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1Guidelines for State Level ScienceExhibitions - 2010-11

1 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF EXHIBITS AND MODELS

INTRODUCTION

All children are naturally motivated tolearn and are capable of learning. Theyare natural learners and knowledge isthe outcome of their own activity.

Children learn through interactionswith the environment around, nature,things and people–both through actionsand through languages. They constructknowledge by connecting new ideas totheir existing ideas based on materials/activities presented to them. Thestructuring and restructuring of ideasare essential features as childrenprogress in learning. They activelyengage with the world around them,exploring, responding, inventing,working things out, and interpreting.In order to stimulate creativity andinventiveness in science, NationalCurriculum Framework (NCF) 2005emphasises on activities, experiments,technological modules etc. NCF–2005 alsoencourages implementation of variouscurricular activities (even if theseare not part of the examination) througha massive expansion of non-formalchannels such as organisation of scienceexhibition at the national level forschool students, with feeder events atschool/block/tehsil/distr ict/region/state levels. The objective must be tosearch and nurture inventive/creativetalent among students. NCF – 2005 furtherenvisages the upgradation of currentactivity in this regard by many ordersof magnitude, through co-ordination ofstate and central agencies, NGOs, teacherassociations etc., financial support andmobilisation of experts in the country.Such a movement should gradually spread

to every corner of India and even acrossSouth Asia, unleashing a wave ofcreativity and scientific temper amongyoung students and their teachers.

Science is a powerful way ofinvestigating and understanding theworld. Therefore, the teaching of sciencemust enable children to examine andanalyse their everyday experiences. Everyresource must be explored to enablechildren to express themselves and tohandle objects. Concerns and issuespertaining to the environment should begiven importance on all possibleoccasions through a wide range ofactivities involving outdoor projectworks. Some of the information andunderstanding, flowing from suchactivities and projects could contributeto the elaboration of a publiclyaccessible database, which would in turnbecome a valuable educational resource.Well-planned student projects may leadto knowledge generation. Such projectsmay then get a place for display invarious science exhibitions.

The National Council of EducationalResearch and Training (NCERT), New Delhiorganises Jawaharlal Nehru National ScienceExhibition for Children (JNNSEC) every yearfor popularising science amongst children,teachers and public in general. Thisexhibition is a culmination of variousexhibitions organised in the previousyear by the States, UTs and otherorganisations at district, zonal,regional and finally at the state level.Selected schools from all States andUnion Territories, the KendriyaVidyalaya Sangathan, the NavodayaVidyalaya Samiti, Department of Atomic

2 Guide l ines fo r Sta te Leve l Sc ienceExh ib it ions - 2010-11

Energy Central Schools, CBSE affiliatedpublic (independent) Schools andDemonstration Multipurpose Schools ofRegional Institutes of Educationparticipate in this national levelexhibition. Like in the past severalyears such exhibitions are to be organisedfrom district to state level during theyear – 2010-11 too. These would formthe first phase of preparation for the38th Jawaharlal Nehru National ScienceExhibition for Children to be organisedin November 2010. To create a caringcommunity in a well developed society,the main theme for the State Level ScienceExhibitions for Children (SLSEC) – 2010- 11 would be ‘Science and Technologyfor Challenges in Life '.

We confront many crucial issues asa rapidly progressing society, whichare directly or indirectly related toscience and technology. Among theseissues, there are a number of daily andreal life situations. There are variousproblems related to climate change,global warming, resource depletion,pollution, health, nutrition andenvironment. Children need to be awareof such situations, issues and problemsthat the society is facing. It is aimedto empower them to apply theirscientific and technological knowledgeand their mathematical understandingto solve them in order to sustain wellbeing of people of modern society. Theyshould understand how human societiesunlimited use of natural resourcesaffects the quality of life andecosystem. Children need to beencouraged to appreciate and participatein the responsible use of science andtechnology for the benefit of thesociety. They should also have ascientific vision about different issuesand the ability to acquire and processinformation about scientific andtechnological developments and theirlong term implications on society.

The main objectives of the exhibitionsare :

to provide a forum for childrento pursue their natural curiosityand inventiveness to quench theirthirst for creativity;

to make children feel that scienceis all around us and we can gainknowledge as well as solve manyproblems also by relating thelearning process to the physicaland social environment;

to lay emphasis on the developmentof science and technology as amajor instrument for achievinggoals of self-reliance and socio-economic and socio-ecologicaldevelopment;

to highlight the role of scienceand technology for producing goodquality and environmental friendlymaterials for the use of society;

to encourage children to visualisefuture of the nation and help thembecome sensitive and responsiblec i t i z ens ;

to analyse how science andtechnology have developed and isaffected by many diverseindividuals, cultures andsoc i e t i e s ;

to develop critical thinking aboutglobal issues to maintain healthyand sustainable societies intoday's environment;

to apply mathematics to visualiseand solve problems pertaining toeveryday life etc.

to appreciate the role of scienceand technology in meeting thechallenges of life such as climatechange, opening new avenues inthe area of agriculture,fertiliser, food processing,biotechnology, green energy,information and communicationtechnology, astronomy, transport,games and sports etc.;


It is envisaged that students andteachers would try to analyse allaspects of human endeavor with a viewto identify where and how the newresearches and developments in scienceand technology can bring and sustainprogress of society leading toimprovement for the challenges of life.The organisation of science exhibitionswould also provide opportunities toall participating students, teachersand visitors to get acquainted withdifferent kind of equipments, devicesand techniques. This exercise wouldenable the students and teachers togenerate scientif ic ideas foraddressing various problems of thesoc i e t y .

In order to facilitate thepreparation of exhibits and models fordisplay and the organisation of StateLevel Science Exhibitions during 2010 -11, six sub-themes have been identified.These are:1 . Biodiversity: Conservation and

Sustenance;2 . Agriculture and Technology;3 . Green Energy;4 . Transport and Communication;5 . Community Health and Environment; and6 . Mathematical Modelling.

The importance of each sub-theme inthe context of the main theme and anumber of ideas for development ofexhibits are given below. However, theseideas are only suggestive. Participantsare free to develop exhibits based onother related ideas of their choice.

THEME : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYFOR CHALLENGES IN LIFE

1 . Biodiversity: Conservation andSustenance

Biodiversity (or biological diversity)refers to variability of living organ-isms of terrestrial, marine and otheraquatic ecosystems. Entire aspect of

biodiversity can be grouped in threecategories i.e., Genetic Diversity(variations of genes within the organ-isms of a species), Species Diversity(variation of species within a region)and Ecosystem Diversity (variation inthe form of vegetation and other wildlife in a broad ecosystem). Human hasalways been the greatest beneficiary ofthe biodiversity as it provides food,medicines and industrial products. Itis estimated that the total number ofspecies variety of different living formsare around 10 millions. Out of such anenormous number, only 1.5 millions havebeen identified so far. Such a varietyof living organisms is important fromthe point of view of sustenance of lifeon the earth. All these varieties ofvarious life forms have coevolved overthe period of time since the origin oflife on earth. The variety of differentspecies, their habitats and ecosystemhelp maintaining a balance of life formsas well as resources on earth. A dras-tic change in the habitat or ecosystemleads to depletion in the variety ofspecies and also extinction.

We can understand the importance oflarge number of varieties from the ex-ample of agriculture and livestock pro-duction. People have raised a wide va-riety of crops and different types oflivestock over a long period of timefor increasing productivity. This expe-rience enabled us in becoming wiser andwiser about the nature and propertiesof different varieties. This wisdom hasnot only helped us in growing crops andlivestock in different climatic condi-tions, soil types, resistance to vari-ous diseases etc., but also provide afoundation for the successful crop aswell as livestock improvement programmes.The modern day’s technologies, whichhave resulted in to the production ofGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) forthe purpose of either increasing pro-ductivity or treatment of diseases, are


also possible only because of the di-versities found in various life formsand their understanding.

Thus protection and conservation ofbiodiversity is not only important fromthe point of view of fulfillment of ourneed, rather it is equally or even moreimportant for the very survival of hu-man and other living organisms on theearth. Also, we need to understand theconcept of a strong, safe and securenation. For this, we must not forgetthe aspects of a healthy, productiveand safe environment besides food, edu-cation, economy and national security.

