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The Industrial TimesSuperDuperAwesome Special Issue 6-A4 Ver2.4 January 10, 2014

I N S I D E T H I S I S S U E

2 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

3 Little Elves In the Factory

3 Labor Unions

5 Westward Expansion

7 Robber Barons

12 The Science Corner

18 New Reports

The Industrial Times 1

The Robber BaronsA collective reflective biography series.

Learn all about 4 of the Robber BaronsAndrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt

SECTION ON PAGES 6-9!

Want Some Knowledge?A new edition of The Science Corner is in this newspaper!

Learn about stuff that you didn’t want to know about

SECTION NOW ON PAGE 12

Breaking News!Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

READ FULL STORY ON PAGE 2

Are elves making everything that you own?

SHOCKING STORY ON PAGE 3

New mathematical reports by top mathematiciansDiscover the differences between now and then.

FULL REPORT ON PAGE

If you want more rights for your jobs read thisLabor unions get you the rights you deserve

STORY ON PAGE 3

It’s finally here!Our new deluxe website at www.industrialtime.weebly.com


Adiós al Desempleo

El desempleo se está disminuyendo. 7.3%d e la población general estaba desempleada en agosto. Está tasa de desempleo era la más baja desde el diciembre del 2008. También bajó la tasa de desempleo para los hispanos en agosto. La tasa bajó a un 9.3%. Es muy bueno que la tasa de desempleo de los hispanos se esta disminuyendo, pero todavía hay espacio para hacer mejor. Si tú estás buscando un trabajo y no has tenido éxito, ¡estudia! Si tu estudias vas a aprender muchas cosas nuevas que te pueden abrir nuevas puertas para otros trabajos. ¡ Ayuda la economía y la población hispana! Es tú decision…


Tragedy at TriangleBy: Stephen Milani

Money is everything in this world. Without it not much is possible. During the Industrial Revolution, some families were poor and needed money, so they survived doing backbreaking work in factories. They did whatever they could have to support their families, even if it took all of them to work. In these brutal places or factories that they worked in, danger levels were high and so were death rates. One place where many people had died was at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. On March 25, 1911, a devastating fire had started, bursting flames, at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City. The fire had first started in a scrap bin located on the eighth floor. Soon the factory was overwhelmed with flames. On the ninth floor, one exit was locked to stop theft and to keep workers from not leaving. This was definitely a mistake since no one knew what was about to happen. When the workers had finally found out they were all going to die in flames, they all panicked and went out for the only second exit available. Fire escapes and elevators were only in effect for a short amount of time, but soon failed to work.

Firemen quickly arrived to this death scene, stretching their ladders which were limited and only went up to the sixth floor. People on the streets were helpless, just watching in fear as young workers jumped out of the windows, landing in nets. Overall, 146 people had died; most of which were women. Even so this Triangle Fire was not significant because of the many deaths that occurred, but mainly because it beamed a road of reforms to be made.

In this event many people had their lives taken from them, but that is not why it was so important currently. Its importance lies on what it led to, like new laws on working conditions. This catastrophe angered many people causing a spark in the labor movement. The Triangle Fire became an emblem of the hard times between workers and bosses and tough working conditions. So, because of the fire, workers were treated better. The Factory Investigating Commission, for instance, was formed to study and make suggestions on working conditions. This commission had a meaning to protect labor legislation and as well as making fire safety laws all across the nation.

To make a long story short, the Triangle Fire was a devastating event, but did change the world, helping workers and people today. “There was a stricken conscience of public guilt and we all felt that we had been wrong, that something was wrong with that building which we had accepted or the tragedy never would have happened. Moved by this sense of stricken guilt, we banded ourselves together to find a way by law to prevent this kind of disaster.”

-Frances Perkins


The Little Elves in the Workshop by Sk Ayon

You may have that favorite shirt you like to wear. How about that glass vase that makes your living room stand out? Sometimes, you may make vegetable soup for dinner and it is delicious. You also enjoy taking train rides and your electric lights that brighten up the room. But did you know these things have something in common? If you are wondering about what they have in common it is that they all are made by little elves. However, these are not your ordinary elves. These are little kids working in factories and other businesses.

Underpaid

Today, in this world, right as you read, children are at work. These laborers were usually the children of poor immigrants who needed everyone in the family to work so that they can have enough money to survive. Children were primarily used because they were adept at doing small jobs and they are less likely to hold strikes. But most of all, these kids are cheap labor. Because of their cheap labor, businesses could be able to gain bigger profits and be wealthier in the process. They are paid usually $1-3 a week. Back then, $3 was not a lot. The rent for a cheap tenement was around $3-6 a month and a higher end tenement would cost $6-16. If a child saves all their money for a month, they would have around $4 -12. Even though they could use that to pay for a cheap tenement, there are still other expenses. There are food expenses, clothing expenses, and many other expenses. This is simply not enough to live. However, the low pay was just one of their problems.

Overworked

These children also faced back breaking and dangerous labor. Many boys worked in coal mines picking rocks from the coal. They spend 10-12 hours hunched over doing the same thing everyday. They soon get stiffness and back pains from working all day. Sometimes they might spend time excavating in damp caves. If they are, they risk the threat of explosions and cave-ins. Many other kids also worked in factories. In glass factories, kids have to work under extremely high temperatures. This led to dehydration and heat stroke. Also, the kids in glass factories could get scarred or even blinded from the fire used to make glass. In textile mills, kids operated dangerous machinery. These machines worked so fast that kids could get hurt and lose a finger if they’re not careful. These jobs also affected children in a negative way.

Better Together by Monty Bichouna

You wake up and slowly stretch your aching muscles. Your hands shake a little as you notice your clothes are dirty and dust streaks your hair. You get up early, scared that you would be late. You run, ignoring your screaming muscles, to the factory. Your heart almost explodes as you run into the factory, right to your post. Working in a factory during the industrial revolution was hard and dangerous work. Incidents happened throughout the factory. A missing finger here, a broken wrist there, serious injuries would occur everywhere. The unsafe environment and the low pay caused several worker unions to be formed. These unions were created to try to help workers throughout America.

Dirt and Dust

Working conditions were terrible during the Industrial Revolution. The factories were usually hot from all the machinery being on all day. Windows were usually closed so the wind can’t affect any machinery, especially in textile mills, where the wind can move the fast moving thread, causing a cluster of thread that needs to be fixed by hand. Machinery was usually not fenced off, allowing workers to be exposed to the machinery’s moving parts. Machinery was usually tightly packed together. This usually made employers employ children as they can move through the factory easier. Workers usually became sick from all of the smoke and dust trapped inside the factories. For example, a disease that was usually spread around in factories was tuberculosis, which was a disease of the lung that would easily be spread by air. Workers would usually die from tuberculosis and other diseases that would easily spread. Due to the terrible working conditions, workers would create labor unions. These unions would try to give workers more rights and better working conditions. One such group, The Knights of Labor, a large worker union (members peaking at 700,00) had asked for more rights for the working man. They addressed key issues such as child labor and a shorter work day. The most famous worker union was the American Federation of Labor (members peaking at 1.4 million.) The AFL had successfully negotiated workers’ pay and increased workers’ safety. Now the AfL has 14 million members, and is still a prominent group today.

The Homestead Strike

Andrew Carnegie, businessman, industrialist, and a hero to many, and the owner of his own large company. However, a dispute was starting between the National

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What’s Wrong Elf?

