HOLIDAY HOME WORK OF CLASSES XII CHEMISTRY (2017-2018) 1: SOLVE FIVE YEARS CBSE BOARD QUESTIONS PAPER (2012 – 2016) 2 ALL INTEXT QUESTIONS FROM SOLID STATE TO D BLOCK ELEMENTS . 3 . ALL INTEXT QUESTIONS FROM HALOALKANES TO AMINES . 4 . COMPLETE THEIR PRACTICAL FILE FOR BOARD EXAMINATION. 5 . COMPLETE THEIR PROJECT ALOTED FOR PRACTICAL BOARD EXAMINATION 2017-18 CLASS XII SUBJECT- CS SOLVE SEVEN SAMPLE PAPERS OF CS OF CBSE ALONG WITH QUESTION PAPER OF PRE BOARD EXAMINATION. PHYSICS
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HOLIDAY HOME WORK OF CLASSES XII CHEMISTRY (2017-2018)
1: SOLVE FIVE YEARS CBSE BOARD QUESTIONS PAPER (2012 – 2016)
2 ALL INTEXT QUESTIONS FROM SOLID STATE TO D BLOCK ELEMENTS .
3 . ALL INTEXT QUESTIONS FROM HALOALKANES TO AMINES .
4 . COMPLETE THEIR PRACTICAL FILE FOR BOARD EXAMINATION.
5 . COMPLETE THEIR PROJECT ALOTED FOR PRACTICAL BOARD EXAMINATION 2017-18
CLASS XII
SUBJECT- CS
SOLVE SEVEN SAMPLE PAPERS OF CS OF CBSE ALONG WITH QUESTION PAPER OF PRE BOARD EXAMINATION.
PHYSICS
QUESTION BANK FOR STUDENTS OF ECONOMICS
SESSION 2017-18Unit-I : Introduction to Micro Economics
Q1. PPC is a straight line in case of :a) rising marginal opportunity costb) falling marginal opportunity costc) constant marginal opportunity costd) none of these
Q2. Concavity of PPC implies :a) increasing slopeb) decreasing slopec) constant sloped) none of these
Q3. When an economy is operating on the PPC, it indicates :(a) potential output > actual output(b) potential output = actual output(c) potential output < actual output(d) none of these
Q4. Increase (growth) of resources implies that production possibility curve :(a) shifts to the right(b) shifts to the left(c) rotates to the right(d) none of these
Q5. Define economics. (1)Q6. What is meant by an economic problem ? (1)Q7. Give meaning of an economy . (1)Q8. Define micro economics. (1)Q9. Define macro economics. (1)Q10. What are economic agents ? (1)Q11. State the two characteristics of resources. (1)Q12. Define opportunity cost . (1)Q13. Why does an economic problem arise ? Explain . (3)Q14. State two principal differences between micro economics and macro economics. (3)Q15. Explain the problem of ‘What to produce’ . (3)Q16. Explain the central problem of “How to produce” . (3)Q17. With the help of suitable example, explain the problem of “for whom to produce” ? (3)Q18. Why is a production possibility curve downward sloping ? Explain. (3)Q19. Explain, giving reason , why production possibility curve is concave ? (3)Q20. When can PPC be a straight line ? (3)Q21. “Massive unemployment shifts the PPC to the left .” Defend or refute. (3)Q22. “Make in India” campaign would shift the PPC to the right . How ? (3)Q23. What is meant by production possibility curve ? Illustrate with the help of a table and diagram . Q24. Explain the concept of marginal opportunity cost with the help of an example. (4)
Q25. Draw a production possibility curve and indicate the following situations on the diagram - (6)Fuller and efficient utilization of resources
(a) Under utilization of resources and(b) Growth of resources
Unit-II:
Consumer’s Equilibrium and Demand Q26. Marginal utility of a particular commodity at the point of saturation is :
(a) zero(b) unity(c) greater than unity(d) less than unity
Q27. A shift in budget line , when prices are constant , is due to :(a) change in demand (b) change in income(c) change in preferences(d) change in utility
Q28. MRS is determined by :(a) satisfaction level of the consumer(b) income of the consumer(c) tastes of the consumer(d) preferences of the consumer
Q29. If two goods are complementary then rise in the price of one results in :(a) rise in demand for the other(b) fall in demand for the other(c) rise in demand for both (d) none of these
Q30. On all points of a rectangular hyperbola demand curve, elasticity of demand is :(a) equal to unity(b) zero(c) greater than unity(d) less than unity
Q31. In case of Giffen ‘s paradox, the slope of demand curve is :(a) negative(b) positive(c) parallel to X-axis(d) parallel to Y-axis
Q32. Define utility. (1)Q33. What is meant by Consumer’s equilibrium ? (1)Q34. What is law of diminishing marginal utility ? (1)Q35. What is ordinal utility ? (1)Q36. Define indifference map. (1)Q37. What does an indifference curve show ? (1)Q38. What is meant by monotonic preferences ? (1)
Q39. Name two determinants of consumer’s demand for a commodity. (1)Q40. When is the demand for a good said to be inelastic ? (1)Q41. When is demand called perfectly inelastic ? (1)Q42. What is meant by price elasticity of demand ? (1)Q43. Explain the relationship between TU and MU with the help of a diagram . (3)Q44. Explain the three properties of indifference curves. (3)Q45. What is budget set ? Explain what can lead to change in budget set ? (3)Q46. Define a budget line. What can it shift to the right ? (3)Q47. What is market demand for a good ? Name the factors determining market demand . (3)Q48. Explain the difference between an inferior good and a normal good. (3)Q49. A consumer spends Rs. 60 on a good priced at Rs. 5 per unit. When price falls by 20 percent , the consumer continues to spend Rs. 60 on the good. Calculate price elasticity of demand by percentage method. (3) Q50. When the price of a good rises from Rs. 10 to Rs. 12 per unit, its demand falls from 25 units to 20 units. What can you say about price elasticity of demand of the good through the “expenditure approach” . (3)Q51. Explain the concept of marginal rate of substitution with the help of a numerical example. (4)
Q52. Explain the distinction between “change in demand” and “change in quantity demanded”. (4)
Q53. Explain the change in demand for a good on account of change in prices of related goods. (4)Q54. What happens to the demand for a good when consumer’s income changes ? Explain. (4)Q55. How is price elasticity of demand measured with the help of the point method ? (4)Q56. Explain the relation between price elasticity of demand and total expenditure. (4)Q57. How is price elasticity of demand affected by – (4)
a. Number of substitutes available for the good.b. Nature of the good