As far as the richness of biodiversityis concerned, the tropical forests areon the top as it is the house for morethan 50% varieties of species of livingorganisms found on earth. It may be notedthat the tropical forests constitutesonly 7% of the total land area of earth.Such a vast richness of the biodiversityin tropics can be attributed to the op-timum conditions of evolution over theperiod of time coupled with compara-tively less extinction in the regionbesides interaction of organisms’ ge-netic as well as species diversity amongthemselves and also with climate, to-pography, nutrient rich soil and manymore. But the present day’s scenarioprovides us a gloomy picture, as thetropical forests which was once a cru-cible of evolution have now turned into the crucible of mass extinction ofbiodiversity for the cause of so calleddevelopment and human prosperity. Ac-cording to an estimate, about 17 mil-lion hectares of tropical forests arecleaned annually, which constitutes anarea four times of the area of Switzer-land. With this rate of deforestationin the tropics nearly 5-10% of the tropi-cal forest species will become extinct

in next three decades.Main reasons of the loss of biodiversity

on the earth can be categorized into:

Habitat destruction: When any naturallyevolved vegetation (mainly forests) iscleaned for any human need, it leads to thedestruction of living conditions for widevarieties of macro and micro flora as wellas fauna (known or unknown). Continuedhabitat destruction may eventually lead topermanent loss of many of the life variet-ies in the region.Over exploitation of plant and animalspecies: Either for fulfilling the humanneed or in the name of development wehave over utilized the living resourcesto the extent that many of them havealready become extinct and many are fac-ing the danger of extinction.Pollution: Air, water and soil pollu-tion coupled with deforestation has alsoput enormous stress on the diversity ofliving organisms on the earth.Climate change: Human activities havealso led to the change in climatic con-ditions like rise in global temperature(mainly due to green house gases) andaltered rainfall pattern (cause of de-forestation) have also adversely affectedthe biodiversity.Indiscriminate Industrial growth: A rapidindustrial growth has of course ful-filled many of our needs and it has madeour life comfortable. But at the sametime, Industrial growth is responsiblefor loss of biodiversity as it has ledto habitat destruction by deforestation,over exploitation of living resourceson one hand and caused pollution andclimate change on the other.Introduction of Exotic species: Some-times, a few foreign species are intro-duced in an area for increasing produc-tivity. But, there are instances whenthese exotic species become a dominantspecies over a period of time due totheir better adaptability and eventu-ally the population of local speciesstarts dwindling and may even becomeext inct .

The exhibits/models on this sub-thememay pertain to:


Exhibits showing the methods of mea-surement of biodiversity;

Models showing the significance andimportance of the biodiversity;

Strategy for ecological restorationof the micro and macro habitat;

Impact of climate change onbiodiversity and their remedial mea-sures;

Impact Assessment study of variousdevelopmental activities onbiod ivers i ty ;

Strategy/methods for the preventionand protection of threatened/rare/endangered plants and/or animals;

Assessment of the impact of varioushuman activities on the biodiversityof a region;

Identification of plants of medici-nal value in the biodiversity richarea;

Report of already known medicinalplants from a new area;

Impact of overexploitation of for-est and forest products;

Impact of monoculture in forest dur-ing afforestation and reforestation;

Studies on the impact of introduc-tion of exotic species in a naturalecosystem;

Causes and impact of deforestationdue to various river valley projects;

Causes and impact on biodiversityrich hilly region due to construc-tion of large dams;

Causes and impact of deforestationdue to various industrial activi-t i e s ;

Inventorization of biological re-sources in different regions/partsof the country;

Strategy for sustainable use of ge-netic resources/germ plasm;

Reclamation of wasteland and revivalof their biological potential throughmicroorganism conservation;

Understanding of the intricate re-lationships and linkages betweenplants and animal species in an eco-system;

Role of biological sciences includ-ing biotechnology in multiplicationof the rare, endangered and endemicspecies;

Strategies for in situ or ex situ con-servation of wild life by multiplica-tion and restoration of threatened,rare and endangered species; etc.

2 . Agriculture and Technology

Agriculture, directly or indirectly hasbeen the main source of livelihood forthe majority of Indian population. Ini-tiatives started for an overall agri-cultural development in the country in-clude the improvement in science andtechnology capabilities, production andsupply of agricultural inputs like seedsand fertilizers, public policy measureslike land reforms etc. One of the great-est assets in rural areas could be anintelligent and effective use of emerg-ing technologies such as biotechnology,microbiology, genetic engineering, etc.It is important to emphasize on allfronts like research, education, train-ing and extension to fully realize theagricultural potential of the countrybe integrating agriculture with otherallied areas like horticulture, cashcrops and energy crops production, fish-eries, agro-forestry etc.

Despite technological developments andindustrialization, Indian economy isheavily dependent on agriculturalprogress. Agriculture contributes nearly30% to the national income and accountsfor nearly 20% of the total value of


India’s export. It is the main sourceof food grains and it provides raw ma-terials to many industries. The indus-trial development of India over the pastsix decades of planned progress is in-deed spectacular. India has abundantnatural resources and its economy de-pends largely on the proper utilizationof the resources. The country is now,more or less, self-sufficient in theproduction of consumer goods and somebasic items like iron, steel, and alu-minium. Service industries like tour-ism and banking are also growing. Powergeneration has been substantiallystepped-up to fuel a variety of indus-tries and infrastructure adequatelybuilt-up for the future progress. Thepotential for generating hydroelectricpower in north-eastern part of the coun-try has not developed because the re-gion falls within a major earthquakezone. Among India’s major large scaleindustries are: cotton and silk textileindustry with over a twelve hundred tex-tile mills; iron and steel industry withsix integrated steel plants and over220 mini-steel plants; jute; sugar; ce-ment; aluminium; electronics; jewellery;heavy machines and electrical equipment;light engineering; glass; leather goods;paper; chemicals and fertilizers; phar-maceuticals; petroleum; shipbuilding;sports; dairy; fisheries and other ag-ricultural products; handicrafts etc.The knowledge-based information tech-nology industry is one of the most prom-ising sectors in India. The IT sectoralone accounts for over Rupees EightyBillion in revenue. Tourism has alsoemerged as an instrument for employmentgeneration, poverty alleviation and sus-tainable human development. Presentlythe direct employment in tourism indus-try in estimated to be about 1.5 mil-lion. The emphasis is not only to ac-celerate industrial development but alsomake the Indian industries internation-ally competitive.

The main aim of this sub-theme is tomake our school children and teachersrealize the need of studying and remov-ing the constraints responsible forknowledge gap on rural professions. Justas the green revolution of the nineteensixties enhanced our self-confidenceabout our agriculture and industrial ca-pabilities, a knowledge revolution isnow necessary to enhance on agricul-tural and industrial competitiveness.Technology, training, techno-infrastruc-ture and trade are the four pillars ofsustained agricultural and industrialprogress and agrarian prosperity.

The exhibits/models in this sub-thememay pertain to:

Studies of climatic change on theagriculture;

Managing crop yield due to climaticchange arising from global warm-ing ;

Eco-forestry to protect and restoreecosystem for sustainable forestpractices/preserving and enhancingforest biodiversity;

Preservation and conservation ofsoil and judicious use of water;

Growing fodders in hydro-ponic en-vironment;

Indigenous designs of farm machin-ery, agriculture implements andpract ices;

Application of biotechnology andgenetic engineering to agriculturefor improved and high yielding va-r i e t i e s ;

Application of biotechnology andgenetic engineering in improvingbreeds and production of animalproducts that are used as food;

Improved/improvised method of pro-cessing, preservation, storage andtransport of animal products;

Application of biotechnology, mi-crobiology, genetic engineering andgenomics to agriculture for improvedand high yielding varieties;


Use of biotechnology for economi-cally and ecologically sustainablebio fuels ;

Ecologically sustainable farmingmethods;

Organic fertilizers versus chemi-cal fertilizers;

Environment friendly measures ofpest control;

Harnessing of animal products keep-ing environmental concerns;

Innovative/inexpensive/improved/in-digenous technologies/ methods ofstorage / preservation/conservation/transport of agricultural productsand food materials;

Growing plants without seeds; Identification of medicinal plants

and their applications; Effect of radiation, electric and

magnetic fields on the growth ofplants and protective measures;

Sugar levels in plant sap at dif-ferent times and dates;

Genetic variations among plants; Models of improved versions of vari-

ous types of machines and manufac-turing plants;

Schemes/designs to help reduce pro-duction cost and conservation ofraw materials;

Use of eco-friendly innovations thatmay help in increasing the indus-trial production;

Innovative methods of explorationand processing of minerals, crudeoil. Etc.;

Issues related with the service in-dustries like tourism, banking, ITe t c . ;

Plans for proper management of natu-ral resources and environment;

Monitoring the changes in wildlifecaused by the human encroachment;

Devices or methods that controlpo l lut ion;

Impact of pollution on living andnon-liv ing;

Devices to control and measurementof the noise, air, soil, water pol-lu t ion ;

Study of chemical spills in indus-t r y ;

Awareness about various aspects ofenvironment and disposal of harm-ful effluents;

Preservation, conservation and man-agement of soil;

Analysis of soil samples for theircomponents;

Ecological studies of plants andanimals;

Experiments with biodegradability; Efficient methods of harvesting and

using plankton; Effect of lubricants on gears; Study and record varying water lev-

els, over the year, in the waterbody, surrounding environment;

Design and development of an auto-matic weather recording device;

Ozone destruction experiments; etc.