When these children worked in these dangerous workplaces, they are exposed to potential health dangers. As I said before, kids can have their body parts cut off by the machines. These machines move at such a rapid rate that it can cut off the child’s fingers or even their hands. This can lead to disability because the child would have a hard time working without a few fingers or a hand. So, the child might be fired since they are not as efficient as they used to be. So now the child is left partially disabled and unable to work. Also, the boys who picked the coal would have hunched backs because of being bent over for long periods of time. In coal mines, these boys are also in the presence of coal dust. This causes respiratory problems as well as chronic coughs. These boys picked coal with bare hands so they would have cracked bloody hands. Cracked bloody hands have crevices which can let in bacteria. This leads to skin infections such as impetigo. Impetigo is a skin infection which causes blisters around the face, neck, and hands. This is very contagious among young children. The blisters created from the illness are very itchy. It’ll cause kids to be distracted which can increase the chance of an accident. Children also have their futures ruined because of their jobs.

The Illiterate Elves

These jobs prevent kids from going to school. Kids couldn’t go to school as they used all their time in energy to work. They usually worked 12 hour days. Then they have to sleep for at least 8 hours. This leaves little time to actually get an education. This will hurt the future for the child. Because they have no education, they will be unable to find a good paying job. Instead, they have to either remain unemployed or settle for a dangerous factory job. Also, if they lose any of their parts such as fingers or hands, it will be harder for them to find a job. Since they are partially disabled, they are less efficient at doing jobs. This will cause them to have no job because no one wants to hire the person. That person will go into poverty and will struggle to live the rest of their lives. Also, kids will have psychological problems. Because they work a lot, kids won’t have enough time to socialize with other children their same age. It will lead to speaking problems and shyness for kids.

Guardians of the Elves

Now you want to know why if anybody did anything. Well there were child labor activists who fought hard for these kids. One such was Lewis Hine. He was originally denied

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States and the Carnegie Steel Company. It started when Carnegie’s company had increased profits by 60%, but refused to increase their workers’ pay by 30%. Carnegie went on a long vacation to Scotland, and left his manager, Henry Clay Frick, in charge of the dispute. Frick, intent on slashing workers’ wages, closed down the open hearth and armor-plate mills, locking out 1,100 workers. Frick would not negotiate with the Union , only individual workers. The Union had agreed to all of Frick’s demands, except of the separation of the Union. Most of the workers’ decided to strike. Frick responded with the building of a fence three miles wide and 12 feet tall, with holes for rifles. Workers called it “Fort Frick.” Frick hired Pinkerton guards to guard the territory. A large fight had broken out with the death of 10 people, and hundreds hurt. The Homestead Strike, as it was called, had weakened the effect of labor unions for years, however, the lasting effects of these unions on America will be remembered forever.

The Fights for RightsWorkers’ rights were greatly increased due to the

efforts of these unions. During the Industrial Revolution, workers had no rights, only the rights given to all American citizens in the Constitution. However, when workers banded together to try to gain rights, the government finally decided to pass laws. These laws were based off the harsh conditions the workers faced each day, as they silently trudged to work, men and children alike. When Unions all across America, change and reform started. The Factory Act, passed in 1833, was one of the first laws passed. This law made it so that children under 9 years of age could not be employed. This was a large turning point in favor for the workers, as before The Factory Act, children could be employed at the age of 5 and 6. This would cause many problems to the child’s development, such as poor social skills, and a lack of education. Soon, more laws were passed in the fight for workers’ rights. The Mines Act, passed in 1842, prevented children and women to work in mines. Working at a mine was a dangerous job. Dark, damp, dusty corridors and grueling manual labor made working in a mine terrible. The Mine Act was a victory for workers everywhere, and soon more acts would be passed. For example, the Ten Hour Act had made it so that women and children could not work more than 10 hours a day. With sheer willpower Unions were able to increase workers’ rights and change the world. forever. Today, we see the lasting effects of such small laws that have a powerful impact. Maybe if these laws weren’t

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permission to take pictures of many factories, where there was a lot of child labor, by factory owners. They wanted to prevent word from going out that children work in the factories in unsafe conditions. However, Hine was able to get photos by impersonating a fire inspector while hiding his camera. Once inside, he’ll find child workers and talk to them to find out about them. He would then take a photo. Using the knowledge he gained, he would publish these photos with the appropriate caption. Another activist was Grace Abbott. She worked hard to create laws to ban child labor. One such law in 1926 was deemed unconstitutional and was removed. However, this loss inspired her to persuade people and officials to make an amendment which bans child labor.

After numerous years of hard work from thousands of activists, they finally got laws needed to combat child labor. There were many small laws to fight child labor. Many states started to limit workdays of kids. They also had laws with banned child labor in some areas while in other areas, they forced kids to attend school at least 3 months a year. The biggest win, however, was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. This set the standard of labor for the whole time even after 66 years. This act gave employees benefits such as overtime pay. Even more important, though, was that it prevented kids from work during school hours and work in certain dangerous jobs. This was a very powerful law. It changed the way jobs and pay worked. What’s even more impressive is how it still has an influence on today. This period in history was powerful as it was a precedent for today. People who work jobs get paid at least the minimum wage and get extra for overtime work. Today, in the U.S., no kid under 14 is working a dangerous job nor are they missing any school. Best of all, the little elves can finally enjoy their time before they grow old.

created than, maybe you might see your little brother at work tomorrow.

El desempleo se está disminuyendo pero muchas personas todavía son desempleo. En el mes pasado 2.186 millones de hispanos no tienen un trabajo. Muchas personas están enfermas, pero no tienen dinero. Muchas personas tienen familias, pero no pueden ayudarlos. Muchas personas quieren comida, pero no tienen dinero. Ellos son hambre, enfermos, y desempleo. ¡Ayúdalos!

Westward Expansion, Native Americans, and the Industrial Revolution by Danny Escobedo

Is it a coincidence that the Industrial Revolution and westward expansion both happened during the 1800s? It’s evident that its not. Thousands of settlers moved to the West with the help of the Industrial Revolution searching for a new life, wealth, and freedom. Gold, silver, and oil was waiting for American settlers in the West, and it didn’t take long for the settlers to find them. Also waiting for the settlers were the Native Americans. The Native Americans were arguably the most affected group of people by the Industrial Revolution, but as always they were forgotten and swallowed up by the American ways.

Throughout the 1800s a series of treaties were passed between the several Native Americans tribes and the US government. One of these treaties was the Fort Laramie Treaty, which stated that Native American tribes in Wyoming had to stay in a specific area in exchange for domestic animals, money, and tools. Also, the specific area they were confined to would be theirs forever. The treaty was set up because settlers in the area wanted protection from the


Natives. However, most treaties between the US government and the Native Americans during the 1800s were set up because of the increase in the mining industry in the west. The government wanted to get the mining lands open for settlers. More and more settlers started to move to the west in search for gold and silver. The California Gold Rush of 1849 and the Comstock Lode of 1859 got the settlers’ hopes up. Although most settlers who came to the West were in search of treasure, many Americans moved for a different reason.

Americans moved to the West because of the immigration that took place during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution sparked massive amounts of immigration in the US. More than 10 million came to America in the 1800s. Nearly all of them came through the east coast. The result was overpopulation in the east. Many people wanted to escape the poor living conditions of the densely populated east coast, so they moved to the west where they encountered Native Americans. Many claimed that life in the west was better despite the dangers of Native American tribes. In the novel The Big Sky the author, A. B. Guthrie, writes, “ This was the way to live… A body got so’s he felt everything was kin to him, the earth and sky and buffalo and beaver and the yellow moon at night. It was better than being walled in by a house, better than breathing in spoiled and feeling caged like a varmint.” Guthrie was saying that life in the tenements of the east was like being caged like a varmint and that life in the west was like being one with nature. The west symbolized freedom when compared to the east during the Industrial Revolution. To Americans at the time If it weren’t for the immigration that occurred during the Industrial Revolution there would’ve been much less settlers in the west. This may have resulted in more peace between the Native Americans and the US government because there would be fewer settlers for the Native Americans to have conflicts with.

