TOSS-UP6) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice When sound waves travelling through the air reach the humanear, the cochlea (read as: KŌE-klee-ah) converts the sound wave into:W) A chemical response transmitted through the blood streamX) An electrical impulse sent to the brainY) A lower frequency wave, which resonates within the earZ) Many small wave vectors that are separately communicated to the brainANSWER: X) AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE SENT TO THE BRAIN

BONUS6) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice How does neural transmission across a synaptic gap occur?W) Neural impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the gapX) Neural impulses open potassium-gated channels, allowing sodium to move across the gapY) Neural impulses travel across the gap as unidirectional electrical currentsZ) Neural impulses travel across the gap as multidirectional electrical currentsANSWER: W) NEURAL IMPULSES CAUSE THE RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERSTHAT DIFFUSE ACROSS THE GAP

TOSS-UP13) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The combined genetic information of all the members of aparticular population is known as the:W) Allele (read as: ah-LEEL) frequencyX) GenomeY) Directional selectionZ) Gene poolANSWER: Z) GENE POOL

BONUS13) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The black fur allele B (read as: big b), is dominant over thewhite fur allele b (read as: little b). Two mice with black fur mate, producing four offspring: one iswhite and three are black. What are the likely genotypes of the two parents?W) Bb and BbX) BB and BbY) BB and BBZ) BB and bbANSWER: W) Bb AND Bb________________________________________________________________________TOSS-UP14) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the process by which particles move from an area ofhigher concentration to an area of lower concentration, not requiring cellular energy?ANSWER: DIFFUSION

BONUS14) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following substances is transported into cells viacarrier-assisted transport?W) WaterX) Carbon dioxideY) OxygenZ) Sodium ionANSWER: Z) SODIUM ION

TOSS-UP19) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Some plants spread their pollen via the wind while others useanimals to spread their pollen. When a plant uses an animal to spread its pollen, this type ofpollination is called:W) Vector pollinationX) Seed dispersalY) Evolutionary adaptationZ) Reproductive guaranteeANSWER: W) VECTOR POLLINATION

BONUS19) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common term for the stage of photosynthesis(read as: fōe-tōe-SIN-teh-sis) during which carbon fixation occurs?ANSWER: CALVIN CYCLE

ROUND 2TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alikebecause of shared ancestry. Ovaries and testes share a developmental ancestry, meaning thatthe structures arose from the same tissue in what physical stage of human life?ANSWER: EMBRYO

BONUS1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice All Homo sapiens are thought to share a common matrilineage.What genetic information has been used as key evidence for this shared matrilineage?W) Mitochondrial (read as: my-toh-KOHN-dree-ahl) DNAX) Nuclear DNAY) Plasma membranesZ) Cytoplasmic tRNAANSWER: W) MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

__________________________________________________________________TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Most shelled organisms in the ocean make their shells out ofcalcium carbonate. What effect would increasing ocean acidity have on the shells of theseorganisms?ANSWER: DISSOLVE/CORRODE THEIR SHELLS

BONUS8) BIOLOGY Short Answer In the 1960s, a group of bacteria were discovered with magneticcrystals in a specialized organelle. It is believed that these bacteria used the crystals to helpthem align with what natural phenomenon?ANSWER: THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD

__________________________________________________________TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In humans, where does the organ responsible for balancereside?W) Inner earX) Middle earY) Outer earZ) HypothalamusANSWER: W) INNER EAR

BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is a common name for adipose tissue?ANSWER: FAT

TOSS-UP14) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice What characteristic has made angiosperms so successfulduring the last 140 million years?W) They are very tall, outcompeting other plants for sunlightX) They have flowers to attract pollinatorsY) They are thorny to deter herbivores from consuming themZ) They are the only plants that can reproduce asexuallyANSWER: X) THEY HAVE FLOWERS TO ATTRACT POLLINATORS

BONUS14) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Fruits primarily function in order to entice animals to eat them.In what way does this benefit the fruiting plant?W) Animals disperse the seedsX) Animals pollinate while eating the fruitsY) Animals eat the fruit instead of other parts of the plantZ) There is no benefit to the plantANSWER: W) ANIMALS DISPERSE THE SEEDS

TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following could be considered a multicellulareukaryotic (read as: yew-KEHR-ee-otic) heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls?W) FernX) BacteriumY) EuglenaZ) Whip scorpionANSWER: Z) WHIP SCORPION

BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Euglena are unicellular organisms classified into the KingdomProtista. Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of euglena?W) They can make their own food by photosynthesisX) They can absorb food from their environmentY) They move by the motion of their flagellaZ) They prefer saltwaterANSWER: Z) THEY PREFER SALTWATER

TOSS-UP5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Bananas, citrus fruits, and day lilies are all examples of plantsthat have more than two sets of chromosomes. What is the term for this phenomenon?W) PolyploidyX) Genetic variabilityY) MutationZ) DiploidyANSWER: W) POLYPLOIDY

BONUS5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice People with insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated withpure human insulin produced by human genes inserted into bacteria. What is the name for anorganism produced by taking genes from one organism and inserting them into the cells of adifferent organism?W) CloneX) A transgenic organismY) HybridZ) A mutagenic organismANSWER: X) A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

TOSS-UP9) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name the process in which a parent cell divides into two identicaldaughter cells.ANSWER: MITOSIS (ACCEPT: CYTOKINESIS)

BONUS9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the name of the sex-linked genetic disorder that ischaracterized by excessive bleeding?ANSWER: HEMOPHILIA

TOSS-UP21) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Down syndrome is caused by:W) A missing copy of chromosome 21X) Genetic mutations on various chromosomesY) An extra copy of chromosome 21Z) A contagious disease passed from mother to fetusANSWER: Y) AN EXTRA COPY OF CHROMOSOME 21

BONUS21) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements best describes the sexchromosome content of female and male cells in birds?W) Females are ZW, males are ZZX) Females are WW, males are ZWY) Females are ZZ, males are ZWZ) Females are ZZ, males are WWANSWER: W) FEMALES ARE ZW, MALES ARE ZZ

ROUND 4TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is TRUE:W) chimpanzees are an ancestor of Homo sapiensX) bipedal motion dominated hominoid ancestors by about 30 million years agoY) humans and modern apes have a common ancestorZ) Neanderthals were ancestors to modern humansANSWER: Y) HUMANS AND MODERN APES HAVE A COMMON ANCESTOR

BONUS1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 5 taxonomic group with the MOST members tothe one with the FEWEST members: genus; order; phylum; class; familyANSWER: PHYLUM; CLASS; ORDER; FAMILY; GENUS

TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common name for the product of human lachrymal (readas: LACK-reh-mal) glands?ANSWER: TEARS

BONUS8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 plants that have their seeds typicallydispersed by wind: dandelion; milkweed; maize; lupineANSWER: DANDELION; MILKWEED

TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Eggs exit a chicken’s body through what specific structure:W) rectal plexusX) cloaca (read as: KLO-aye-ka)Y) rostrumZ) spiculumANSWER: X) CLOACA

BONUS15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In which of the following areas of the human body is thezygomatic (read as: ZYE-go-MAT-ick) arch found:W) shoulderX) pelvisY) headZ) kneeANSWER: Y) HEAD

TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice From which of the following is the cell wall of plants mostlycomposed:W) proteinX) lipid monolayerY) lipid bilayerZ) polysaccharideANSWER: Z) POLYSACCHARIDE

BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common biological name for the product of humansublingual glands?ANSWER: SALIVA

TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common color for the calyx (read as: KAL-IX) ofangiosperms?ANSWER: GREEN

BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 diseases that are caused by viruses:measles; AIDS; tuberculosis; leprosyANSWER: MEASLES; AIDS

TOSS-UP11) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Spiders can build webs without a parent showing them how,and baby birds can beg for food from the moment they are hatched. These are examples of:W) ImprintingX) Stimulus and responseY) InstinctZ) External motivationsANSWER: Y) INSTINCT

BONUS11) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Honeybees leave the hive to find food. Upon finding food,honeybees return to the hive and dance to tell others how to find the food. This behavior is anexample of:W) Classical conditioningX) MigrationY) Insight learningZ) Visual communicationANSWER: Z) VISUAL COMMUNICATION

TOSS-UP18) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice When you touch a hot object and quickly draw your hand away,this is known as:W) The withdrawal impulseX) The withdrawal reflexY) A reflexive habitZ) Learned withdrawalANSWER: X) THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEX

BONUS18) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice A withdrawal reflex is initiated by skin receptors that detectexternal stimuli. The sensory neurons then pass the message on to the spinal cord, where thesensory nerve terminals synapse with which of the following?W) Synaptic neuronsX) IntersynapsesY) Sensory synapseZ) InterneuronsANSWER: Z) INTERNEURONS

