Visuals- Educational Technology 9

VISUALS

Topic 6- Educational Technology

Definition of Visual AidA visual aid is a material that can be seen that

aids learning.

FunctionVisual aids function as a learning tool for children and educators. They function by

providing a visual representation of the subject that is being learned. This is something that regular text or oral presentation cannot do.

Non projected visuals are those aids which are used without any projection.

Non-Projected Visuals can translate abstract ideas into a more realistic format. They allow instruction to move down from the level of verbal symbols into a more concrete level.

Non-projected visuals are easy to use because they do not require any equipment.

Inexpensive.

I. NON-PROJECTED VISUALS

I. NON-PROJECTED VISUALS

It can be used in many ways at all levels of instruction and disciplines.

It is use to stimulate creative expression such as telling or writing stories or composing poetry.

It is use in testing and evaluation.

Types of Non-Projected

Visuals

GRAPHIC MATERIALS

PICTORIAL MEDIA

A. GRAPHIC MATERIALS

The term graphics comes from the Greek word graphein which means “to write” “to draw” or “to represent by lines”. Graphics are instructional materials which present

summarized information and ideas through drawings, words, pictures and symbols.

Graphics are generally abstract.

1. Drawings and Illustrations

Drawings and illustrations are

non-photographic reconstructions or representations of reality, etched or

drawn by an illustrator, like the

teacher or students.

Illustrations can be black or white or in

full color.

Illustrations serve a variety of functions such as:

1. Giving faces to characters in a story.

2. Displaying a number of examples of an item described in a textbook.

3. Visualizing stepwise sets of instructions in a technical manual.

4. Communicating subtle thematic tone in a narrative.

5. Making a reader laugh or smile.

Drawings and Illustrations as Teaching Aid

1. Drawings and illustrations could be prepared ahead of time by having it drawn on the board and covered until the class starts.

2. Drawings and illustrations can be easily prepared once materials are available. They are also easy to utilize because they do not require special equipment.

3. They are less detailed; hence, learners can easily understand their message.

4. Drawings could be subject to misinterpretations.

5. Technical expertise in drawing could be needed to produce good drawings and illustrations.

Advantages

Limitations

2. Charts

Charts are instructional materials which present relationship such as

chronologies, quantities, and hierarchies. They usually appear as tables and flowcharts, and present a

combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or verbal materials.

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1. Flowcharts or Process Charts –show a sequence, procedure, or as the name implies, the

flow of the process.

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2. Classification Charts

––show the classification or categorization of objects or events or species.

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3. Tabular Charts or Tables–show data, usually numerical and are

presented in columns.

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4. Organizational charts

––show the structure or chain of command in an organization such as company, corporation or government department.

Lines show the interrelationship of data.

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5. Stream or Tree Charts –show the relationships of data as shown in a

hierarchy.

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3. Time lines –illustrate chronological relationships between events.

Charts as Teaching Aid

Advantages1. Charts can present summaries of information.

2. Charts can be easily made by students. These can be easily used because they do not require special equipment.

3. Charts can be moved with ease from one place to another.

Limitations4. Charts cannot show motion.

5. Big charts can be cumbersome to handle.6. Charts can be outdated.

3. Diagrams

Although considered as charts, these consist of lines and symbols that show the relationships or key features of a process, an object or an area. It could be very abstract such as construction blueprints or

very simple such as diagrams showing relationships of verbs,

subject or other parts of speech in English grammar classes.

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1. Venn diagram

–shows areas of overlap between elements.

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2. Cycle diagram

–shows a process with a continuous cycle.

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3. Radial diagram

–shows relationships of a core element.

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4. Pyramid Diagram

–shows foundation-based relationships.

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5. Target diagram

–shows steps toward a goal.

Diagram as Teaching Aid

Advantages 1. Like charts, diagrams show relationships

of a large amount of data in a condensed form.

2. Diagrams are easy to use because they do not require special equipment.

Limitation3. Ideas rely heavily on symbolic means,

hence, could be difficult to understand.

