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VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani
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Page 1: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

VIKTOR EL·ÍK

University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague

The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani

Page 2: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Austria

Czechia

Ukr

aine

Poland

Hungary

·óka Romani

Page 3: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Austria

Czechia

Ukr

aine

Poland

Hungary

·óka Romani

SCSC

NCNC

Page 4: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

RR

R

R

R

R

R

VV

V

V

V

V

Page 5: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

RR

R

R

R

R

R

VV

V

V

V

V

SlovakHungarian

Page 6: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel system

u+ú

o+ó

á

i+í

e+é

ò+è

ü+ı

ö+Œ

a

u+ú

o+ó

á

i+í

e+é

ò+è

ü+ı

ö+Œ

a

·óka Romani Sók Hungarian

Page 7: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length

• correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs• length also in consonants: geminates• quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded

• Phonemics

Page 8: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length

• correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs• length also in consonants: geminates• quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded

• Phonemics

• independent of (the always initial) stress position• independent of position within word• restrictions on codas: some fricatives, almost no plosives, few clusters

• Phonotactics

Page 9: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla

ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév

Page 10: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla

ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

Page 11: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla

ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’

• Croatian

Page 12: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla

ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’

prósto ‘non-Rom’ < *prosto < C pro´st ‘simple’perníca ‘pillow’ < *pernica < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’

• Croatian

Page 13: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla

ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < *Poljako < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’

prósto ‘non-Rom’ < *prosto < C pro´st ‘simple’perníca ‘pillow’ < *pernica < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’

• Croatian

Page 14: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Lengthening

• Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position

bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálobokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle

• in monosyllables (in tonic position)

béng ‘devil’ < *bengkáj ‘where’ < *kaj

Page 15: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Lengthening

• Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position

bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálobokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle

• Compensatory • through contraction: V(V).vV > VV

-á 1SG.FUT < *-avadí ‘day’ < díve < *dives

sú ‘needle’ < *suvkólo ‘soft’ < *kovlo

• through monophthongization: V(V)v. > VV

• in monosyllables (in tonic position)

béng ‘devil’ < *bengkáj ‘where’ < *kaj

Page 16: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Polysyllables

• a) disyllables: no coda

• párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’

• báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’

• gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’• koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo

Page 17: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Polysyllables

• a) disyllables: no coda

• párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’

• b) polysyllables (>2): no coda & nucleus a

• báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’

• gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’• koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo

• barválo ‘rich’, bokh-ál-o ‘hungry’, guruv-án-o ‘beef’, am-ár-o ‘our’, gadÏ-ikán-o ‘non-Rom’

• dilino ‘silly’, ka‰uko ‘deaf’, ka‰t-un-o ‘wooden’

Page 18: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Polysyllables: cross-dialect

• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++

• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++

• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+

• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++

• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +

• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–

• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–

• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––

• -un- – + 0 – ––

• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–

• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++

Page 19: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Polysyllables: cross-dialect

• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++

• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++

• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+

• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++

• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +

• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–

• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–

• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––

• -un- – + 0 – ––

• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–

• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++

Page 20: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Polysyllables: cross-dialect

• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++

• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++

• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+

• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++

• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +

• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–

• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–

• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––

• -un- – + 0 – ––

• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–

• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++

Page 21: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Polysyllables: cross-dialect

• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++

• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++

• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+

• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++

• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +

• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–

• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–

• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––

• -un- – + 0 – ––

• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–

• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++

Page 22: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Monosyllables

• a) rhotic coda: lengthening

• kher ‘house’

• –

• bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’

• bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR

Page 23: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Monosyllables

• a) rhotic coda: lengthening

• kher ‘house’

• –

• b) other codas: no lengthening

• bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’

• bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR

• –• –• gój ‘intestine’• hév ‘hole’• vé‰ ‘forest’• béng ‘devil’

• mol ‘wine’, pral ‘brother’, Èhil ‘butter’ etc.• ãhon ‘moon’, lon ‘salt’, men ‘neck’ etc.• baj ‘sleeve’, muj ‘mouth’, roj ‘spoon’ etc.• dÏuv ‘louse’, gav ‘village’, jiv ‘snow’ etc.• mas ‘meat’, phus ‘straw’ etc.• bast ‘luck’, dand ‘tooth’ etc.