Q58. Explain the consumer’s equilibrium in case of a single commodity with the help of a utility schedule. (6)Q59. A consumer consumes only two goods. Explain consumer’s equilibrium with the help of utility analysis. (6)Q60. State the conditions of consumer’s equilibrium in the indifference curve analysis and explain the rationale behind these conditions. (6)
Unit-3: PRODUCER BEHAVIOUR AND SUPPLY
ONE MARKS OUESTIONS:Q1. Price elasticity of supply of a good if the supply curve passing through the origin is:-(1) Equal to one (2) less than one(3) More than one (4) zeroQ2. In the second phase of production:-(1) TP increases at a decreasing rate (2) MP Falls(3) AP Falls (4) All of these
Q3. The total cost at 5 units of output is Rs. 30. The fixed cost is Rs. 5. The average variable cost at 5 unit of output is
1) Rs. 25 (2) Rs. 6(3) Rs. 5 (4) Rs. 1Q4. Government decided to increase excise duty on the production of a given good. What will be its impact on the supply of a given good:-(1) Supply curve of rice will shift towards left
(2) Supply curve of rice will shift towards right(3) Supply curve of rice will remain the same(4) There will be downward movement along the supply curve of riceQ5. Price line is the same as:-(1) Budget line (2) firm’s demand curve(3) Firm’s AR curve (4) both (b) and (c)Q6. Point of Inflexion refers to that point from where:-(1) Slope of TP changes(2) TP stop increasing at an increasing rate(3) TP is increasing at a constant rate(4) TP is decreasing at a constant rateQ7. When MP cuts AP at its highest point(1) MP>AP (2) MP<AP(3) MP=AP (4) All of theseQ8. In case of Break Even point a firm covers:(1). Variable cost only (2) average variable cost only(3) Both fixed cost and variable cost (4) none of theseQ9. Under Monopoly, MR can be negative only when(1) AR is increasing (2) AR is decreasing(3) AR is constant (4) AR is zeroQ10. Imposition of a unit tax shifts the supply curve:-(1) To the right (2) To the left(3) To the right as well as to the left (4) none of these QUESTIONS OF 3 MARKS:Q11.Draw Average total cost, average variable cost and marginal cost curves in a single diagram. Also explain the relationship between ATC and AVC?Q12.A producer borrows money and opens a shop. The shop premises is owned by him. Identify the implicit and explicit cost by this information? Q13. What is the relationship between marginal revenue and average revenue under perfect competition and monopoly?Q14. Explain the significance of ‘Minus sign’ attached to the measure of price elasticity of Demand of a normal good in comparison to the ‘Plus sign ‘attached to the measure of price elasticity of supply ?Q15. Define Average revenue? Show that average revenue and price are same?Q16.Do you agree that TP must decrease in a situation of diminishing returns?Q17.Complete the following table:PRICE OUTPUT UNITS TOTAL REVENUE MARGINAL
REVENUE-------- 1 _____ 5
4 ----- 8 ____--------- 3 ______ 12 ----- 8 _____
QUESTIONS OF 4 MARKS
Q18. ‘Supply curve is the rising portion of marginal cost curve over and above the minimum of average variable cost curve’. Do you agree? Support your answer with valid reason.Q19.Why is the short run marginal cost curve U shaped ?Q20. What causes a downward movement along a supply curve of a commodity?Q21. State the difference between Returns to a factor and returns to a scale?Q22.Explain why will a producer not be in equilibrium if the conditions of equilibrium are not met? Q23.From the following information about a firm, find the firm’s equilibrium output in terms of Marginal cost and Marginal revenue. Give reason. Also find profit at this output.OUTPUT UNITS TOTAL REVENUE TOTAL COST1 7 82 14 153 21 214 28 285 35 36
Q24. When the price of a good rises from Rs. 20 per unit to Rs. 30 per unit, the revenue of the firm producing this good rises from Rs. 100 to Rs. 300. Calculate the price elasticity of supply QUESTIONS OF 6 MARKS
Q25.What is Producer’s equilibrium? Explain the conditions of producer’s equilibrium through the ‘marginal cost and marginal revenue’ approach. Use Diagram.
Q26. Explain the distinction between “Change in Quantity supplied” and “change in supply”. Use diagram. Q27. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reason for your answer:-(a). When total revenue is constant, average revenue will also be constant(b). Average variable cost can fall even when marginal cost is rising.(c). when marginal product falls, average product will also fall.Q28. From the following data on the cost of production of a firm calculate TFC, AFC, TVC, AVC and MCOUTPUT(kg) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6TC (Rs) 60 80 110 111 116 130 150
Q29. Explain with the help of a diagram the effect of the following on the supply of a Good:(1) Imposition of a unit tax(2) Increase in the number of firmsQ 30.What does the Law of Variable Proportions show? State the behavior of marginal product according to this law?
Unit-IV
FORMS OF MARKET AND PRICE DETERMINATION UNDER PERFECT COMPETITIONONE MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Under perfect competition, demand curve of a firm is ………………………….. (a) Positively sloped (b) negatively sloped (c) Horizontal (d) verticalQ2. The average revenue curve under the perfectly competition market is parallel to the x-axis. It is so because……………………. (a) There are many buyers & sellers in the market (b) A perfectly competitive firm can sell any quantity at given price (c) There is a homogeneous product in the market (d) There is free entry in the market Q3. At the market equilibrium, there is………………… (a) No excess demand (b) no excess supply (c) Supply equals demand (d) all of these Q4. An increase in income results in a higher equilibrium price and quantity when the good is……………….. (a) A normal good (b) an inferior good (c) A necessity (d) all of these Q5. If both supply and demand increases by the same proportion………………………. (a) Price remains constant (b) quantity remains constant (c) Price increases (d) quantity increases
Q6. If the influence of an individual seller on the market price is zero, the state of market is…………………..