4. Graphs

Graphs are instructional materials which represent numerical data. Graphs also illustrate relationships among units of data and trends in the data. Graphs

could be produced from tabular charts, or could be easily made through

computer spreadsheet applications, such as Microsoft Excel.

Different Types of Graphs

1. Line graphs

–these are used frequently in plotting relationships between

changes in a set of data, usually over a

period of time.


2. Bar graphs

–these consist of bars, either horizontally or vertically, which are useful in presenting comparisons of data.


3. Circle or Pie Graphs

––these are used to show how a whole is

divided into parts and the relationship of the

parts.


4. Picture Graphs or Pictographs

–these are pictures to represent and

compare numerical data instead of bars

or lines.

Graphs as Teaching Aid

Advantages1. Graphs are made to summarize data, hence,

facilitate understanding.

2. Graphs which are colorful are more appealing than tables.

Limitations 3. Graphs can be easily misinterpreted.

4. Because these employ numerical data, graphs could be uninteresting for some students.

5. Posters

Posters are materials which combine images, lines, colors, and words.

These materials intend to catch and hold viewer’s attention to present a

brief, persuasive message.

Posters may be obtained from a variety of sources.

These can also be prepared by teachers and

students.

Posters as Teaching Aid

Advantages 1. Posters can be easily prepared by

teachers and students.2. Posters can easily convey

message.3. Because of its color, posters can

easily catch attention.Limitations

4. Posters can portray different interpretations.

6. Cartoons and Strip Drawings

Cartoons are colorful line drawings with exaggerated features or symbols

that provide humor or satire.

They usually appear in newspapers, periodicals and textbooks. It also

include comic strips or strip drawings, which is sequence of closely related

drawings intended to make important social and political comments.

They can be often used by teachers to make or reinforce a point of

instruction.

Strip drawings can be used to arouse interest, develop vocabulary and other reading skills and serve as

springboards to lessons.

Cartoons as Teaching Aid

Advantages1. Strip drawings can be easily read and understood;

thus encourages reading.

2. Cartoons satisfy children’s idea of art.

3. Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip drawings contain illustrations.

Limitations4. In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is

a tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings rather than on the words accompanying them.

5. Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which could lead to misinterpretations.

B. PICTORIAL MEDIA

The visual or pictorial media are often considered the “universal language”.

Moreover, pictures are said to be “worth a thousand words.” This attests to the power

of pictorial media as a communication device.

1. Still Pictures

Still pictures are two-dimensional aids, photographic

or photographic-like, which help illustrate and teach

specific lesson topics, help learners recall information, and

visually explain information that would be difficult to

convey using verbal or written terms.

Good pictures convey authentic and clear messages. They are well composed and

use effective color and possess technical and mechanical

quality.

Pictures as Teaching Aid

Advantages1. Still pictures abound in various materials such as books,

magazines, newspapers, catalogs, and calendars.

2. Pictures provide a more realistic interpretation of verbal symbols.

3. Pictures, especially those which are large and colorful, motivate students and relate an action or depict a story.

4. Still pictures are easy to use and can be easily carried from place to place and do not require any equipment or electricity.

5. Still pictures are relatively inexpensive to produce or purchase and can be reused.

Limitations

1. Since pictures are two-dimensional, they often fail to present scale size or perspective

2. Unless proper care is taken, pictures can easily get torn, disordered or lost.

3. Choosing the right picture could be a problem for some teachers. Some pictures cannot depict the totality of the message intended to be presented by the teacher.

2. Photographs

This refers to pictures which are produced by

the 35 mm still camera or the digital camera. They appear in black and white or

in full color.

Photographs as Teaching AidAdvantages

1. The material could easily capture the subject as deemed important for instruction.

2. Photographs could be easily taken and produced as in the case of those taken from digital cameras.

Limitations3. Like pictures, photographs fail to present scale size

or perspective. However, providing series of photographs of the same object or scene from several different angles can address this limitation. A series of sequential photographs can suggest motion.

