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VIII Trilateral Committee MeetingVIII Trilateral Committee MeetingInvasive Species as a Trilateral ChallengeInvasive Species as a Trilateral Challenge
AlbuquerqueAlbuquerque
April 29April 29, 2003, 2003
Jorge Soberón, Laura Arriaga, Elizabeth Moreno, Jorge Soberón, Laura Arriaga, Elizabeth Moreno, and Jesús Alarcónand Jesús Alarcón
TThe possible expansion of he possible expansion of the cactus moth, the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorumCactoblastis cactorum,, in the USA and Mexico in the USA and Mexico
Response Actions of the Ministry of Agriculture (SAGARPA) Response Actions of the Ministry of Agriculture (SAGARPA)
2003 2003 Contigency Program to Contigency Program to AAvoid the Introduction of void the Introduction of Cactoblastis Cactoblastis cactorumcactorum
Includes 20 Mexican states and the corridors between Tamaulipas Includes 20 Mexican states and the corridors between Tamaulipas and the Peninsula of Yucatán. More productive states and wild and the Peninsula of Yucatán. More productive states and wild plantations.plantations.
Training workshops (3) in collaboration with the State Governments Training workshops (3) in collaboration with the State Governments and State Committees for Plant Health and State Committees for Plant Health to ato aware of the problem and ware of the problem and learn learn techniques to identify the species and plant damage. techniques to identify the species and plant damage.
State State GGovernments have assigned overnments have assigned a a budget to prevent the budget to prevent the introduction of the speciesintroduction of the species..
Project with the Atomic Energy AgencyProject with the Atomic Energy Agency. Includes training workshops . Includes training workshops with Drs. Zimmermann and Blum.with Drs. Zimmermann and Blum.
Policies and regulations: Policies and regulations: “Dispositivo Nacional de Emergencia”“Dispositivo Nacional de Emergencia”
Imports of cactus pear from the USA have been eliminatedImports of cactus pear from the USA have been eliminated..
General Direction of Plant HealthGeneral Direction of Plant Health
Opuntia amyclaea
Opuntia atrispina
Opuntia atropes
Opuntia azurea
Opuntia bensonii
Opuntia bravoana
Opuntia cantabrigiensis
Opuntia decumbens
Opuntia depressa
Opuntia durangensis
Opuntia excelsa
Opuntia fuliginosa
Opuntia guilanchi
The analysis included 63 species of The analysis included 63 species of Opuntia,Opuntia, distributed in Mexico and / or the USA distributed in Mexico and / or the USA
Opuntia huajuapensis
Opuntia hyptiacantha
Opuntia jaliscana
Opuntia joconostle
Opuntia lagunae
Opuntia lasiacantha
Opuntia leucotricha
Opuntia megacantha
Opuntia megarhiza
Opuntia neochrysacantha
Opuntia pilifera
Opuntia pubescens
Opuntia pycnacantha
Opuntia rastrera
Opuntia rileyi
Opuntia robusta
Opuntia spinulifera
Opuntia spraguei
Opuntia streptacantha
Opuntia tapona
Opuntia tehuantepecana
Opuntia tomentosa
Opuntia velutina
Opuntia wilcoxii
35 species with distribution only in Mexico
35 species with distribution only in Mexico
Opuntia hyptiacantha
Opuntia huajuapensis
Opuntia durangensis
Opuntia lasiacantha
Opuntia arbuscula
Opuntia arenaria
Opuntia erinacea
Opuntia fragilis
Opuntia humifusa
Opuntia pinkavae
Opuntia polyacantha
Opuntia pusilla
Sixteen species distribute only in the USA
Opuntia stricta
Opuntia strigil
Opuntia triacantha
Opuntia x basilaris
Opuntia x columbiana
Opuntia x curvispina
Opuntia x fosbergii
Opuntia x vaseyi
Opuntia erinacea
Opuntia stricta
Opuntia basilaris
Opuntia californica
Opuntia chlorotica
Opuntia dillenii
Opuntia engelmannii
Opuntia littoralis
Opuntia macrocentra
Opuntia macrorhiza
Opuntia microdasys
Opuntia oricola
Opuntia phaeacantha
Opuntia x occidentalis
Twelve species are shared between Mexico and the USA
Opuntia dillenii
Opuntia engelmannii
The 63 resulting maps were added to obtain the Opuntia hot spots.
Opuntia lagunaePhotos by Jon Rebman and George Lindsay
http://www.oceanoasis.org/fieldguide/opun-lag-sp.html
Ecological similarity areas for Ecological similarity areas for Cactoblastis cactorumCactoblastis cactorum
Mature larvaehttp://www.geocities.com/granacochinilla/fotos02.html
Sampling points in Argentina provided by SISampling points in Argentina provided by SI
Potential overlapping areas between the Opuntia and the moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in North America
Orange and yellow lines:Orange and yellow lines: Similar Similar ecological areas for the mothecological areas for the moth
Areas in blue:Areas in blue: Species Species accumulation of accumulation of OpuntiaOpuntia
ConclusionsConclusions
1.1. The cactus moth is a threat not only for the Mexican species The cactus moth is a threat not only for the Mexican species of of Opuntia,Opuntia, but also for the native species of USA. but also for the native species of USA.
2.2. Preventive actions are needed to be established by the USA Preventive actions are needed to be established by the USA government to avoid the dispersion of this invasive species to government to avoid the dispersion of this invasive species to Central and Western USA.Central and Western USA.
3.3. We would like to enhance the Department of InteriorWe would like to enhance the Department of Interior,, or the or the USA governmental agencies in charge of addressing the USA governmental agencies in charge of addressing the wildlife issueswildlife issues,, to promote and coordinate some preventive to promote and coordinate some preventive actions in collaboration with the Mexican agencies to avoid the actions in collaboration with the Mexican agencies to avoid the dispersion of the cactus moth. dispersion of the cactus moth.
Acknowledgements
Conabio Conabio would like to thankwould like to thank Drs. Salvador Arias, Héctor Drs. Salvador Arias, Héctor Hernández, Raúl Puente, Jon Rebman, and Ana Weitzman, Hernández, Raúl Puente, Jon Rebman, and Ana Weitzman, for providing their data, expertise, and specimens information.for providing their data, expertise, and specimens information. Dr. Townsend Peterson for providing digital covers for North Dr. Townsend Peterson for providing digital covers for North America.America.
Likewise, Likewise, 15 herbaria from the USA (15 herbaria from the USA (RSA, A, F, MICH, MO, DES, RSA, A, F, MICH, MO, DES,
NY, POM, LL, SD, CAS, ASU ,UNM ,US ,ARIZNY, POM, LL, SD, CAS, ASU ,UNM ,US ,ARIZ), and 24 Mexican ), and 24 Mexican HerbariaHerbaria ((CHAPA, CE-UNAM, HUAZ, CIIDIR, BCMEX, ENCB, FCME, CHAPA, CE-UNAM, HUAZ, CIIDIR, BCMEX, ENCB, FCME, HCIB, CICY, QMEX, XAL, UAT, UAS, UAMIZ, UADY, INIF, SLPM, HUMO, HCIB, CICY, QMEX, XAL, UAT, UAS, UAMIZ, UADY, INIF, SLPM, HUMO,
MODERN, ZEA, MEXU, INECOL-CRD, IEB, IBUGMODERN, ZEA, MEXU, INECOL-CRD, IEB, IBUG) ) providprovideded OpuntiaOpuntia specimens informationspecimens information compiled in the Mexican National compiled in the Mexican National Biodiversity Information System (SNIB) and through REMIB.Biodiversity Information System (SNIB) and through REMIB.