2010 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 3008-1457 Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, ormarital or family status. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Alan L. Grant, Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Interim Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Wondi Mersie, Interim Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg. VIRGINIA TECH ON-FARM SMALL GRAIN TEST PLOTS Eastern Virginia August 2010 A Summary of Replicated Research and Demonstration Plots Conducted by Virginia Cooperative Extension in Cooperation with Local Producers and Agribusinesses CONDUCTED AND SUMMARIZED BY: Keith Balderson, Extension Agent, Middle Peninsula David Moore, Extension Agent, Middle Peninsula Matt Lewis, Extension Agent, Northern Neck Watson Lawrence, Extension Agent, City of Chesapeake Scott Reiter, Extension Agent, Prince George County Glenn Chappell, Virginia State University Wade Thomason, Extension Grains Specialist, Virginia Tech FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY: VIRGINIA SMALL GRAINS BOARD
Transcript
2010 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 3008-1457
Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture cooperating. Alan L. Grant, Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Interim Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Wondi Mersie, Interim Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg.
VIRGINIA TECH ON-FARM SMALL GRAIN TEST PLOTS
Eastern Virginia August 2010
A Summary of Replicated Research and Demonstration Plots Conducted by Virginia Cooperative Extension in Cooperation with Local Producers and Agribusinesses
CONDUCTED AND SUMMARIZED BY: Keith Balderson, Extension Agent, Middle Peninsula David Moore, Extension Agent, Middle Peninsula Matt Lewis, Extension Agent, Northern Neck Watson Lawrence, Extension Agent, City of Chesapeake Scott Reiter, Extension Agent, Prince George County Glenn Chappell, Virginia State University
Wade Thomason, Extension Grains Specialist, Virginia Tech
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY: VIRGINIA SMALL GRAINS BOARD
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INTRODUCTION
The demonstration and research plot results discussed in this publication are a cooperative effort by five Virginia Cooperative Extension agents, an extension specialist from Virginia Tech, a faculty member from Virginia State University, area producers, and agribusinesses. We are proud to present this year’s on-farm small grain plot work to you. The 2009-10 small grain season was a tough one for producers. Wet conditions in the fall delayed planting in some cases. Continued wet conditions and cold conditions during the winter reduced root development and tillering and caused stand loss in many fields due to excessive soil moisture. Above normal temperatures and a lack of rain during the spring caused drought stress and reduced the grain fill period, resulting in reduced yields. There is some good news for small grain producers. With July 2011 wheat futures trading well over $6.00 per bushel and a new market for barley for ethanol, producers have an opportunity to make good profits on small grains during the upcoming season. We hope the information in this publication will help them do so. The field work and printing of this publication are supported by the Virginia Small Grains Check-Off Funds. The cooperators greatly acknowledge this support. Any small grain producer who would like a copy of this report should contact his/her local extension agent, who can request a copy from Keith Balderson in Essex County at 804-443-3551 or [email protected]. This is the eighteenth year of this multi-county project. Further work is planned for the upcoming growing season. The authors wish to thank the many producers who participated in this project. Appreciation is extended to the seed, chemical, and fertilizer representatives who donated products and/or assisted with the field work. DISCLAIMER: Trade and brand names are used only for educational purposes, and Virginia Cooperative Extension does not guarantee or warrant the standards of the product, nor does Virginia Cooperative Extension imply approval of the product to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable.