3. Green Energy

The term ‘green energy’ is used for thoseenergy sources which are considered tobe environment friendly. This term issynonymous with the widely accepted term‘renewable energy’. Renewable energysources can be renewed, regenerated orreplenished over a short period of timethrough natural processes. These energysources, therefore, are perennial. Theseare perceived to produce less pollutentsand result in lower environmentalpollution and carbon emission. It hasalready been shown in India and in manyother countries that it is possible toreduce the energy consumption withoutcompromising with the quality of requiredenergy services. The most logical way toreduce energy consumption is to useavailable energy in the most efficientmanner and to minimise energy wastage.It is a well documented fact that the


carbon emission per unit of electricityproduced from renewable energytechnologies and energy efficientcogeneration based power plants aresignificantly lower than the fossil fuelpower plants.

Ever increasing greenhouse gasemission into the atmosphere and relatedclimate change is now recognised to beone of the major challenges for mankind.In order to minimise the perils ofclimate change, it is thereforenecessary to urgently take up measuresto reduce carbon footprint. Energyproduction and its uses contribute muchtowards carbon emission. Therefore,increasing the use of green energy andenhancing energy efficiency of existingtechnologies, carbon emission can bemitigated.

Though India has a large reserve offossil fuels but because of its growingdemand of energy, the country is now anet importer of energy. Currently theinstalled power generating capacity inthe country is over 1,57,000 MW; themajority of which (around 64.6 percent)comes from burning of coal, gas andoil. Large hydroplants contribute 24.7per cent and nuclear energy around 2.9per cent. The contribution of renewableenergy technologies in installed powergenerating capacity in the country isaround 7.7 per cent with contributionsfrom wind, small hydroplants and biomass.Prima-facie, use of renewable energymay appear costlier than the conventionalenergy, but keeping in mind its benefits,which include assured availability ofpower and a much lower contributiontowards global warming, it is worthwhilethat India has evolved an action planto make judicious use of renewable energyresources. Some of the renewable sourcesof energy in India are described below.

Solar Energy: This tremendouspotential of energy can be harnessedusing a variety of devices. With recent

developments, solar energy systems areeasily available for industrial anddomestic use (heating) with the addedadvantage of minimum maintenance. Mostof the developed countries are switchingover to solar energy as one of the primerenewable energy sources. The currentarchitectural designs make provision forphotovoltaic cells and necessary flowof heat while making building plans.

Wind Energy: It is one of the mostefficient alternative energy sources.Globally, use of wind energy is growingat the rate of 30 per cent annually.There has been a good deal of developmentin wind turbine technology over the lastdecade with many new companies joiningthe concern. Wind turbines have becomelarger. Their efficiencies andavailabilities have improved. The conceptof wind farm has become very popular.Efforts are being made to combine itwith solar energy to provide a totalself sustainability to the project. Thecost of production of wind energy willreduce with increase in its usage. Thisis indicated by a boom in wind turbinemarket. India now ranks as a "windsuperpower" having a net potential ofabout 45,000 MW only from 13 identifiedstates .

Hydroelectric Power: India has a hugehydropower potential, out of which around20 per cent has been realised so far.The new hydro projects are facing seriousresistance from environmentalists.Resettlement of the displaced peoplewith their lands is one of the majorissues. The dislocation of humansettlements causes physical andpsychological stress.

Biomass Energy: It can play animportant role in reducing India’sdependence on fossil fuels (primarilycoal) by making use of thermo-chemicalconversion technologies. In addition,the increased utilisation of biomass-based fuels will be instrumental in


safeguarding the environment,sustainable development, healthimprovement in rural areas and creatingnew job opportunities. Biomass energycould also aid in modernising theagricultural economy. A large amountof energy is expended in the cultivationand processing of crops like sugarcane,food grains, vegetables and fruits whichcan be recovered by utilising energy-rich residues for energy production.The integration of biomass-fuelledgasifiers and coal-f ired energygeneration would lower investment.Electrification of villages using biogasis one of the most prestigious programmeof the Government of India.

Waste-to-energy: These are theefforts of entrepreneurs to provideenvironment friendly management anddisposal of wastes, as well as thegeneration of clean electric power froma variety of wastes. Waste-to-energyfacilities produce clean, renewableenergy through thermo-chemical,biochemical and physicochemical methods.

Micro-generation: The traditional"mega-power" production of electricityis insufficient today because ofexponential industrial growth and highliving standards. Micro-generation isalso called "micro-power". It is thegeneration of zero or low-carbonelectrical power by individuals, smallbusinesses and communities to meet theirown needs and can act as a catalyst forcultural changes in consumer attitude.It is both a serious form of clean energyproduction and also a cultural movementthat is gaining momentum worldwide.

Micro-generation technologies includesmall wind turbines, biomass gasifiers,solar power, micro-hydro, or acombination of these technologies. Handheld solar and wind-power rechargingdevices for personal electronics, as wellas advanced photovoltaic cells, biomassand wind-turbine systems for domestic

and industrial power generation areresult of technological advances.

The main purpose of this sub-themeis to make children feel the need tostudy and analyse various aspects ofgreen energy. These include itsgeneration, transmission, distributionand management besides realising itscost effectiveness and positive impacton the environment and society.


Green roof technologies/roofmounted solar technologies suchas solar water heater, solarlighting system/heating systemof a bui lding by solar heater;

Devices to make breeze funnelingtowards your home/natural coolingof the house;

Designs of insulated bricks forvery cold/hot places/methods ofheat retention in materials/heatcontrol in the design of house;

Green bricks using wastematerials/different innovativematerials for furniture/construction/road laying;

Innovative designs of solar cooker/solar distiller/solar dryer forfood processing/solar heatedhouses;

Solar thermal electricity/community solar project;

Innovative designs forinstallation of solar tower/mounting solar panels forelectrification in buildings;

Hybrid solar lighting (solarillumination by routing daylightinto the interior part of thebuilding by reflecting a focusedbeam of sunlight through opticalfiber cables);

Studies of variation in sunshineintensity at a given place fordeveloping indigenous method ofits usage;

Projects for measuring


availability of solar/ wind energyin a given area;

Wind turbines for domestic usewith vertical/horizontal axis;

Designs of low noise wind farm; Innovative/indigenous designs of

domestic hydroelectric generator/wind/water mill for grindinggrains/ drawing water from the welland to generate electricity;

Use of tidal waves/ocean currents/salinity gradient for generatinge l e c t r i c i t y ;

Wave energy from oscillating watercolumn/ocean thermal energy;

Tidal barrage generator/conversion/production of energyfrom tornadoes/floods/cyclones;

Innovative designs of geothermalhouse/green building/environmentbuilding which harvest energy,water and various materials/selfsufficient, sustainable village/office/home designs;

Various ways of harnessinggeothermal energy such as energyfrom hot springs/electricitygenerated from naturally occurringgeological heat sources;

Geothermal desalinisation/geothermal power/geothermalheating-controlling heating andcooling of a building usingunderground heat by vertical/horizontal loops;

Production of electrical energyfrom mechanical energy/nuclearresources;

Energy from biomass such as seaweeds,human/animal wastes, keeping in viewenvironmental concerns;

Improvised designs of biogas/biomass plant/improvisedtechnologies for effective usageof biofuels;

Fuel farming/bio diesel from plantoils (obtained from canola, palmoil, micro algae oil, wastevegetable oil etc);

Low cost liquid fuel (bio-ethanol,bio-methanol from cellulosebiomass by improving conversiontechniques);

Impact of bio-energy on foodsecuri ty ;

Role of nanotechnology andsuperconductivity in harnessingenergy;

Innovations in batteries/inverters/photovoltaic cells toreduce cost;

Usage of technology forproduction, storage, transport forusing hydrogen/methane/CNG asf u e l ;

Designs/models of fuel-efficientautomobiles/machines;

Innovative designs of internalcombustion engine which canfunction on various biofuels;

Innovations in mechanism ofextraction, storage and processingof fossil fuels; etc.

