Essential Question for TP #2How do DaVinci, Michelangelo, Machiavelli, and Petrarch

represent the ideals of the Renaissance as a “Movement in Europe beginning in the 14th century marked by a humanistic revival of Greek and Roman learning (1), an increase of interest in arts and literature (2), and by the beginnings of modern science (3).” Give proof from this person’s work to show that he is an example of the

Renaissance.

Turning Point #2: The Renaissance 1300s – 1500s A.D.

NAME: ____________________________________________

DATE DUE: _____________________

PERIOD: ____________________

SCORE: _______/10

The Italian Renaissance_______/2

I. RenaissanceA. Renaissance: Italian for “__________”

1. Lifted Europe out of the ___________ _______B. Rebirth of Classical literature and _____

1. __________ 2. Rome

C. Reasons it Started:1. Fall of ______________________ (1453): scholars from the east fled

west2. Scholars (like ____________) began to re-learn the Classics

II. Renaissance ArtA. Themes:

1. Return to ______________ _____________2. Human, animal, and ___________________ subjects

B. Techniques:1. Tone contrast

a. _________b. _________

2. Realism3. ____________

a. Showing _____________i. Objects look _________ or _________ awayii. Objects are ________ when they are ________ away and _____ _____

b. Middle Ages—no _____________4. __________ Dimension

C. Michelangelo1. “_______”

a. Date: _____-______b. Great attention to _________c. ___________ King David

2. _________ Chapela. Date: _____-_____b. He laid on his ________ on ____________ to paint it.c. Became _________ finishing it

3. “The Sacrifice of _______”

D. Boticelli1. Birth of ________

E. Leonardo da Vinci1. Known as the first “Renaissance ______”

a. a well-rounded person of many talentsi. inventorii. artistiii. _______________iv. Engineerv. __________vi. Mathematicianvii. ___________ (the study of dead bodies)

b. Self Portrait2. The Last ____________3. Mona _________

a. Merchant’s wifeb. Once thought of as a messed up_____-__________ but recent evidence

suggests otherwise4. Vitruvian _____

a. Studied anatomy by secretly stealing _________ and performing __________i. Angered the __________

F. Raphael1. School of _________

III. Renaissance ArchitectureA. Light and _____________B. Return to ____________ influences

1. Domes2. _______3. columns

IV. Renaissance LiteratureA. written in the local (_______________) languageB. topics focused on Classical times and __________ __________C. Examples:1. Dante’s The Divine _________2. Machiavelli’s The __________

a. Machiavellian = ______-_____________

V. Renaissance Philosophy A. Italian Humanism

1. Man is __________ and can think things through by himself2. Use intuition and emotion over _______ and deduction3. Man does not need religion

a. Angered the Church

The Northern Renaissance_______/2

I. Northern Renaissance _______A. Style

1. __________ influence2. Monumental = _____!

B. Themes1. _____________ inspired2. Narrative—tells a _________3. Allegorical: second meanings; ______________

C. Jean Van Eyck:1. Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and _______2. Artist painted ___________ in the mirror in the background

D. Albrecht __________: Self PortraitE. Hubert van Eyck: ________ AlterpieceF. Robert Campin: Portrait of a ______ Man

1. Flemish Paintera. Dutch speaking area of Belgium called ______________

II. Northern Renaissance _____________A. Most known literature came from the English Renaissance

1. Poetry, 2. dramas (comedies and ____________), 3. ____________, 4. prose fiction

B. Classical subjects and vernacular fictionC. William Shakespeare

1. Dramatist and __________a. Tragedy: Romeo and _________b. Comedy: Much Ado About ___________c. History: Julius _________

D. Christopher __________1. ___________ Dramatist and Poet

a. Tragedyi. Dido

ii. Queen of ______________b. Poetry: The Passionate Shepard to his ________c. _________: Ovid’s Elegies

2. Some say he ________ _____ ____ _______ and started writing again as Shakespearea. Highly __________

III. Northern Renaissance PhilosophyA. Northern ____________

1. Focus on early ______________ period2. Erasmus

a. Monk turned ___________b. Tried to ______________ Christianity and _______________

i. Have _______ and _____________ii. Less _________________ and ceremonial

IV. Northern vs. Italian Humanism

Italian Humanist

Characteristics in Common

Northern Humanist

Interested in ___________ _____________

Taught what man could do ____ __________

Interested in early ______ and ________ culture (classics)