Moving to the west in the 1700s was much more different than moving to the west in the 1800s. Once an American made the decision that they were going to cross the Appalachians, they had to spend months planning for the trip. They had to acquire a horse, a wagon, and they had to save food to make the journey that would 3 to 5 months. In the 1800s, thanks to the Industrial Revolution, a family simply had to pack their bags and buy a railway ticket to the west. With the help of Cornelius Vanderbilt’s railroad monopoly and

Andrew Carnegie’s steel empire one could reach the west coast in a couple of weeks. Easy accessibility to the West encouraged people to move there. More miners migrated to the West since they didn’t have to take the dreadful journey by wagon. They had the railroad. The transcontinental railroads cut through Native American land. The iron horse, as the Native Americans called the railroad, was partially the reason Native Americans were moved onto reservations. Once again, if the Industrial Revolution didn’t happen, a lot of settlers and miners wouldn’t have made the decision of moving to the west. If the Industrial Revolution hadn’t happened Vanderbilt and Carnegie’s monopolies would’ve probably never happened, either. Railroads would continue to be made of iron and they would continue to simply move from point A to point B. Making it to the west would still be faster than what it was in the 1700s, but it would be the same amount of hassle. Railroads wouldn’t have crossed into Native American land as much as it did. This means that Native Americans would have much more land than they actually did.

As one can see, the Industrial Revolution changed the nation. It’s debatable whether or not it changed the nation for the better or for the worse. It all depends on perspective. If you were a Native American, you’d say the Industrial Revolution changed the nation for the worse but if you were a natural born US citizen living in California, you’d be thankful for the Industrial Revolution. There is one thing everyone can agree on, though. If it weren’t for the Industrial Revolution, the Western US would be very different than what it is today.

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THE ROBBER BARONSAndrew Carnegie by Monty BichounaAndrew Carnegie was a powerful businessman who had power over a large part of the steel industry. He had came to America as a Scottish immigrant with his poor family. He was only twelve.

"Do your duty and a little more and the future will take care of itself." -Andrew Carnegie

Early LifeAndrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. Carnegie was born into a poor

family, and seeking opportunity, the Carnegie family came to America. When young Carnegie first came to America in 1848, Carnegie went to work at a factory, making a measly $1.20 per week. The next year Carnegie had gotten the job as a telegraph messenger, making a more substantial $2.50. His new job gave him the benefit of free admission to the local theater. Carnegie worked hard and made many connections to important people. On 1851 Carnegie had advanced in his position and became a telegraph operator. Carnegie borrowed many books from Colonel James Anderson's personal library, which he allowed hard working young men to use on Saturday nights. Carnegie had used his opportunities and intelligence to start the long road of success he would later travel. The Railroads Two years later, Carnegie was able to get a job at the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as an assistant and telegrapher for Thomas Scott, one of the highest company officials. He made $4.00 a week now. During his time working for Scott, Carnegie was able to gain valuable business experience and information that would be vital to his success later. Three years later, Carnegie was promoted to superintendent. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was one of the largest railroad companies in the U.S.. Scott helped Carnegie make safe investments, usually inside deals with companies the railroad did business with. He had obtained several shares of T.T. Woodruff’s sleeping car company, as a payoff from Scott. Carnegie gained capital which he would later use for his future success.Rags to Riches

Carnegie made safe investments that had given him a substantial profit. He learned that oil was a good investment to make in. He found an interest in different businesses, leading him to create the Keystone Bridge Company. Steel now had his full attention. He co-founded his first steel company near Pittsburgh. Carnegie was able to maximize profits by controlling the whole steel making process. The raw materials, the transportation, everything was in his control. His new company was called the Carnegie Steel Company. Carnegie controlled the most extensive iron/steel corporations in the history of the United States. A violent strike had caused a major problem on Carnegie's reputation. When Carnegie was on vacation in Scotland his company's general manager, Henry Clay Frick, who was determined in breaking the workers union that protested wage cuts, had locked the workers out of the steel mill. He then hired armed guards to protect the mill. A bloody battle started between the workers and the guards, leaving ten men dead. The town arrested union leaders, and Frick hired new workers. After five months, the union was defeated. For the next several years, the labor movement would be crippled.

Later, banker J.P.Morgan bought the Carnegie Steel Company for $480 million dollars (the equivalent to billions today.) Morgan envisioned a steel corporation that increased worker wages, produces more, large profits, cut costs, and lower steel prices. Morgan made Carnegie's company become part of the U.S Steel Company, a large company made of almost all the steel companies in the U.S. The U.S Steel Company was the world's first billion dollar company.The Gospel of Wealth

After Carnegie sold his company, Carnegie devoted himself to philanthropy. He wrote an essay called "The Gospel of Wealth," in which it states that the rich had “a moral obligation to distribute [their money] in ways that promote the welfare and happiness of the common man.”

Carnegie gave away the bulk of his fortune to public establishments that worked on health, education, world peace, and science. He gave $500,000 to the funding of a library in Pittsburgh and $250,000 for a free library in


Edinburgh. He funded the building of 2,500 libraries worldwide, from Canada, the United Kingdom, Fiji, and Australia. He and funded the building of the great "Carnegie Hall" in New York. Carnegie Hall is now a prestigious concert venue used by musicians all around the world to display their music and theater to the many listeners and music lovers.

An End of a Robber BaronCarnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 20 years younger than him. He had his only child, Margaret.

Carnegie already gave away a lot of his fortune, and helped organizations everywhere. He died at the age of 83 on August 11, 1919. Carnegie’s story was full of hardship, opportunity, and it was a true rags to riches story. He has shown the true American dream, the dream that you can come to America and strike “gold.” He was born an immigrant, coming to America as a child with his poor family, and ended his life as one of the world’s richest people, and a family of his own. With the death of a man who changed America forever, a man who industrialized and urbanized America, the world will feel the lasting effects of Carnegie’s lifetime.

John D. RockefellerBy Stephen MilaniWho was Rockefeller?Key to Success

What is the key to success? One may say making the correct choices in life. Another may say knowing something that nobody else knows. Well, Rockefeller will probably say the key to success is creating new ideas that were never thought of before.

“If you want to succeed you should strike out on new paths, rather than travel the worn paths of accepted success.”- John D. Rockefeller.