4. Transport and Communication

The Scientific and technological infor-mation available today has revolution-ized worldwide means of communication,which plays a key-role in the growthand development in all walks of life.Increased production in agriculture andindustry also require an efficient trans-port system for transporting raw mate-rials and finished products from onepart of the country of other. Tremen-dous developments in the field of trans-port and communication have been madeto meet the growing demands due to in-creasing number of users. The communi-cation network in the world has under-gone a sea change with the use of satel-lite and other communication systems.These global changes have influenced thequality of life in our country.

There has been a global expansion ofelectronic information in recent times.This has greatly helped in improving


upon the quality of life. Millions ofcomputers in this world are connectedthrough the Internet, facilitating theaccessibility to information within aultra short time. Use of fax, mobilephone, e-mail, have become a common dayaffair in all walks of life. Theconvergence of multiple communicationsystems have revolutionised learning andknowledge sharing. The ability to accessand manage these information andknowledge repositories is important inthe development of both the individualas well as the society.

Children should be exposed tocommunication technology and toappreciate its role in human affairs.They need to adapt/adopt new technologiesto collect, process, analyse, synthesise,evaluate and share knowledge withothers.

The objective of this sub-theme ispromoting innovations in knowledgenetworks involving transport andcommunication technology in all segmentsof the society. Children need to reasonand communicate to solve problems andto understand effective use ofinformation and communication technologyfor a variety of purposes.


Indigenous/improvised/Improved de-vices for world-wide communica-tion of verbal/printed/pictorialinformation;

Improvised/Indigenous models forefficient transport and fast com-munication especially Internet forcommunication in rural areas;

Working models of fuel efficient/pollution-free designs of auto-mobiles/other vehicles;

Models showing use of innovative/inexpensive/locally available ma-terials/designs for construction/maintenance of roads/railwaytracks of vehicles;

Innovative ideas for efficientmanagement of road, rail, waterand air transport systems, e.g.better safely measure, especiallyunmanned railway crossings check-ing/control of pollution, provid-ing immediate relief to accidentvictims, etc;

Models showing preparedness fordisaster-both natural and man-mademanagement;

Working models of devices for re-cording and reproduction of au-dio-visual material for entertain-ment and recreation, use of com-puters in motion pictures includ-ing cartoons, animation, graph-ics and television;

Working models of printing tech-nology - communication with graph-ics and multi-media and low-costmethods.

Working model of efficient trans-port system in metropolitan/ ur-ban and rural areas;

Working model/charts of GPRS en-abled vehicular movement;

Demonstrating the principle andfunctioning of modern devices ofcommunication;

Designs for making existingoperation of communication moree f f i c i e n t ;

Showing the use of informationtechnology for preservation andconservation of soil/watermanagement and maping of waterresources;

Showing the use of informationtechnology for developing improveddesigns of machineries fortextiles, engineering goods,machines, tools, chemicals, drugsand pharmaceuticals, plastics andecofriendly materials;

Demonstrating the use ofinformation technology indeveloping improved designs/


indigenous designs/devices, whichmay be used on a small scale forproduction/manufacturing ofutility items of daily use;

Showing applications ofcommunication technology in makinginnovative designs of weaving,pottery, metal and leather wares,dyeing, printing and other craftspracticed in cottage industry;

Developing innovative designs/models of multimedia equipments/materials and packages for thechildren with special needs,especially with visual and audioimpairment;

Exploring uses/applications oftransport and communicationtechnology in generatingemployment/eradicating illiteracy;

Technologies of emerging webdesigns/effective use of bookmarksharing;

Projects against attack aimed oninformation services/cybersecuri ty .

Technologies in forecasting andwarning of cyclones, floods andstorms;

Improvised/improved devices foreffective transport andcommunication between variousemergency services, namelymedical, police, military andother administrative bodies/committees;

Information management from shipsand oceans buoys - use of radarsin cyclone detection/informationmanagement and early warningsystem for flash floods;

Use of geo-stationary satellitesin providing informationpertaining to meteorologicalprocesses; etc.

Emergency mechanisms and mobili-zation centers/improvement in com-munication and transportation sys-tems; etc.

5. Community Health and Environment

Health is an overall state of body, mindand social well being that implies toan individual and people. Our health iscontinuously under the influence of bothendogenous (within) and exogenous(around) environment and therefore amatter of great concern especially inthe rapidly growing society to cope upwith newer scientific and technologicalinventions. When people are healthy,they are more efficient at work. Thisincreases productivity and bring eco-nomic prosperity. Health also increaseslongevity of the people and reduces in-fant and maternal mortality. When thefunctioning of one or more organs orsystems of the body is adversely af-fected, characterized by various signand symptoms, a state of disease is re-f l e c t ed .

The health is broadly affected by ge-netic disorders, infections andlifestyle but multi-factorial causes aremore prevalent in case of many diseases.In case of genetic disorders, deficien-cies/defects are inherited from parentsand the best examples are hemophiliaand colour blindness, however, diseaseslike cancer and diabetes mellitus arealso known to have genetic basis, theseare non-infectious.

Further, many diseases last for shortperiod of time called acute diseaseslike common cold but many other ail-ments last for longer duration and evenas much as life time like tuberculosis,they are chronic diseases. The canceris one of the most dreaded chronic dis-eases of human beings and is a major


cause of death all over the globe. Trans-formation of normal cells into cancer-ous neo-plastic cells may be induced byphysical, chemical or biological agents.Ionizing radiations like X-rays, gammarays and non ionizing radiations UVcauses DNA damage leading to neo-plas-tic transformation. Chemical carcino-gens present in tobacco smoke have beenidentified as a major cause of lung can-cer. Cancer causing viruses are alsoknown, they possess genes called viraloncogenes.

Infectious agents comprises of a widegroup of organisms called pathogens,they are viruses, bacteria, fungi, pro-tozoan and multi-cellular worms, insectsetc. The diseases caused by these or-ganisms include influenza, dengue fe-ver, AIDS, typhoid, cholera, malaria,ringworms, filariasis etc. The patho-gens live under different environmentalconditions and have great potential toadapt to the environment within the host.For example, the pathogens that enterthe gut know the way of surviving in thestomach at low pH and resistance to vari-ous digestive enzymes. Pathogenic at-tack to an individual and spread to some-one else takes place through air, wa-ter, soil, physical contact and alsothrough other animals. Such animals arethus the intermediaries and are calledvectors. In many instances the body isable to defend itself from most of theseinfectious agents through the immunesystem. Acquired immunity is pathogenspecific; however, we also possess in-nate immunity from birth.

Our health is adversely affected dueto many environmental hazards that leadto several kinds of infection in thebody. With increasing population, de-mand for food, water, home, transport,energy etc are increasing causing tre-mendous pressure on our natural resourcesand thereby contributing to pollutionof air, water and soil. The lifestyleincluding food and water we take, ten-

dency for junk/fast food, rest and ex-ercise, habits and drugs and alcoholabuse is another challenge to our health.Increasing level of obesity, early de-tection of hyperglycemia and hyperten-sion is a great cause of worry from thehealth point of view. Continuous ef-forts of scientists, technologists, doc-tors and naturalist have brought manynew ways of safety and security to ourlife. Major inventions in bio-medicaldiagnostics, new vaccines and antibiot-ics, surgical methods and genetic engi-neering have given relief to the man-kind. Mortality age has gone up, infantand maternal mortality gone down andepidemics are much under control. Aware-ness towards meditation and traditionalknowledge of herbal medicines has in-fluenced community helath.