A. VARIETY SELECTION: Variety selection remains one of the most important components of small grain production production. In our barley variety plots, we evaluated three varieties across three locations. Price yielded 99 bushels per acre, Thoroughbred yielded 89 bushels per acre and the hulless variety Eve yielded 69 bushels per acre. Test weights were 54.4 lbs. per bushel for Eve, 45.5 lbs. per bushel for Price, and 45 lbs. per acre for Thoroughbred. In three wheat variety demonstration plots, top yielding varieties were Shirley (83 bushels per acre), Pioneer 26R22 (79 bushels per acre), and Dyna-Gro 9922 (75 bushels per acre.) Several varieties were only entered in 2 locations and not included in the summary. B. BARLEY SEEDING RATE DEPTH DEMONSTRATION: Little research has been conducted on barley seeding rates. In two demonstration plots, our low seeding rates of 18 or 20 seeds per row foot in 7.5 inch rows yielded about 3 bushels per acre lower than the highest seeding rate of 30 seeds per row foot. Surprisingly, the mid rate seeding rate of 22 or 25 seeds per row foot yielded lower in both cases. This was probably due to plot layout more than actual treatment. We believe that seeding 25 seeds per row in 7.5 inch rows for timely planted barley is probably sufficient. In a seeding depth demonstration, seeding at 1 inch deep was superior to seeding at .5-1 inch or 1.5-2 inches. Barley is more sensitive to deep of seeding than wheat. C. BARLEY FUNGICIDE TESTS: With better prices for barley and the loss of powdery mildew resistance in Thoroughbred, there is interest in applying fungicides to protect yield. We evaluated fungicides at 3 different locations. An application of Prosaro at heading did not increase yields, and an application of Tilt at flag leaf emergence also did not increase yields. We did get a 12 bushel yield response to Tilt and Warrior applied just prior to heading. All three plots were evaluated on Thoroughbred barley. D. TISSUE TESTING: We took 30 tissue tests this year to help growers diagnose production problems. Sulfur and manganese were the most common deficiencies with 8 samples indicating deficiencies of each nutrient. Sulfur deficiency is becoming more of a problem on sandy soils when we have excessive rainfall which causes leaching of sulfate. We are also getting less sulfur in rainfall deposition. Growers must be aware of the importance of this nutrient in producing high yielding small grains.
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2010 Westmoreland County Barley Variety Demonstration Test Plot Cooperators: Producer: Keith Balderson Extension: Keith Balderson, VCE Middle Peninsula Annah Latané, Summer Intern Agribusiness: Bill Scruggs, Osage Bio-Energy Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Kempsville fine sandy loam Planting Date: October 8, 2009 Seeding Rate: 25 seeds per row foot in 7.5-inch rows Tillage: No-till with stalks bush hogged Fertilizer: 30-80-80 at planting 80-0-0-10 March 8, 2010 Crop Protection: Gramoxone Burndown Finesse .4 oz. per acre on March 8, 2010 Treatment: Varieties Harvest Date: June 8, 2010 Variety Test Weight
lbs./bu. % Moisture Yield bu./A
@ 14.5% Thoroughbred 46.6 11.5 84.5 Price 48 12.4 97.7 Eve 54.1 12.8 65.3 Discussion: Barley yields were disappointing in much of the area during the 2009-10 growing season. Cold and wet conditions during the winter hindered root development. Above normal temperatures and below normal rainfall in April and May caused stress on the crop and reduced the grain fill period. Disease pressure in this plot was minimal. There was some net blotch in the Thoroughbred late. Price yielded well. It is slightly earlier than Thoroughbred and may not have been affected by the hot and dry conditions in April and May. Eve should have been planted thicker.
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2010 Middlesex Barley Variety Test Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Bill Gresham Albert Marshall Extension: David Moore, VCE Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Agribusiness: Virginia Crop Improvement Hundley Seed Company Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Slagle Silt Loam Planting Date: October 6, 2009 Fertilizer: 30-60-90 at planting 80-0-0 in March Crop Protection: Burndown Glyphosate 1 qt/A at planting 3/10 ounce of Finesse in March Check Variety: Thoroughbred Harvest Date: June 3, 2010
Treatment or Variety Test Weight % Moisture Yield Nomini (Deer Damage) 44.5 14.7 76.3 Thoroughbred 46.5 14.1 87.4 Price 47.5 13.8 98.1 Thoroughbred 46 14.2 83.4 Eve 56 14.8 52.7 Thoroughbred 45 14.1 73.2 Dan (Poor Stand) 56.5 19.0 41.8 Discussion: This was a strip trial plot with these barley varieties. Thoroughbred was used as a check in the plot for yield comparison. Thoroughbred was fairly consistent across the field with an average of 81.2 bushels. Nomini had considerable deer damage, which affected yield. It shows the importance of using "bearded" varieties in fields with potential deer pressure. Price topped the trial and did pretty well with test weight too. Hulless varieties have a ways to go to compete with yield. The high moisture for Dan variety is an indication of its later maturity and the fact that the stand was poor with high weed pressure. Test weights in this plot were not bad, but barley test weights overall in the area were disappointing. This was mainly due to the wet growing conditions followed by dry conditions at grain fill/maturity. Please consider this and other Virginia Tech barley production information for 2010-11.