John D. Rockefeller was a very successful robber baron, who started off doing one thing that was profitable and that leading to something else. Rockefeller first opened his first refinery, then soon became founder of the Standard Oil Company in 1870, having a monopoly on oil. Approximately 10 years after, Rockefeller had made the Standard Oil Trust in 1882. Early Life and Family

Oil is a key factor in life, being used for many important things, like powering up automobiles and lamps. Without oil, life would be very different and challenging, and that is most likely the reason that Rockefeller thought of, when using oil to become one of the most richest men in the world. During the Industrial Revolution, John D. Rockefeller had an enormous monopoly on oil. Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839 in Richmond, New York. Rockefeller had first started off attending high school and studying bookkeeping at college. When he was 16 he was an assistant bookkeeper. Then at 20, he worked as a commission merchant in hay, meat, grain, and other goods. By the 1860s Rockefeller wanted to start an oil business. In 1863 Rockefeller opened his very first refinery. Then in 1864, Rockefeller married Laura Celestia “Cettie” Spelman, an Ohio native and had 4 daughters and 1 son. Afterwards, in 1870 Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.Standard Oil Company

The Standard Oil Company was a company made in 1870 that used dirty tactics to gain control of other companies. One example of this was momentarily undercutting prices of the other companies until they went out of business or were sold out. Another tactic he used was privately buying up competitors and having officials from the companies to warn of upcoming deals by other companies. These tactics actually worked pretty well, convincing many companies to be sold out. Within 3 years in 1873 Standard Oil had some 80 percent of refining capacity in Cleveland. Then in 1878 Rockefeller had some 90 percent of the refined oil in the U.S. This company after receiving control of other oil refineries, went on to gaining control of pipelines, railroad tank cars, terminal facilities and barrel manufacturing factories.Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller soon controlled the oil industry throughout the country, forming a monopoly. In 1882, Rockefeller made the Standard Oil Trust, which was a business trust including different companies that would be used as a precedent for the creation of other types of monopolies. Rockefeller was the head of the business. Rockefeller, being so successful was beginning to become a target from journalists, politicians, and other people who thought of him as a person of greed and who envied him. In 1890, the U.S. Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was the first federal legislation forbidding trusts and incorporations that stopped trade. Standard Oil Trust was broken down, but companies in the trust became part of Standard Oil of New Jersey, which was a holding


company. A holding company was a company that was created to buy and own other companies’ shares, which it then had control of.Good Deeds

In 1895 Rockefeller retired from working in Standard Oil and looked closer upon making philanthropic endeavors. He gave away a total of more than $530 million(which is approximately 15 billion) to different causes, like helping to pay the formation of the University of Chicago and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (Rockefeller University).Significance

Why is Rockefeller so important? Is it because he was an exceedingly rich person? Maybe it’s because he is just one of the most successful people that ever walked this Earth? All of those reasons may have been right, but Rockefeller was so important because of his change in the world. He accomplished things many people couldn’t do, like having a huge monopoly on oil, founding the most largest oil company at that time. He also helped universities, giving them lots of money to help support their education. This was vital because the young adults in the schools would be taught correctly and may even turn out to be successful people themselves. It was a start of the prosperity of others.Personal Life and End Days

In his personal life, Rockefeller was a very religious man and a passionate golfer. He wanted to live up to the age of 100, but died at 97 on May 23, 1937 in Ormond Beach, Florida. Rockefeller, being very wealthy owned many homes. He had a home in New York City, an estate in Lakewood, New Jersey and an estate called “Kykuit.” “I always tried to turn every disaster into an opportunity.”-John D. RockefellerRockefeller was definitely a person who thought outside of the box, changing every downfall to something that can benefit the world and is still known to be one of the wealthiest men in the world.

John Pierpont Morgan by Sk Ayon “A man always has two reasons for doing anything: a good reason and the real reason.” John Pierpont Morgan

John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913) was one of the most powerful bankers during the late 1800s. He was considered a banking titan. Morgan helped create a syndicate that gave $62 million in gold to the U.S. government to fix the treasury crisis. He controlled and consolidated about one-sixth of the railroads in the United States. He also consolidated many companies such as General Electric and the United States Steel Corporation, the first billion dollar corporation in the world. In addition, he also helped the banks out of the Panic of 1907. However, he was criticized for having too much power and able to manipulate the financial system. In 1912, he was investigated for combining companies into corporations and creating monopolies. Today, he is considered as someone who shaped the nation. However, one might wonder why he did what he did.

The ConductorDuring the late 1800s, while Morgan was doing his jobs, he started to help out industrial corporations.

Because he worked a lot with European banking firms, he was able to give capital from British bankers to growing industrial companies in the U.S. during the 1970s. This helped to create more railroads. During the 1880s, Morgan started to consolidate and reorganize rail lines. In 1885, he helped avert a potential rate war between New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad. J.P. Morgan also bought troubled railroads and consolidated them. He soon owned stock in many of the railroads and controlled about one sixth of the nation’s railroads. By 1902, he owned 5,000 miles of rail line. His influence on the railroads was very important. He helped to regulate train rates to prevent competition. Some competition would be good. However too much competition is bad. The rate competition would get to the point where the railroad companies start losing money which would hurt the economy. Furthermore, railroads helped to boost the economy. Railroads made shipping fast at a reasonable rate. The railroads can transport an item such as wheat from one part of the country to the other part of the country in a few days. Also, technology such as the telephone made contact faster which would lead to more and better, reliable business. This leads to more jobs and a better economy. If J.P. Morgan had not helped out the railroad business, we might not know where we would be today without the railroads.All For One And None For All

While Morgan was consolidating much of the railroads, he also started consolidating large companies. In 1891, he arranged the merger between Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to create General Electric. This became a big electrical equipment company. Then, in 1901, Morgan would be widely known for combining big steel companies. Morgan helped combine the Carnegie Steel Company, the Federal Steel Company,


and many other smaller steel companies to create the United States Steel Corporation. This was known to be the first billion dollar company in the world. Morgan also consolidated agricultural tool manufacturers to make the International Harvester Company in 1912. He also consolidated many transatlantic shipping lines to make the International Mercantile Marine. This created big corporations in the U.S. The downside, though, is that there was a monopoly on products such as steel. However, big corporations are good. These corporations needed workers in their factories so there would be more jobs. They’re not high paying jobs, but they’re still jobs. Also, our gross domestic product will increase because big corporations can produce more than a bunch of small companies alone. This influenced the big corporations that we see today. Without Morgan, our system of business would not be the same as it is today. Also, if no one had helped with the Panics of 1893 and 1907, the U.S. wouldn’t have been as strong as it is today. Basically, Morgan influenced part of our business system today and had a great impact on how it was run.The Saint

Morgan was also known for helping to save the U.S. from economic catastrophes. One such catastrophe was the Panic of 1893. During that time, it was the worst economic depression the U.S. ever had. The Panic of 1893 was caused by silver that entered the economic system. However, compared to gold, silver had little value. So people started to exchange their dollars for gold and the U.S. Treasury’s gold supply dropped to under $100 million dollars. High tariff rates also slowed down the economy. Soon in 1893, big railroads such as Reading Railroad became bankrupt. Then the economy started to fail. Banks were closing. Businesses became bankrupt. The treasury was below the safe level for gold. The debt and the unemployment rate increased as well. Then, J.P. Morgan decided to help. He created a syndicate that gave $65 million to the government to heal the economic depression. If Morgan didn’t help, who would know what would’ve happened to the U.S. With his help, the nation averted a crisis. However, that wasn’t the only depression Morgan helped heal.

About 14 years later, the Panic of 1907 occurred. This was when the banks tried to hurt trust companies. This led to the fall of the Knickerbocker Trust Company. Soon investors started taking out deposits as they thought that the banks and trusts had liquidity issues. This caused many banks and trusts to close. Then J.P. Morgan came to the rescue. He led a group of bankers and financiers to give money to failing companies. This helped to stabilize the businesses and keep them running. Yet another crisis averted by J.P. Morgan. If he did not interfere with this issue, the panic would have worsened. The economy could’ve fallen significantly. These companies could’ve been stuck in a deep financial abyss. The U.S. would’ve lost more GDP which would harm the country’s economy. Because of J.P. Morgan’s work, the U.S. was able to get past the economic panics. A few years later, the Federal Reserve was created in 1913 which helped to keep the economic system in order.The Devil

Even though J.P. Morgan was a big help during his time, he faced criticism from opponents. Many politicians said that Morgan had too much power in which he could use to manipulate the market. He was also investigated with a group of bankers for trying to control many industries. They may have a point in checking his power. J.P. Morgan was a powerful banker who had control of companies like the U.S. Steel Corporation. This corporation had a monopoly on steel. It basically controlled the steel industry. This drove out competition because small businesses could not compete against the corporate giant. Therefore, the corporation was the only good place to buy steel. Since they controlled the steel market, they can force people to pay whatever they want for a product. This could be favorable to owners who want to make big money. Also, corporations usually use cheap labor such as child labor and immigrant labor. The factories they worked in would have unfavorable conditions such as sweltering heat and dirty workplaces. Children would be affected as child labor brings bad psychological effects such as haunting nightmares of the place. The factories were so dangerous that children could have lost a finger, mangled their hands, broken their backs, and in a few cases, die. Because of this corporations might not be a good thing. Soon, this led to the Clayton Antitrust Act which prevented many monopolies. Today, there are also laws which prevent some monopolies.

