONCEPTTHE CONCEPT
Often called the Often called the ““log linelog line””
For Example:For Example:
Shakespeare struggles to overcome Shakespeare struggles to overcome his writerhis writer’’s block by seeking a muse s block by seeking a muse and he discovers true love.and he discovers true love.
The result: The result: Shakespeare in LoveShakespeare in Love
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF WRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENTWRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENT
The OutlineThe Outline
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF WRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENTWRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENT
The OutlineThe Outline
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF WRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENTWRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENT
The Scene OutlineThe Scene Outline
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF WRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENTWRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENT
The Scene OutlineThe Scene Outline
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF WRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENTWRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENT
NotebooksNotebooks Bulletin BoardsBulletin Boards
THE TREATMENTTHE TREATMENT
Produced for Produced for CirculationCirculation
Sales ToolSales Tool
NarrativeNarrative version of your program version of your program that reads like athat reads like a Short Story Short Story
THE TREATMENTTHE TREATMENT
Use Use VisualVisual and and Descriptive Descriptive LanguageLanguage
Get the reader Get the reader HookedHooked and keep the and keep the reader reader EngagedEngaged
Written in the Written in the PresentPresent tense tense Single-SpaceSingle-Space format format Place Place Line BreaksLine Breaks to denote to denote
Changes in Time and LocationChanges in Time and Location
THE DRAMATIC STRUCTURETHE DRAMATIC STRUCTURE
ExpositionExposition Inciting IncidentInciting Incident ComplicationsComplications
(Rising and Falling Action)(Rising and Falling Action) CrisisCrisis ClimaxClimax ResolutionResolution
CHARACTERSCHARACTERS
ProtagonistProtagonist
AntagonistAntagonist
Ensemble CastEnsemble Cast
Supporting CharacterSupporting Character
THE CREATIVE PROCESS OF THE CREATIVE PROCESS OF WRITINGWRITING
Write your Write your IdeasIdeas down down How do they look after How do they look after a few daysa few days?? Share your work with Share your work with
FriendsFriends and and Seasoned WritersSeasoned Writers Activate the imagination in Activate the imagination in
Indirect WaysIndirect Ways MusicMusic is a powerful tool is a powerful tool
REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACESPACE
Depth and PerspectiveDepth and Perspective
ScaleScale
ForegroundForeground and and BackgroundBackground
Light Light andand Shadow Shadow
HeadroomHeadroom and and NoseroomNoseroom
Mise en SceneMise en Scene
AngleAngle
REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACESPACE
Depth and PerspectiveDepth and Perspective
MORE SHOT TYPESMORE SHOT TYPES
Medium Long ShotMedium Long Shot (MLS) (MLS)
Medium Close-UpMedium Close-Up (MCU) (MCU)
Two-ShotTwo-Shot
Three-ShotThree-Shot
MORE SHOT TYPESMORE SHOT TYPES Objective PerspectiveObjective Perspective
Subjective PerspectiveSubjective Perspective
Point-of-viewPoint-of-view Shot Shot
Over-the-shoulderOver-the-shoulder Shots Shots
OverheadOverhead Shot Shot
MOVING SHOT TYPESMOVING SHOT TYPES
An element in a motion picture can be An element in a motion picture can be defined by its location in defined by its location in FourFour DimensionsDimensions: its place in : its place in WidthWidth, , HeightHeight, , DepthDepth, and , and TimeTime..