________________________________________________________________

TOSS-UP20) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glucose are both examplesof substances containing what kind of energy?W) HeatX) KineticY) ChemicalZ) MechanicalANSWER: Y) CHEMICAL

BONUS20) BIOLOGY Short Answer What happens when the third phosphate group is removed fromATP by hydrolysis, forming ADP and phosphate?ANSWER: ENERGY IS RELEASED

TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the name for a segment of DNA that carries instructionsfor synthesizing proteins?ANSWER: GENE

BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer What process is best described as the fusion of gametes toproduce a new organism?ANSWER: FERTILIZATION

TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Short Answer In what part of photosynthesis, named after its discoverers, is NADPHused to produce 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules?ANSWER: CALVIN CYCLE (ACCEPT: CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE or CALVIN-BENSONBASSHAMCYCLE)

BONUS3) BIOLOGY Short Answer For every carbon dioxide molecule fixed in the Calvin-Benson cycle,how many NADPH molecules are utilized?ANSWER: 2

TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In which of the following organ systems of the human body dochief cells primarily function:W) excretoryX) digestiveY) nervousZ) reproductiveANSWER: X) DIGESTIVE

BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What section of the small intestine is the first to receive gastriccontents?ANSWER: DUODENUM

TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific type of microscopy passes a beam of electrons throughan ultra-thin specimen that is usually stained with an electron opaque substance, producing an imagewhich can be captured by a charged coupled device?ANSWER: TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (ACCEPT: TEM)(DO NOT ACCEPT: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OR SEM)

BONUS17) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 4 objects found in the human body from theSMALLEST to the LARGEST: mitochondrion; ribosome; erythrocyte; average monocyteANSWER: RIBOSOME; MITOCHONDRION; ERYTHROCYTE; AVERAGE MONOCYTE

TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the term for the transfer of genes byviruses from one prokaryote to another:W) transductionX) conjugationY) transformationZ) relaxationANSWER: W) TRANSDUCTION

BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 transport systems that directly requireenergy to operate: active transport; facilitated diffusion; sodium potassium pumpANSWER: ACTIVE TRANSPORT; SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP(ACCEPT: ALL BUT FACILITATED DIFFUSION)

ROUND 7TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the purpose of cones in gymnosperms?ANSWER: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

BONUS1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name the plant type that has one seed leaf when it germinates,leaf veins that are parallel to each other, and includes plants such as corn, wheat, lilies,daffodils, and palms.ANSWER: MONOCOTS [ACCEPT: MONOCOTYLEDON (read as: moh-noh-koh-ti-LEE-dohn)]

TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Ducklings learn to recognize and follow the first moving objectthat they see, usually their mother. What is this behavior called?W) InstinctX) ImprintingY) Remote sensingZ) Classical conditioningANSWER: X) IMPRINTING

BONUS8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice A pigeon is placed in a box. Sooner or later, the pigeonaccidentally presses a button or lever that releases food. Eventually, the pigeon learns how topress the button whenever it wants food. This kind of learning is called:W) HabituationX) Classical conditioningY) Insight learningZ) Operant conditioningANSWER: Z) OPERANT CONDITIONING

TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is most likely a descendent of dinosaurs?W) FrogX) CockroachY) TurtleZ) RobinANSWER: Z) ROBIN

BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left ventricle to enter the largestblood vessel in the body. What is this blood vessel called?ANSWER: AORTA

TOSS-UP14) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In the 1980s, Europeans began to be diagnosed with mad cowdisease, a disease which affects the brain. What is the type of infectious agent that causes thisdisease?W) VirusX) BacteriaY) FungiZ) PrionANSWER: Z) PRION

BONUS14) BIOLOGY Short Answer The prions that cause mad cow disease lack DNA. What doescurrent research suggest that prions are?ANSWER: ABNORMAL ISOFORM PROTEINS (ACCEPT: MISSHAPED ISOFORMPROTEINS, ABNORMAL PROTEINS)

TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice During meiosis, haploid cells are created from diploid parentcells. In animals, this process only takes place in:W) GametesX) Reproductive organsY) Somatic cellsZ) Plasma cellsANSWER: X) REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

BONUS3) BIOLOGY Short Answer Certain species of fungi are self-fertile, in which a sexual spore canresult from the fusion of nuclei that are genetically distinct but derived from the same body.What do we call these kinds of organisms?ANSWER: HOMOTHALLIC