In the end, we see that J.P. Morgan was a generous man with some not so generous intentions. He helped out in the Panics of 1893 and 1907. However, he also gained companies and gained wealth. He may have helped fund railroads, but ended up owning one sixth of them. His consolidations created monopolies which have negative influences on competition and workers. Even though he is commended for making the U.S. what it is today, he still may have had more malicious intent. Regardless, he should be thanked for his various contributions to the U.S. Without them, the U.S. may have been a different place. And as J.P. Morgan says..

“A man always has two reasons for doing anything: a good reason and the real reason.” John Pierpont Morgan


Cornelius Vanderbilt Trains are a huge part of daily life for several Americans, especially New Yorkers. We travel on trains to go to school, work, a friend’s house, and church, anywhere. We also use them to go to much farther places, such as another state or even another country. Thousands of people are grateful for the railroad, but they find themselves not knowing whom to thank. People in the future will want to know who to thank, too. What most people don’t know is that back in the late 1800s there were a couple of extremely rich people to thank for the railroads and trains of America. One of those people was Cornelius Vanderbilt. Although many Americans at that time despised him, they still respected him for his work. Vanderbilt, on the other hand, didn’t pay much attention to the public. He was always that hard-working man that

does what he wants when he wants and couldn’t care less about anyone else. He was a robber baron...

“I don’t care half so much about making money as I do making my point, and coming out ahead.” -Cornelius Vanderbilt

Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on May 27, 1794 in Staten Island, New York. He first made his money by owning steamship lines, but when he was in his 60s he shifted to railroad lines. He is considered the first robber baron. He was the predecessor of the other robber barons like Andrew Carnegie, John D Rockefeller, and JP Morgan. He had a monopoly on the railroads of the Eastern US. He owned the railroads connecting all the major cities on the east coast. This led to a lot of wealth for Vanderbilt. His life was full of achievements and luxuries. Vanderbilt lived most of his life the way almost every American thrived for. He changed America back then, he is changing it today, and he will continue changing it in the future.

“There is no friendship in trade.”-Cornelius Vanderbilt

Christmas PastCornelius Vanderbilt changed the American economy while he was alive. He owned the New York Central

Railroad, which connected New York City to Chicago. It was the nation’s most valuable line, since New York City was the largest city in the nation and Chicago was the nation’s fastest growing city. Although it was the nation’s most valuable line, Vanderbilt still put up some of the lowest shipping rates and ticket costs. Vanderbilt did this to make his competition lose their business but it ended up helping the economy. Vanderbilt let goods and people move between to of the most important cities on the nation for a very low cost. This caused even more growth in Chicago. Chicago was the passageway to the West. Immigrants would arrive in New York, take Vanderbilt’s railway to Chicago, and then take another railway into the west. Without Vanderbilt’s railway westward expansion wouldn’t be possible through railroads.Christmas Present

Cornelius Vanderbilt funded the building of the Grand Central Depot in Manhattan. The Grand Central Depot eventually became Grand Central Station. Grand Central Station is a huge help to thousands of people every day in the tri-state area. Grand Central Station has lines heading upstate to Buffalo, northward to Boston, southward to Atlanta, and eastward to Chicago. From those stations you can go to LA, Canada, and anywhere in between. The remains of Vanderbilt’s empire can be seen in the LIRR, the Metro- North Railroad, and Amtrak lines on the east coast. Railroads have gone far in the world, especially in New York City, where Vanderbilt started his monopoly. About 4 million people use the MTA, New York City’s subway transportation system, every day. The MTA of the 1800s was Vanderbilt’s Harlem Line, which made stops all around Manhattan.Vanderbilt’s impact on the world today can be seen through stuff apart from railroads. In 1873, Vanderbilt donated 1 million dollars for the making of a university in Nashville, Tennessee. 141 years later, Vanderbilt University still stands. Vanderbilt University specializes in careers that deal with nursing and law. The university ranks 13th out of all the privately owned universities in the nation. Every year the university pumps out graduates that make a difference in our world. A bit of recognition should go to the founder of the university, Cornelius Vanderbilt.Christmas Future

As the railroad system on the east coast, especially in New York, continues to become more innovative and it expands, Cornelius Vanderbilt should rightfully take some credit. He built the railroads of New York. He built Grand Central Station. He built Vanderbilt University. Whatever comes out of these things that he helped create will always be acquainted with him. He will always be remembered.


THE SCIENCE CORNER

Would You Want To Live Here by Sk AyonWhen immigrants came into this country, they had dreams of a better life in America. They believed that they

will have a better life in the new country. However, when they got here, they saw everything was not as beautiful as they dreamed. The golden roads were just stone roads. The land of opportunity that they heard about was a lie. They saw it was hard to find a good paying job. Not only that, they realize not everyone is rich. Worst of all, the tenements they lived in were horrible. Furthermore, 2.3 million people, or two-thirds of the population in NYC at the time, lived in these buildings.The Foundation

A tenement was an apartment building. It was usually five to six stories tall. These were usually made from single story houses that existed before. The tenements were so cluttered together that the tenements received little light and air. This could be a problem as crowding can influence the spread of diseases. Also, the tenements were poorly ventilated. Furthermore, heating and cooking was done by burning wood and/or coal in a stove. Finally, lighting was almost non-existent.Disease Dance Party

These conditions had many ill effects on the health of immigrants. First, crowding is a problem. When humans are crowded, diseases are able to be spread easily. Indeed, this was the case in 1849. A cholera epidemic killed 5,000 people. The majority of these people were people who lived in overcrowded houses. Cholera is usually spread through contaminated water. During this time, because of overcrowding, the streets and neighborhoods were filthy. Water would be easily contaminated because immigrants had to get water from pumps. These were outside in the filthy streets. Immigrants could boil this water to make it safer to drink because heat kills the proteins of the bacteria which renders them useless and ultimately kills them. However, heating can cause fires because the fires were made in heat stoves fueled by coal and wood. A small spark that flies out of this can cause a fire in the apartment. Also, boiling was a long and tedious task to do so that may have prevented some people from doing it often. Another disease that can be easily spread is tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a disease that causes chronic coughs and fever. Tuberculosis was able to infect many people because of its infection methods. The most common method of infection was breathing in contaminated air. When someone with tuberculosis coughs into the air, some of the bacteria are spread in the air. Once someone breathes in the air, they can be infected. The bacteria in the air would be circulated into the respiratory system and infected the lungs. In the area, near tenements there would be lots of infections because of the density in these tenements. There were two thirds of the NYC population packed into these small, dirty areas. This and the poor ventilation in tenements creates an environment in which airborne diseases can


¡Es un buen tiempo para obtener un trabajo!El indice de desempleo bajó al siete por ciento. Es el mejor indice de desempleo en cinco años.También, la economía está mejor que antes. La economía va a expandir por tres por ciento en 2014. En el año anterior, el salario promedio creció por dos por ciento.