MOVING SHOT TYPESMOVING SHOT TYPES
PanPan
TiltTilt
ZoomZoom
DollyDolly
Tracking Tracking (Trucking) (Trucking)
FrameFrame ShotShot SceneScene SequenceSequence ActAct FeatureFeature,, Episode Episode,, oror Program Program SeasonSeason SeriesSeries
BUILDING BLOCKS OF VISUAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF VISUAL PROGRAMSPROGRAMS
THE MASTER SCENE THE MASTER SCENE METHODMETHOD
Master Shot
• Captures all of the Relevant Action
• Gathers other shots to provide Variety
• Directs the audience’s Attention
THE MASTER SCENE THE MASTER SCENE METHODMETHOD
“Photos Courtesy of William Olsen; Illustration by Jesse Knight”
CONTINUITYCONTINUITY
Physical ContinuityPhysical Continuity• Continuity ErrorsContinuity Errors• Script SupervisorScript Supervisor
Temporal ContinuityTemporal Continuity• Overlapping ActionOverlapping Action• Jump Cuts Jump Cuts
Spatial ContinuitySpatial Continuity• Position JumpsPosition Jumps• EyelinesEyelines
HISTORY OF HISTORY OF THE MOTION PICTURESTHE MOTION PICTURES
Pre-CinemaPre-Cinema• Persistence of vision - 130 A.DPersistence of vision - 130 A.D• Magic lantern -1600sMagic lantern -1600s• Thaumatrope - 1825 Thaumatrope - 1825 • Zoetrope -1834 Zoetrope -1834 • Series photography – 1878Series photography – 1878
Eadweard Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge
VIDEOVIDEO
• 19261926
First public First public demonstration of a demonstration of a video systemvideo system
• 19271927
First video First video broadcastbroadcast
VIDEO STORAGE: VideotapeVIDEO STORAGE: Videotape
• 2-inch reel-to-reel2-inch reel-to-reel
• 11 ””
• U-MaticU-Matic
• VHSVHS
VIDEO STORAGE:VIDEO STORAGE: VideotapeVideotape• Digital BetacamDigital Betacam
• DVC-ProDVC-Pro
• Mini-DVMini-DV
• DVCamDVCam
• Digital-SDigital-S
• Digital-8Digital-8
VIDEO STORAGE VIDEO STORAGE Drive and Optical StorageDrive and Optical Storage
• Memory cardsMemory cards
• Hard drivesHard drives
• In-camera read-write media (DVD)In-camera read-write media (DVD)
VIDEO SYSTEMSVIDEO SYSTEMS
• NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) -NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) - ““Standard TelevisionStandard Television””
525 lines; 4:3 aspect ratio525 lines; 4:3 aspect ratio
• High-Definition Video –High-Definition Video –1,080 lines; 16:9 aspect ratio1,080 lines; 16:9 aspect ratio
• PAL (Phase-Alternating Line) –PAL (Phase-Alternating Line) – 625 lines of horizontal resolution625 lines of horizontal resolution
• 24P24P – – 24 frames per second using progressive 24 frames per second using progressive
scanning scanning
THE CAMERA TEAMTHE CAMERA TEAM • Director of Director of
photography (DP)photography (DP)
• Camera operatorCamera operator
• Focus pullerFocus puller
• Clapper/LoaderClapper/Loader
• Dolly gripDolly grip
• Second unitSecond unit
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASImaging for Digital VideoImaging for Digital Video
• CCDCCD – Charge-Coupled Device – Charge-Coupled Device
• CMOSCMOS – Complementary – Complementary
Metal-Oxide-Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorSemiconductor
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens
Magnification:Magnification:• Compound Lenses Compound Lenses
(zoom lenses)(zoom lenses)• Prime Lenses Prime Lenses
(fixed focal- (fixed focal-
length lenses)length lenses)• Wide-angle lensWide-angle lens• Telephoto lensTelephoto lens
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens
FocusFocus• Focal pointFocal point• Auto focus Auto focus • Setting focusSetting focus• Proper exposureProper exposure• Creative exposure Creative exposure • Internal light meterInternal light meter• Manual aperture overridesManual aperture overrides
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens
Depth of fieldDepth of field
“Courtesy of RiverDream Productions”
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens
• Maximum sharpness settingMaximum sharpness setting
• Macro settingMacro setting
• Lens hood Lens hood
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body
• Power switchPower switch
• Batteries and Batteries and A/C powerA/C power
• Start/Stop Start/Stop Button. Button.
"REC." "REC."
