The History of BorobudurThe History of Borobudur

Table of ContentsThe Origin of Borobudur: History

Design

Building Structure

Reliefs

Facts, Figures, and Size

Richard Gere’s Experience

One of the seven wonders of the world.

Located at Borobudur District, South of Magelang, Central Java.

Built by the rulers of the Sailendra some time between AD 750 and AD 850.

Little else is known about Borobudur’s early history.

Approximately 60, 000 cubic meters of stone had to be hewn, transported and carved during its construction.

The name Borobudur is possibly derived from the Sanskrit words ‘Vihara Buddha Uhr’, which mean ‘Buddhist Monastery on the Hill’.

Table of Contents The Origin of Borobudur: History

Borobudur was abandoned soon after completion and for centuries lay forgotten, buried under layers of volcanic ash.

Its existence was sparked by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the British ruler of Java in 1815.

Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations.

The largest restoration project (US$ 25 million) was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO.

The Origin of Borobudur: History

On 21 January 1985, bombs planted by opponents of Soeharto, the second president of Indonesia, exploded on the upper layers of Borobudur.

Many of the smaller stupas were damaged, but it has once again been fully restored, demonstrating the structure’s timeless resilience.

In 1991 Borobudur gained the status of a World Heritage site.

The Origin of Borobudur: History

Borobudur is built as a single large stupa, and when viewed from above takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind.

The monument’s three divisions symbolize the three “realms” of Buddhist cosmology:

• Kamadhatu (the world of desires) - Base• Rupadhatu (the world of forms) - Body; 5 square platforms• Arupadhatu (the formless world) - 3 circular platforms & the large topmost stupa

Design

• Equipped with a good drainage system to cater for the area’s high stormwater run-off.

•100 spouts are installed at each corner, each with a unique carved gargoyle in the shape of a giant or makara.

• Instead of being built on a flat surface, Borobudur is built on a natural hill.

• The meticulous design suggests that Borobudur is a temple (a house of worship) instead of a stupa (a devotional symbol of Buddhism).

• Little is known about Gunadharma, the architect of the complex.

Building Structure

Borobudur is constructed as a ten-terraces building. Each terrace symbolizes the stage of human life:

• The law of karma (Karmavibhangga)• The story of Prince Siddhartha and the birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara)• The stories of Buddha’s previous life (Jataka) and other legendary persons (Avadana)• Sudhana’s search for the Ultimate Truth (Gandavyuha)

Reliefs

Reliefs Facts, Figures, and Size:

• Monument base: 123 m by 123 m

• Heights: 42 m

• Narrative reliefs: 1,460

• Decorative reliefs: 1,212

• Buddha Statues in open niches: 368 (originally 432)

• Buddha statues on the terraces under circular stupas: 72

• Number of Galleries: 4 (each has main wall, facing the top and balustrade)

• Total length of galleries: circa 2500 meters

• Basement hidden with circa 13,000 cubic meters of stone

• Total volume of stone used: circa 55,000 cubic meters

• Time to build Borobudur: perhaps 70 years, and

• Usage period: about 200 years.

Richard Gere

“I’m happy and amazed to be here.”

“It’s not just an ordinary journey for me but also a spiritual journey.”

“I want to make a film about the history of this temple. I really want to do this.”

References:Richard Gere• http://www.gunarto.org/

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

• http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/java/borobudur/history

• http://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/gallery/Borobudur/Relief

The History of Burberry

The History of BurberryBurberry Group is a British luxury fashion house, distributing clothing and fashion accessories and licensing fragrances. Its distinctive tartan pattern has become one of its most widely copied trademarks. Burberry is most famous for its iconic trench coat, which was invented by founder Thomas Burberry. The company has branded stores and franchises around the world, and also sells through concessions in third-party stores. HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH The Prince of Wales have granted the company Royal Warrants. The Chief Creative Officer is Christopher Bailey. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. According to Business Weekly, Burberry is the 98th most valuable brand in the world.