Y el número de trabajos creció por 203,000 en noviembre. También, desde 2008, ¡el número trabajos creció por 4,000,000!

Es un gran tiempo para los trabajos. ¡BUSCA UN TRABAJO AHORA MISMO!

cause havoc. In fact, there were 8,000 to 9,000 deaths a year because of tuberculosis. Also, if an immigrant got sick, then they couldn’’t work. If they couldn’t work, then they won’t be able to make enough money to survive. If the disease is serious enough, the person can die. However, if the person tries to work while sick, they wouldn't be as alert as usual and can risk injury at work. As a result, diseases affected the health of immigrants in tenements.Someone Call the Fire Department!

Tenements were also hot spots for fires. As was said before, the heating and cooking was done by burning wood. However, burning wood has some bad side effects. The smoke from wood scars lungs. A person who has an illness such as tuberculosis or pneumonia can get weaker and, in serious conditions, can die. Also, wood smoke contains carcinogens that can cause cancer. In addition, the smoke can hurt the growth of children. Back then, child labor was common. Kids who worked were already in bad health from working in exhausting factories and backbreaking mines. These children now have a dark future as they have no education, they have stunted growth, they can be disabled, and now they are going to be coughing from the smoke. It’s also mortifying to know the infant death rate was 1 in 10. No matter what immigrants did in their apartments, it’s near impossible to escape the smoke. The apartments had almost no windows at all. This made it hard for the fresh air to come in and replace the smoke emanating from the fire. Also, poor ventilation led to a poor air circulation. Not only that, but fires can occur. If not careful, fires can burn the whole apartment and kill the tenants inside. Because of the wood stove fires you use and the poor ventilation, tenements would not be a good place to live.Where Did My Stuff Go?

Tenements could lead to looting. Some tenements, such as the ones that were on Orchard Street, had front doors what were not locked. This could’ve lead to thieves breaking in and stealing belongings of others. Tenements were basically the slum back then. So some people may have to steal so that they can survive themselves. The non-existent lighting gave thieves an advantage when stealing the belongings of others. This led to a loss of peace and mind for the tenant. This can hinder job performance. This is because the tenants who are working at their jobs aren’t focused enough on their task at hand. This can lead to poor job performance as well as potential injury from not being aware.

In summation, tenements not only affected a resident’s physical health, but also their mental health. The good thing about tenements, though, was it paved way for new laws about new buildings. One such law was the Tenement Housing Act of 1867. It required tenements to have at least one window in a bedroom or “sleeping room”, a fire escape, a sufficient toilet for each tenement building, and a connection with the sewer. Then the Tenement Housing Act of 1901 forced all new tenements to have sufficient lighting and ventilation. The impact can be seen today. In modern day, apartment buildings all have windows in their rooms to provide sufficient ventilation. Also, every apartment is equipped with several fire escapes in need of emergency. All apartments have lighting and a good latrine. This is all because of the tenements and their health violations. Without tenements, we wouldn’t have excelled at building quality apartments for living.

The Invention Revolution by Monty BichounaThe young girl looked at her grandma. The young girl loved hearing her grandma’s stories. Tonight her

grandma talked about when she was a little girl. She talked about her clothes that her mom had weaved by hand. Therewere no factories, she said. No factories? The girl had thought. Was that possible? During the Industrial Revolution, simple tools were replaced with large and more complicated machines and other forms of technology. These machines benefited humans, allowing them to finish simple tedious tasks easily, and even help finish large tasks. However, these machines would cause skilled workers to lose their jobs. Their jobs were usually sought for by employers, but when machines were created, there was a decline in need for these kind of workers. Machines had made a normal man, a skilled man. The New Steel

Simple machines such as the cotton gin were revolutionary in it’s time. A machine that can do what usually takes several hours in an hour! However, during the Industrial Revolution the new standards of machinery and the increased feats of science had increased substantially. Factories sprung all across America. One of the most important machines was the Bessemer Converter, which was used for the Bessemer Process. The Bessemer Process was used to create steel, cheaply and effectively. The Bessemer Process’s key principle was oxidation. Oxidation is when air is blown through the molten iron to remove impurities, such as silicon, carbon, and manganese. These impurities come out as oxides, either in gas or solid form. Before this process was created, Britain didn’t have a practical process of removing carbon from iron. Steel would be created from using charcoal, for its carbon content, and carbon-free iron, imported from Sweden. The two would be put together in a stone box for weeks, creating steel. The process was strenuous, and costly. The Bessemer Process revolutionized the steel industry, making it more cost efficient, and more effective.Andrew and the Bessemer Process


Andrew Carnegie had found the Bessemer Process on a trip to Britain. He realized the potential if he used this process in America. With the Bessemer Process backing his new steel company, Carnegie was able to gain substantial profits. His company was so successful with steel production and profits that by 1900 Carnegie Steel produced more steel than all of Great Britain. With all the profits achieved by using the Bessemer Process, Carnegie was able to have a monopoly over steel.Unusual Inventions

But what other machines and inventions had dominated the Industrial Revolution? Well, many would say the electric light bulb, but what about the other important inventions that would be missed today? What about Anesthesia? Nitrous Oxide and Ether had both been discovered in the 1800s, however were thought of as having no use. Travelling shows would use Nitrous Oxide, also known as laughing gas, on volunteers for the amusement of everyone else. However, during one demonstration, a man had hurt his leg while intoxicated with the gas. To dentist Horace Wells amazement the man said he didn’t feel the pain. Wells decided to try to use the gas in a dental procedure. It worked, the gas put himself to sleep as an assistant took out his molar. You can thanks Wells for the less painful dentist appointments you have today. So many great inventions had been created in the Industrial Revolution, like the phonograph, which uses a needle to play musical notes on a rotating cylinder. But a not-so known invention is… food cans? When a French Chef has the idea to preserve food without losing the flavor and freshness, what do you get? The food can. By adding food to a jar, sealing it, then boiling it, he was able to create a vacuum-tight seal. These small inventions might not be that famous, but you would miss them if they were gone.

Some inventions have changed society, the world, helped explain life, yet some make our lives a little bit easier. Factories and big machines and processes, like the Bessemer Process were the kings of the Industrial Revolution, and there are always the little heroes, like the food can. No matter how life changing, life would be different without them. Now when you open that can of chicken noodle soup, you can think about the ideas that may have run through the mind of its inventor.



The Dark Side of Factories by Stephen MilaniDo you care for your body’s health? Do

you care of the environment’s health? Well, both the environment and your body are very important and are better healthy than sick. During the Industrial Revolution, people, including children, worked in factories doing painful, and sometimes even fatal, work. These people were poor and needy and had no choice whether or not they should work, since they needed money for not only themselves, but also their families. These workers suffered pain from hard labor, but also from the factories.