The present sub-theme is proposed withthe objectives; to bring awareness amongthe youth about health and factors af-fecting our health, to explore new sci-entific, technological and bio-medicalinterventions in prevention and cure,to analyze the role of self and societyin keeping our environment healthy inorder to maintain good health and pro-mote innovative ideas for better man-agement.

The exhibits and models in this sub-theme may pertain to:

Demonstration of health and differ-entiation from the state of illhealth. Health and disease;

Demonstration of factors affectingthe health, different ailments inthe body;

Showing and designing activities oninfectious and non-infectious dis-eases, relationship with causativefactors and their sources;

Innovation to develop control mea-sures at different levels, rolevarious agencies;

Presenting medical assistance andfacilities, rural/urban and genderaspects;


Sensitising people to be careful inhealth maters, explore the possi-bilities and make use of the fa-cilities available;

Development of knowledge-base andunderstand new scientific, techno-logical aids in bio-medical area;

Demonstration of means and ways toadopt methods for self concentra-tion and meditation and their uses;

Demonstration of known facts and re-search findings in different medi-cal systems like Indian, Modern, Ho-meopath etc.;

Demonstration of lifestyle and re-lationship with good and bad healthbased on known facts and researches;

Demonstration of the role of tradi-tional knowledge of herbal productsfor community health; etc.

6. Mathematical Modelling

Mathematical modelling is the processof transformation of a physical situa-tion into mathematical analogies withappropriate conditions. Physical situ-ations need some physical insight intothe problem. Then it is solved by using

various mathematical tools like percent-age, area, surface area, volume, timeand work, profit and loss, differentialequations, probability, statistics, lin-ear, nonlinear programming, etc. It isa multi-step process involving identi-fying the problem, constructing or se-lecting appropriate models, fighting outwhat data need to be collected, decid-ing number of variables and predictorsto be chosen for greater accuracy, testingvalidity of models, calculating solu-tion and implementing the models. Itmay be an iterative process where westart from a crude model and graduallyrefine it until it is suitable for solv-ing the problem and enables us to gaininsight and understanding of the origi-nal situation. It is an art, as therecan be a variety of distinct approachesto the modeling, as well as science,for being tentative in nature.

In mathematical modelling, we nei-ther perform any practical activity norinteract with the situation directly,e.g. we do not take any sample of bloodfrom the body to know the physiology,and still our mathematical tools revealthe actual situations. The rapid de-

Fig. 1: A Mathematical Model


velopment of high speed computers withthe increasing desire for the answersof everyday life problems have led toenhanced demands of modelling almost ev-ery area. The objective of this sub-theme is to help children to analysehow mathematical modelling can be usedto investigate objects, events, systemsand processes. It can be visualized byFig. 1.

An example is given below for a math-ematical modelling for estimating theprofitability of a company which sellsits products at a fixed price.Step 1: Understanding the problem: Weneed to know the profitability of a com-pany under some restrictions/constraints.Step 2: Mathematical description: Herewe suppose the costs are of two types:fixed and variable. The fixed costs areindependent of number of units produced(e.g. rent and rates), while the vari-able costs increase owith the numberproduced (e.g. materials).Initially we assume that the variablecosts are directly proportional to thenumber of units produced – this shouldsimplify our model. The company has acertain amount of money coming in formof sales and wants to ensure that it ismaximum.For convenience, we assume thatall units produced are sold immediately.Step 3: Solving the mathematicalproblems: Let x be the number of unitsproduced and sold, C be the totalcost of product (in Rs), I be theincome from sales (in Rs) and P bethe profit (in Rs). Our assumptionsabove states that C consists of twoparts - fixed cost a (in Rs) andvariable cost b (in Rs)

Then C = a + bx ( 1 )Also income I depends on selling pricesa (Rs per unit).Thus I = sx ( 2 )The profit P is then the difference be-tween income and costs, i.e..

P = I - C = sx - (a + bx) = (s - b)x - a ( 3 )

Now, we have a mathematical model ofthe relationship (1) - (3) between thevariables x, C, I, P, a, b and s. Thesevariables may be classified as: (i) De-pendent C, I and P; and (ii) P a r a m -eters a, b and s.Step 4: solving the mathematical prob-lem: The manufacturer, knowing x, a, band s can determine P. He/she can alsosee that to break-even (i.e. no loss andno profit), he/she must produce

[a/(s - b)] units (how?)The model is best summarized as follows:

Fig. 2: Graph between number of unitsproduced and costs

Step 5: Interpreting the solution: Themodel agrees without intuition in that iffew units are sold a loss will result, butif lots of units are sold a profit willresult. If the break-even point proves tobe unrealistic, then a non-linear modelcould be tried out or our simplifyingassumptions about cash flow (resources fromearning and investment) can be amended.Step 6: Validiting the model: Takingthe relationships (1) - (3) and datafrom various firms, the profit may beestimated and verified. The exhibits/models in this sub-thememay pertain to:

Mathematical modelling to solvevarious problems of our everydaylife/environment related problems;

Mathematical modelling and com-puter simulation of climate dy-


Mathematical modelling on socialinsects such as honeybees, ter-mites etc. to know how they uselocal information to generate com-plex and functional patterns ofcommunication;

Mathematical modelling of maxi-mum speed in fibre optic links;

Mathematical modelling of highlyabstract problems arising fromcontrol and communication pro-cesses in the brain;

Mathematical modelling of urbancity planning;

Mathematical modelling to preventan unwanted future/to understandvarious natural and unnatural phe-nomena;

Mathematical modelling to show theeffect of climate changes/ globalwarming;

Mathematical modelling on balanceof carbon cycle, etc.

Mathematical modelling for pre-dicting future population and know-ing the impact of population;

Mathematical modelling for in-creasing production of crops.

namics/ production of weather phe-nomena based on a number of pre-d ictors ;

Mathematical modeling in physi-cal geography such as rotation andrevolution of earth, precessionand equinoes etc.;

Mathematical modelling to predictorbital path of comets, meteorsand other minor planets;

Mathematical modelling to show howdisease might spread in human inthe event of epidemics/bioterrorism;

Mathematical modelling to predictthe devastating effects of wars/nuclear explosions;

Mathematical modelling to showspread of forest fire dependingon the types of trees, weatherand nature of the ground surface;

Mathematical modelling to demon-strate the action of medicines inhuman system;

Mathematical modelling of the work-ing of heart, brain, lungs, kid-neys, bones and endocrine system;

Computer diagnosis of human dis-eases;

Mathematical modelling of fluidflow in drain, spillways, rivers,e t c . ;

Using mathematical modelling andcomputer simulation to improvecancer therapy/wound healing/tis-sues formation/corneal wound heal-i ng ;

Mathematical modelling ofintracelular biochemical reactionsand metabolisms;

Mathematical modelling to describetraffic flow/stock market options;

Studies of storage and retrievaltechniques for computer systems;

Data manipulation and informationmanagement techniques;

Statistics and random number prob-lems;

Developing video games;


2 GUIDELINES FOR ORGANISING ONE-DAY SEMINAR ON

POPULARISATION OF SCIENCE

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF BIODIVERSITY – 2010

The United Nations declared 2010 to bethe International Year of Biodiversity.It is a celebration of biodiversity (orbiological diversity)––the variety oflife on earth––and boosting awarenessof how important it is for our lives.It refers to the wide variety of eco-systems and living organisms: animals,plants, their habitats and their genes.Biodiversity is the foundation of lifeon Earth. It is crucial for the func-tioning of ecosystems which provide uswith products and services without whichwe couldn’t live. Oxygen, food, freshwater, fertile soil, medicines, shel-ter, protection from storms and floods,stable climate and recreation - all havetheir source in nature and healthy eco-systems. Biodiversity is extremely com-plex, dynamic and varied like no otherfeature of the Earth. Its innumerableplants, animals and microbes physicallyand chemically unite the atmosphere (themixture of gases around the Earth),geosphere (the solid part of the Earth),and hydrosphere (the Earth’s water, iceand water vapour) into one environmen-tal system which makes it possible formillions of species, including people,to exist.

Most people appreciate the beauty ofthe natural world, but awareness ofbiodiversity, how seriously it is threat-ened, and the implications for humanwellbeing, is alarmingly low.Biodiversity is the most influenced fea-ture of the Earth by man’s activities.By changing biodiversity, we stronglyaffect human well-being and the well-being of every other living creature.

