Date post: | 07-Dec-2014 |
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Visual Principles
Roles of Visual in Instruction1) Provide a concrete referent for ideas
- iconic i.e. more easily to be remembered as compared to words.
This visual image of an apple is the referent of the word ‘apple’
APPLE
2. Motivate learners by attracting their attention, holding their attention and generating emotional responses.
3. Simplify information that is difficult to understand.
Role of Visuals in Instruction
SERIES OF DESIGN DECISION
Visual Design Element Visual Design Pattern Visual Design Arrangement
Visual Element Verbal Element
Realistic
Analogic
Organization
Letter style
Colour
Capitals
Number of style
Size
Spacing
Alignment
Style
Balance
Shape
Colour scheme
Colour appeal
Add Appeals
Surprise
Texture
Interaction
Proximity
Directionals
Figure-ground contrast
Consistency
Visual Literacy• refer to the learned ability to interpret
visual messages accurately to create such messages.
2 visual approaches1. Input Strategy2. Output Strategy
Input Strategy• helping learners to “decode”
(read), visuals proficiently by practicing visual analysis
Developmental EffectsCultural EffectsVisual Preferences
Developmental Effect (Dwyer, 1978) “As a child gets older, he
becomes more capable of attending selectively to those features of an instructional presentation that have the greatest potential for enhancing his learning of desired information.
Different cultural groups may perceive visual materials in different ways.
• Usually thumbs up gesture means positive or okay.
• But for Balinese the thumbs up is part of a ritual way of showing respect to someone of a higher caste.
Visual Preferences
• Teacher should select between preferred visual and most effective visual.
Visual Literacy: Output Strategies
1) Learners create their own visual presentation- using camera / camcorder etc.- sequencing – ability to arrange idea in logical order
Goals of Visual Design• Ensure legibility• Reduce the effort required to interpret the
message• Increase the viewer’s active engagement
with the message• Focus attention on the most important part
of the message
Process of Visual Design
1) Elements – selecting the verbal/visual elements to be incorporated into display
2) Pattern – choosing an underlying pattern for the elements of the display
3) Arrangement – arranging the individual element within the underlying pattern
Elements : Visual Elements1) Realistic• Show the actual object under study
ABSTRACT REALISTIC
Elements : Visual Elements2) Analogic visualsConvey topic by showing something else and implying a similarityE.g. the function of human memory with the function of computer memory
Elements : Visual Elements
3) Organizational visuals• Such as flowcharts, graphs, maps,
classification charts
Elements : Verbal Elements
1) Letter style• It should be consistent and harmonize with
the other visual elements • Straightforward and plain style
Elements : Verbal Elements
2) Number of lettering styles• Not more than 2 different type styles• Limit variations (bold, italic, underline, size
changes) to four
Elements : Verbal Elements
3) Capitals• Use lowercase letters• Adding capitals when it is necessary• Headlines can be in capitals but not more
than 3 words
Elements : Verbal Elements
4) Colour of lettering• The lettering colour should contrast with
the background colour• Think about your audience..
Elements : Verbal Elements
5) Size of lettering• Rule of thumb: make lower case letters ½
inch high for each 10 feet of viewer distance
Elements : Verbal Elements
6) Spacing between letters• Consider ‘optical spacing’• Estimating approximately equal amounts
of with space between letters
L A B W O R K
Elements : Verbal Elements
7) Spacing between lines• Letters should be not too cramped or too
widely separate• Text is most legible when separation is
11/2 times average letter height
• Surprise
• Interaction
. Texture
Elements : Elements that add appeals
Alignment
Color AppealStyle Color Scheme
BalanceShape
Process of Visual Design : Pattern
Process of Visual Design : Pattern
1) Alignment• Balance alignment• Same imaginary horizontal and vertical
line• Viewer expend little effort making sense
out of what they are seeing
Process of Visual Design : Pattern
2) Shape• Put and arrange visual into shape that
familiar to learner• Simple geometric figure – circle, rectangle• Consider of the ‘Rule Of Thirds’
Rule of Thirds
• Place your important elements where these lines intersect
• Good places to put things; third of the way up, third of the way in from the left
• Duff places to put things; right in the middle, right at the top, right at the bottom, away in the corner
Process of Visual Design : Pattern
3) Balance• The ‘weight’ of the elements in a display is
equally distributed either horizontally or vertically
Process of Visual Design : Pattern
4) Style• Simple, uncluttered• Primary colour for children• Realistic colour for adult
Process of Visual Design : Pattern5) Colour scheme• Consider the harmoniousness of the
colour – color wheel
6) Colour appeal • Consider ‘warm’ and ‘cool’ colour• Warm colour – active learner, children• Cool colour – thoughtful learner, adult• Consider cultural basis
Complimentary colours: any two coloursthat lie directly opposite each other
Analogous colours: colours that lie next to each other
Complimentary and Analogous colours may form pleasing combinations when used together in a display
The Colour Wheel
• Use cool colour for background
• Highlight important cues in warm colour such as red and orange
Arrangement
• Proximity• Directional• Figure-Ground Contrast• Consistency
Visual Planning ToolsStoryboarding Types of Letters Drawing, Sketching and Cartooning
Digital ImagesPhoto CDs
Flatbed Scanner
(CCD)
Digital Cameras