(a) Perfect competition (b) monopoly
(c) Monopolistic competition (d) oligopoly
Q7. Which of the following will cause a fall in equilibrium price of good X, a normal good?(a) Rise in income of its buyers (b) Rise in price of other goods in production(c) Subsidy on production (d) Rise in price of its substitute good YQ8. Which of the following is the effect of price ceiling?(a). Hoarding (b) Black marketing(c). Rationing (d) All of theseQ9. If demand curve of good shifts rightward and its supply curve shifts leftward, what will be the effect on the equilibrium quantity?(a) Equilibrium quantity increases(b) Equilibrium quantity decreases(c) Equilibrium quantity remains unchanged(d) Equilibrium quantity may increase, decrease or remain unchangedQ10. If in an oligopoly market, firms compete with each other in determining price and output, it is called(a) Perfect oligopoly (b) Imperfect oligopoly(c) Collusive oligopoly (d) Non collusive oligopolyQUESTIONS OF 3 MARKSQ11. Why is the demand curve of a firm under monopolistic competition more elastic than under monopoly? ExplainQ12. Firms demand curve is indeterminate under oligopoly?
Q13. Explain any two sources of restricted entry under monopoly?Q14. Explain the concept of Buffer stock as a tool of price floor?Q15. Explain three main features of Monopolistic competition?Q16. Explain the implication of ‘Freedom of entry and exit to the firms’ under perfect competition?Q17. Why is a firm under perfect competition a price taker?QUESTIONS OF 4 MARKSQ18. Explain ‘Black marketing as a direct consequence of price ceiling?Q19. Monopoly firm can make abnormal profits in the long fun, but not a firm under monopolistic competition why?Q20. Write your opinion on the formation of cartels in an oligopolistic market structure?Q21. Explain the economic value of support price policy in India?Q22. What is minimum price ceiling? Explain its implications.Q23. Why a monopolistic firm has a partial control on the price of its goods? Why it does not have full control?QUESTIONS OF 6 MARKSQ24. Giving reasons state whether the following statements are true or false:(a) A monopolist can sell any quantity he likes at a price(b) When equilibrium price of a good is less than its market price, there will be competition among the sellersQ25. Explain the implications of the following:(a) Large numbers of buyers and sellers under perfect competition(b) Interdependence of firms under oligopolyQ26. Market for a good is in equilibrium. There is an ‘increase’ in demand for this good. Explain the chain of effects of this change. Use diagramQ27. Equilibrium price of essential medicines is too high .Explain what possible steps can be taken to bring down the equilibrium price but only through market forces? Explain the chain of effect that will occur.Q28. Distinguish between cooperative and non cooperative oligopoly. Also explain the implication of non price competition in an oligopoly market?Q29. Explain the term market equilibrium. Explain the series of changes that will take place if market price is higher than the equilibrium price?Q30.Suppose the demand and supply curves of a commodity-X are given by the following two equations simultaneously:
Qd =200- p Qs =50+ 2p(i) Find the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.(ii) Suppose that the price of a factor of production producing the commodity has changed, resulting in the new supply curve given by the equation: Qs= 80+2pAnalyze the new equilibrium price and new equilibrium quantity as against the original equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.
Unit-VNATIONAL INCOME AND RELATED AGGREGATES
Q1 to Q 8 carry ONE mark each :Q1. What is the difference between Factor payment and Transfer payment ?Q2. How do you distinguish between Old age pension and Retirement pension in the context of estimation of National Income ?Q3. Define Mixed Income.Q4. Define the Expenditure method of calculating National Income. Q5. Give formula to measure : (1x10)
a) GDP & NDPb) GDP at mp and GDP at fcc) GDP & GNPd) National Disposable Income.e) Factor income from NDP accruing to private sectorf) Private incomeg) Personal incomeh) Personal Disposable incomei) Nominal & Real GDPj) GDP Deflator
Q6. If NNP at fc = Rs.100 ; Depreciation= Rs10 ; Subsidy= Rs 5 ; Indirect tax= Rs 15. Find GNP at mp.Q7. If GDP at fc Rs 24,760 ; Operating surplus=Rs.13,450 ; Mixed Income=Rs.4260 ; Consumption of Capital= Rs. 530. Find out Comensation of Employees.Q8. Find out NDP at mp if GNP at fc= Rs.5000; Indirect tax=Rs.250; Subsidy= Rs.300; Depreciation= 600 and NFIA= -(200) Q9 to Q 14 carry THREE marks each.Q9. Comment on the concept of Green GNP.Q10. Describe the components of NFIA.Q11. Explain the problem of double counting citing an example.Q12. What are the components of Compensation of Employees?Q13. What are the components of Operating Surplus?
Q14. Calculate value added by Firm A and Firm B : ITEMS Rs.(in crores)
a) Domestic sales by firm A 4000b) Expenditure by firm A 1000c) Purchase by firm A 200d) Sales by firm B 2940e) Purchase by firm B 1300
Q15 to Q 25 carry FOUR marks each :Q15. Explain the concept of Normal Residents.Q16. Explain the concept of Domestic Territory.Q17. Comment on GDP as an index of Welfare.Q18. Draw a Circular flow model in a two sector economy. What are the three phases of economic activity suggested by this model ?
Q19. Highlight the steps involved in the process of estimating National Income by Product method.Q20. What are the two methods used for avoiding Double counting ?Q21. What are the broad categories under which Final Expenditure is classified ?Q22. What precautions must be taken in the calculation of national income while using Expenditure method ?Q23. Calculate National Income : Particulars Rs.(in crores)
a) Compensation of employees 13,300b) Wages in kind 200c) Indirect taxes 3,800d) Gross domestic capital formation 6,200e) Operating surplus 5,000f) Mixed income of self employed 16,100g) Net factor income from abroad 300h) Net exports -(100)
Q24. Calculate GNP at fc : Items Rs.(in crores)
a) Net domestic fixed capital formation 350b) Closing stock 100c) Government final consumption expenditure 200d) Net indirect taxes 40e) Opening stock 60f) Consumption of fixed capital 50g) Net exports -(10)h) Private final consumption expenditure 1500i) Imports 20j) Net factor income from abroad -(30)
Q26 to Q 30 carry SIX marks each :Q25. What are the various precautions to be taken while estimating national income by Value-Added method ?Q26. What precautions should be taken while using Income method for the calculation of National Income ?Q27. Calculate NDP at fc : ITEMS Rs. (crores)
a) Net current transfers to abroad 05b) Government final consumption expenditure 100c) Net Indirect Taxes 80d) Private final consumption expenditure 300e) Consumption of fixed capital 20f) Gross domestic fixed capital formation 50g) Net exports -(10)h) Change in stock 25i) Operating surplus 25j) Net factor income from abroad 10
Q28. How should the following be treated while estimating National Income : ( ½ x 12=06)a) Expenditure on education of children by a family.b) Imputed rent of self occupied houses.c) Financial help received by flood victims.d) Capital gain on sale of a housee) Interest on public debt.f) Interest received on debentures.g) Value of bonus on shares received by shareholders of a company.