4. Carelessness in getting pictures may lead to distortion of images.

3. Flash Cards

Flash cards are valuable materials for

drill activities particularly in the

teaching of Mathematics, English,

and Filipino. It comes in the form of picture cards, word cards,

phrase cards, sentence cards or mathematical

cards.

Advantages

1. Flash cards can be an important means of fixing skills and automatizing responses of students.

2. Flash cards can be easily made from recycled materials.

3. Flash cards are easy to use and can be easily carried.

Limitations

4. Flash cards may be small to be seen by the entire class.

5. If flashing is too snappy, the students could find difficulty in recognizing what is in the flash card.

II. PROJECTED VISUALS

Projected visuals have long been popular as a medium of instruction as well as entertainment. Projected media

refers to media formats in which visual and verbal images are projected or enlarged and displayed on a screen by passing strong light through a transparent

material (transparencies, slides, filmstrips) or through opaque materials.

IntegrationProjected visuals are suitable for all use at

all grade levels and for instruction in all curriculum areas.

Following are some typical subjects among the myriad possibilities for visual

presentations:

Provide a tour for new employees of a local business without walking through the plant.

Make a visual history of your community, schools or organizations.

Illustrates lectures about art history or art technique.

Document student activities, products and student work, and community problems (e.g. crime and pollution)

Present a preoperative explanation of surgical tailored to a specific surgeon’s patient.

Show people at work in various jobs, for career awareness.

Illustrates the uses of company’s product throughout the world.

Teach a step-by-step process with close-ups of each operation.

Simulate a field trip.

Promote public understanding of your school of your organization.

A. Document Cameras

The document camera is a video camera mounted on a copy stand, pointed

downward at documents, flat pictures,

or graphics and small objects like coins. The

image may be projected onto a large seen within the room or it may be transmitted to distant

sites via television.

Advantages

No projected required.

A document camera allows on-the-spot projection of readily available classroom materials.

All students have equal view. Permits everyone to have an equal opportunity

to view the same materials easily.

Allows group viewing of student work. Permits group viewing and discussions of

student work, such as drawings, student compositions, solutions to math problems and the like.

Limitations

Bulky hardware. It requires monitor or video projector, which is bulky, heavy, and cumbersome to move without cart.

Monitor or projection required. You cannot use it without a monitor or video projector.

Additional lighting. Document cameras need additional lights for good image.

Integration

All subjects –group critique of student work and review the test items.

Art –group discussion of reproductions of paintings, etc.

Business –group work on business and accounting forms.

Home Economics –group viewing of sewing pattern, recipes, etc.

Industry –projection of blueprints for group study.

Language Arts –group critique of student composition.

Medicine –group study of anatomical drawing .

Military –review of maps and official documents

Music –group reading of musical colors.

Religion –religious story illustrations.

Science –magnification of specimens ; group study of maps and tables.

Social Studies –viewing of artifacts from other cultures, etc.

B. OVERHEAD PROJECTION

Overhead projection is done using an overhead projector –a device like a box with a large stage on the top surface. Light from the powerful lamp inside the box is condensed

by a spherical type of lens, known as Fresnel lens, and passes through a transparency placed on the stage. A

lens and mirror system mounted on a bracket above the box turns the light beam 90 degrees and projects the

image onto a screen or blank wall (Heinich, 1996).

Overhead projection has become the most widely used audiovisual device in North America classrooms and training

sites.

A projector capable of projecting enlarged images of written or pictorial material onto a screen or wall from a

transparency placed horizontally below the projector and lighted from

underneath.

Types Of Projector

1. Transmissive Type

–light passes through the transparency

Types Of Projector

2. Reflective type

–the light from the lamp is reflected off the mirror like stage. This type is easy to carry since it is lighter and more compact.

