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Viruses & BacteriaViruses & Bacteria
What are Viruses
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and
protein that can invade living cells.
T4 BacteriophageT4 Bacteriophage
Herpes VirusHerpes Virus
Escherichia Coli Escherichia Coli BacteriumBacterium
E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus because viruses are protein containers with DNA virus because viruses are protein containers with DNA
cores or RNA cores.cores or RNA cores.
E. Coli and the E. Coli and the BacteriophageBacteriophage
What it looks like in What it looks like in real lifereal life
The Structure Of a VirusThe Structure Of a Virus
Viruses are Viruses are composed of a core composed of a core of nucleic acidof nucleic acid
The Nucleic acid core The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a is surrounded by a protein coat called a protein coat called a capsidcapsid
The Nucleic core is The Nucleic core is either made up of either made up of DNA or RNA but DNA or RNA but never bothnever both
Cycle of Lytic and LysogenicCycle of Lytic and Lysogenic
Vaccines Vaccines
►Viruses grown on chicken embryos are Viruses grown on chicken embryos are attenuated vaccinesattenuated vaccines
►Another type of vaccine is made by Another type of vaccine is made by heat killing the virus heat killing the virus
Retrovirus
Change DNA into RNA.
Example of a Retrovirus is HIV
A typical, "minimal" retrovirus consists of: •an outer envelope which was derived from the plasma membrane of its host •many copies of an envelope protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of its envelope •a capsid; a protein shell containing •two molecules of RNA and •molecules of the enzyme reverse transcriptase
Bacteria Cell
Prokaryotes
Cells that do not have a nucleus
Exist almost every where on earth
Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye
Are placed in either the Eubacteria or the Archebacteria Kingdoms
Make up the smaller of the two kingdoms
EubacteriaEubacteria
Make up the larger of Make up the larger of the two prokaryote the two prokaryote kingdomskingdoms
Generally are Generally are surrounded by a cell surrounded by a cell wall composed of wall composed of complex complex carbohydratescarbohydrates
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria Photosynthetic Photosynthetic
bacteriumbacterium Bluish-greenish Bluish-greenish
colorcolor Contain membranes Contain membranes
that carry out the that carry out the process of process of photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Do not contain the Do not contain the same type of same type of chloroplasts as chloroplasts as plants doplants do
This bluish-greenish This bluish-greenish algae can be found algae can be found nearly everywhere nearly everywhere on earth.on earth.
Can survive in Can survive in extremely hot extremely hot environments and environments and even extremely cold even extremely cold environmentenvironment
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Lack important Lack important
carbohydrate found carbohydrate found in cell wallsin cell walls
Have different lipids Have different lipids in their cell in their cell membranemembrane
Different types of Different types of ribosomesribosomes
Very different gene Very different gene sequencessequences
Archaebacteria can Archaebacteria can live in extremely live in extremely harsh environmentsharsh environments
They do not require They do not require oxygen and can live oxygen and can live in extremely salty in extremely salty environments as well environments as well as extremely hot as extremely hot environments.environments.
Identifying ProkaryotesIdentifying Prokaryotes
Cell ShapeCell Shape
Cell WallCell Wall
MovementMovement
Bacterium Shapes
Cocci~ Sphere shaped bacteria
Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped
bacteria Flagella~ Leg-like structures
that help to propel the bacterium.
Gram + and Gram – Gram + and Gram – Bacterium Cell WallsBacterium Cell Walls
Cellular WallsCellular Walls Chemical nature of a cell wall can be Chemical nature of a cell wall can be
determined by Gram Stainingdetermined by Gram Staining By finding out what color the cell produces By finding out what color the cell produces
when it is gram stained you can figure out when it is gram stained you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wallthe type of carbohydrates in the cell wall
Movement
• Flagella ~ Tail like structure the whips around to propel the bacterium
• Cillia ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell that help to “swim”
• Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving
FlagellaFlagella
Bacteria and their energyBacteria and their energy
AutotrophsAutotrophs ChemotrophsChemotrophs HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
AutotrophsAutotrophs
Make their own Make their own energyenergy
Using Solar energyUsing Solar energy Eg. CyanobacteriaEg. Cyanobacteria
ChemotrophsChemotrophs
Make own EnergyMake own Energy Using Chemical Using Chemical
energyenergy Eg. ArchaebacteriaEg. Archaebacteria
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
Obtain foodObtain food By eatingBy eating Eg. E-coliEg. E-coli
Bacteria RespirationBacteria Respiration
Obligate AnaerobesObligate Anaerobes Facultative Facultative
AnaerobesAnaerobes
Obligate AerobesObligate Aerobes
Live without Live without OxygenOxygen
Can live with or Can live with or without oxygenwithout oxygen
Cannot live without Cannot live without oxygen. oxygen.
Bacteria ReproductionBacteria Reproduction
Binary FissionBinary Fission ConjugationConjugation Spore FormationSpore Formation
Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells
Conjugation
A type of Bacteria Sex
Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin
Spore Formation: Spore Formation: EndosporeEndospore A type of dormant cell A type of dormant cell Exhibit no signs of lifeExhibit no signs of life Highly resistant to Highly resistant to
environmental stresses environmental stresses such as:such as:
-High temperatures-High temperatures-Irradiation-Irradiation-Strong acids-Strong acids-Disinfectants-Disinfectants
Endospores are formed by Endospores are formed by vegetative cells in response vegetative cells in response to environmental signals to environmental signals that indicate a limiting that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative factor for vegetative growth, such as exhaustion growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient. of an essential nutrient.
SymbiosisSymbiosis
Close relationship Close relationship between to species between to species in which at least in which at least one species one species benefits from the benefits from the otherother
Live together for Live together for LIFELIFE
Parasitism
Bacteria exploit the host cell, injuring them
Eg. Mychobacterium tuberculosis
Mutualism
Symbiosis in which two of the species live together in such a way that both benefit from the relationship
Eg. E-coli
Nitrogen Fixations Nitrogen Fixations
Process by which nitrogen in the Process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a form that atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living things can be used by living things
THE END
Presentation put together by Mandie Lynn Walls
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