It is therefore important to organiseOne-Day Seminar on issues related with

the Biodiversity. The objective of theseminar is to facilitate interactionsamong children, academicians, institu-tions, industries etc. to enhance pub-lic awareness about the preservation andsustenance of biodiversity. The commonaim includes: (i) To present innovativeideas and search for new ways of how toincrease public appreciation and under-standing of biodiversity; (ii) To cre-ate enthusiasm, interest, and partici-pation in biodiversity features amongyoung people; (iii) To create excite-ment concerning advances in biodiversity;(iv) To encourage intelligent debate onrelated developmental issues. Theorganisation of this One-Day Seminar onPopularisation of Science in year 2010may include the following activities.

Suggested Activities Organisation of lecture and demon-

stration programme that provides aninteraction of eminent scientists withgeneral public and students.

Demonstration of some model exhibitsand experiments from science centers,science clubs and scientists from uni-versities, research organizations andother institutions.

Screening of films, video programmes,slide shows, publications etc. on is-sues related with biodiversity.

Organisation of Poster Competition,Quiz Programme, Debate, Drama etc.

NOTE: The One-Day Seminar onPopularisation of Science shouldpreferably be organised one daybefore the organisation of StateLevel Science Exhibition for Chil-dren.


OBJECTIVES

The purpose of science exhibitions isto develop scientific attitude in theyoung generation of our country to makethem realise the interdependence ofscience, technology and society and theresponsibility of the scientists oftomorrow. These objectives may beachieved by presenting the exhibits asan exciting experience of creativity ofchildren, innovations throughimprovisations of science kits, andvarious devices and models for providingsolutions to many present and futuresocio-economic problems particularlythose confronted in the rural areas,using available materials and localresources.

The exhibition will help childrenand teachers to learn from each otherexperiences and motivate them to designand develop something new and novel.It will also provide a medium forpopularising science and increasingawareness among the public towards it.The objectives of organising scienceexhibitions may briefly be put asfo l lows :

stimulating interest in science andtechnology and inculcatingscientific spirit in youngergeneration;

exploring and encouraging scientificand technological talent amongchi ldren;

inculcating in them a sense of pridein their talent;

making children realise therelationship between science and

technology and society; understanding the need for proper

management for the optimumutilisation of resources andprevailing technologies;

providing exploratory experiences,encouraging creative thinking andpromoting psychomotor andmanipulative skills among childrenthrough self devised exhibits ormodels or simple apparatus;

encouraging problem solving approachand developing the appropriatetechnologies, especially for ruralareas and integrating scientific ideaswith daily life situations;

inculcating intellectual honesty,team spirit and aesthetic senseamong the participants;

popularising science among massesand creating an awareness regardingthe role of science and technologyin socio-economic and sustainablegrowth of the country;

developing appropriate techniquesfor communication of science,technology and its management.

CALL FOR ENTRIES

The main theme for the State LevelScience Exhibitions for Children – 2010-2011 and for the 38th Jawaharlal NehruNational Science Exhibition for Children– 2011 would be 'Science and Technologyfor Challenges in Life'. The identifiedsix sub-themes are:

1.Biodiversity: Conservation andSustenance;

2 . Agriculture and Technology;

3 GUIDELINES FOR ORGANISING THE STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS

FOR CHILDREN – 2010-2011


3 . Green Energy;4 . Transport and Communication;5 . Community Health and Environment;

and6 . Mathematical Modelling.

In order to facilitate the preparationof exhibits and models for display indistrict to state level scienceexhibitions during 2010-2011, Guidelinesfor the Preparation of Exhibits and Modelsare also being communicated.

i . Children from all schools [includinggovernment, government-aided, publicand private, catholic, mission,armed-forces (Army, Air Force, Navy,Sainik, BSF, ITBP, Assam-Rifles,CRPF, Police etc.), DAV management,Maharshi Vidya Mandir, SaraswatiVidya Mandir, Navyug, Municipality,Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Science Clubsetc.] are eligible to participatein State Level Science Exhibitions.Preference may be given for studentsin senior classes (i.e. in secondaryand higher secondary stages).Note for all State Level ScienceExhibitions coordinatorsbelonging to state/UTgovernments:It may please be ensured that entriesfrom the following organisations arenot forwarded to NCERT: Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan; Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti; Department of Atomic Energy

Central Schools; CBSE affiliated Public Schools

(independent schools); and Demonstration Multipurpose

Schools of Regional Institutes ofEducation.

The above-mentioned organisationsconduct their own science exhibitionsseparately. They would send theirselected entries for considerationfor participation in JNNSEC-2011 tothe NCERT directly.

i i . Wide publicity should be given forinviting entries. Guidelines for thePreparation of Exhibits and Modelsfor display in district to statelevel science exhibitions during2010-2011 should be provided to allschools. These guidelines may alsobe translated in local languages, ifpossible, and be given wide publicity.This may also be given on the Internetwebsite(s) of the respective states/union territories and otherparticipating organisations. It isalso envisaged that guidelines beprinted in local language(s), Hindi,and English in the form of a bookletfor their dissemination among allthe schools for generating the ideasfor developing the exhibits andmodels. These guidelines can alsobe viewed on NCERT website(www.ncert .nic. in ) .

i i i .Public Sector Undertakings,Industries, and other Non-governmentOrganisations working in the areas(where these science exhibitions areorganised) may also be invited toparticipate as the exhibits displayedby them would be of instructionalvalue for the children and teachers.


SCREENING, EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF ENTRIES

1 . A screening committee should be setup to finalise the selection ofentries from the various institutionsfor participation in the State LevelScience Exhibition for Children incase Districts/Regional Level ScienceExhibitions are not being organisedby the state/UT.

2 . The Screening Committee may consistof representatives of SISE/SIE andsome selected representativeinstitution(s). All records about themeeting of the committee should bemaintained. The selection procedureadopted should lay more emphasis onthe quality of the exhibits ratherthan quantity. It should be ensuredthat the exhibits are not crude andhazardous and have good finish andare presentable.

3 . The above mentioned ScreeningCommittee or a separate panel ofjudges should evaluate the exhibitsaccording to the criteria ofevaluation attached herewith. Bestthree exhibits in each sub-theme fromeach category, viz., higher secondaryand others must also be selected bythe said panel of judges.

4 . A separate list of the selectedentries of the exhibits and modelsunder each sub-theme (to be displayedin the state level scienceexhibition) must be prepared. Thismust contain the name of the exhibit/model, names of the student(s) andguiding teacher(s), name of the schooland a brief information about theexhibit (may be in two sentencesonly). This list may also bedistributed among all participatingchildren and teachers.

A copy of this list should beforwarded to NCERT together with theformal report of the exhibition.

Such a list may be prepared inaccordance with the NCERT un-pricedpublication on "List of Exhibits",to be displayed in Jawaharlal NehruNational Science Exhibition forChildren. It is published every yearand distributed to all participatingchildren, teachers, and visitorsduring the JNNSEC.A copy of this may be obtained fromthe Head, Department of Educationin Science and Mathematics,National Council of EducationalResearch and Training, Sri AurobindoMarg, New Delhi 110 016.

5 . A formal report of the State LevelScience Exhibition and Seminar onPopularisation of Science should reachNCERT within one month after theconclusion of the exhibition. Itshould include the following:i Dates and venue of exhibition.i i Proformas I - V duly filled up.i i i List of schools participating and

the number of students/teachersparticipating as per the proformaattached. Break-up of the male andfemale participants should alsobe given. It should also reflecton the number of rural and urbanschools, that participated in theexhibition.

i v List of entries of the exhibitsand models being displayed inthe state level scienceexhibition, as explained inparagraph-4 above. Number ofexhibits displayed under eachsub-theme should also be


The Report

and

Proformas I-V

Should strictly follow the above format and be forwarded

within one month

after the conclusion of the exhibition to :

Dr. Gagan GuptaCo-ordinator

STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDREN - 2010-2011

Department of Education in Science and MathematicsNational Council of Educational Research and Training

Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016

Telefax: 011-26561742

e-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.ncert.nic.in

mentioned separately.v Highlights of the exhibition

including other activities suchas lectures, film shows, bookexhibition etc. and participationof other scientific/industrialorganisations.

v i Panel of judges for evaluatingthe exhibits/models displayed inthe exhibition (in accordancewith the Criteria for Evaluationof Exhibits).

v i i List of selected exhibits beingsent for consideration fordisplay in JNNSEC - 2011 bearingthe name of student, teacher,school, etc. and their write upsfor consideration forparticipation in JNNSEC - 2011.(A proforma for information aboutthe exhibit/model is alsoattached for this purpose).

v i i i Number of visitors to theexhib i t ion.