h) Dividend received by an Indian from his investment in shares of a foreign company.i) Expenditure on fertilizers by a farmer.j) Expenditure on adding a floor to a building.k) Profits earned by an Indian bank from its branches abroad.l) Interest received on loans given to a friend for purchasing a car.
Q29. From the information given below, calculate : i)Value added by Firm A and Firm B
ii)GDP at mpiii)Net value added at fc
Particulars Rs. (in crores)a) Sales by firm A to general government 100b) Sales by firm A 500c) Sales by firm A to households 350d) Change in stock of firm A 20e) Closing stock of firm B 40f) Opening stock of firm B 30g) Purchase by firm A
320h) Indirect taxes paid by both firms 75i) Consumption of fixed capital 120j) Sales by firm A to firm B 200
Unit-VIMONEY AND BANKING
1. If an economy is to control recession like most of the Euro-Zone nations, which of the following can be appropriate: (1)
a) Reducing Repo Rate c) Both (i) and (ii) b) Reducing CRR d) None of (i) and (ii)
2. Which of the following agency is responsible for issuing 1 currency note in India? (1) a) Reserve Bank of India. c) Ministry of finance
b) Ministry of Commerce d) Niti Aayog 3. Who regulates money supply? (Choose the correct alternative) (1)
a) Government of India c) Reserve Bank of India b) Commercial Banks d) Planning Commission
4. High power money consists of: (1) a. Currency and coins held by publicb. Currency, Cash reserves with banks and demand
deposits
c. Currency held by public and cash reserve with banksd. Currency and demand deposits
5. State the components of money supply. (1) 6. What are demand deposits? (1) 7. What is meant by cash reserve ratio? (1) 8. What is barter system? What are its drawbacks? 9. Explain the problem of double coincidence of wants faced under barter system. How
has money solved this problem? (3) 10. What is meant by money supply? State M1 measure of money supply. (3) 11. Introduction of money has separated the acts of sale and purchase. How? (3) 12. Briefly explain primary functions of a commercial bank. (3) 13. Describe any two main functions of a central bank. (3) 14. What is meant by Repo Rate? How does the Central Bank use this measure to Control
inflationary conditions in an economy? (3) 15. How is central bank different from a commercial bank? (3) 16. What is the significance of centralized cash reserves with central bank? (3) 17. Imagine yourself the RBI Governor. How would you use the instrument of CRR to
increase the investment in the economy? (4) 18. Why is RBI, sometimes reluctant to lower the repo rate even when investment is low
because of high market rate of interest? (4) 19. Explain ‘Government’s Bank’ function of the central bank. OR Explain ‘Bankers’
Bank’ function of the central bank. (4) 20. Explain the evolution of money. (4) 21. How does the central bank of a country control the supply of money in an economy?
(6) 22. State the basic difference between quantitative and qualitative instruments of credit
control. Give suitable examples. (6) 23. What is meant by Margin Requirement? How does the Central Bank use this measure
to control deflationary conditions in an economy? (6) 24. Explain the Credit creation process by commercial banks with the help of numerical
example25. Why do we say that commercial banks create money while we also say that the
central bank has the sole right to issue currency? Explain. What is the likely impact of money creation by the commercial banks on national income? (6)
Unit-VIIDETERMINATION INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT
1. If MPC = 0, the value of multiplier is : (Choose the correct alternative) (1) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) Between 0 and 1 (d) Infinity
2. Out of the following, which can have a value more than one? (1) (a) MPC (c) APC(b) APS (d) MPS
3. If MPC=MPS, then value of multiplier is: (1) (a) Infinity (c) One(b) Equal to MPC (d) Two
4. If saving function of an economy is given as: S= -40+0.4Y, then MPC is: (1)
(a)1 (c) 0.4(b) 0.6 (d) None of these
5. At equilibrium level: (1) (a) Consumption=Investment (c) Consumption=Saving (b) Saving=Investment (d) Aggregate Demand=Saving 1. Name any two components of ‘aggregate demand’. (1) 2.Define the term multiplier. How do we measure it? (1) 3.Give the meaning of involuntary unemployment. (1) 4.What do you understand by ex-post saving and ex-post investment? (1) 5.What can be minimum and maximum value of multiplier? (1)
1. S = – 100 + 0.2 Y is the saving function in an economy. Investment expenditure is 5,000. Calculate the equilibrium level of income. (3)
2. Explain the changes that take place when aggregate demand and aggregate supply are not equal. (3)
3. In an economy investment increases from 300 to 500. As a result of this equilibrium (3)
4. level of income increases by 2000. Calculate the marginal propensity to consume. 5. If in an economy saving function is given by S = (-) 50 + 0.2 Y and Y = 2000 crores;
consumption expenditure for the economy would be 1,650 crores and the autonomous investment is 50 crores and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8. True or False? Justify your answer with proper calculations. (3)
6. Give the meaning of : (3) (a) Full employment, (b) Autonomous investment
7. What is ‘inflationary gap’? Explain the role of Cash Reserve Ratio in removing this gap. (4)
8. Explain the meaning of deflationary gap with the help of a diagram. Explain the role of ‘Margin Requirements’ in removing this gap. (4)
9. “Economists are generally concerned about the rising Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)
in an economy”. Explain why? (4) 10. What is the relationship between: (4)
(a) Marginal propensity to save and marginal propensity to consume. (b) Marginal propensity to save and investment multiplier
11. What is the relationship between (4) a) Average propensity to consume and average propensity to save. b) Marginal propensity to consume and investment multiplier
12. Explain how the economy achieves equilibrium level of income using Savings-Investment (S-I) approach. Also explain what will happen if equilibrium condition is not fulfilled. (6)
13. Derive a straight line saving curve using the following consumption function: C =20+0.6Y.Presuming the income levels to be 100, 200 and 300 crores. Also calculate that level of income where consumption is equal to income. (6)