Factories affected people with harmful pollutants. Since pollution and dust were present in the air, diseases or illnesses such as mill fever occurred. Mill fever was caused by inhaling cotton or dust, causing chest tightness, short breath, coughing and eventually lung disease. Factories not only affected people’s health, but also their education. Children who worked in factories and mines had a lack of education, spending too much of their time working. Also, owners took advantage of these children, knowing they were desperate in making money, so paid them cheaply. People were not the only matter that were affected by the harmful pollution from factories.The environment was also affected negatively by pollution, causing various effects. One effect was from air pollution caused by smog and soot. Working and breathing in pollutants caused wheezing and coughing. It also generated heart attacks, strokes, irregular heartbeat, and early death rates. Another form of pollution that occurred because of factories was water pollution. Water pollution was so hazardous since it released chemical waste into rivers and streams. This had a negative effect because fishes and other edible organisms were now poisoned, so people weren’t able to eat them. If they did, they could get seriously ill or worse, killed. This also affected animals. If animals not knowingly ate the organisms, they would begin to die off and thus humans would have a lack of food, leading to hunger and starvation. Not only did factories poorly affect the environment, but so did automobiles, such as vehicles made from Henry Ford. These automobiles caused an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which played a part in global warming. How does the environment have anything to do with humans? Well, if theenvironment is affected, the humans living in the environment are affected as well. Take the greenhouse gases, for example. These harmful gases caused the ozone layer, which is a layer that protects the Earth from the sun’s rays, to

thin. This caused the sun’s ultraviolet rays to affect our skin more. This could have caused skin cancer or other problems. Overall, the healthier the environment, the healthier and longer we live. In summation, factories caused an unfriendly effect in humans’ health as well as the environment’s. Factories released pollutants and other toxic material impacting us and how we live today. With the chemical dump thrown into the rivers and streams, fishes and other organisms were poisoned and may still be toxicated today, taking a while to recover.

The Spread of Disease in NYC Because of Immigration During the Industrial Revolution and its Effects Today by Danny Escobedo During the Industrial Revolution millions of immigrants came to America through the ports of New York City to begin a new life. Many of these immigrants stayed in NYC. With the immigrants came disease. The diseases easily spread through the densely populated city. These diseases like smallpox, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and yellow fever killed thousands. However, these infectious diseases and the consequences they caused led to scientific discoveries and technological advancements that still help us every day. The large amount of immigrants coming into the US brought the possibility of widespread disease. The 4 million immigrants that came to the US between 1890 and 1900 made that possibility a reality. The immigrants crowded the Manhattan tenements. Since everyone was so close to each other, diseases such as tuberculosis spread very quickly. Someone in a crowded tenement with tuberculosis would cough and send the pathogens into the air. Another person in the tenement would breath in the pathogens and would also get infected. This person would then go to work and spread it to his co-workers that lived in other tenements. This is mostly how tuberculosis spread during the Industrial Revolution. The same goes for all of the other contagious diseases in NYC during the Industrial Revolution. The tenements were the breeding houses for most of these diseases. Disease also spread because of pollution. There wasn’t a reliable sewage system at the time in NYC. Most of the houses and apartment buildings weren’t connected to the sewers. Many families had outhouses where they would use the bathroom. These small buildings were filthy and were places that weren’t very pleasant to be in. Mold that would release mold spores grew in these out houses. Mold spores can cause pink eye, skin rashes, asthma to infants, lung infections, and even death when high levels of the spores are inhaled. Families who were not as fortunate had to suffer without sewer pipes or an outhouse. These families had to dig up trenches outside of their homes and use the bathrooms in the open. Rats that often carried rabies loved to gather around these trenches. These trenches were even more disgusting than the outhouses since the waste from them often overflowed the trenches and creeped into New York City’s streets and rivers. This water pollution led to unsanitary food being distributed in the city. The filthy water was one of the reasons that the typhoid fever spread. Typhoid fever is a disease that is food borne. Typhoid fever can cause a fever as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit, lethargy, headaches, and abdominal pain. The food was being cleaned and cooked with the dirty water, which contained the Salmonella Typhi pathogen, which made the food infected with typhoid. When the people ate the food they would get the disease. People during that time could’ve gotten several types of infections such as skin infections, ear infections, wound infections, eye infections and even respiratory infections from simply swimming in the polluted water around New York City. Due to all of these circumstances, many Americans and immigrants died. In 1849 more than five thousand people died because of an outbreak in cholera. In the 1860s another five thousand people died because of typhoid. Once again the causes of these deaths could be linked back to immigration. Cholera had never had a big impact on New York City until the Industrial Revolution, when the amount of Chinese immigrants coming into the nation increased drastically. As stated before, typhoid wouldn’t have had such of an impact on the population if there wouldn’t have been so many immigrants in the city. If no immigrants had come to America, there wouldn’t be enough waste for the waste to flow into the city’s the streets and rivers. No waste in the water would make the water much cleaner, therefore eliminating the possibility for the food to be cleaned with water that has the Salmonella bacteria in it. Also the infections that could be obtained by swimming in dirty water would be much less frequent. As one can see, immigration made the living conditions in New York City worse. Although immigration affected the living conditions during the Industrial Revolution negatively, the immigration that happened back then is helping us today.By the end of the 1800s, the people of NYC and the rest of the American population were growing weary of losing their loved ones to diseases and living in the fear that they might catch one of them. They wanted a solution. People knew that pollution and the densely populated cities were one of the reasons the disease was spreading, but scientists couldn’t fully explain the process of pollution and other poor living conditions spread the disease so quickly. To find the solution, scientists took a look through the microscope. The solution was presented to the public and the government through germ theory. Germ theory states that diseases are caused because germs, or pathogens. Germ theory states that specific germs caused specific diseases, like how the Salmonella typhi germ causes typhoid fever. Scientists Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch mostly proved germ theory. This theory was accepted across the nation and the government’s processes in trying to stop the disease from spreading changed based on the germ theory. The germ theory moved the government’s minds from looking at the city as a whole to looking at each individual. Preventing disease based on the germ theory was more about personal hygiene than overall city treatment. People were encouraged to wash their hands more frequently, fully cook their food, and to not get too close to people with a disease. For example, people with tuberculosis were advised to cough in the opposite direction of people and to cover


their mouths when they coughed. These same recommendations are taught every day to children in their schools. Through these guidelines thousands of children prevent themselves from getting any harmful diseases.Although the emphasis of the germ theory plan was personal hygiene, the New York City government still invested millions of dollars in citywide programs. Although the government understood that human interaction was the main reason disease spread, they also knew that the environment of the humans plays a key factor in the spread of disease. The environment for New York City immigrants was the crowded tenement. Realizing that the tenements were the bacteria’s forums, the New York City government passed the Tenement Housing Act of 1901. The act set the standards for future housing regulations, such as having to have a fire alarm in your house. Other citywide programs that the government focused on were the sewers. To stop human waste from entering the city’s bodies of water, the city built a sewage treatment plant. Nearly 125 years later, New York City is considered one of the world’s best watersheds. New York tap water is considered the cleanest in the nation.Immigration in New York City during the Industrial Revolution led to the spread disease in the city. The efforts made to prevent the further spread of disease led to the acceptance of the germ theory - which is considered to be one of the world’s most important scientific discoveries - and they led to housing regulations. The efforts also led to the basic instructions on personal hygiene when dealing with a disease, and they led to New York City’s sewage treatment plants that helped make New York City’s watershed today. Without immigration and the disease it caused, the scientific world would be years behind what it is today.


SUPER CHARTS AND MATH!

Intro:

We will be doing graphs of immigration vs. unemployment, immigration vs. national debt, national debt vs. unemployment, and comparing the federal spending to unemployment. By using scatter plots, graphs, and our data we

can see if the wages increases or decreases by the influx of immigrants and low wages. We will try to find any correlation between immigration and national debt. We believe that as immigration increases national debt also

increases due to the fact that the immigrants will cause more money to be spent by the government to support the services for all of the new people coming into the nation. As the government spends more money on the new citizens. We believe they do, since the more people come into the U.S., the more jobs they need, causing wages to decrease to pay all the “newcomers.” Also, we believe that since there are a lot of immigrants who work for less pay and take

jobs from others, there would be more unemployment. We think it will be a negative correlation whereas the number of immigrants increases, the average wage would decrease. This creates a negative slope that can be seen on our

graph. Finally, we think that because of unemployment, the government may be spending more to help the unemployed. Also we think as the government spends more, there will be more debt. This is because if the

government spends more than it has (more deficits or the amount of money the government exceeded its budget).

