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VIKTOR EL·ÍK
University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague
The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani
Austria
Czechia
Ukr
aine
Poland
Hungary
·óka Romani
Austria
Czechia
Ukr
aine
Poland
Hungary
·óka Romani
SCSC
NCNC
RR
R
R
R
R
R
VV
V
V
V
V
RR
R
R
R
R
R
VV
V
V
V
V
SlovakHungarian
Vowel system
u+ú
o+ó
á
i+í
e+é
ò+è
ü+ı
ö+Œ
a
u+ú
o+ó
á
i+í
e+é
ò+è
ü+ı
ö+Œ
a
·óka Romani Sók Hungarian
Vowel length
• correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs• length also in consonants: geminates• quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded
• Phonemics
Vowel length
• correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs• length also in consonants: geminates• quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded
• Phonemics
• independent of (the always initial) stress position• independent of position within word• restrictions on codas: some fricatives, almost no plosives, few clusters
• Phonotactics
Vowel length in loans
• Hungarian
tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla
ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév
Vowel length in loans
• Hungarian
tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla
ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò
Vowel length in loans
• Hungarian
tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla
ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò
Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’
• Croatian
Vowel length in loans
• Hungarian
tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla
ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò
Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’
prósto ‘non-Rom’ < *prosto < C pro´st ‘simple’perníca ‘pillow’ < *pernica < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’
• Croatian
Vowel length in loans
• Hungarian
tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla
ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò
Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < *Poljako < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’
prósto ‘non-Rom’ < *prosto < C pro´st ‘simple’perníca ‘pillow’ < *pernica < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’
• Croatian
Lengthening
• Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position
bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálobokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle
• in monosyllables (in tonic position)
béng ‘devil’ < *bengkáj ‘where’ < *kaj
Lengthening
• Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position
bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálobokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle
• Compensatory • through contraction: V(V).vV > VV
-á 1SG.FUT < *-avadí ‘day’ < díve < *dives
sú ‘needle’ < *suvkólo ‘soft’ < *kovlo
• through monophthongization: V(V)v. > VV
• in monosyllables (in tonic position)
béng ‘devil’ < *bengkáj ‘where’ < *kaj
Polysyllables
• a) disyllables: no coda
• párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’
• báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’
• gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’• koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo
Polysyllables
• a) disyllables: no coda
• párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’
• b) polysyllables (>2): no coda & nucleus a
• báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’
• gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’• koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo
• barválo ‘rich’, bokh-ál-o ‘hungry’, guruv-án-o ‘beef’, am-ár-o ‘our’, gadÏ-ikán-o ‘non-Rom’
• dilino ‘silly’, ka‰uko ‘deaf’, ka‰t-un-o ‘wooden’
Polysyllables: cross-dialect
• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++
• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++
• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+
• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++
• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +
• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–
• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–
• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––
• -un- – + 0 – ––
• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–
• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++
Polysyllables: cross-dialect
• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++
• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++
• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+
• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++
• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +
• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–
• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–
• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––
• -un- – + 0 – ––
• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–
• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++
Polysyllables: cross-dialect
• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++
• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++
• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+
• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++
• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +
• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–
• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–
• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––
• -un- – + 0 – ––
• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–
• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++
Polysyllables: cross-dialect
• pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + ++
• phuro ‘old’ + + – + ++
• ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ±+
• kalo ‘black’ + + + + ++
• ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + +
• laãho ‘good’ + + – – +–
• terno ‘young’ + – + – ±–
• bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – –• -al- + + – – ––
• -un- – + 0 – ––
• ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0–
• ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• nevo ‘new’ + + + + ++
Monosyllables
• a) rhotic coda: lengthening
• kher ‘house’
• –
• bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’
• bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR
Monosyllables
• a) rhotic coda: lengthening
• kher ‘house’
• –
• b) other codas: no lengthening
• bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’
• bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR
• –• –• gój ‘intestine’• hév ‘hole’• vé‰ ‘forest’• béng ‘devil’
• mol ‘wine’, pral ‘brother’, Èhil ‘butter’ etc.• ãhon ‘moon’, lon ‘salt’, men ‘neck’ etc.• baj ‘sleeve’, muj ‘mouth’, roj ‘spoon’ etc.• dÏuv ‘louse’, gav ‘village’, jiv ‘snow’ etc.• mas ‘meat’, phus ‘straw’ etc.• bast ‘luck’, dand ‘tooth’ etc.