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2010 Middlesex Barley Variety Test Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Montague Farms, Inc. Extension: David Moore, VCE-Middlesex Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Harry Behl, Virginia Tech Nathan Houff, Virginia Tech Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Kempsville Sandy Loam Planting Date: October 9, 2009 Fertilizer: 36-0-0-14s October 7, 2009 0-0-112 October 8, 2009 42-0-0-5s March 2, 2010 52-0-0-6s March 31, 2010 Crop Protection: 2.5 pt. Gramoxone Inteon October 2009 16.4 oz. Axial January 15, 2010 12 oz. 2,4-D January 15, 2010 0.8 oz. Harmony Extra January 15, 2010 1.25 oz. Karate January 15, 2010 4 oz. Folicur April 17, 2010 Harvest Date: June 7, 2010 Harvest Equipment: Kincaid Plot Combine Variety (lodge) Test Weight
Discussion: Dan was just about flat and Nomini was trampled by deer pressure which affected yield. Since Nomini is not “bearded”, this shows the importance of selecting a bearded/awned variety when you have potential deer pressure. Also notice the higher test weights in the hulless varieties; Dan and Eve. Use this and other Virginia Tech barley information when making barley production decisions for 2010-11.
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Summary of 2010 Barley Variety Plots
Average Test Weight (lbs./bu.)
Variety Westmoreland Middlesex 1 Middlesex 2 Average of All
Three Sites Eve 54.1 56 53 54.37 Price 48 47.5 41 45.50 Thoroughbred 46.6 45.8 42.5 44.97 Nomini 44.5 43 Dan 56.5 56 Average Yield bus./acre
Variety Westmoreland Middlesex 1 Middlesex 2 Average of All
Three Sites Price 97.7 98.1 100.4 98.73 Thoroughbred 84.5 81.3 102.6 89.47 Eve 65.3 52.7 90 69.33 Nomini 76.3 76.1 Dan 41.8 96.6
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2010 Barley Seeding Rate Test Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Keith Balderson Extension: Keith Balderson, VCE Middle Peninsula Annah Latané, Summer Intern Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Kempsville fine sandy loam Planting Date: October 8, 2009 Fertilizer: 30-80-80 at planting 80-0-0-10 March 8, 2010 Crop Protection: Gramoxone Burndown Finesse .4 oz. per acre on March 8, 2010 Treatment: Seeding rates of 20, 25, and 30 seeds per row foot Variety: Thoroughbred Harvest Date: June 8, 2010
Treatment Test Weight (lbs./bu.)
% Moisture Yield (bu./A @ 14.5%)
20 seeds per row foot 1 47.1 12.6 91.2 25 seeds per row foot 1 46.9 12 89.3 30 seeds per row foot 1 47.5 12 94.3 20 seeds per row foot 2 48.4 12.1 91.6 25 seeds per row foot 2 47.5 11.9 85.8 30 seeds per row foot 3 46.9 12 93.8 20 seeds per row foot ave. 47.8 12.3 91.4 25 seeds per row foot ave. 47.2 12 87.6 30 seeds per row foot ave. 47.2 12 94.0
Discussion: Very little research has been conducted on barley seeding rates. Many producers plant 3 bushels per acre. With increasing barley seed costs, there may be an opportunity to reduce seed costs. These results are somewhat confusing; however, they do seem to indicate that 20 seeds per row foot of Thoroughbred barley are adequate when planting on time and paying close attention to planting depth.