The Jawaharlal Nehru National ScienceExhibition for Children, organised everyyear by the NCERT, receives entries forconsideration for participation fromStates/UTs selected from the State LevelScience Exhibitions held in thepreceding year. In order to keep auniform criteria for evaluating theexhibits in all States/UTs and on thebasis of the feedback received fromdifferent agencies, the followingcriteria for judging the exhibits issuggested (the percentage given in

bracket are suggestive weightages):

1 . Involvement of children’s own

creativity and imagination (20 per

cen t ) ;

2 . Originality and innovations in the

exhibit/model (15 per cent);

3 . Scientific thought/ principle/

approach (15 per cent);

4 . Technical skill, workmanship and

craftsmanship (15 per cent);

5 . Utility/educational value for layman,

children, etc.; (15 per cent)

6 . Economic (low cost), portability,

durability, etc. (10 per cent); and

7 . Presentation - aspects like

demonstration, explanation, and

display (10 per cent).

It is further advised to divide the

entries into two categories, viz., ( i )

upto secondary level; and (ii) higher

secondary level. On the basis of the

criteria suggested above, three entries

from each sub-theme may be selected and

forwarded to NCERT for consideration

for participation in JNNSEC-2011.

Besides the popularisation of science,

the objective of this activity is to

search and nurture inventive or creative

talent among children. Judges are

requested to evaluate the entries on

the basis of pupils’ involvement.

Imagination and innovations made by the

child in designing the exhibit/model

should be assessed. They should also

judge whether the model is traditional

or an improvement over the traditional

model or it is innovative. Various skills

involved in constructing the exhibit

and model, the degree of neatness and

craftsmanship may also be taken into

account. Every effort must be made to

rule out the tendency of procuring the

ready-made exhibits/models.

General layout of the exhibit,

relevance, clarity of charts

accompanying the exhibit and overall

attractiveness to the layman and children

should also be assessed. Working models

should be encouraged.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF EXHIBITS


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The ‘Grant-in-Aid’ provided by the NCERT to

respective states/UTs is a catalytic grant for

organising the State Level Science Exhibitions

and Seminar on ‘Popularisation of Science’.

States and UTs are expected to spend the

additional expenditure, if any, from the state

funds. The funds given to the States/UTs are

to be utilised exclusively for meeting the

travel and boarding costs of participating

students and their teachers and experts. It

is suggested that the following norms of

payment may be followed:

1. For Organising the Seminar on

Popularisation of Science

( i ) The seminar should be organised

during the days of exhibition in

morning/evening hours.

(ii) Honorarium to four (two outstation and

two local) experts/scientists may be

disbursed at the rate of Rs 500.00 each.

Note : The expert/scientist should be

preferably from a research institute/

laboratory/ university.

(iii) Travelling allowance to two outstation

experts/scientists from a maximum

distance of 500 km may be disbursed as

per the state/central government rules.

(iv) Daily allowance and incidental charges

to two outstation experts/scientists for

a maximum of three days may be

disbursed as per state/central

government rules.

( v ) Conveyance charges to two local

experts/scientists may be disbursed as

per state/central government rules.

(vi) Contingency grant for tea/coffee with

light snacks; typing/photocopying/

cost of transparencies/transparency

pens/CDs etc.: Rs 2,500.00

2. For Organising the State Level Science

Exhibitions

( i ) Honorarium to four (local) judges

may be disbursed at the rate of

Rs 500.00 each.NCERT employees

should not be provided any

Honorarium if invited for this

purpose.

(ii) Only one student and one teacher may

be permitted to participate with each

exhibit. However, for more than one

exhibit from any one school, only one

teacher may be permitted to

participate.

(iii) Travelling allowance: actual second-

class sleeper rail/bus (non-AC) fare.

(iv) Incidental charges: Rs 50.00 each way

for outward and inward journeys

subject to a maximum of Rs 100.00

provided the journey time by rail or bus

is more than 6 hours. For journeys less

than 6 hours no incidental charges

should be paid.

(v) Boarding expenses: Rs 80.00 per head

per day for each participant for a

maximum of 4 days.

(vi) Local conveyance charges may be

EXPENDITURE NORMS


Verified and passed for payment of Rs .....................

(Rupees.................................................... Only).

Signature of the Co-ordinator/In-chargeSTATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITION

disbursed as per state/central

government rules.

( v i i ) contingency grant for typing/

photocopying etc. Rs 2,500/-

It is necessary to maintain a separate

account for the expenditure of the grants-

in-aid provided by the NCERT and the same

should be forwarded to the NCERT, along with

all relevant vouchers and receipts, in

original WITHIN ONE MONTH OF THE CLOSE

OF THE EXHIBITION for adjustment in the

NCERT account. Proforma I is given for

convenience. All vouchers may be signed by

the Coordinator/In-charge of the exhibition.

All those vouchers/receipts that are in

regional language should accompany with a

translated copy in English certified by the

Coordinator/In-charge of the State Level

Science Exhibition to facilitate audit and

settlement of accounts. Only those Vouchers/

Receipts against such items of expenditure,

which are covered under the expenditure norms,

may please be sent to this department for

adjustment/settlement of accounts. All

payments exceeding Rs 5000/- should be

supported by payee’s receipt with a revenue

stamp.

It may please be ensured that each Voucher/

Receipt against the expenditure is duly

verified for the amount and then passed for

payment. The specimen of this certificate

is indicated below for convenience:


4 PROFORMAS


Proforma I

MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNTS

State/Union Territory: ________________________________

Dates of Exhibition: ________________________________

Venue of Exhibition: ________________________________

Certified that the expenditures have been made in accordance with the norms and Guidelines asgiven by the NCERT for organising the State Level Science Exhibition. It is also certified that noother voucher is included.

Signature of the In-Charge (Controlling Officer)Seal

R e c e i p t Expend i ture Signatureo f

CoordinatingO f f i c e r

VoucherN o .

Date ofR e c e i p t

Particularsof Grant

D r a f tN o .

Date

AmountReceived

VoucherN o .

Date ofExpenditure

Particulars(Head-w i s e )

AmountSpent

Otherincome, ifany

T o t a l

Balance Refundedto NCERT, if any,vide

T o t a l

Date


* G. Government: A Government School is that which is run by the State Government or Central Governmentor Public Sector Undertaking or an Autonomous Organisation completely financed by the Government;

L.B. Local Body: A Local Body School is that which is run by Panchayati Raj and Local Body Institutions suchas Zila Parishad, Municipal Corporation, Municipal Committee or Cantonment Board;

P.A. Private Aided: A Private Aided School is that which is run by an individual or a private organisation andreceives grants from the Government or Local Body;

P.U. Private Unaided: A Private Unaided School is that which is managed by an individual or a privateorganisation and does not receive any grant from the Government or Local Body.


Proforma II

INFORMATION ABOUT PARTICIPATING SCHOOLS

State/Union Territory: ________________________________

Dates of Exhibition: ________________________________

Venue of Exhibition: ________________________________

Type ofSchool*

No. ofSchools

Tribal/Rural/Urban

Number ofExhibits/

Models

Participants from the School

Male Female Total Boys Girls Total SC/ST

G

LB

PA

PU

Total

T

R

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U

T

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Date

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38TH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SCIENCE EXHIBITION FOR CHILDREN - 2011Theme : Science and Technology for Challenges in Life

Proforma V

INFORMATION ABOUT THE EXHIBIT/MODEL

1 . Title of the Exhibit/model ___________________________________(in block letters) ___________________________________

2. Sub-theme:Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustenance/Agriculture and Technology/Green energy/Transport and Communication/CommunityHealth and Environment/MathematicalModelling (Tick only one)

3. Name(s) of the _________________________________ (M/F)Student(s) _________________________________ (M/F)(in block letters) _________________________________ (M/F)

_________________________________ (M/F)

4. Name(s) of the _________________________________ (M/F)Teacher(s) _________________________________ (M/F)(in block letters)

5. Name and complete address of the school (in block letters) :

.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.... ...... ..... .... . ...... ... .. .... ...... ...... ...Pin ..... ...... ...6 . Type of school* Government/Local Body/Private Aided/