TOSS-UP5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following organisms is NOT an autotroph?W) Pigmented sulfur bacteriaX) Palm treeY) Nitrifying bacteriaZ) MosquitoANSWER: Z) MOSQUITO

BONUS5) BIOLOGY Short Answer Besides water, what is the second most common reducing agentthat most autotrophs use?ANSWER: HYDROGEN SULFIDE

TOSS-UP9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The Spotted Owl is considered an endangered species in thewestern United States, largely due to competition from the introduced Barred Owl. These twospecies are genetically similar and are believed to have speciated from a common ancestorafter separation of the two populations on opposite coasts of the United States. This is anexample of:W) Allopatric speciationX) Sympathetic speciationY) Sympatric speciationZ) Genetic drift

ANSWER: W) ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

BONUS9) BIOLOGY Short Answer Spotted Owls and Barred Owls are examples of ecotypes that caninterbreed to produce Sparred Owls – a hybrid species. Which of the following is NOT trueabout the sparred owls?W) They are protected under the Endangered Species Act since they are offspring of spottedowlsX) They may interbreed with spotted owls, reducing future numbers of pure spotted owlsY) They may interbreed among themselves, creating a new subspeciesZ) They could trigger the extinction of the Spotted OwlANSWER: W) THEY ARE PROTECTED UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT SINCETHEY ARE OFFSPRING OF SPOTTED OWLS

TOSS-UP21) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, from generation togeneration, gene frequencies and genotype frequency in a randomly-breeding population are:W) ConstantX) IncreasingY) DecreasingZ) Variable, depending upon habitat limitationsANSWER: W) CONSTANT

BONUS21) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Some transposons in bacteria carry genes for proteins as wellas the gene for transposase. These proteins often benefit the bacteria by imparting:W) Antibiotic resistanceX) Growth factorsY) Gamete formationZ) New organellesANSWER: W) ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

TOSS-UP5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Salmon dine on smaller fish like tiny herring, thus acquiring theenergy in the herring’s meat. The herring ate a lot of food energy over its lifetime that was nottransferred to the salmon, however. What happened to that energy?W) The energy was destroyed by electrical impulsesX) The herring converted the energy to oxygenY) The herring converted the energy to carbon dioxideZ) The herring used the energy of its food for metabolic processes and entropyANSWER: Z) THE HERRING USED THE ENERGY OF ITS FOOD FOR METABOLICPROCESSES AND ENTROPY

BONUS5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Underwater mountains called seamounts provide a solid surfaceto cling to for many kinds of marine animals. Seamounts are important for all of the followingreasons, except:W) They are sustainable locations for deep-sea fishingX) They may be breeding groundsY) They support distinctive groups of animals, including coralsZ) Their altitude they causes complex current patternsANSWER: W) THEY ARE SUSTAINABLE LOCATIONS FOR DEEP-SEA FISHING

___________________________________________________________________TOSS-UP16) BIOLOGY Short Answer Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov performed a famous experimentwhere he rang a bell before giving meat powder to dogs, which caused them to salivate. After atime, the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell alone. What type of learned behavior isthis?ANSWER: CONDITIONED RESPONSE (ACCEPT: CONDITIONING)

BONUS16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The common shore ragworm only leaves its sandy tube to feed.If a shadow passes overhead, it will quickly return to the safety of its burrow. If the shadowpasses overheard repeatedly and nothing happens, the worm will eventually ignore the shadow.This type of learning is called:W) SensitizationX) HabituationY) Conditioned responseZ) MimicryANSWER: X) HABITUATION

TOSS-UP23) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The bones of a human forearm are homologous to all of thefollowing structures except for a:W) Whale flipperX) Dog forelimbY) Bat wingZ) Fly wingANSWER: Z) FLY WING

BONUS23) BIOLOGY Short Answer Female mosquitoes and vampire bats are both sanguivores. Thistrait in bats and mosquitoes is an example of what type of evolution?ANSWER: CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Bees are essential pollinators, pollinating approximately 80% offlowering agricultural crops. Why do bees pollinate?W) It is an inadvertent product of collecting foodX) Bees benefit when plants procreateY) Bees harvest the fruits for foodZ) It is an inadvertent product of matingANSWER: W) IT IS AN INADVERTENT PRODUCT OF COLLECTING FOOD