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2010 Barley Seeding Rate Demonstration Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Montague Farms Inc. Extension: David Moore, VCE-Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Harry Behl, Virginia Tech Nathan Houff, Virginia Tech Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Kempsville Fine Sandy Loam Planting Date: October 8, 2009 Fertilizer: 36-0-0-14s October 7, 2009 0-0-112 October 8, 2009 42-0-0-5s March 2, 2010 52-0-0-6s March 31, 2010 Crop Protection: Gramoxone Inteon 16.4 oz. Axial January 15, 2010 12 oz. 2,4-D January 15, 2010 0.8 oz. Harmony Extra January 15, 2010 1.25 oz. Karate January 15, 2010 4 oz. Folicur April 17, 2010 Harvest Date: June 7, 2010 Population/Tills(1-10) Test Weight
lbs./bu. % Moisture Yield bu./A
@14.5% 22 seeds/102 tillers 42 13.3 104.5 18 seeds/84 tillers 42 13.1 110.1 30 seeds/92 tillers 42.5 12.9 113.0 Discussion: Strange results. This is just one strip trial and is not replicated. Basically the lower population and the higher population yielded better than the medium population, which is what Montague was using. Most producers are using about 3 bags (144#) of seed per acre. I would suggest finding other population information and doing some trials on your own farm to make your final decisions about planting population.
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2010 Barley Seeding Depth Demonstration Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Montague Farms, Inc. Extension: David Moore, VCE-Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Harry Behl, Virginia Tech Nathan Houff, Virginia Tech Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Kempsville Fine Sandy Loam Planting Date: October 8, 2009 Variety: Thoroughbred Fertilizer: 36-0-0-14s October 7, 2009 0-0-112 October 8, 2009 42-0-0-5s March 2, 2010 52-0-0-6s March 31, 2010 Crop Protection: 2.5 pt. Gramoxone Inteon October 2009 16.4 oz. Axial January 15, 2010 12 oz. 2,4-D January 15, 2010 0.8 oz Harmony Extra January 15, 2010 1.25 oz. Karate January 15, 2010 4 oz. Folicur April 17, 2010 Harvest Date: June 7, 2010 Treatment or Variety Test Weight % Moisture Yield lbs./bu. bu./acre Depth 1 inch 43 13.5 104.3 Depth 1.5-2 inches 43 13.2 86.4 Depth .5-1 inch 42 12.6 97.5 Discussion: This one strip trial per planting depth is not replicated. Montague Farms was planting at 1-inch depth and we adjusted the planter as shallow as it would go and as deep as it would go and made two passes per setting. It seems, from this test that 1-inch deep is about right. During the wet fall and early winter, I would expect that deeper planting may have been more of a problem. I don’t think producers should be afraid to plant 1-1.5 inches deep in a no-till situation. Again, this is only one strip trial.
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2010 Barley Fungicide Test Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Jason Benton Extension: David Moore, VCE Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Suffolk Fine Sandy Loam Tillage: No-till Planting Date: October 8, 2009 Fertilizer: 25-50-90 at planting 40-0-0-6 February 25,2010 60-0-0-6 March 15, 2010 Crop Protection: Glyphosate Burndown Harmony in February Prosaro Fungicide April 15,2010 Treatment: Prosaro vs. No Prosaro Variety: Thoroughbred Harvest Date: June 1, 2010
Treatment Test Weight (lbs./bu.)
% Moisture Yield (bu./A @14.5%)
With Prosaro 1 45 12.2 92.3 Without Prosaro 1 44 12.2 82.6 With Prosaro 2 45 12.2 81.7 Without Prosaro 2 44 12.1 85.5 With Prosaro 3 44 12.2 87.0 Without Prosaro 3 44 11.9 85.2 Avg. with Prosaro 45 12.2 87.0 Avg. without Prosaro 44 12.1 84.4 Discussion: Disease pressure was very low in small grains this year. Although rains fell most of the growing season, it was pretty dry in late April and early May. This dry weather resulted in decreased disease pressure, but it affected yields and test weight to some degree. There were disappointing yields and test weights in barley this year especially on sandier soils. The averages were in favor of the use of Prosaro fungicide, but because of the variation in the plots, the difference in yields was insignificant. Jason noted that there were visual differences in the treated vs. untreated strips during harvest. Prosaro has shown some promise in controlling Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) and also will add some test weight to the grain. It is however, a "pricy" treatment running $15-18 per acre. Use this and other Virginia Tech barley production information when making planting decisions for 2010-11.