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19th Century - Early Years Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21-year-old Thomas Burberry, a former draper’s apprentice, opened his own store in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. By 1870, the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire. In 1880, Burberry introduced in his brand the gabardine, a hardwearing, water-resistant yet breathable fabric, in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving. Burberry was the original name, but then the company soon switched to using the name Burberrys, after many customers from around the world began calling it Burberrys of London. This name is still visible on many older Burberry products. In 1891, Burberry opened a shop in the Haymarket, London, which still exists and until recently was the site of Burberry’s corporate headquarters. Now the headquarters are at Horseferry House just behind Houses of Parliament, Westminster (London). In 1901, the Burberry Equestrian Knight Logo was developed containing the Latin word “Prorsum”, meaning forwards, and registered as a trademark. In 1911 they became the outfitters for Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole, and Ernest Shackleton, who led a 1914 expedition to cross Antarctica. A Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by George Mallory on his ill-fated attempt on Mount Everest in 1924.

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20th Century In 1914 Burberry was commissioned by the War Office to adapt its officer’s coat to suit the conditions of contemporary warfare, resulting in the “trench coat.” After the war, the trench coat became popular with civilians. The iconic Burberry check was created in the 1920s and used as a lining in its trench coats. Burberry also specially designed aviation garments. A. E. Clouston and Mrs Betsy Kirby Green made the fastest flying time to Cape Town from London in 1937 and were sponsored by Burberry.Burberry was an independent company until 1955, when it was taken over by Great Universal Stores (GUS). During the 1970s, the brand became popular with the British casual cult, leading to its being associated with members of football firms by the 1990s and chavs the following decade. Such a shift in a brand’s clientele exemplifies prole drift. In 1999, Burberry’s changed their marketing name to Burberry. Most of their items changed too, but many accessory items still had the Burberry’s name. Burberry Group plc was initially floated on the London Stock Exchange in July 2002. GUS divested its remaining interest in Burberry in December 2005. In 2006 Rose Marie Bravo, who as Chief Executive had led Burberry to mass market success, retired. She was replaced by current CEO Angela Ahrendts.

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21st Century Burberry first began selling online in the US, followed by the UK in October 2006, and the rest of the EU in 2007. In May 2001, Christopher Bailey joined Burberry as creative director and became Chief Creative Officer in November 2009. Bailey is credited with transforming the fortunes of the company. Burberry has attempted to rebrand itself with advertisements in GQ, Esquire, Vogue, Tatler and Harper’s Bazaar, and is well known for using British celebrities in its advertising, including models Kate Moss, Agyness Deyn, Jourdan Dunn and Lily Donaldson, singer George Craig, actress Emma Watson, who was named the face of Burberry’s 2009 Fall/Winter campaign and the cover model for the 2010 Spring/Summer campaign, and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, who was unveiled as the face of Burberry’s newest fragrance, Burberry Body, in July 2011. In June 2010, the Group launched its first cosmetics line, Burberry Beauty.

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Timeline (1856-2009) 1856: Thomas Burberry founds Burberry at the age of 21 with the aim of producing innovative functional outwear.1891: The company move into its first London shop, 30 Haymarket.1895: Burberry develops a weatherproof coat called the ‘Tielocken’. This is the predecessor of the iconic trench coat.1897: Explorer Major F.G. Jackson, famed for mapping parts of the Arctic Circle, wearing Burberry.1909: Opening of the Burberry store in Paris at 8 Boulevard Malesherbes.1910: Celebrated aviator Claude Grahame-White wearing Burberry gabardine. He became the first person to fly between London and Manchester in less than 24 hours.1911: Roald Amundsen and his team become the first people to reach the South Pole. Burberry supplied their clothes and tents.1912: The Burberry Gabardine tent from Robert Scott’s attempt to reach the South Pole.1913: Gaining a reputation, Burberry moves to a larger London premises. Designed by the architect Walter Cave in 1911, the store opened at 18-21 Haymarket in 1913.1914: Signed photograph of Ernest Shackelton wearing Burberry. Taken in Argentina while he prepared his team for the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.1915: Sir Ernest Shackleton wearing Burberry Gabardine in Antarctica.1917: Burberry gabardine ski suit.1918: Burberry Motorbike jacket.