Private Unaided/Any other (Please Specify) _____________________ _________________

7. Affiliation of the School State Board/ICSE/CBSEAny other (Please Specify) ________________

8. Location of the School Tribal/Rural/Urban9. Nature of the Exhibit/Model Innovative/Improvised Apparatus/Working/Static

Model/Study Report Any Other (Please Specify)________________

10. Approximate Cost of the Rs _____________Exhibit/Model

11. Requirement for Display(i) Shamiana/Open Space/Dark room ____________________________(ii) Table Size Length: _____ m; width: ______ m.(iii) Water Supply Yes/No

( i v ) Number of Electrical Points No.: _____ (5 A); No.: _______ (15 A)

* G. Government: A Government School is that which is run by the State Governmentor Central Government or Public Sector Undertaking or an AutonomousOrganisation completely financed by the Government;

L . B . Local Body: A Local Body School is that which is run by Panchayati Raj andLocal Body Institutions such as Zila Parishad, Municipal Corporation, MunicipalCommittee or Cantonment Board;

P.A. Private Aided: A Private Aided School is that which is run by an individual or a private organisation andreceives grants from the Government or Local Body;

P.U. Private Unaided: Private Unaided School is that which is managed by an individual or a private organisationand does not receive any grant from the Government or Local Body.


12. Source of inspiration/help for preparing the exhibit/model:(Please explain briefly about the nature and form of help received from the following):(i) From Teachers/School

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) From Parents____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(iii) From Peer Group____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(iv) Any other_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13.Brief Summary (Please explain the purpose and the scientific principleinvolved in the exhibit/model in not more than three lines)._______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

14. Write-up of the Exhibit/Model (not more than 1,000 words) in thefollowing format. (Note: Proper submission of the write-up will ensurethat if selected for participation in the 37 th Jawaharlal Nehru NationalScience Exhibition for Children – 2010, it will be considered for publicationin the booklet entitled: Structure and Working of Science Models. Forconvenience an exemplary write-up is also given here.):

I. Introduction(i) Rationale behind construction of the exhibit; and(ii) The scientific principle involved.

II. Description(i) Materials used for the construction;(ii) Construction and working of the exhibit/model; and(iii) Applications, if any.

III. ReferencesBooks, journals or magazines referred for preparation of the exhibit/model.

IV. Illustrations(i) Black and white line diagram of the model, illustrating the working of the exhibit.(ii) Close-up photographs of the exhibit.

Note: (i) Please neither pin nor paste the photographs of the exhibits. Enclose them in a separateenvelope. Description of the photograph may be written on its back.

(ii) Please do not enclose the photographs of participating student(s) and their guideteacher(s).

(Signatures of all students and teachers)


5 AN EXEMPLARY WRITE-UP OF AN EXHIBIT “TOILET MODIFICATION IN INDIAN

TRAINS” DISPLAYED IN THE 35TH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL

SCIENCE EXHIBITION FOR CHILDREN—2008 (SOLAN)

INTRODUCTION

When it comes to disposal of human excreta and other wastes the country’s largest publicsector undertaking, the Indian Railways, has been groping in the dark for many years. Untreatedexcreta and sewerage are discharged into the open, leaving railway tracks a repulsive sight.

Most of the passenger coaches have four toilets, two on both ends of each coach. The humanwaste from these toilets is directly discharged onto the open tracks. Unhindered dumping ofsuch waste is resulting in unhygienic conditions that may also cause spread of diseases.

Human waste, especially of sick passengers, may contain a large number of germs of manydiseases like diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, other water-borne diseases besides parasiticinfections. Parasites like hookworm, roundworm and pinworm are spread mainly through humanwaste that results in the spread of communicable diseases. The seemingly innocent action ofthe railways contaminates the environment and promotes unsanitary conditions, negating thevery small strides made in sanitation and community health.

Toilet discharge is another major source of corrosion of rails and fastenings. Large amount ofwater used in the toilets at present needs to be minimised in order to conserve water. Waste watercan be treated and recycled so that the problems of corrosion of the tracks as well as spread ofdiseases can be checked.

RATIONALE BEHIND CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXHIBIT

This project is an attempt to solve the problems arising due to the present mode of disposal ofhuman waste in Indian trains with additional benefit of recycling the water after propertreatment. In the present model the water used in the toilet is filtered and chemically treated andrecirculated so that water usage can be minimised as well as the release of untreated water intothe tracks can be avoided. After separating water the human excreta is stored separately andcan be used to produce biogas

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED

Collection: Human waste flushed from toilets is collected in a tank.

Filtration: Filters used in the proposed system filters water from the human wastes flushedfrom the toilet. The filtered water is collected in a separate tank.

TeacherAjith S.R.

Kendriya VidyalayaPort Trust

KochiKerala

StudentsShameer S. HameedShahid S. HameedNitesh PrabhuDeepthi Murali


Disinfection: The filtered water is treated chemically using chlorine solution and1per cent phenol.

Recirculation of Water Using Sensor Controlled Pump: The pump automatically switches ON topump up water to the overhead tank. This pump is auto controlled with an IC and sensor circuitand switches ON when the water has been treated and switches OFF when water has been pumpedup to an overhead tank.

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

Plywood, transparent plastic boxes, transparent pipes, water pump (washing machine),fevibond, phenol, bleaching powder, metal clamps, screws and nails, wooden stand andactivated charcoal.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

The present working model consists of the following major components in the given figure.(i) Toilet and overhead tank;(ii) Faecal storing tanks;(iii) Chemical treatment tank;(iv) Pipes for water circulation; and(v) Pump with sensor.

Water from the overhead tank flushes into the toilet after use and the human waste withwater gets collected in tank 1 after passing through a tube bent in U-shape. This U-bent tubealways holds some water which acts as a seal (to prevent spread of odour). In tank 1 the heavymatter of the excreta is allowed to settle. A pipe has been attached to this tank in order toprevent air blockage. This tank has another pipe near its top through which, water andthe light weight matter overflows to tank 2. Tank 2 is connected to tank 3 through a pipe fixednear its base. Water reaching tank 3 may contain some particles, which may settle down aftersome time.

When tank 3 gets filled up, water from it overflows to tank 4 where it gets filtered. Filtersremove tiny particles and the water is then transferred to the treatment tank. Chemical treatmentis done with the help of two chemicals, 10 per cent bleaching powder solution and 1 per cent

1 2 3 4


phenol solution. Both chemicals are kept in two separate tanks, fixed over the treatment tank,and are connected to the treatment tank through pipes, with valves to control the flow ofchemicals.

An agitator is provided in the treatment tank, for the proper mixing of chemicals with thewater. The treated water is then sent to the adsorption tank where unwanted chemicals getadsorbed by activated charcoal. Charcoal removes foul odour as well as chemicals such asphenol by the process of adsorption and makes the water clean. The treated water is then pumpedinto the overhead tank with the help of a sensor-operated pump. Whenever the water levelreaches a particular level (maximum), through a relay system and IC, the pump gets switchedON and water is pumped to the overhead tank. The same process is repeated again and again.

The water in the overhead tank is only meant for use in toilets for flushing, not for washingand other purposes. For this, another tank has to be provided adjacent to the overhead tank.

The solid component of human excreta stored in the retention tanks is sucked out by amotor when the train reaches the destination station. This can then be transferred to the digestertank of biogas plant which are to be installed in the yard near the main stations.

APPLICATIONS

1. The present model ensures safe disposal of human waste in running trains and helps inminimising use of water by recycling it.

2. The suggested system would also help in preventing spread of diseases causing germsand parasitic infections.

3. Anaerobic fermentation of human waste produces biogas. Hence, the biogas plant setup in the railway yards could meet some of the energy needs of the railway station.

4. This model ensures that railway stations and tracks are kept clean besides, preventingcorrosion of rails and fastenings.

5. The biogas produced can minimise energy consumption of the railways. Besides, slurrycan be used as manure for plants along the railway lines and at railway stations.

REFERENCES

1. ACCIDENTS civilaviation.nic.in/ccrs/accidents2. PIB Press Release: pib.nic.in/archive/lreleng/lyr20033. Indian Railways:www.indianrailways.gov.in/deptts/safety4. Department of Transport, www.dft.gov.uk/transportforyou/access/rail/

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