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2010 Barley Fungicide Test
Cooperators: Producer: Bill Gresham Albert Marshall Extension: David Moore, VCE-Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, VCE Summer Intern Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Slagle Silt Loam Planting Date: October 8, 2009 Fertilizer: 30-60-90 at planting 80-0-0 in March Crop Protection: Burndown Glyphosate 1 qt/A at planting 3/10 ounce of Finesse in March Treatment: Tilt Fungicide @ 4 oz./A Alternating strips Variety: Thoroughbred Harvest Date: June 6, 2010
Treatment or Variety Test Weight % Moisture Yield lbs./bu. bu./A Treated 1 45.5 13.3 67.0 Untreated 1 46 13.4 68.9 Treated 2 45 13.4 77.0 Untreated 2 46 13.2 80.7 Treated 3 46.5 13.2 82.2 Untreated 3 46 12.7 73.3 Average Treated 45.7 13.3 75.4 Average Untreated 46 13.1 74.3 Discussion: No visible difference or significant yield difference between the strips of treated and untreated varieties. Please consider this and other Virginia Tech barley production information for 2010-11.
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2010 Tilt + Warrior on Barley
Cooperators: Producer: Alan Welch Extension: Matt Lewis Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Kempsville fine sandy loam Planting Date: October 20, 2009 Fertilizer: 50-0-0 Feb 25 40-0-0 Mar 15 Crop Protection: Tilt (4oz) + Warrior (2oz) applied as experimental treatments on April 30 Variety: Thoroughbred Harvest Date: June 11, 2010
Treatment Test Weight* % Moisture* Yield (bu./A @ 14.5%)
*Moisture and test weight determined from composite samples of treated and untreated barley. Discussion: At time of application (immediately prior to head emergence), barley appeared to be free of disease and insects. Subsequent field visits revealed no insect or disease pressure in treated or untreated strips. At harvest, treated strips were noticeably brighter than untreated strips, as is often seen when small grain has been treated with a strobilurin fungicide such as Headline or Quadris. Use this and other pesticide efficacy data when choosing IPM programs for barley in future years.
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2010 Middlesex Wheat Variety Demonstration Test Plot
Cooperators: Producer: Jason Benton Extension: David Moore, VCE-Middle Peninsula Keith Balderson, VCE-Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Agribusiness: Participating Companies Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Suffolk Fine Sandy Loam Planting Date: November 4, 2009 Fertilizer: 30-60-90 at planting 15-0-0-5s January 2010 50-0-0-9s March 2010 60-0-0-8s March 2010 Crop Protection: Glyphosate Burndown 0.30 oz Finesse March 2010 Starane Ultra Late March 2010 4 oz Tilt April 2010 6.5 oz. Prosaro April 2010 Check Variety: Southern States 8404 Harvest Date: June 22, 2010
Variety Treatment Seeds/# Weight Moisture Lb./Bu. Protein Acreage Yield % of Check
RT – Raxil Thiram DX-Dividend Extreme U-Untreated LSP-Colorant Discussion: Not bad yields for this year. This was a later planted plot in a field with various soil types. Jason had some chickweed that was not killed with Finesse. He went with Starane Ultra for late season control. The Starane Ultra was slow, but it worked. There was very little disease present, but because he was seeing some powdery mildew and some suspect Tan Spot, he went with Tilt. Prosaro has become a part of his yearly disease management package. The plot was essentially free of late season diseases. Quality was good and TW stayed up for Jason. Protein content was analyzed for the samples and that information has been provided in the results. Please see % of check for a better understanding of yields. Use this and other Virginia Tech variety information when making planting decisions for 2010-11.