Page 24: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Monosyllables: cross-dialect

• kan ‘ear’ – – – + ––

• phen ‘sister’ – – – + ––

• bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0+

• baR ‘stone’ + – + – +–

• kher ‘house’ – + + + –+

• zor ‘power’ + + – + +–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• mol ‘wine’ – – – + +–

• khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – +

• ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – ––

• beng ‘devil’ + – – – ––

• jag ‘fire’ – – – – –+

• jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – +–

• nakh ‘nose’ – + – – ––

Page 25: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Monosyllables: cross-dialect

• kan ‘ear’ – – – + ––

• phen ‘sister’ – – – + ––

• bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0+

• baR ‘stone’ + – + – +–

• kher ‘house’ – + + + –+

• zor ‘power’ + + – + +–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• mol ‘wine’ – – – + +–

• khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – +

• ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – ––

• beng ‘devil’ + – – – ––

• jag ‘fire’ – – – – –+

• jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – +–

• nakh ‘nose’ – + – – ––

Page 26: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Monosyllables: cross-dialect

• kan ‘ear’ – – – + ––

• phen ‘sister’ – – – + ––

• bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0+

• baR ‘stone’ + – + – +–

• kher ‘house’ – + + + –+

• zor ‘power’ + + – + +–

·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• mol ‘wine’ – – – + +–

• khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – +

• ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – ––

• beng ‘devil’ + – – – ––

• jag ‘fire’ – – – – –+

• jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – +–

• nakh ‘nose’ – + – – ––

Page 27: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Hierarchies

• coda or following onset sonorant > obstruent > clusterrhotic > liquid > nasaldental, velar > labialvoiced > voiceless

• nucleus vowel quality low > other• number of syllables disyllabic > polysyllabic

• Phonetic

Page 28: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Hierarchies

• Phonetic

• function words: ój ‘s/he’, ón ‘they’, káj ‘where’• numerals: jék ‘one’, dúj ‘two’, trín ‘three’, pándÏ ‘five’

• Extraphonetic

• lexical frequency frequent > less frequent

• coda or following onset sonorant > obstruent > clusterrhotic > liquid > nasaldental, velar > labialvoiced > voiceless

• nucleus vowel quality low > other • number of syllables disyllabic > polysyllabic

Page 29: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Lexicalization

gada ‘shirts’ gáda ‘clothes’anglal ‘from the front of’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’

• Lexical split

Page 30: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

‰úÏo ‘clean’ > ‰úÏ-ón-e ‘cleanly’dél ‘God’ > déll-ór-o ‘Jesus’ > déll-ór-ikán-o ‘Jesus-like’báro ‘big’ > bárì-íl-e ‘they grew’

Lexicalization

• Hypoanalysis

gada ‘shirts’ gáda ‘clothes’anglal ‘from the front of’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’

• Lexical split

bokhálo ‘hungry’ > bokhal-íl-e ‘they got hungry’

Page 31: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Iconicity

• Adverbs

and-i ‘in, into’ angl-i ‘in front of’ tal ‘under’

and-ar ‘out of’ angl-al ‘from the front of’ tal-al ‘from under’

• Related prepositions

ánd-e ‘(to) inside’

ángl-altú ‘from the front’

tél-e ‘downwards’

tél-altú ‘from down’ándr-altú ‘from inside’

ándr-al ‘inside’ tél-al ‘down’

ángl-e ‘fore-’

ángl-al ‘in/to the front’

Page 32: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Morphologization

ha- ‘eat’ há-l-pi- ‘drink’ pí-l-mer- ‘die’ mú-l-per- ‘fall’ pé-l-dÏa- ‘go’ gé-l-prav- ‘open’ prá-d-av- ‘come’ á-l-ov- ‘be, become, bear’ ú-l-rov- ‘weep’ rú-n-sov- ‘sleep’ sú-t-

phír- ‘walk’ phír-d-merav- ‘cause to die’ mera-d-

• Perfective lengthening

Page 33: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

“Syntacticization”

• Head • Modifiero rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’

phuro rom ‘old man’tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’amare khera ‘our houses’

Page 34: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

“Syntacticization”

• Head • Modifiero rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’

phuro rom ‘old man’tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’amare khera ‘our houses’

mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’

somorúni daj ‘sad mum’térno rom ‘young man’

Page 35: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

“Syntacticization”

• Head • Modifiero rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’

phuro rom ‘old man’tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’amare khera ‘our houses’

mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’

somorúni daj ‘sad mum’térno rom ‘young man’

• phúro < *phúro < *phuro < *phuro• phuro rom < *phuro rom < *phuro rom < *phuro rom

phurÿ gjas o m�r‰ ‘the man grew old’ phurÿ m�r‰ ‘old man’

• Split stress > split length

Page 36: VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani.

Summary

*·óka

Hungarian

·óka

phonemicsword-level phonotactics

morphologization

phonological lengthening

lexicalization

universals


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