Video SummariesBy: Elly Sawicky

The Primitive Celts• The uncivilized barbaric Celts invaded the Roman Empire in 389 BC. • The Celts stalked Roman gates, came into

the heart of the city, swarmed though raping, burning, and looting, unwilling to leave unless the Romans met their demands for 1,000 pounds of gold. • Since the destruction of the Roman Empire, every effort was

devoted to prevent further attacks.• In 52 BC, Celtic army was being built. Julius Caesar acquired to

match their army to protect the Empire, and built a 25 mile wall to prevent any unwanted entry into the city.

The Primitive Celts• Celts were actually very knowledgeablein the sciences. They had an intricate calendar that was even more complex and Accurate than the Roman’s calendar. • Celtic calendar was able to predict seasons and sun placement

hundreds of years in the future.• Before the 19th century, scholars assumed that the original

land of the Celts was west of the Rhine, more precisely in Gaul, because it was where Greek and Roman ancient sources, namely Cesar, located the Celts.

Catastrophe!• Trees grow a row of tree ring per year. Scientists can study

these tree rings to discover and study climate changes and any possible climate catastrophes.

• In the early 500’s, tree growth was stunted, and scientists took notice to a drastically reduced summer growth.

Catastrophe!• In 535 AD, the explosion of a volcano called Krakatoa, located between Java and Sumatra, caused a devastating climate catastrophe.• The volcano spewed ash and sulfur dioxide into the

atmosphere, clouding and shrouding the Earth into a twilight, causing global chaos. The explosion set up a 35 mile high tower of magma.

• Even up to a thousand miles away, ash would have rained down and covered the trees in a blanket of ash clouds.

• The equivalence of this explosion was of equal to a million Hiroshima nuclear bombs. It was equal to a nuclear winter.

Cracking the Maya Code• 16th century Spaniards burnt all literature thatbelonged to the Mayans.• Diego Delanda was a friar who wanted to get ridof Mayan hieroglyphics. He say them as tools of the devil. Diego hoped to convert Mayans to Catholicism. Diego persecuted Mayan’s for believing in their God,not the Catholic God.• Mayans were forced to learn European script, and all of the Mayan’s literature had vanished.

Cracking the Maya Code• Mayan heart was in the highlands of Guatemala and the plains

of the Yucatan. • The Mayan villages were located mostly in dense jungle.• The Mayans started building in 200 AD.• Tikal, Copan, Palenque, were the capitals that held huge

monumental pyramids.• Some cities supported hundreds of thousands of people.• In the 9th century, the Mayan cities were abandoned.

Conquest: Guns, Germs, Steel• In November 1532 the New World and Old Word collided.• The Spaniards came in search of gold: led by retired Captain

Francisco Pizarro.• 168 Spaniards attacked imperial army of Incas in Peru. 7,000

Incas were dead, however there was not one Spanish casualty. The Spaniards had conquered the Inca Empire.

• The theory is that geographyseparates the winners from losers,and allows for different innovationand advancements.

Conquest: Guns, Germs, Steel• In the 1530s, the Inca Empire was enormous. It stretched over

2,500 miles. In Nov. 1532 Gave Pizarro conquered the Empire.• The first writing system 5,000 years ago was created by

Samarians, (Ancient Persians). The first language, letters, and symbols came from their cuneiform. All other nations were inspired by cuneiform. The spread of writing was helped by paper. The main advancement that came out of the cuneiform was that it was a way of recording farming transactions.

The Little Ice Age• The Little Ice Age is known as the coolingperiod between the 17th and the 20th century.• The Ice Age began after 13th century ice began advancing

southwards from the Northern Atlantic.• Scientists still debate and disagree on date that the Little Ice

Age started, as the predicted start varies from the 1200s to even in the 1450s.

• Permanent snow was found on mountains that no longer have snow today.

• The Little Ice Age brought wider and more intensely desolate winters into Europe and North America.

The Little Ice Age• During the Little Ice Age, the Baltic SeaFroze over, enabling sledge travel fromPoland into Sweden.• The harsh winter conditions hit Poland hard. Iceland’s

population was cut in half. There were severe crop failures, and even at times there was no available livestock.

• In the winter of 1780, New York harbor froze over. People would walk from Manhattan to Staten Island.

• The reason for the controversial predictions for the start of the Little Ice Age was because it began at several different times in several different places as a cooling trend.

• It has been 10,000 years since the last major ice age.

The Story of God• In some religions, they use symbols to identify with God. In one culture, they usea flame that burns for 2,000 years. Priestsare constantly tending to it to keep it burning. This flame symbolized God to them.• Mankind started believing in God when humans wanted to be

connected to others bigger than themselves. Evidence of the beginning of a higher power was found in caves, where was believed to be some of the first churches, and fields, where it was believed humans made sacrifices and worshiped.

• The evidence that was found in the caves was cave art- used to communicate with the supernatural gods.

The Story of God• The belief was that everything shares acommon soul was for coming. • The search for God became a conceptof breaking down barriers of consciousness,to reach out into the supernatural.• People would speak to the gods about things such as health,

fertility, death, and even where dinner was coming from.• Monotheistic religions all agree on the same life on Earth.• “Life is preparation for death”.• “Once life, one judgment day”.

Genghis Khan• Son of a tribal warrior, his father was killedwhen he was 9 years old. • By 26, he had successfully invaded the Largest Mongol tribe. • Khan united all the Mongol tribes to create a united military.• Mongolia became one of the most ethnically diverse nations

in history.• Rival villages captured his wife, which sparked everything.• Shaman told Khan that the heavens granted the whole surface

of the Earth to Khan and his sons.

Genghis Khan