Monosyllables: cross-dialect
• kan ‘ear’ – – – + ––
• phen ‘sister’ – – – + ––
• bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0+
• baR ‘stone’ + – + – +–
• kher ‘house’ – + + + –+
• zor ‘power’ + + – + +–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• mol ‘wine’ – – – + +–
• khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – +
• ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – ––
• beng ‘devil’ + – – – ––
• jag ‘fire’ – – – – –+
• jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – +–
• nakh ‘nose’ – + – – ––
Monosyllables: cross-dialect
• kan ‘ear’ – – – + ––
• phen ‘sister’ – – – + ––
• bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0+
• baR ‘stone’ + – + – +–
• kher ‘house’ – + + + –+
• zor ‘power’ + + – + +–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• mol ‘wine’ – – – + +–
• khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – +
• ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – ––
• beng ‘devil’ + – – – ––
• jag ‘fire’ – – – – –+
• jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – +–
• nakh ‘nose’ – + – – ––
Monosyllables: cross-dialect
• kan ‘ear’ – – – + ––
• phen ‘sister’ – – – + ––
• bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0+
• baR ‘stone’ + – + – +–
• kher ‘house’ – + + + –+
• zor ‘power’ + + – + +–
·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian
• mol ‘wine’ – – – + +–
• khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – +
• ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – ––
• beng ‘devil’ + – – – ––
• jag ‘fire’ – – – – –+
• jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – +–
• nakh ‘nose’ – + – – ––
Hierarchies
• coda or following onset sonorant > obstruent > clusterrhotic > liquid > nasaldental, velar > labialvoiced > voiceless
• nucleus vowel quality low > other• number of syllables disyllabic > polysyllabic
• Phonetic
Hierarchies
• Phonetic
• function words: ój ‘s/he’, ón ‘they’, káj ‘where’• numerals: jék ‘one’, dúj ‘two’, trín ‘three’, pándÏ ‘five’
• Extraphonetic
• lexical frequency frequent > less frequent
• coda or following onset sonorant > obstruent > clusterrhotic > liquid > nasaldental, velar > labialvoiced > voiceless
• nucleus vowel quality low > other • number of syllables disyllabic > polysyllabic
Lexicalization
gada ‘shirts’ gáda ‘clothes’anglal ‘from the front of’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’
• Lexical split
‰úÏo ‘clean’ > ‰úÏ-ón-e ‘cleanly’dél ‘God’ > déll-ór-o ‘Jesus’ > déll-ór-ikán-o ‘Jesus-like’báro ‘big’ > bárì-íl-e ‘they grew’
Lexicalization
• Hypoanalysis
gada ‘shirts’ gáda ‘clothes’anglal ‘from the front of’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’
• Lexical split
bokhálo ‘hungry’ > bokhal-íl-e ‘they got hungry’
Iconicity
• Adverbs
and-i ‘in, into’ angl-i ‘in front of’ tal ‘under’
and-ar ‘out of’ angl-al ‘from the front of’ tal-al ‘from under’
• Related prepositions
ánd-e ‘(to) inside’
ángl-altú ‘from the front’
tél-e ‘downwards’
tél-altú ‘from down’ándr-altú ‘from inside’
ándr-al ‘inside’ tél-al ‘down’
ángl-e ‘fore-’
ángl-al ‘in/to the front’
Morphologization
ha- ‘eat’ há-l-pi- ‘drink’ pí-l-mer- ‘die’ mú-l-per- ‘fall’ pé-l-dÏa- ‘go’ gé-l-prav- ‘open’ prá-d-av- ‘come’ á-l-ov- ‘be, become, bear’ ú-l-rov- ‘weep’ rú-n-sov- ‘sleep’ sú-t-
phír- ‘walk’ phír-d-merav- ‘cause to die’ mera-d-
• Perfective lengthening
“Syntacticization”
• Head • Modifiero rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’
phuro rom ‘old man’tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’amare khera ‘our houses’
“Syntacticization”
• Head • Modifiero rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’
phuro rom ‘old man’tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’amare khera ‘our houses’
mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’
somorúni daj ‘sad mum’térno rom ‘young man’
“Syntacticization”
• Head • Modifiero rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’
phuro rom ‘old man’tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’amare khera ‘our houses’
mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’
somorúni daj ‘sad mum’térno rom ‘young man’
• phúro < *phúro < *phuro < *phuro• phuro rom < *phuro rom < *phuro rom < *phuro rom
phurÿ gjas o m�r‰ ‘the man grew old’ phurÿ m�r‰ ‘old man’
• Split stress > split length
Summary
*·óka
Hungarian
·óka
phonemicsword-level phonotactics
morphologization
phonological lengthening
lexicalization
universals