BONUS25) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In recent years, honey bee populations have been decreasing.What impact would the extinction of honey bees have on human agriculture?W) Different types of pollinators could be used; there would be no impact on agricultureX) All honey bee pollinated plants would go extinctY) Plants would asexually reproduce instead; there would be no impact on agricultureZ) Some species are only pollinated by honey bees and would therefore need to be handpollinated or face extinctionANSWER: Z) SOME SPECIES ARE ONLY POLLINATED BY HONEY BEES AND WOULDTHEREFORE NEED TO BE HAND POLLINATED OR FACE EXTINCTION

TOSS-UP11) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice What kind of behavior causes bees to visit flowers to collectnectar and pollen?W) LearnedX) ConditionedY) SensitizationZ) InstinctualANSWER: Z) INSTINCTUAL

BONUS11) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Honey doesn't spoil easily because bacteria falling into thehoney are often killed. The water in the bacteria rushes out of the cell and the bacteria shrivelup because honey is a:W) Isotonic solutionX) Hypertonic solutionY) Hypotonic solutionZ) Inorganic solutionANSWER: X) HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

TOSS-UP18) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which process will almost certainly result in genetic variation ofoffspring?W) Population dispersionX) Enzyme productionY) Cell differentiationZ) Zygote fertilizationANSWER: Z) ZYGOTE FERTILIZATION

BONUS18) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If a parent organism experiences a mutation, then allsubsequent offspring of that individual will:W) Always carry the mutated gene, but only as a recessiveX) Always carry the gene, but never express it phenotypicallyY) Only carry the mutated gene if it is heritableZ) Never carry the gene as mutations cannot be heritableANSWER: Y) ONLY CARRY THE MUTATED GENE IF IT IS HERITABLE

TOSS-UP20) BIOLOGY Short Answer Cutaneous sensation to the lateral aspect of the dorsum of thehand is primarily provided by which nerve?ANSWER: ULNAR

BONUS20) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding vertebrate musclecontractions?W) Tropomyosin (read as: trōe-poh-MY-oh-sin) binds the calcium ions and exposes the myosinbinding sites on actin filamentsX) The H zone and I band become shorterY) T Tubules spread action potentials into the muscle fiberZ) The contraction is terminated when calcium ions are taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulumANSWER: W) TROPOMYOSIN BINDS THE CALCIUM IONS AND EXPOSES THE MYOSINBINDING SITES ON ACTIN FILAMENTS

TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Darwin's finches differ from other finches in the size and shapeof their beaks. Which of the following factors has been identified as the major influence on thedevelopment of the differing beaks?W) Access to different food sourcesX) Sexual competitionY) Protection against predatorsZ) Genetic driftANSWER: W) ACCESS TO DIFFERENT FOOD SOURCES

BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Darwin's finches all descended from one species, the Blue-BlackGrassquit Finch. These finches evolved in overlapping and sometimes identical ranges, oftenoccurring together on the same islands. What is the name for speciation that occurs in this way?ANSWER: SYMPATRIC

TOSS-UP2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of biological molecules is digested bytrypsin:W) proteinsX) nucleic acidsY) carbohydratesZ) lipidsANSWER: W) PROTEINS

BONUS2) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are typically consideredhuman autoimmune dysfunctions: Rheumatoid arthritis; Lupus; shingles; Down’s syndromeANSWER: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; LUPUS

TOSS-UP9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice At which of the following pH levels will human pepsin be mostactive:W) 2X) 4Y) 6Z) 8ANSWER: W) 2

BONUS9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most plentiful class of immunoglobulins in humanplasma?ANSWER: IgG (ACCEPT: G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN G)

TOSS-UP16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the main target of bacteria by theantibiotic penicillin:W) energy productionX) DNA synthesisY) cell wall synthesisZ) translationANSWER: Y) CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

BONUS16) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common term for the form of protection when anon-poisonous frog has the same appearance as a poisonous frog?ANSWER: BATESIAN MIMICRY (ACCEPT: MIMICRY or WARNING MIMICRY)(DO NOT ACCEPT: MULLERIAN MIMICRY)

TOSS-UP23) BIOLOGY Short Answer What cell in the peripheral blood is the immediate precursor of themacrophage?ANSWER: MONOCYTE

BONUS23) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 cells that are leukocytes:neutrophil; basophil; melanocyte; macrophageANSWER: NEUTROPHIL; BASOPHIL

ROUND 12TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Short Answer In the cell, this structure is composed of numerous sets of smoothcisternae, forming a structure that looks like a stack of plates. Within the structure, vesicles areused to send molecules to the cellular membrane. What structure is this?ANSWER: GOLGI APPARATUS (ACCEPT: GOLGI COMPLEX)