14. Explain the concept of inflationary gap with the help of diagram. Also explain four monetary measures to check the inflationary gap. (6)
15. How is the equilibrium level of income attained through AD and AS approach? If in an economy planned spending is greater than planned output, Explain all the changes that will take place in the economy. (6)
16. Explain the role of government budget in fighting inflationary and deflationary tendencies.(6)
17. With the help of numerical examples, show that in an economy, as income increases APC decreases, if C=100+0.5Y. (6)
18. Draw a straight line consumption curve. From it derive a saving curve. Explain the process of derivation and also show the points (6)
(a) The points at which APC is equal to ONE(b) Any point at which APS is NEGATIVE
19. An increase of Rs. 250 crore in investment in an economy, resulted in total increase in income of Rs. 1000 crore. Calculate the following: (6)
(a) MPC, (b) MPS (c) Multiplier
20. In an economy S= -50+0.5Y and investment expenditure is Rs.7000 calculate the following (6)
(a) Equilibrium level of National Income(b) Consumption expenditure at equilibrium level(c) Value of multiplier
1.Give the meaning of government budget. (1)2.Give the meaning of tax revenue. (1)3.Define a direct tax.Give two examples of direct tax. (1)4.Define indirect tax.Give two examples of indirect taxes. (1)5.Give two examples of non tax revenue receipts. (1)6.Give two examples of capital receipts of the government receipt. (1)7.What is meant by planned expenditure? (1)8.What is meant by fiscal deficit in a government budget? (1)9.Define revenue deficit in a government budget. (1)10.Name the two ways in which budgetary deficit is financed. (1)11.Define primary deficit. (1)12.What is a surplus budget? (1)
13.A government budget shows a primary deficit of Rs.4400 crores.The revenue expenditure on interest payment is Rs.400 crore .How much is the fiscal deficit? (1)14.Why is payment of interest is a revenue expenditure? (1)15.How is disinvestment by the government a capital receipt? (1)16. State any three objectives of a government budget.. (3)17. Distinguish between revenue receipts and capital receipts in a government budget? Give two examples of each.
(3)18. Distinguish between direct and indirect taxes .Give two examples of each. (3)19. Distinguish between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure in a government budget. Give two examples of each.
(3).20.Explain the term development and non-development expenditure of government. Give two examples of each. (3).21.What is the basis of classifying government expenditure into: Plan expenditure and non-plan expenditure?
(3)22.How is surplus budget used to reduce surplus demand? (3)23.What is meant by revenue deficit? What are the implications of this deficit? (4)24.What is meant by fiscal deficit? What are the implications of this deficit? (4)25. Direct taxes are progressive in nature while indirect taxes are regressive. Justify the statement. (4)26.Calculate Revenue deficit, Fiscal deficit and Primary Deficit from the following data: (4)Items (Rs. In crore)(i).Revenue expenditure 22,250(ii).Capital expenditure 28,000(iii).Revenue receipts 17,750(iv).Capital receipts (net of borrowing) 20,000(v).Interest payments 5,000(vi).Borrowings 12,50027.Finance minister has announced that steps would be taken to rationalise the subsidies which presently dominate the economy of the nation. What is the economic value of this statement? (4)28. Briefly describe how the government budget contributes to the process of growth and stability. (4)29.Giving reasons categorise the following into revenue receipt and capital receipt: (6)(i).Recovery of loans (ii).Corporation tax.(iii).Dividends on investments made by government30.Giving reasons categorise the followings into revenue expenditure and capital (6) expenditure:(i).Subsidies
(ii).Grants given to state governments(iii).Repayments of loans
Unit-IX BALANCE OF PAYMENT1.Define foreign exchange. (1)2.What is meant by foreign exchange rate? (1)3.What is fixed exchange rate? (1)4.What is meant by flexible exchange rate? (1)5.Name two sources of demand for foreign exchange. (1)6.Name two sources of supply of foreign exchange. (1)7.What is meant by currency appreciation? (1)8.What is meant by currency depriciation? (1)9.What do you mean by Balance Of Trade (BOT)? (1)10.When is there a deficit in Balance Of Trade? (1)11.What is meant by Balance of Payment (BOP)? (1)12.What is meant by disequilibrium in BOP? (1)13.Should a current account deficit be a cause for alarm? Explain. (1)14.What does a deficit in balance of trade account indicate? (1)15.Name two items relating to Current account BOP? (1)16.Explain the effect of appreciation of domestic currency on exports. (3)17.What is depreciation of ruppe?What is its likely impact on Indian imports and how? (3)18.Differentiate between devaluation and depreciation. (3)19. Explain how foreign exchange rate is determined in a foreign exchange market? Use diagrame. (3)20.Distinguish between Balance of Trade and Balance of payment. (3)21. Distinguish between current account and capital account of BOP. State two components of each. (4)22.Make a distinction between accommodating and autonomous items in BOP. (4)23.What is meant by visible and invisible items in balance of Payments account? Give two examples of invisible items. (4)24.How does decrease in FDI in India act as a supply shock of foreign exchange? (4)25. Distinguish between the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate.If you were to decide whether to buy domestic goods or foreign goods, which rate would be more relevant? (4)26. There is a decrease in the global crude oil prices. What effect it will have on the Current Account Deficit (CAD)? (4)27.Giving reasons explain the relation between foreign exchange rate and demand for foreign exchange. (4)28.Explain any three causes of disequilibrium in Balance Of Payment (BOP). (6)29.Indian investors lend abroad .Answer the following questions: (6)(a).In which sub account and on which side of the BOP account such lending is recorded? Give reasons.(b).Explain the impact of this lending on market exchange rate.30. Indian investors borrow from abroad. Answer the following: (6)
(a).In which sub-account and on which side of the BOP account will this borrowing be recorded? Give reasons.(b).Explain what is the impact of this borrowing on exchange rate.