Used ___________ method of study

Interested in early ___________ period

Taught about the __________ between ______ and God

V. Northern Renaissance Technology A. Printing Press

1. Johannes ______________ (1450s)a. Polyglot ________: “Many _____________”

i. Latinii. _______iii. vernacular = everyday ____________

b. Helped spread ideas of _______________ ______________ B. Gunpowder C. Newspapers D. Crank wheel technology

Ch. 15-1: The Italian Renaissance An Era of Awakening (354)

In the early 1300s, a movement began in Italy that would alter how Europeans viewed themselves and their world. The Renaissance was a movement in Europe beginning in the 14th century marked by a humanistic revival of Greek and Roman learning, an increase of interest in arts and literature, and by the beginnings of modern science. Medieval scholars had studied ancient history and tried to bring everything they learned into harmony with Christian teachings. By contrast, Italian Renaissance scholars studied the ancient world to explore its great achievements. A new emphasis on the power of human reason developed, and many advances were made in the arts and sciences.

Causes (355)In many ways it was natural that the Renaissance would begin in Italy. Ruins of the Roman Empire

reminded Italians of Roman glory. The Crusades and trade had brought them into contact with the Byzantine civilization, whose scholars had preserved Greek and Roman learning. In addition, trade with southwestern Asia and Africa helped Italians learn of Arab and African achievements in science and medicine. Over time, these and other factors helped to encourage curiosity and the search for new knowledge among some Italian thinkers.

Italian cities such as Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, and Venice had grown rich through trade and industry. Their citizens included educated, wealthy merchants and bankers. In Florence, for example, the Medici (MED·ee·chee) family grew rich, first as bankers and then as rulers of that city-state. As leader of Florence, Lorenzo de Medici used his wealth to become a great patron of the arts. In Mantua, Isabella d'Este filled her palace with paintings and sculptures by the finest Renaissance artists.

The HumanitiesIn the early Renaissance of the 1300s, Italian scholars turned to classical Greek and Roman literature

to study grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. These scholars were called the humanists. Renaissance humanists searched out manuscripts written in Greek and Latin. Often, they found more than one copy of a work. If the copies differed, the humanists compared them to determine which was the most authentic. In doing so, they displayed a critical approach to learning and scholarship. That is, they sought to verify through investigation. Some Christian scholars also turned to Jewish teachers to learn Hebrew, a language of the Bible. While there were still laws that restricted Jewish life, many Jewish humanists continued to strive for knowledge and to develop new ideas.

As humanists studied classical manuscripts, they came to believe that it was important to understand how things worked. This belief led humanists to emphasize education. They also maintained that a person should lead a meaningful life. People should also become actively involved in practical affairs, such as supporting the arts.

Although fascinated by the classics, most humanists were Catholics who remained committed to Christian teachings. For that reason, they sometimes felt a tension between their studies and their religion. Humanists viewed life not only as preparation for the afterlife, but also as a joy in itself. Along with a belief in human dignity came an admiration for individual achievement. Many individuals of this period displayed a variety of talents by being, for example, both poets and scientists.

Italian Renaissance Writers (356)One of the first humanists was Francesco Petrarch (PEE·trahrk), who lived from 1304 to 1374. Like

many humanists, Petrarch became famous as a scholar and a teacher. He also wrote poetry. His sonnets to Laura, an imaginary ideal woman, are considered some of the greatest love poems in literature.

Petrarch's main influence grew out of his desire to continue the work of the classical writers. Petrarch believed that the classical writers were committed to virtue in public and private life. He thought these writers could best be imitated by studying their writings. The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature came to be called classical education. Knowledge of classical Greek and Latin became the mark of an educated person. Petrarch thought it important to lead a full and active life here on earth. He also worried that his desire for fame, a relatively common ambition, might hurt his chances for salvation.