BONUS1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Kent holds up a potato at dinner and announces to his family thatthe spud is actually made up of cells with lots of large organelles that contain the carbohydratesstored by the plant. What are these organelles called?ANSWER: LEUCOPLASTS

TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Birds and bats belong to which taxonomic phylum?ANSWER: CHORDATA

BONUS8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What term describes the specific type of hybridization that occursbetween two subspecies of the same species, such as the Bengal Tiger and the Siberian Tiger?ANSWER: INTRA-SPECIFIC HYBRIDS

________________________________________________

TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen are all examples of:W) Capillary hormonesX) Myocardial (read as: my-oh-KAHR-di(ah)l) antigensY) Plasma proteinsZ) White blood cellsANSWER: Y) PLASMA PROTEINS

BONUS10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Cranial nerves two, three, seven, and ten refer to which cranialnerves, respectively?W) Occulomotor, trochlear, optic and facialX) Optic, occulomotor, facial and vagusY) Trigeminal, olfactory, trochlear and vagusZ) Olfactory, vagus, facial and opticANSWER: X) OPTIC, OCCULOMOTOR, FACIAL AND VAGUS

___________________________________________TOSS-UP14) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Monster Ralph and Monster Hilda get married and hatchFriendly Freddy, their son. Freddy has purple and red striped hair and four eyes: 2 green and 2gray. Freddy's hair and eye color are his:W) PhenotypeX) GenotypeY) Alleles (read as: ah-LEELS)Z) GenesANSWER: W) PHENOTYPE

BONUS14) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is true of genetic mutations?W) They are always harmful and usually hurt the organismX) They are always beneficial and frequently help the organism adapt to the environmentY) They are not natural and should not happen unless something goes wrongZ) They can be harmful, helpful, or have no effect on the organismANSWER: Z) THEY CAN BE HARMFUL, HELPFUL, OR HAVE NO EFFECT ON THEORGANISM

TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which period involved a major extinction event that included thedinosaurs?W) Between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic erasX) Between the Phanerozoic and the Precambrian erasY) Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic erasZ) Between the Precambrian and Paleozoic erasANSWER: Y) BETWEEN THE MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC ERAS

BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If a 24 hour clock was made to model the major events of theevolution of life on Earth, humans would appear:W) Close to the beginning of the 24 hour periodX) About 12 hours through the 24 hour periodY) About 2 hours before the 24 hours were upZ) Less than a minute before the 24 hours were upANSWER: Z) LESS THAN A MINUTE BEFORE THE 24 HOURS WERE UP

TOSS-UP5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Flowers are actually miniature stems that produce four kinds ofspecialized:W) RootsX) LeavesY) Vascular tissueZ) ConesANSWER: X) LEAVES

BONUS5) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a characteristic of old growth forests?W) Soil profiles have well-defined horizonsX) All trees are roughly the same ageY) Sunlight is uniformly distributedZ) Ground cover is low in organic matterANSWER: W) SOIL PROFILES HAVE WELL-DEFINED HORIZONS

TOSS-UP9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What are the most abundant cells in bones?ANSWER: OSTEOCYTES (read as: OHS-tee-oh-syts)

BONUS9) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following that are NOT located in the cortex of themammalian kidney: 1) Glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules, 2) collecting ducts, and 3) proximalconvoluted tubules.ANSWER: 2) COLLECTING DUCTS

TOSS-UP21) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an example of the negativeeffects of bioaccumulation of toxins in the environment?W) The thinning of bird eggshells due to DDTX) Inedibility of oysters due to their filter feeding on naturally occurring red tide algaeY) Birth defects in babies exposed to Accutane in uteroZ) Inedibility of fish due to mercury contentANSWER: Y) BIRTH DEFECTS IN BABIES EXPOSED TO ACCUTANE IN UTERO

BONUS21) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If a deer population exceeds its carrying capacity, which of thefollowing will likely happen?W) The birth rate will increaseX) The death rate will increaseY) The death rate will decreaseZ) Carrying capacity will increaseANSWER: X) THE DEATH RATE WILL INCREASE

_______________________________________________TOSS-UP4) BIOLOGY Short Answer Many mammal species produce colostrum during the late stages ofpregnancy or shortly after giving birth. This "first milk" transfers antibodies from the mother tothe infant. What is the isotype of these antibodies that can be transferred from the infant gut to the infant bloodstream?ANSWER: IgA

