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Viruses & BacteriaViruses & Bacteria
Chapter 17Chapter 17
Biology 11Biology 11Presentation put together by MandiePresentation put together by Mandie
Lynn WallsLynn Walls
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T4 BacteriophageT4 Bacteriophage
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Herpes VirusHerpes Virus
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Escherichia ColiEscherichia Coli
BacteriumBacterium
E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not aE. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a
irus because iruses are protein containers !ith "#$irus because iruses are protein containers !ith "#$
cores or %#$ cores.cores or %#$ cores.
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E. Coli and theE. Coli and the
BacteriophageBacteriophage
What it looks like inWhat it looks like in
real lifereal life
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Cycle of Lytic and LysogenicCycle of Lytic and Lysogenic
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&accines&accines
►&iruses gro!n on chic(en embryos are&iruses gro!n on chic(en embryos are
attenuated accinesattenuated accines
►
$nother type o' accine is made by$nother type o' accine is made by
heat (illing the irusheat (illing the irus
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Retrovirus
Change !A
into R!A. "#ample of a
Retrovirus is
$%V
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$ typical, )minimal)retroirus consists o'*+an outer enelope !hich!as deried 'rom theplasma membrane o' itshost+many copies o' an
enelope proteinembedded in the lipidbilayer o' its enelope+a capsid a protein shell
containing+t!o molecules o' %#$and+molecules o' theen-yme reerse
transcriptase
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Bacteria Cell
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Prokaryotes
Cells that do not have anucleus
Exist almost every where onearth
Grow in numbers so great youcan see them with the unaidedeye
Are placed in either theEubacteria or the
Archebacteria Kingdoms Make up the smaller o the two
kingdoms
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"u&acteria"u&acteria
Make up the larger oMake up the larger o
the two prokaryotethe two prokaryote
kingdomskingdoms
Generally areGenerally aresurrounded by a cellsurrounded by a cell
wall composed owall composed o
complexcomplex
carbohydratescarbohydrates
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Cyano&acteriaCyano&acteria PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic
bacteriumbacterium Bluishgreenish colorBluishgreenish color Contain membranesContain membranes
that carry out thethat carry out theprocess o'process o'
photosynthesisphotosynthesis "o not contain the"o not contain the
same type o'same type o'chloroplasts aschloroplasts asplants doplants do
This bluishgreenish This bluishgreenishalgae can be 'oundalgae can be 'ound
nearly eery!herenearly eery!hereon earth.on earth.
Can surie inCan surie ine/tremely hote/tremely hotenironments andenironments andeen e/tremely coldeen e/tremely coldenironmentenironment
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ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
!ack important!ack importantcarbohydrate oundcarbohydrate oundin cell wallsin cell walls
"ave dierent lipids"ave dierent lipidsin their cellin their cell
membranemembrane
#ierent types o#ierent types oribosomesribosomes
$ery dierent gene$ery dierent genese%uencesse%uences
Archaebacteria can Archaebacteria canlive in extremelylive in extremelyharsh environmentsharsh environments
&hey do not re%uire&hey do not re%uireoxygen and can liveoxygen and can livein extremely saltyin extremely saltyenvironments as wellenvironments as wellas extremely hotas extremely hot
environments'environments'
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%dentifying 'ro(aryotes%dentifying 'ro(aryotes
Cell (hapeCell (hape
Cell )allCell )all
MovementMovement
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*acterium (hapes
Cocci+ (phere shaped
bacteria
*acillus+ ,od shaped bacteria (pirrillium + (piral shaped
bacteria
-lagella+ !eg.like structuresthat help to propel the
bacterium'
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)ram * and )ram + ,acterium)ram * and )ram + ,acterium
Cell WallsCell Walls
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Cellular WallsCellular Walls
Chemical nature o' a cell !all can beChemical nature o' a cell !all can bedetermined by 0ram tainingdetermined by 0ram taining
By 2nding out !hat color the cell producesBy 2nding out !hat color the cell produces!hen it is gram stained you can 2gure out!hen it is gram stained you can 2gure out
the type o' carbohydrates in the cell !allthe type o' carbohydrates in the cell !all
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ovement
Flagella ~ Tail like structure the
whips around to propel the
bacterium Cillia ~ Miniature flagella surround
the cell that help to “swim”
Non motile ~ Stick cillia likestructures that keep the bacterium
from mo!ing
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lagellalagella
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"acteria and their
acteria and their
energ
nerg
Autotrophs Autotrophs
ChemotrophsChemotrophs
"eterotrophs"eterotrophs
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$utotrophs$utotrophs
Ma(e their o!nMa(e their o!n
energyenergy
3sing olar energy3sing olar energy
Eg. CyanobacteriaEg. Cyanobacteria
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ChemotrophsChemotrophs
Make own EnergyMake own Energy
Using ChemicalUsing Chemical
energyenergy
Eg. ArchaebacteriaEg. Archaebacteria
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"eterotrophs"eterotrophs
4btain 'ood4btain 'ood
By eatingBy eating
Eg. EcoliEg. Ecoli
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Bacteria %espirationBacteria %espiration
4bligate $naerobes4bligate $naerobes
5acultatie5acultatie
$naerobes$naerobes
4bligate $erobes4bligate $erobes
Lie !ithoutLie !ithout
4/ygen4/ygen
Can lie !ith orCan lie !ith or!ithout o/ygen!ithout o/ygen
Cannot lie !ithoutCannot lie !ithout
o/ygen.o/ygen.
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Bacteria ReproductionBacteria Reproduction
Binary FissionBinary Fission
ConjugationConjugation
Sore FormationSore Formation
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Cellular organism copies it/s genetic inormation then splits into
two identical daughter cells
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Con0ugation
A type o *acteria (ex
&wo organism swap
genetic inormation1that contains the
inormation such as a
resistance to penicillin
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Spore Formation: EndosporeSpore Formation: Endospore A type of dormant cellA type of dormant cell "#hi&it no signs of life"#hi&it no signs of life $ighly resistant to$ighly resistant to
environmental stresses suchenvironmental stresses suchas/as/
-$igh temperatures-$igh temperatures-%rradiation-%rradiation-Strong acids-Strong acids-isinfectants-isinfectants
"ndospores are formed &y"ndospores are formed &y
vegetative cells in response tovegetative cells in response toenvironmental signals thatenvironmental signals thatindicate a limiting factor forindicate a limiting factor forvegetative gro0th1 such asvegetative gro0th1 such ase#haustion of an essentiale#haustion of an essentialnutrient.nutrient.
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ymbiosisymbiosis
Close relationshipClose relationship
bet!een to speciesbet!een to species
in !hich at leastin !hich at leastone speciesone species
bene2ts 'rom thebene2ts 'rom the
otherother
Lie together 'orLie together 'orL65EL65E
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Mutualism
(ymbiosis in which twoo the species livetogether in such a waythat both beneit rom
the relationship Eg' E.coli
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2itrogen -ixations2itrogen -ixations
Process by which nitrogen in theProcess by which nitrogen in the
atmosphere is converted into a orm thatatmosphere is converted into a orm that
can be used by living thingscan be used by living things
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&"E E2#
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