Other writers displayed less tension between spiritual and earthly quests. Niccolò Machiavelli (mahk·yah·VEL·lee), a Florentine diplomat and historian, lived from 1469 to 1527. In 1513 he wrote the essay The Prince. Machiavelli sought to describe government not in terms of lofty ideals but in the way it

actually worked. He argued that a ruler should be concerned only with power and political success. Today some people refer to ruthless behavior to get ahead as "Machiavellian."

Machiavelli can be considered a humanist because he looked to the ancient Romans as models. The lack of concern for conventional morality in The Prince, however, sets him apart from other humanists of the time.

Baldassare Castiglione (kahs·teel·YOH·nay), an Italian diplomat, lived from 1478 to 1529. In 1528 he published what was probably the most famous book of the Renaissance, The Book of the Courtier. The setting for the book is the court at Urbino, an Italian city-state where Castiglione lived for many years. In his book, Castiglione used real people engaged in fictional conversations to explain how gentlemen and gentlewomen should act in polite society.

Italian Renaissance Artists (358)Like literature, art flourished during the Italian Renaissance. During this era Italian artists produced

some of the world's greatest masterpieces. Medieval paintings had stressed the world beyond everyday life. They used formal figures to express religious concerns. Renaissance artists, in contrast, created realistic scenes and images. They depicted lifelike human figures in their paintings. Even the backgrounds of Renaissance paintings differed from those of medieval paintings. Earlier artists had often portrayed the Holy Land. Renaissance painters showed the rugged Italian countryside they knew so well.

Renaissance painters used a technique called perspective to make their paintings more lifelike. They made distant objects smaller than those in the foreground of the painting. This technique created the illusion of depth on the flat canvas. Giotto (JAWT·oh), who lived from about 1276 to 1337, was a magnificent early realist painter. According to legend, a fly in one of Giotto's works looked so real that an observer tried to brush it off the painting. Another important early realist was Masaccio (mah·ZAHT·choh), who lived from 1401 to 1428. Masaccio used light and shadows to create a powerful sense of depth in his paintings.

Scholars often call the late 1400s and early 1500s the High Renaissance. There were many great painters during this period. Four made particularly outstanding contributions to the arts.

Leonardo da Vinci (dah·VEEN·chee), who lived from 1452 to 1519, was a true Renaissance Man, meaning he was a man of many talents. He was an architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist. He made sketches of plants and animals, as well as detailed drawings of a flying machine and a submarine. Da Vinci's science improved the quality of his paintings. His studies in anatomy helped him draw realistic human figures. He used mathematics to organize the space in his paintings. People throughout the world still marvel at his mural The Last Supper. Perhaps his most famous painting is the portrait called the Mona Lisa.

Another master of Renaissance art, Michelangelo (mee·kay·LAHN·jay·loh), lived from 1475 to 1564. Michelangelo was a brilliant painter. Millions of people have visited the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, the residence of the pope in Rome, to view the frescoes Michelangelo painted on the chapel ceiling. His sculptures of biblical figures such as David, which was unveiled in 1504 A.D., also continue to be admired. In addition to his art, Michelangelo wrote poetry and helped to design St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Rafael (RAF·ee·el), who lived from 1483 to 1520, became so popular in Florence that the pope hired him to help beautify the Vatican. Rafael painted frescoes in the papal chambers. He is also known for his madonnas, paintings of the Virgin Mary.

Titian (TISH·uhn), who lived from about 1488 to 1576, spent most of his life in Venice. His works, such as The Assumption of the Virgin, are known for their sense of drama and rich colors. The Holy Roman emperor was a patron of Titian. In fact, Titian was one of the first painters to become wealthy from his work.

Citation: World History: The Human Journey. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 2005.

Ch. 15-1: The Italian RenaissanceScore: ________/3

Key Terms: Define each term using the Ch. 15-1 reading above1. Renaissance –

2. Humanists –

Short Answer: 3. What were the MAIN causes of the Renaissance?

4. What did many Christian humanists try to learn to get a better understanding of the Bible?

5. Using the definition above, what makes Machiavelli a prime example of the Renaissance?

6. Why did Renaissance painters start using the technique of perspective in their paintings?

7. Using the definition above, what makes Leonardo DaVinci a prime example of the Renaissance?

8. Using the definition above, what makes Michelangelo a prime example of the Renaissance?

Art Appreciation DayScore: ________/2

Renaissance Art ResponsePlease respond to one of the pieces of art shown on the slides in class. What do you think of this piece of art? Give at least a 3-4 sentence response as to how the piece of art makes you feel and why you think it

was important in the time.