BONUS4) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In humans, in addition to transferring antibodies, colostrum alsostimulates the development of the neonatal gut through the transference of:W) Pheromones (read as: FEHR-oh-mōens)X) Non-heritable mutationsY) Beta-galactoseZ) Growth factorsANSWER: Z) GROWTH FACTORS

__

____________________________________________________________________

TOSS-UP16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Humans have a gene, called LCT, which encodes lactase. Inmost of the world, LCT is active in young children but is turned off in adults. However, northernEuropeans and three different tribes of African pastoralists carry a mutation that permits it to beexpressed in adults. The mutation is different in each of the four cases, indicating the mutationis an example of:W) Paralogous genesX) Convergent evolutionY) Homologous genesZ) Divergent evolutionANSWER: X) CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

BONUS16) BIOLOGY Short Answer The human foot and the monkey foot are very different, despitecommon primate ancestry. The evolution of these differing traits allowed organisms to adapt todifferent environmental conditions. This type of evolution is known as:ANSWER: DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

TOSS-UP23) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The incorporation of beta carotene genes from daffodil flowersinto rice represents a type of:W) Traditional plant breedingX) Natural selectionY) Genetic engineeringZ) BioprospectingANSWER: Y) GENETIC ENGINEERING

BONUS23) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the method by which scientists determine the precisechromosomal location for a gene that encodes a particular biological trait?ANSWER: GENE MAPPING

TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Which one or ones of the following are aquatic insect nymphs thathave external gills on either the thorax or the abdomen: 1) stoneflies, 2) damselflies,3) dragonflies, or 4) mayflies?ANSWER: STONEFLIES, DAMSELFLIES, AND MAYFLIES (ACCEPT: 1, 2, 4)

BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer In insects, prothoracicotropic (read as: prōe-thoh-rah-si-kohTROH-pik)hormone stimulates the prothoracic gland to produce what hormone important ininsect development?ANSWER: ECDYSONE

TOSS-UP16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the way in which thesummation of action potentials from a motor neuron can bring a muscle fiber to the maximallevel of contraction?W) Summation of contractionsX) SuprastimulusY) Maximal twitch rateZ) Tetany (read as: TEHT-nee)ANSWER: Z) TETANY

BONUS16) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following from smallest to largest: myofibril; muscle,actin; myosin; sarcomere (read as: SAHR-koh-mir ); muscle fiber.ANSWER: ACTIN; MYOSIN; SARCOMERE; MYOFIBRIL; MUSCLE FIBER; MUSCLE

TOSS-UP18) BIOLOGY Short Answer Tay Sachs is a fatal genetic disease. Individuals with Tay Sachsare homozygous for the recessive disease allele. If a husband and wife are both heterozygousfor the gene, what is the percent chance that they will have a child with the disease?ANSWER: 25%

BONUS18) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice A diploid cell has 32 chromatids in the G2 phase of the cellcycle. If you examine the cell in Prophase II you would find 2 cells each containing which of thefollowing?W) 16 molecules of DNAX) 16 chromosomes made of DNAY) 32 molecules of DNAZ) 32 chromosomes made of DNAANSWER: W) 16 MOLECULES OF DNA

TOSS-UP20) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Darwin's theory of evolution stated all of the following except:W) Those organisms best fit for their environment survive and reproduce most successfullyX) Acquired characteristics can be inheritedY) Species change over time through the process of natural selectionZ) More organisms are produced than can survive, so living things compete for resourcesANSWER: X) ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE INHERITED

BONUS20) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following in which the embryonic blastoporebecomes the anus, and the mouth originates after the anus: 1) leopard frog, 2) cockroach, 3)bull shark, 4) earthworm, and/or 5) human.ANSWER: 1) LEOPARD FROG, 3) BULL SHARK AND 5) HUMAN

TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice An apple flower is hermaphroditic, it has both a pistil and astamen, which means it is a type of:W) Monoecious plantX) Dioecious plant (read as: dy-EE-shehs)Y) Diatomaceous plant (read as: dy-ah-toh-MAY-shehs)Z) Monostomate plantANSWER: W) MONOECIOUS PLANT

BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Many monoecious plant species avoid self pollination, reducingtheir likelihood of expressing deleterious recessive alleles in future generations. One strategyused by monoecious plants is to produce pollen long after the carpel of the same flowerbecomes able to receive it. Give the name for this strategy.ANSWER: PROTOGYNOUS FLOWERING (ACCEPT: PROTOGYNY)