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2010 CHESAPEAKE WHEAT VARIETY COMPARISON
Cooperators: Producer: Marvel Nicholas & G. C. Nicholas, Jr. Extension: Watson Lawrence-VCE Chesapeake Previous Crop: Corn grain Soil Type: Chesapeake Fine Sandy Loam Tillage: Disk + Disk with Culti-packer Planting Date: October 30, 2009 Fertilizer: 265 lbs. 9-23-30 80 lbs. Nitrogen - March 16th Crop Protection: Herbicide: Harmony Extra SG, ¾ oz. /acre – March 16th Insecticide: Karate Z, 1.5 oz/acre - April Fungicide: none Harvest Date: June 18, 2010
Discussion: The story this year was too much rain at planting, which lowered stand counts. Continued wet field conditions caused delays in nitrogen applications affecting tiller counts. Insecticide spray for cereal leaf beetle in May was about a week later than desired causing some yield loss. Decision was made to harvest with higher than desirable moisture because we were in a rainy period at harvest. Test weights indicated good conditions during flowering and grain fill.
Cooperators: Producer: F.F. Chandler, Jr. Extension: Keith Balderson, Essex Extension Annah Latané, summer intern Agribusiness: Curtis Packett, CPS; participating seed dealers Previous Crop: Full Season Soybeans Soil Type: Suffolk Fine Sandy Loam Planting Date: November 10, 2009 Fertilizer: 25-50-75 at planting 60-0-0-12 in late January 40-0-0 in early April Crop Protection: Gramoxone burndown Finesse at .4 oz per acre in late January Headline at 3 oz. per acre in early April Harvest Date: June 22, 2010
Variety Treatment
Test Weight lbs./bu.
% Moisture
Yield/bushel @ 13.5%
Dominion-farmer saved RT 58.1 12.0 65.5 USG 3770 DX 58.5 12.4 75.5 USG 3555 DX 57.8 12.3 75.2 Progeny P185 DX 57.9 12.6 71.8 Progeny P125 DX 57.8 12.1 78.5 Featherstone 176 DX 58.0 12.3 70.5 Pioneer 26R22 DX 57.5 12.0 80.8 Pioneer 26R15 DX 57.5 11.7 77.2 SS 5205 RT-LSP 58.7 12.2 79.2 SS 560 RT-LSP 58.1 11.8 74.9 Shirley DX 57.5 12.1 76.8 Dyna-Gro 9922 DX 59.0 12.0 73.5 Jamestown DX 59.4 12.2 69.8 Merl RT-LSP 59.5 12.0 68.4 Renwood 3251 DX 57.6 12.3 75.3 Renwood 3315 DX 58.8 12.4 71.4 Agripro Oakes DX 59.9 13.0 70.7 Agripro Branson U 55.2 13.0 62.9 RT – Raxil Thiram DX-Dividend Extreme U-Untreated LSP-Colorant Discussion: This wheat plot was planted following full-season soybeans, and yields were very good during a challenging year for wheat production. Use this and replicated data from Virginia Tech when selecting varieties to plant in the fall of 2010.
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2009/10 Virginia State University Small Grain Variety Comparison
Cooperators: Producer: Rudy Grammer & Mack West – Virginia State Randolph Farm Glenn F. Chappell, II – Virginia State University Previous Crop: Soybeans Soil Type: Bourne fine sandy loam Tillage: No-Till Test/Plot Size: 620 ft x 15 ft per variety Planting Equipment: John Deere 1590 NT Drill Planting Date: December 18, 2009 Row Spacing: 7.5 inches Variety: Various Seeding Rate: 25 seed/row ft Crop Protection: Herbicides: 0.5 oz of Harmony Extra – February 22, 2010
Insecticides: NA Fungicides: NA Fertilizer: 60 lbs of N – February 22, 2010 & March 22, 2010
Harvest Date: June 25, 2010 Harvest Equipment: John Deere 9560 STS Brand Variety Moisture % of Check1 Yield
(%) (%) (bu./A) Check--VCIA Jamestown 10.9 - 16.9 VCIA Merl 12.0 67.7 12.3 AgriPro Oakes 10.1 118.3 21.5 AgriPro Branson 9.7 89.7 16.3 Southern S. 560 10.2 116.0 21.1 Southern S. 5205 9.0 72.3 13.1 USG 3555 10.4 51.2 9.3 USG 3770 10.7 148.6 27.0 Progeny 185 10.2 91.4 16.6 Renwood 3315 10.6 108.8 19.8 Featherstone 176 10.6 95.5 17.4 Renwood 3251 9.7 116.6 21.2 Pioneer 26R15 10.4 115.7 21.0 Pioneer 26R22 8.9 135.8 24.7 Progeny 125 9.5 89.9 16.3 VCIA Price2 6.3 15.5 VCIA Thoroughbred2 4.6 18.5 VCIA Eve2,3 - - 0 Check--VCIA Jamestown 10.2 - 19.4 1 % of Check is calculated by dividing the individual variety yield by the mean of the two checks located on either side of the plot.