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body
• The Tally LightThe Tally Light
• The Viewfinder The Viewfinder Eyepiece Eyepiece View screenView screen
• MicrophoneMicrophone
• The Headphone JackThe Headphone Jack
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body
• The Playback Control ButtonsThe Playback Control Buttons
• The Media Storage The Media Storage
• The Handgrip The Handgrip
• Time Code IndicatorTime Code Indicator
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body
• Shutter SpeedShutter Speed• GainGain• Aspect RatioAspect Ratio
4:34:3
16:916:9• Image StabilizationImage Stabilization• Backlight FeatureBacklight Feature• White BalanceWhite Balance
ADVANCED CAMERAADVANCED CAMERASUPPORT SYSTEMSSUPPORT SYSTEMS
• Steadycam Steadycam
• Jib armJib arm
• Camera cranesCamera cranes
• Vehicle mountsVehicle mounts
• Marine housingsMarine housings
APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY
Determine the Determine the ““looklook”” of a project of a project
Four Distinct ApproachesFour Distinct Approaches• RealismRealism• Expressionism and Film NoirExpressionism and Film Noir• ImpressionismImpressionism• SurrealismSurrealism
APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY
RealismRealism
• Sharp focusSharp focus• Realistic lighting Realistic lighting
APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY
Expressionism Expressionism andand Film Noir Film Noir
• Dark in visual toneDark in visual tone• Stylized lighting cast from severe Stylized lighting cast from severe
anglesangles• Bizarre and fantastic storiesBizarre and fantastic stories• ““Film NoirFilm Noir””
APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY
ImpressionismImpressionism
• ““Golden Age of HollywoodGolden Age of Hollywood””• Diffused imagesDiffused images• Impression of some emotional Impression of some emotional
statestate• Twinkling eyes and fog-filteredTwinkling eyes and fog-filtered• A romantic memory A romantic memory
APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY
SurrealismSurrealism
• ““Beyond realityBeyond reality”” or or ““above realityabove reality””• Concrete irrationalityConcrete irrationality• Psychoanalytic psychology; Dream Psychoanalytic psychology; Dream
analysisanalysis
EDITING IS SELECTINGEDITING IS SELECTING
Shooting ratioShooting ratio
Shot logShot log
Taking out the Taking out the mistakesmistakes
EDITING STYLESEDITING STYLES
V. I. PudovkinV. I. Pudovkin
Film is a Film is a ““plastic medium.plastic medium.”” Meaning Meaning created through editing. created through editing.
Sergei EisensteinSergei Eisenstein
Meaning created in the juxtapositionMeaning created in the juxtaposition of shotsof shots
MASTER SCENE METHODMASTER SCENE METHOD
Master Shot sets pace and Master Shot sets pace and continuitycontinuity
Cut-insCut-ins
Cut-awaysCut-aways
ELEMENTS OF EDITINGELEMENTS OF EDITING
ContinuityContinuityTimeTime Real timeReal time Dramatic timeDramatic time Flashbacks and ForeshadowsFlashbacks and ForeshadowsPacePace Metric editingMetric editing Rhythmic editingRhythmic editing Lyrical editing Lyrical editing Editing pace affects audience moodEditing pace affects audience moodSpaceSpace
CUTTING POINTSCUTTING POINTS
Need for a shift in attentionNeed for a shift in attention
Cutting on actionCutting on action
Leading the actionLeading the action
Following the actionFollowing the action
MONTAGEMONTAGE
Summarizes a passage of timeSummarizes a passage of time
Gives the audience an idea of Gives the audience an idea of the scope of an actionthe scope of an action
Examines the dreams or internal Examines the dreams or internal turmoil of a characterturmoil of a character
NONLINEAR COMPUTER-BASED NONLINEAR COMPUTER-BASED EDITINGEDITING
Shots are Shots are digitized (or digitized (or captured)captured)
Draft modeDraft mode
Off-line editingOff-line editing
On-line editingOn-line editing
NONLINEAR EDITING USER NONLINEAR EDITING USER INTERFACEINTERFACE
ClipsClips Key frame Key frame Non-destructive editing Non-destructive editing Destructive editingDestructive editing Bins Bins Preview windowPreview window Timeline windowTimeline window