CLASS XII (ECONOMICS)Projects are assigned
ROLL NO. Student's Name
Choose any one of given two project
1 Aastha Karki 1. Credit Creation by commercial banks. 2. Goods and Services tax (GST)
2 Ambika 1. Production Possibility curve (PPC) 2. Jan Dhan Yojana
3 Gunjan Pujara 1. National Income Accounting. 2. Growth of small scale industry in India
4 Jyoti Kumari
1. Opportunity cost. 2. Make in India- Reviving India's Manufacturing capacity.
5 Kumari Priyanka 1. Production -Returns to a factor. 2. Disinvestment Policy.
6 Kumari Sapna 1. Consumer's Equilibrium : Utility analysis. 2. Foreign Debt.7 Lata Dhami 1.Consumer's Equilibrium : Indefference curve analysis. 2. Foreign exchange.8 Manshi Bohra 1. Determination of Income : Short run Equilibrium. 2. Demonetisation in India.
9 Manisha Dhami 1. Demand and its determinants. 2. The Role of SEBI : An Analysis. 10 Punam 1. Problem of Deficient Demand And Excess Demand. 2. Direct Tax : An Analysis.11 Priya Dhami 1. Supply and its determinants. 2. Inclusive Growth strategy.
12 Seetal Gobari 1. Oligopoly. 2. Health Expenditure of Uttrakhand.13 Tanuja Rana 1. Producer's Equilibrium. 2. Role of Service Sector in Indian Economy.14 Yachana Basera 1. Government Budget and the Economy. 2. Role of Primary sector in India.15 Bhawesh Pant 1. Balance of payments. 2. Role of Secondary Sector in Indian Economy.
16 Dhiraj Chand1. National Income : Expenditure Method. 2. Growth of Large scale industry in India
17 Gopesh Chand 1.National income : income method. 2. Human development index.18 Himanshu Singh 1. Investment multiplier. 2. Disinvestment policy
19 Kartikey Singh1. Forms of Market : Perfect competition Market. 2. Goods and Services Tax : an analysis
20 Kishor Singh 1. Price elasticity of demand 2. Digital Transaction : an analysis.21 Mukesh Singh Mehta 1. An analysis of shifts in demand and supply 2. SEZ : An Engine of economic growth
23 P.Singh Yadav 1. The central bank and its functions 2. World bank.24 Pankaj Singh 1. Production - Returns to a factor 2. OPEC - an analysis25 Rahul Singh 1. Cost function and cost curves. 2. WTO - an analysis
26 Saurab Giri 1. Monopolistic competition. 2. An analysis of economic crisis during 2008-09
27 Shubham Bisht1. Commercial Banks and its functions 2. An enquiry into the monopoly market structure
Prepare Project Work as per the guidelines issued by the CBSE.
CHAPTER WISE QUESTIONS BASED ON LAST FIVE YEARS CBSE QUESTION PAPER.CHAPTER 1. REPRODUCTION: 1.YEAR : 2010-111. Mention the unique flower phenomenon exhibited by Strobilanthus kunthiana? (1)2. a. State the difference between meiocyte and gamete with respect to chromosomeNumber?(2)b. Why is a Whiptail lizard referred to as parthenogenesis? (2)2.YEAR 2011 -12 1. Define a clone? (1)2. Name the plant that produces flowers once in 50 years?3. YEAR 2012 -13 1. A male honey bee has 16 chromosome where its female has 32 chromosome. Give one reason? (1)2. As a senior biology student you have been asked to demonstrate to the students of secondary level in your school, the procedure(s) that shall ensure cross-pollination in a hermaphrodite flower. List the different steps that you would suggest and provide reasons for each one of them? (5)4.YEAR 2013-2014 1. The cell division involved in gamete formation is not of the same type in different organisms. Justify? (2)2. Distinguish estrous cycle from menstrual cycle? (1)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. In a developing embryo, analyse the consequence if cell division are not followed by cell differentiation?2CHAPTER: 2 REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS:1.YEAR : 2010-111. Where is sporopollenin present in plants? State its significance with reference to its chemical nature? (2)2. How does the megaspore mother cell develop in 7-celled, 8- nucleate embryo sac in an angiosperm? Draw a labeled diagram of a mature embryo sac? (5)2.YEAR – 2011 -12 1. What is the advantage of vegetative propogation? (3)2. Give the characteristics of wind pollinated flowers? (2)3. YEAR 2012 -13 1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the various stages in the development of a microspore?(2)2. Bring out the difference between chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers? ( 2)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. Draw a diagram of a section of a megasporangium of an angiosperm and label funiculus,micropyle, embryosac and nucellus. (3)
2. Name the organic material exine of the pollen grain is made up of. How is this material advantageous to pollen grain? (2)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. Still it is observed that it does not form a continuous layer around the pollen grain. Give reason. (3)2.How are ‘pollen banks’ useful?3. CHAPTER: 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION 1.YEAR 2010- 11 1. Explain the ovarian events in human female? (5)2.YEAR 2011-121. Write the location and function of the sertoli cells in human. (1)2. Explain outbreeding devices. (2)3.YEAR 2012-131. Write the function of each one of the following: (3) a. Fimbriae b. coleoptiles c. oxytocin4.YEAR 2013-14 1. (a) Explain the menstrual phase in a human female. State the levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones during this phase.(b) Why is follicular phase in the menstrual cycle also referred as proliferative phase?Explain. (5)5.YEAR 2014-15 1.Explain the events that occur in a graffian follicle at the time of ovulation and thereafter.2.Draw a graffian follicle and label antrum and secondary oocyte.(3)CHAPTER: 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 1.YEAR 2010-111. A couple is eager to know the sex of the unborn child. What diagnostic technique will you suggest? What social abuse is associated with the application of this technique? (2)2. Bring about the main differences between CuT and LNG-20? (1)2.YEAR 2011-121. Mention the problems that are taken care of by Reproduction and Child Health Careprogramme. (3)3.YEAR 2012-13 1. What is amniocentesis and why there is statutory ban on it? (3)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. A large number of married couples the world over are childless. It is shocking to knowthat in India the female partner is often blamed for the couple being childless.(3)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. Suggest and explain any three assisted reproductive technologies to an infertile couples.(3)CHAPTER: 5 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE:1.YEAR 2010-20111. A garden pea plant produced inflated yellow pod and another plant of the same speciesproduced constricted green pods. Identify the dominant traits. (1)2. Name the cross which is having phenotype and genotype ratio are similar. Work out the cross with suitable example(3)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. What is the inheritance pattern observed in the size of starch grains and seed shape ofpisum sativum? Work out the monohybrid cross showing the above traits. How does this pattern of inheritance deviate from that of mendelian law of dominance? (5)3.YEAR 2012-13 1. What is the sex and the condition of sex chromosome in an individual with Turnerssyndrome? (2)2. Differentiate between dominance and co dominance. (2)3. What is a test cross? How can it decipher the heterozygosity of plant? (3)4.YEAR 2013-131. The egg of an animal contains 10 chromosomes, of which one is X chromosome. Howmany autosomes would there be in the karyotype of this animal. (1)2. Explain the ABO blood group with suitable examples (3)5.YEAR 2014-151. Why Mendel selected the pea plant in his experiment? (3)2. Explain the sex determination in human? How it different from birds. (3)CHAPTER : 6MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE:1.YEAR 2010-111. Draw neat labeled sketch of a replicating fork of DNA (2)2. Following are the features of genetic codes. What does each one indicate? (2)Stop codon: Unambiguous codon; Degenerate codon; Universal codon.2.YEAR 2011-121. It is established that RNA is the first genetic material. Explain giving reasons. (3)3.YEAR 2012-131. a. Name the enzyme responsible for the transcription of tRNA and the amino acid theinitiator tRNA gets linked with.b. Explain the role of initiator tRNA in intiation of protein synthesis. (3)4.YEAR 2013-141. Describe meselson and stahl’s experiment that was carried in 1958 on E.coli .Write the conclusion they arrived at after the experiment.