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2 Price, Thoroughbred and Eve barley varieties were compared to the wheat check variety Jamestown. 3 The barley variety Eve produced no measurable yield. Discussion: The plot was planted on December 18, 2009 at the highest recommended seeding rate (25 seed/row foot) to compensate for the late planting. Standard agronomic practices were followed through the GS 30 nitrogen application after which the plot received no other inputs or crop protection. Many Virginia producers decided to abandon their poorer small grain fields in 2010 before the GS 30 N application to limit production losses. Based on the poor yields in this plot, the price of fertilizer, and the price of additional crop protection products, their decision appears to have been sound. Even with the adverse growing conditions some varieties performed better than others. Use this information with other trials to make sound variety selections for future growing seasons.
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Summary of 2010 Wheat Variety Plots (Va. State site excluded due to low yields)
Average Test Weight
Variety Chesapeake Middlesex Westmoreland Average All Three Sites
Cooperators: Producer: David Johnson Extension: David Moore, VCE-Middle Peninsula Stephen Davis, Summer Intern Agribusiness: Hayden Eicher, Helena Previous Crop: Corn Soil Type: Slagle Silt Loam Planting Date: October 24, 2009 Fertilizer: 30-60-80-7s at planting 50-0-0-9s March 7, 2010 50-0-0-9s April 6, 2010 Crop Protection: 1 qt. Glyphosate burndown .75 oz. Harmony Extra March 7, 2010 4.75 oz. Osprey March 20, 2010 2 oz. Karate April 6, 2010 Treatment: 1 qt. Asset on alternating strips March 7, 2010 Variety: Tribute Harvest Date: June 11, 2010
Treatment Test Weight lbs./bu.
% Moisture Yield bu./A @14.5%
No Asset 1 63.5 13.8 69.6 Asset 1 64 13.5 65.8 No Asset 2 65 13.5 64.7 Asset 2 64 13.5 60.4 No Asset 3 64 13.5 67.6 Asset 3 63 13.5 66.3 No Asset 4 64 13.5 64.8 Asset 4 64 13.8 66.6 No Asset 5 64 14.0 68.6 Asset 5 63.5 13.8 69.7 Average No Asset 64.1 13.7 67.1 Average Asset 63.7 13.6 65.8 Discussion: Asset RTU is a fertilizer additive with analysis of 6-20-5 together with portions of minor elements of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Molybdenum, Boron, and Zinc. This mixture was applied with liquid nitrogen on March 7, 2010 on alternating strips. Asset promotes additional growth and also provides minor nutrients in case there are deficiencies in the growing crop. In this test there is no statistical difference in the strips with and without the Asset product. Use this and other Virginia Tech small grain production information when making planting decisions for the 2010-11 crop.