Drawing PerspectiveUse the following activity to draw your own scene using perspective on the following

page.

Printing and Thinking in the RenaissanceWhen Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1450, he forever

changed the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. Previously, bookmaking entailed copying all the words and illustrations by hand. Often the copying had been done onto parchment, animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean, smooth, and thin. The labor that went into creating them made each book very expensive. Because Gutenberg's press could produce books quickly and with relatively little effort, bookmaking became much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material.

The Demand for Books GrowsIn the Middle Ages, books had been costly and education rare; only

those in the church had been regular readers and owners of books. Most books had been written in Latin which was considered the language of scholarship. In the Renaissance, the educated middle classes, who could now afford books, demanded works in their own languages (vernacular). Furthermore, readers wanted a greater variety of books. Almanacs, travel books, chivalry romances, and poetry were all published at this time. Simultaneously, a means of printing music was also invented, making music available at a reasonable cost. As the demand for books grew, the book trade began to flourish throughout Europe, and industries related to it, such as papermaking, thrived as well. The result of all of this was a more literate populace and a stronger economy.

Humanism EmergesBooks also helped to spread awareness of a new philosophy that

emerged when Renaissance scholars known as humanists returned to the works of ancient writers. Previously, during the Middle Ages, scholars had been guided by the teachings of the church, and people had

concerned themselves with actions leading to heavenly rewards. The writings of ancient, pagan Greece and Rome, called the "classics," had been greatly ignored. To study the classics, humanists learned to read Greek and ancient Latin and they sought out manuscripts that had not been disturbed for nearly 2,000 years.

The humanists rediscovered writings on scientific matters, government, rhetoric, philosophy, and art. They were influenced by the knowledge of these ancient civilizations and by the emphasis placed on man, his intellect, and his life on Earth.

The Humanist PhilosophyThe new interest in secular life led to beliefs about education and society that came from Greece

and Rome. The secular, humanist idea held that the church should not rule civic (city/government) matters, but should guide only spiritual matters. The church disdained the accumulation of wealth and worldly goods, supported a strong but limited education, and believed that moral and ethical behavior was dictated by scripture. Humanists, however, believed that wealth enabled them to do fine, noble deeds, that good citizens needed a good, well-rounded education (such as that advocated by the Greeks and Romans), and that moral and ethical issues were related more to secular society than to spiritual concerns.

Rebirth of Classical StudiesThe rebirth of classical studies contributed to the development of all forms of art during the

Renaissance. Literature was probably the first to show signs of classical influence. The Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374) delighted in studying the works of Cicero and Virgil, two great writers of the Roman age, and he modeled some of his own writings on their works. Although he often wrote in Latin, attempting to imitate Cicero's style, Petrarch is most renowned for his poetry in Italian. As one of the first humanists, and as a writer held in high esteem in his own time, he influenced the spread of humanism--first among his admirers, and later throughout the European world.

Citation: "Printing and Thinking in the Renaissance." Learner.org. Annenberg Media. Web. Jan. 2012.

Score: _______/2

1. How were books created before the printing press?

2. What were two results of an increase in the number of books in circulation?

3. Instead of focusing on God, on what did the Humanists place their emphasis?

4. Why was wealth important to a Humanist?

5. Using the definition of the Renaissance, what makes Petrarch a prime example of the Renaissance?

A True “Renaissance Man”Score: ________/3

Use the internet and the sources provided for you to research a specific individual from the Renaissance. These notes can be used directly on your written response tomorrow.

Renaissance Man Accomplishments

Niccolò Machiavelli

To which part of the “Renaissance” definition do his accomplishments relate? Why?

Petrarch

To which part of the “Renaissance” definition do his accomplishments relate? Why?

Michelangelo

To which part of the “Renaissance” definition do his accomplishments relate? Why?

Leonardo DaVinci

To which part of the “Renaissance” definition do his accomplishments relate? Why?