(a) Describe the process of transcription in bacteria. (5)(b) Explain the processing the hnRNA needs to undergo before becoming functionalmRNA in eukaryotes5.YEAR 2014-151. How did Griffith explain the transformation principle with example of virulent and nonvirulent bacteria. (5)CHAPTER: 7 EVOLUTION1.YEAR 2010-111. Describe the Millers experiment with labeled diagram? (3)2.Year 2011-121. Write the similarity between the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat. What do youinfer from the above with reference to evolution. (1)2. State the theory of Biogenesis. How does Miller experiment support this theory? (3)3.YEAR 2012-131.’’Sweat potato tubers and potato tubers are the result of convergent evolution.”Justifythe statement. (2)2.DDT was known to be highly effective insecticide in the past. Why did it not wipe out allmosquito population. (3)4.Year 2013-141. Write the two key concept of Darwin theory? (2)2. What is convergent evolution? (1)5.YEAR 2014-151. In England during the post industrialised period the count of melanic moths increased inurban areas but remained low in rural areas, Explain. (5)CHAPTER8: HUMAN HEALTH AND DISASES:1.YEAR 2010-111. How does smoking tobacco in human lead tooxygen deficiency in their body? (1)2. a. High light the role of thymus asa lymphoid organ.b. Name the cells that are releasedfrom the above mentioned gland. Mention how they help in immunity . (2)2.YEAR 2011-121.Name the plant source of the drug popularly called smack. How does it effect the body ofthe abuser. (2)2. It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chicken-pox in theirchildhood may not contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons thebasis of such an immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity. (3)3. what are interferons? Mention their role.3.YEAR 2012-131 a. Name the protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery in human.b. Mention two diagnostic symptoms of the disease. c. How is this disease transmitted to others. (2)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. Draw the flow chart of malarial parasite life cycle and labell all the transmissions? (3)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. Differentiate between two types of cancer? (2)Write the diagnostic methods to detect cancer. (3)CHAPTER: 9 MICROBES IN HUMANWELFARE1.YEAR 2010-111. Why is rhizobium categorized as a symbiotic bacterium. How does it act as a biofertiliser?2. Name the microbe which is responsible for produce statin (1)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. Name the two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage water.Explain their role in cleaning sewage water into usable water. (3)3.YEAR 2012-131. Hoe does starter added to milk help it to set into curd? (2)2. Name the methods of STP.(1)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. What are flocs? When is Ganga Action plan started? (2)2. Give the significance of biofertilisers. (2)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. Explain the role of bacculovirus as biological control agents. Mention their importance in organic farming.CHAPTER: 10. STRATEGIES IN FOOD PRODUCTION1.YEAR 2010-111. Name the following:a. The semi dwarf variety of wheat which is high yielding and disease resistant. b. Any one inter-specific hybrid mammals. (1)2.Mention the role of ‘genetic mother’ in MOET. (1)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. Mention two advantages of micro propagation. (3)Give two examples where it is commercially adopted. (3)3.YEAR 2012-13 1.How do organic farmers control pests? Give two examples. (3)2.State the difference in their approach from that of conventional pest control methods. (2)
4.YEAR 2013-14 1. Enumerate in sequential order the 4 steps that a plant breeder should follow to obtain adiease resistant crop (3)2. What is interspecific hybridization. (2)5.YEAR 2014-151. What is single cell protein? What is the significance of such a protein? (3)CHAPTER 11. PRINCIPLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY1.YEAR 2010-111. Explain the work carried out by cohen and boyer that contribute immensely in biotechnology? (2)2. Draw a schematic sketch of pBR 322 plasmid and label the following in it.a. any two restriction siteb. ori and rop genesc. an antibiotic resistant gene (3)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. Suggest four important steps to produce a disease resistant plant through conventionalName a genus of baculovirus. Why are they considered good biocontrol agents? (3)2. While doing a PCR denaturation step is missed, what will be its effect on the process?(2)3.YEAR 2012-13 1. Diagrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing a humangene into bacterium like E.coli? (5)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. For which variety of Indian rice patent was filed by a USA company? (1)2. Name the insect pest that is killed by the products of cryIAc gene? (2)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. What does competent refer to in competent cells used in transformation? (3)2. What is meant by gene cloning? (1)CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION 1.YEAR 2010-111. a. State the DNA ligase in biotechnology. (1)b. what happens when meloidegyne incognitia consumes cells with RNAi gene? (2)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. Name the genes responsible for making Bt cotton plants resistant to bollworm attack.2.How do such plants attain resistant against bollworm attacks.explain (3)3.YEAR 2012-13 1.What do ‘Y’ and ‘B’ stand for in ‘YAC’ and BAC’ used in Human Genome Project (HGP).Mention their role in the project. (3)2. Expand ELSI. Write the main two methods od HGP. (3)4.YEAR 2013-14 1.Write the percentage of the total human genome that codes for proteins and the(3) percentage of discovered genes whose functions are known as observed during HGP.5.YEAR 2014-151. What is ADH. Explain treatment to cure the deficiency? (3)2. How did Eli Lilly synthesise the human insulin? (2)CHAPTER: 13 ORGANISM AND POPULATION. 1.YEAR 2010-111. An orchid plant is growing on the branch of mango tree. How do you describe this interaction between the orchid and the mango tree? (2)2. Why do predators avid eating Monarch butterfly? How does the butterfly developthis protective feature? 