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2010 Prince George Barley - Wheat and Soybean Cropping System Plots
Cooperators: Producer: George J. Reiter & Sons Extension: Scott Reiter, Prince George Agribusiness: Osage Bio-Energy, Bill Scruggs Previous Crop: No-till corn Soil Type: Mattaponi sandy loam Planting Date: Barley – October 21, 2010 Wheat – October 23, 2010 Tillage: Disk 2 times and Unverferth Cultivator on JD 8300 grain drill (6 inch rows) Seeding Rate: 20-22 seed per foot Fertilizer: Barley Wheat 400 lbs 5-10-30 at planting 400 lbs 5-10-30 at planting 25 gallons 30% UAN – February 20 gallons 24-0-0-3 – January 100 N – 40 P2O5 – 120 K2O 20 gallons 30% UAN – March 135 N – 40 P2O5 – 120 K2O Crop Protection: Barley Wheat 0.75 oz Harmony Extra SG – Feb 0.75 oz Harmony Extra SG – Mar 2.5 oz Warrior – April 10 oz Stratego – April Harvest Date: Barley – June 5, 2010 Wheat – June 15, 2010 Treatment Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Test
Receipts/A ($) ($/bu) ($) Barley $ 2.46 $0.07 Test
Weight $ 2.39 $ 176.80
Wheat $ 3.74 $ 0 - $ 3.74 $ 234.14 Discussion: This plot was established to evaluate barley and wheat grown side by side in the same field for yield potential. Soybeans were planted shortly after harvest and yields will be taken this fall. The yields for both barley and wheat were better than expected after heavy rains and very cold conditions last fall and winter. These yields were average or better for both crops harvested in the Petersburg area this year. All practices were standard treatments used by the grower based on scouting and past experience at this site. Wheat and barley varieties were selected from high yielding cultivars in the 2009 VCE Small Grains Testing Program.
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Price assumptions were: wheat = local cash bids the day after harvest; barley = CBOT July corn futures prices x 73% the day after harvest. As you can see, the wheat produced a higher gross receipt based on this pricing method. A more detailed economic comparison will be made after soybean harvest this fall. Please use this and other data when making planting decisions for the next crop season.
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Tissue Sampling During the 2009-10 small grain season, we pulled 30 tissue samples from fields mostly in the Middle Peninsula. Most of these fields demonstrated some type of production problem. Sulfur and manganese were the nutrients that were most often deficient. Both nutrients were deficient in 8 samples. See the graphs below for more details. Sulfur was deficient in some fields that had received 24 pounds of sulfur as ammonium sulfate at planting. These deficiencies occurred due to the fact that sulfate is highly leachable on sandy soils and the fall and winter were extremely wet. Producers need to be aware that while small amounts of sulfur are needed early, the sulfur uptake curve for small grains is similar to nitrogen. Contributing to increased sulfur deficiency over the past few years is the fact that we are receiving less sulfur in rainfall, as shown by the following sulfate deposition maps. Manganese deficiency generally shows up when soil pH levels are above 6.2 on sandy soils. Early detection of manganese deficiency is critical to correct the deficiency through foliar treatments.
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Sulfonylurea Herbicide/Topdress Fertilizer Interaction on Barley
Due to wet winter weather, much of the barley crop in the Middle Peninsula received one application of spring nitrogen in March. Rates were around 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre. In most cases, a sulfonylurea herbicide was tank mixed with the nitrogen and sulfur. Most often, the product was Finesse or Harmony Extra. About a week after application, several producers noticed yellowing in the barley crop where such applications were made. Yellowing was worse in areas where the nitrogen application overlapped. Barley reacted much more severely to Finesse than Harmony Extra. Also, in at least two barley variety plots it was noted that Thoroughbred barley was affected more than other varieties. We are not sure what caused the reaction. Environmental conditions played a role. Coming out of a very cold and wet winter probably caused stress on the crop. Application of nitrogen, sulfur and an herbicide possibly increased the stress, resulting in the yellowing. In most areas of affected fields, barley made a good recovery. Areas that were doubled did not fully recover. Finesse herbicide is being used more on small grains due to its effectiveness on speedwell. Growers should be aware of this possible reaction of Thoroughbred barley to Finesse and be very careful during application. Finesse herbicide and Harmony Extra herbicide are registered trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
Thoroughbred barley on the left side of the flag showed more injury after an application of 80 lbs of nitrogen and 20 lbs of sulfur tank-mixed with .4 oz per acre of Finesse on March 8th.