Rationale:

We will be doing this project on immigration, unemployment, national debt, and federal spending. We would like to find out the importance of these topics and how they can be related to each other. We believe that there is a correlation

between these topics, such as immigration’s effect on the national debt. We believe as immigration increases, then the national debt increases as well, because the more people come in, the more people that spend, leading them to fall into debt. We also believe as immigration increases, the unemployment increases, too. This is because, the more people come in, the more people need jobs, causing unemployment, since not everyone can get jobs. We will be

doing this project because we are curious of the effects that immigration and unemployment can lead to and change, like what happens to national debt or the average wage when the immigration or unemployment increases. The

purpose of this project is to compare the changes of the economy due to immigration during the Industrial Revolution to the changes in the economy today. We have hypothesized that since immigration was and is such a huge part of

the nation, there must be something that immigration affected back then that immigration is affecting today. We concluded that one of the biggest changes to the US during the Industrial Revolution was the economy. We later

concluded that the economy had to be affected in any way, shape, or form by immigration.

IMMIGRATION VS NATIONAL DEBT 1890-1900 BY DANNY ESCOBEDO


IMMIGRATION VS NATIONAL DEBT 1990-2000 BY DANNY ESCOBEDO

IMMIGRATION VS UNEMPLOYMENT 1890-1900 BY STEPHEN MILANI

IMMIGRATION VS UNEMPLOYMENT 1990-2000 BY STEPHEN MILANI


UNEMPLOYMENT VS. DEBT 1890-1900 BY SK AYON

UNEMPLOYMENT VS. DEBT 1990-2000 BY SK AYON

FEDERAL DEBT VS. SPENDING 1890-1900 BY MONTY BICHOUNA


FEDERAL DEBT VS. SPENDING 1990-2000 BY MONTY BICHOUNA

Conclusion:

The Industrial Revolution had a large impact on the American economy. The same impact is happening today. Through our graphs and data, one can conclude that specific variables’, such as unemployment, effects on America are similar now to what they were approximately 100 years ago during the Industrial Revolution. Immigration is one

such variable that has a correlation to the present. Immigration affects national debt. For example, the more immigrants that come, the more the national debt decreases. From 1890-1900 there was no correlation between the amount of immigrants coming in and the national debt. However, from 1990-2000, the debt also decreased as the amount of immigrants increased.This most likely occurred because of the Persian Gulf War, where many Middle

Eastern refugees fled to the U.S to escape the war. This led to a larger labor force which produced more, increasing GDP, and therefore decreasing the national debt.

Another variable affected by immigration was unemployment. We noticed that the correlations were reversed. During 1890-1900, the unemployment rates decreased as the number of immigrants increased. However, during 1990-2000,


as the number of immigrants increased, the unemployment rate is increasing. One idea on why the correlations were reversed between these two variables in two different time periods is because of the population of the US at the time. To explain this better, let’s create a scenario with unrealistic statistics. Before the immigrants came to America there

were 500 people living in it. There were 1,100 available jobs. In this population, 100 out of the 500 people were unemployed. This meant that there was an unemployment rate of 20%. When the immigrants came to America there were now 1,000 people living there. All of the immigrants got a job. This meant that there were now only 100 people

unemployed out the 1, 100 people in the nation. This unemployment rate is now below 10%. As one can see the immigrants made the unemployed represent a lower part of the population, making the unemployment rate decrease.

In the 1990’s, however, the population was much too high for the immigrants to make much of a difference. Also, there might’ve been too little jobs to support all the immigrants coming in. The immigrants coming to the US in the 1990s

would just come here and add to the unemployed population, making the unemployment rate higher. Also, back then it was easier for immigrants to get jobs. They were usually paid low wages and live in poor tenements. Because of this,

the unemployment rate would go down. However, in 100 years, it would be harder for immigrants to get jobs. They would need green cards, work permits, etc. Since immigrants just migrated here, it would mean that it would take a

longer time to get a job so the unemployment rate would go up with every immigrant.

We also saw that there are two different correlations in unemployment rate vs. federal debt back then and today. From 1890 to 1900, there was actually no correlation. Then, from 1990 to 2000, there was a correlation whereas the

unemployment rate increased , the federal debt actually decreased. There is an explanation though. In 1893, there was the Panic of 1893. During this time many businesses went bankrupt. This caused lots of unemployment. However, the government was barely affected. It wasn’t the government who fixed the problem. It was actually J.P. Morgan who helped to fix the economy at the time. So it wasn’t the government who spent money. It was actually some private debt

for J.P. Morgan who actually Fast-forward 100 years to modern day. From 1990 to 2000, as the unemployment rate increased, the debt actually decreased. This time period was around the end of the Cold War meaning that many

weapons were built before. Also, when you look at the data, you actually see that the debt increases each year. This is because of Hurricane Andrew and flooding during the time. The unemployment rate would drop because the people

wouldn’t be looking for jobs. According to US NEWS, if people stop looking for jobs, they are not counted as unemployed. Because the hurricane and flooding destroyed many homes, these people would want help and not a

job.

We have also tested the variables of the national debt to the federal spending during the same time frames mentioned above. There seems to be a positive correlation during both 1890 to 1900 and during 1990 to 2000. However, one of the graph’s has plots that seem to have no correlation until further inspected. As the federal spending increases, the

Federal Debt increases. This most likely happened because logically, if the government were to spend more, the debt would increase. It’s an endless cycle. The debt increases more and more as the government spends more and has to borrow money to pay off other debts, the federal debt would increase more and more. However, something interesting

is that in the hundred years in between both charts the amount of money spent and the debt was more than 1000% larger than what it was a hundred years before. This shows how the country has grown as a whole, and the country is

getting large enough that the country needs to spend more.

As one can see, the variables of immigration, national debt, unemployment, and federal spending have all affected each other both in the past during the 1890s and the present times of the 1990s. All of the variables are

interconnected to make up a web of the economy and immigration. This web has changed over the years to fit the historical time period, may it be the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression, World War II, the Persian Gulf War, or even the American Revolution. As time passes by these variables continue to reflect each other, and thats the beauty

of the American economy and the interaction between all aspects of our lives.




Across

2. People actively searching for work are in ______.4. The first billion dollar company6. Location of a 1911 fire.7. Representative of workers of a certain skill.9. Term for working kids.13. Places where many laborers worked.14. Uses electricity to make light.16. An iron and carbon alloy.17. Disease that comes from dirty water; can cause diarrhea18. He was the most powerful banker of the 1800s20. He controlled the railroads22. He had the monopoly on the oil industry23. A respiratory illness that attacks the lungs and can be lethal; Common in the 19th century24. A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Down

1. Money that is owed3. A business where there are a number of shareholders who share ownership in a company5. Essay by Andrew Carnegie saying the rich have an obligation to distribute money to the poor.8. Building made in the 19th century that occupied much of NYC's population; was made from single family houses10. To combine things into a more effective whole11. Someone who used dishonest and/or wrong means to gain wealth12. Cheaper and easier way to make steel.15. He had his steel empire; "Gospel of Wealth"19. Most were built and owned by Charles Vanderbilt; trains run on these21. The amount by which the government exceeds its budget


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