2.YEAR 2011-12 1. What is Allens rule? (1)2. Nature hasa carring capacity for a species. Explain (3)3.YEAR 2012-13 1. Explain the three basic types of interspecific interaction. (3)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. (a) Name the two growth models that represent population growth and draw therespective growth curves they represent.(b) State the basis for the difference in the shape of these curves.(c) Which one of the curves represent the human population growth at present? Do you think such a curve is sustainable? Give reason in support of your answer. (5)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. Explain the exponential growth model of a population with diagram and curve (3)CHAPTER: 14 ECOSYSTEM 1.YEAR 2010-111. Lichens is considered a good example of obligate mutualism. Explain. (3)2.YEAR2011-12 1. a. Explain the significance of ecological pyramids with the help of an example.b. Why are the pyramids referred to as ‘upright or ‘inverted’. (5)3.YEAR 2012-13 1. What is cry preservation? Give its one reason? (3)YEAR 2013-14 2. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession. Provide one example of each.4.YEAR 2013-14 1.Construct a grazing food chain and detritus food chain usinh the following,with five linkseach: Earthworm,bird,snake,vulture,grass,grasshopper,frog,decaying plant matter (1)2.a What is meant by ecological succession?Explain how it occurs.b. what properties distinguish a pioneer community from climax community. (3)
5.YEAR 2014-15 1. Differentiate between two different types of biomass with the help of one example ofeach (3)2. What is upright pyramid of biomass. (2)CHAPTER: 15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION. 1.YEAR 2010-111. Describe the process of decomposition of detritus. (5)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. Under what condition woild a particular stage in the process of succession revert back toan earlier stage? (1)2. Differentiate between insitunand exsitu conservation. (3)3.YEAR2012-13 1. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession. Provide one example of each.4.YEAR 2013-14 1. Name the alien fish species which is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in ourrivers. (2)2. What is hot spot. Give two examples. (3)5.YEAR 2014-15 1. What are sacred groves. Where are sacred groves found in India. Name any four . (3)2. What is cryopreservation? (1)CHAPTER :16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. 1.YEAR 2010-111. Explain biomagnification of DDT in an aquatic food chain. How does it effect the bird population. (3)2.YEAR 2011-12 1. Describe electrostatic precipitator along with a diagram? (5)3.YEAR 2012-13 1. What is eutrophication? (1)2. Explain the relationship between CFC’s and Ozone in the stratosphere (2)4.YEAR 2013-14 1. Why is it desirable to use unleaded petrol in vehicles fitted with catalytic converters?(2)2. Expand BOD?5.YEAR 2014-15 1. What is the rawmaterial of polyblend? (2)2. Eutrophication is the natural aging of a lake. Explain (3)EXTRA ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 1.Mention the role of ‘genetic mother’ in MOET. (1)2.What is biopiracy? (1)3.Mention two advantages for preferring CNG over diesel as an automobile fuel. (1)4.Write the probable differences in eating habits of Homo habilis and Homo erectus. (1)5.A Single pea plant in your kitchen garden produces pods with viable seeds, but the individual papaya plant does not. Explain. (2)6.Following are the features of genetic codes. What does each one indicate? (2)Stop codon: Unambiguous codon; Degenerate codon; Universal codon.7.Suggest four important steps to produce a disease resistant plant through conventionalName a genus of baculovirus. Why are they considered good biocontrol agents? (2)8.Explain the relationship between CFC’s and Ozone in the stratosphers (2)9.Why are sacred highly protected? (2)10.Name the organic material exine of the pollen grain is made up of. How is this materialadvantageous to pollen grain? (3)11.Still it is observed that it does not form a continuous layer around the pollen grain. Give reason. (3)12.How are ‘pollen banks’ useful? (3)13.Mention the problems that are taken care of by Reproduction and Child Health Careprogramme. (3)14.What is amniocentesis and why there is statutory ban on it? (3)15.What is a test cross? How can it decipher the heterozygosity of plant? (3)16.What do ‘Y’ and ‘B’ stand for in ‘YAC’ and BAC’ used in Human Genome Project (HGP). Mention their role in the project. (3)17.Write the percentage of the total human genome that codes for proteins and the (3)percentage of discovered genes whose functions are known as observed during HGP.18.Differentiate between homology and analogy. Give the example of each. (3)19.It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chicken-pox in their childhood may not contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons the basis of such an immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity. (3)20.what are interferons? Mention their role.21.Write the two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to promotion of micro propagation. (3)22.Mention two advantages of micro propagation. (3)23.Give two examples where it is commercially adopted. (3)24.How do organic farmers control pests? Give two examples. (3)25.State the difference in their approach from that of conventional pestcontrol methods.(3)26.Name the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322?Mention the role they play.(3
27.Why is the coding sequence of an enzyme B-galactosidase a preferred selectable to the ones named above? (3)28.Why must a cell b made ‘competent’ in biotechnology experiments? How does calcium ion help in doing so? (3)29.State the role of ‘biolistic gun’ in biotechnology experiments. (3)30.Explain enzyme-replacement therapy to treat adenosine deaminase deficiency. Mentiontwo disadvantages of this procedure. (3)31.Name and explain the type of interaction that exists in mycorrhizae and between cattle egret and cattle. 32.Differentiate between primary and secondary succession. Provide one example of each.
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