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1919: Captain John Alcock and Lietenant Arthur Whitten Brown in Burberry aviator suits. In a plane with an exposed cockpit, they completed the first non-stop transatlantic flight in 72 hours.1919: Alcock’s modified Vickers Vimy bomber taking off from Newfoundland and landing in Galway. Both pilots wore Burberry to keep them warm in the open cockpit.1920: Ladies green wool gabardine ski suit from the 1920 collection.1926: Burberry Greatcoats made regulation for officers from the King’s household and the guards.1930: The Burberry 1930 advertising campaign photographed by Henry Guttman.1930: Advert for Burberry ski suits.1930: Sledging in Burberry gabardine ski suits.1933: The Equestrian Knight logo was trademarked in 1901.1934: Aviators Tom Campbell-Black (left) and Charles William Anderson Scott following their record-breaking win in the London to Melbourne ‘MacRobertson Air Race’. They completed the race in 71 hours, wearing Burberry aviator suits.1935: The Burberry campaign for Summer 1935, in The Tatler.1937: Landing ‘The Burberry’ plane in London, Arthur Clouston and Betty Kirby-Green complete their record-breaking flight from Cape Town.1947: A Burberry trench coat.1953: Burberry outerwear advertising campaign, set in London’s Pall Mall.

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1960: Burberry menswear cotton rain coat, known as the ‘Commander II’.1964: The British women’s Olympic team in their Burberry uniforms, before a visit to Buckingham Palace.1968: Reopening of the Paris store following rennovation.1968: Burberry outerwear advertising campaign, shot at London’s newly opened Hayward Gallery.1968: Burberry outerwear advertising campaign, shot at London’s newly opened Hayward Gallery.1970: Brenda Capwell, the winner of the 1970 ‘Miss Burberry’ competition poses in London’s Trafalgar Square with three other models, all wearing Burberry.1973: The Burberry Spring/Summer 1974 campaign.1978: The Burberry 1978 campaign, shot by Lord Lichfield1985: Artist David Hockney wearing a Burberry trench.1992: Womenswear Burberry trench coat1999: The Burberry Autumn/Winter 1999 Campaign featuring British model Kate Moss, photographed by Mario Testino.2004: The Burberry Autumn/Winter 2004 Campaign featuring British model Lily Donaldson, photographed by Mario Testino.2005: The Burberry Autumn/Winter 2005 Campaign featuring British model Kate Moss, photographed by Mario Testino.2005: Kate Moss photographed by Mario Testino wearing a limited edition pink Burberry trench coat. Christopher Bailey created the one-off piece to coincide with National Breast Cancer awareness month.

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2006: The Burberry Spring/Summer 2006 Campaign featuring model Gemma Ward, photographed by Mario Testino.2006: The Burberry Autumn/Winter 2006 Campaign featuring British actor Max Irons and British models Kate Moss, Isaac Ferry, James Jamieson, Tom Guiness and Fenton Bailey, photographed by Mario Testino.2006: Celebrating 150 years of Burberry at the womenswear Autumn/ Winter 2006 show in Milan.2007: The Burberry Spring/Summer 2007 Campaign featuring British models Georgia Frost, Stella Tenant, Kate Moss and Lily Donaldson,photographed by Mario Testino.2007: The Burberry Autumn/Winter 2007 Campaign featuring British models Lily Donaldson, Keira Gormley and Agyness Deyn, photographed by Mario Testino.2008: The Burberry Spring/Summer 2008 Campaign featuring British models Jack Bevan, Alex Pettyfer, Eddie Redmayne, Laura Fraser, Agyness Deyn, Merlin Ferry, Will Cameron, Martin Tomlinson, Edie Campbell, Lily Donaldson, Liam Wade, Coco Sumner and Josh Beech, photographed by Mario Testino.2008: The Burberry Spring/Summer 2009 Campaign featuring British musician George Craig, British model Lily Donaldson and British musician Sam Beeton, photographed by Mario Testino. 2008: The opening of the new Burberry global headquarters at Horseferry House in London.2009: The opening of the American Burberry Headquarters, at 444 Madison Avenue in New York City.

http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/company_history

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