TOSS-UP6) BIOLOGY Short Answer In evolutionary biology, one theory, phyletic gradualism, proposesthat speciation occurs slowly over time while another proposes that speciation occurs in rare,rapid events. Name the latter theory.ANSWER: PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

BONUS6) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name the two main processes which determine whether geneticvariations will become common or rare in a population.ANSWER: NATURAL SELECTION AND GENETIC DRIFT (ACCEPT: NATURAL SELECTIONAND SEWALL-WRIGHT EFFECT)

TOSS-UP13) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Though T-cells originate in bone marrow, where in the humanbody do they mature?W) ThalamusX) HeartY) ThymusZ) GutANSWER: Y) THYMUS

BONUS13) BIOLOGY Short Answer What type of cells begin as monocytes and are an important partof the immune system because of their ability to engulf foreign material and dead or dyingindigenous cells?ANSWER: MACROPHAGE(S)

TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Short Answer Sometimes, organisms modify the environments in which theyoccur; for example, termites build mounds with varied chimneys that regulate gas exchange,temperature, and other environmental parameters. This process is most commonly referred toas:ANSWER: ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERING

BONUS15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The American bullfrog is a prolific hunter and can eat a widevariety of foods, including native western pond turtles and mice. Currently, western pond turtlesare listed as an endangered species. Which of the following best explains why turtle populationswould be more impacted than mice by the introduction of bullfrogs?W) Bullfrogs like to eat turtles more than they like to eat miceX) Turtles run slower than mice so they can’t get away from the bullfrogsY) Mice hide better than turtlesZ) Turtles have a much longer generation time than miceANSWER: Z) TURTLES HAVE A MUCH LONGER GENERATION TIME THAN MICE

TOSS-UP19) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following most closely approximates the number ofprotein-coding genes in the human genome?W) 10,000X) 20,000Y) 50,000Z) 100,000ANSWER: X) 20,000

BONUS19) BIOLOGY Short Answer Arrange the following to depict the conduction pathway in thevertebrate heart: 1) atrioventricular node, 2) right and left bundle branches, 3) sinoatrial node, 4)Bundle of His, 5) Purkinje fibers.ANSWER: 3) SINOATRIAL NODE; 1) ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE; 4) BUNDLE OF HIS; 2)RIGHT AND LEFT BUNDLE BRANCHES; 5) PURKINJE FIBERS

TOSS-UP2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains how cyclic AMP can causeso many different intracellular responses in a mammalian cell:W) it is produced in large quantitiesX) it migrates to the DNA where it binds to a variety of histonesY) it activates a wide variety of specific protein kinasesZ) it prevents the activation of other hormonal signalsANSWER: Y) IT ACTIVATES A WIDE VARIETY OF SPECIFIC PROTEIN KINASES

BONUS2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the function of aspliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome):W) splicing DNA together during replicationX) splicing out mutationsY) joining multiple copies of structural genesZ) removing intronsANSWER: Z) REMOVING INTRONS

TOSS-UP9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the target tissue of the hormone leptinwhere it binds with LepRB (read as: L, E, P, R, B) receptors:W) hypothalamusX) pancreasY) adipose tissueZ) kidneyANSWER: W) HYPOTHALAMUS

BONUS9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of fatty acids would alpha linolenic orall cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic (read as: octa-deca-tri-en-oh-ick) acid most commonly be classified:W) an alpha 9 fatty acidX) an alpha 9,12,15 fatty acidY) an omega 3 fatty acidZ) an omega 6 fatty acidANSWER: Y) AN OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID

TOSS-UP16) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what specific biological molecule are Barbara McClintock’stransposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) made?ANSWER: DNA

BONUS16) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 organisms in which transposons (readas: trans-POE-zons) are found: humans; maize; fruit fly; bacteriaANSWER: ALL

TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the specific intermediate informational molecule for humanretrotransposons (read as: rhet-tro-trans-POE-zons):ANSWER: RNA (ACCEPT: RIBONUCLEIC ACID or mRNA or MESSENGER RNA)

BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 4 processes from the one to typically occur theEARLIEST to the one to occur the LATEST in the production of collagen:(read slowly) spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome); transcription; translation; golgimodificationANSWER: TRANSCRIPTION; SPLICEOSOME; TRANSLATION; GOLGI MODIFICATION

TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what amino acid is the vasodilator histamine primarilysynthesized?ANSWER: HISTIDINE

BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the typical reported initial threshold value, in millivolts, of ahuman peripheral nerve axon?ANSWER: –45 (ACCEPT: –50 TO –40)