VII: Futures 22: Hedges, Speculation, and Arbitrage.

VII: Futures

22: Hedges, Speculation, and Arbitrage

Chapter 22: Hedges, Speculation, and Arbitrage © Oltheten & Waspi 2012

Futures

Hedge use futures to reduce risk on an existing

position Speculate

use futures to take on risk in the hope of making a profit

Arbitrage Use the difference between spot and futures

prices to generate risk-free profit


CUSE

Arbitrage

Shares of Discovery Café trade in the primary market (NYSE) and in the Champaign-Urbana Stock Exchange (CUSE).

DVC$100

CUSE$1.50

brokerage$1.50

brokerage


Arbitrage

Price range on the CUSE

$100NYSE

Arbitrage-free price range

Buy CUSE & sell NYSE

Buy NYSE & sell CUSE


Arbitrage

Price range on gold futures

Spot goldLow price

High price


Buy futures & sell spot

Buy spot & sell futures

http://www.certifiedcoins.com/goldpage/gold_ingot.jpg


Arbitrage

Gold Futures 1 year contract 1 c is 100 troy ounces Margin is $1,800 and $1000 per contract

Spot Gold is trading at $370/ounce


Arbitrage

Price range on gold futures

Spot gold$370

$340 $400






Arbitrage:

Buy spot; sell futures Buy spot at $370/ounce Sell futures at $400/ ounce Profit: $30/ounce (minus a few costs of carry)

Chapter 22: Hedges, Speculation, and Arbitrage

Arbitrage

October 2011

Buy 100 ounces gold @$370/oz

storage & insurance

Sell 1 October 08 gold contract @ $400/oz Initial Margin

Borrow at 5% for 12 months

Initial Investment

October 2012

Deliver gold @ $400 contracted priceMargin returned

Repay loan Principal

interest

Arbitrage Profit

© Oltheten & Waspi 2012


Arbitrage

October 2011

Buy 100 ounces gold @$370/oz

storage & insurance

Sell 1 October 07 gold contract @ $X/oz Initial Margin

Borrow at 5% for 12 months

Initial Investment

October 2012

Deliver gold at contracted price $XMargin returned

Repay loan Principal

interest

Arbitrage Profit



Arbitrage

Spot gold$370

$340






Arbitrage

October 2011

Short Sell 100 ounces gold @$370/oz

borrowing fee

Buy 1 October 08 gold contract @ $340/oz Initial Margin

Invest at 5% for 12 months

Initial Investment

October 2012

Take delivery of the gold @ $340 contracted price Margin returned

Cash in investment Principal

interest

Arbitrage Profit



Arbitrage

October 2011

Short Sell 100 ounces gold @$370/oz

borrowing fee

Buy 1 October 07 gold contract @ $X/oz Initial Margin

Invest at 5% for 12 months

Initial Investment

October 2012

Take delivery of the gold @ $X contracted price Margin returned

Cash in investment Principal

interest

Arbitrage Profit



Arbitrage

Spot gold$370






Futures

Hedge use futures to reduce risk on an existing

position Speculate

use futures to take on risk in the hope of making a profit

Arbitrage Use the difference between spot and futures

prices to generate risk-free profit


Speculation Susan

50,000 bushels of soybeans costs $210,000.

The price of soybeans is going up

$

$$$50,000 bushels in soybeans

futures costs $8100.


Speculation

420

431

-$40,000

-$30,000

-$20,000

-$10,000

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

360 380 400 420 440 460 480

Price (Soybeans Spot)

Profi

t

Soybean Futures

Soybeans


179.01%

9.52%431

-500%

-400%

-300%

-200%

-100%

0%

100%

200%

300%

400 410 420 430 440 450 460

Price (Soybeans Spot)

Retu

rn

Soybean Futures

Soybeans

9.52%1$210,000$230,000

179.01%$8,100

$14,500

Speculation


Speculation & Leverage

Susan Speculates Futures contracts

Pays $8,100 for the contract Earns profit on $215,500 worth of soybeans

Soybeans Earns profit on $210,000 worth of soybeans Pays $210,000


Speculation

Let’s really speculate.Let’s use derivatives


Derivative Securities

A derivative is a financial instrument whose underlying security is another financial instrument. Soybean Futures

The underlying security is soybeans. Soybeans are real so soybean futures are NOT Derivatives


Derivatives

Shares of Exxon Mobil The underlying security is Exxon Mobil. Exxon Mobile

is real so Exxon Mobile shares are NOT Derivatives.

Exxon Mobil100

Shares

Exxon Mobil


Derivatives

Exxon Mobile Stock Options The security underlying the option is a share of Exxon

Mobile. Shares are financial instruments; the options on the shares are derivatives.

Exxon Mobil100

Shares

Exxon Mobil

OPTION

100Shares

Exxon Mobil


Derivatives

Mutual Funds The security underlying the mutual fund unit is shares

of Exxon Mobile, etc. The Mutual Fund is a derivative security.

100Shares

Exxon Mobil

EquityMutualFund

1 Unit

100Shares

General Motors100

Shares

JP Morgan

100Shares

Illinois Water


Speculating with Interest Rate Futures

Speculation on interest rates is easier in the futures market than in the spot market. It is as easy to sell as to buy Investments are leveraged


Speculating with Interest Rate Futures

Example: Interest rates are 6% You expect them to decline to 5% within 6

months You have $1,000,000 with which to speculate

Strategy A – buy bonds Strategy B – buy interest rate futures


Buy $1m 20 year 6% T-bonds @100-00 -$1,000,000

Strategy A: Buy T-Bonds


Buy $1m 20 year 8% T-bonds @100-00 -$1,000,000

Six months later I am right7%

I am wrong9%

Coupon [$1,000,000 * .06 * ½] +$30,000. +$30,000.

Sell 19½ year 6% T-Bonds at 5% [112:12] +$1,123,750.

Sell 19½ year 6% T-Bonds at 7% [89:14] +$894,375.

Final Market Value $1,153,750. $924,375.

Rate of Return (over six months) +15.375% -7.5625%

LJ

Strategy A: Buy T-Bonds


T-Bond Futures

The T-Bond future is defined as a contract to deliver the equivalent of a $100,000 20 year 6% T-Bond

Initial margin is $2,500 per contract


Buy 400 6 month T-Bond Futures @ 100-00[-$40,000,000] margin:

-$1,000,000

Strategy B: T-Bond Futures


Buy 400 6 month T-Bond Futures @ 100-00[-$40,000,000]

margin: -$1,000,000

Six months later I am right5%

I am wrong7%

Sell 400 T-Bond futures @ 5% [112:12]Profit:

Margin:

Sell 400 T-Bond futures @ 9% [89:31]Profit:

Margin:

Rate of Return (over six months)

LJ

Strategy B: T-Bond Futures

Futures III

Date post:	31-Mar-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	georgia-alvarez
View:	220 times
Download:	0 times

VII: Futures 22: Hedges, Speculation, and Arbitrage.

Documents