Types Of Projector

3. Acetate –transparent film whose regular size is 8 x 10 inch

Overlays –are sheets of transparent film

Advantages Of Overhead Projector

Brightness Eye contactEase of use

Abundance of materialsManipulable

Availability of materialsSelf-prepared materials

Advance preparationImpact attitudes

Organization and discussion

Limitations Not programmed –overhead projector cannot

be programmed to display visual sequences by itself, nor is an audio accompaniment provided.

Not self-instructional –it is designed for large-group study.

Production process required –materials have to be made into transparencies by means of

some production process.

Keystone effect –distortion

Integration

ArtConsumer Science

DramaGeography

Language ArtsLaboratory Skills

LiteratureMusic

Science

Creating Overhead Transparencies

Overhead transparencies may be created from clear acetate, photographic film, or any other

transparent material such as plastics used to cover books. These are usually 10” x 10” in size to fit the size of most overhead projectors. Transparencies may contain images or letters to be projected or may be left blank for teachers to write on them. One can also have materials photocopied to the acetate using photocopier or could be printed

directly from computers. Transparencies may be used individually or with one or more overlays.

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Direct Drawing Method

Electrostatic Film Process (Xerography)

Overhead Created by Computer

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a.1 Presentation programs –special software that simplifies creation of slide or transparencies of graphics

that combine text, data and visuals.

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a.3 Photo-enhancement programs –allow the manipulation of color and use of special

effects to alter photographic and styles.

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a.2 Drawing and paint programs –allow the user to draw geometric shapes and

figures.

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a.4 Desktop publishing programs –combines features of many other methods to create

sophisticated products such as newsletters and books.

Technical Processes in Production Transparencies

Laser printers print images directly onto special film

Ink-jet printers spray droplets of ink onto specially coated ink-jet film.

Thermal transfer printers use heat to imprint images onto thermal film

Pen plotters draw with pens directly onto specially coated film

Impact printers press the ink from ribbons onto impact film

Advantages

Sequencing –arrange slodes into many different sequence

Automatic cameras –automatic exposure control, easy focusing, and high-speed color film have contributed to this trend.

Automatic projection –offers convenience use of remote control

Collection building –easy to build up permanent collections

Individualized instruction-feasible for small-group and independent study

Limitations

Disorganization –since slides comes as individual units, they can easily becomes disorganized.

Jamming –they are made of cardboard, plastic and glass varying thickness

Susceptible to damage –slides can easily accommodate dusts and fingerprints; careless storage or handling can be lead to permanent damage.

C. SLIDES

Slides are small, transparent photographs individually mounted for one-at-a-time projection.

Slides are inserted into a slide projector. The standard size of slides is 2 x 2 inches (5 x 5 cm) measured by the outer dimensions of the slide mount. The actual dimensions of the image will

vary with the type of film and camera.

Photographic slides are interesting media for lessons, especially for topics that involve places, sceneries and people.

Slides as Teaching Aid

Advantages1. Slides are portable and can be easily stored.

2. Most slide projectors offer the convenience of remotely controlling the presentation of slides. They also allow the presenter to remain in front of the room.

3. It is easy to build collections of slides due to the general availability and ease of handling slides.

4. Slides can be used in individualized instruction programs.

5. Viewing slides can be controlled by users.

Limitations

1. There is a tendency for slides to become easily disorganized.

2. Use of slide projection is not effective in a fully-lighted environment. Face-to-face contact could not be possible since the room is darkened.

3. The lack of a standard way of mounting slides may lead to jamming of slides.

4. Slides may be costly.

5. Slides are becoming outdated. They are already replaced by CDs.

6. Careless storage or handling of slides can lead to permanent damages.

D. DIGITAL IMAGES

It is possible to store images in a digital form and show them on a computer or

television monitor or project them before a group. Available digital storage media includes CD-ROM. Photo CD, DVD-ROM,

and computer disks.

Digital Image Storage Devices

CD-ROM (Compact disc-read only

memory) has the capacity to handle not only quality

sound but also large quantities of text and visuals. CD-ROMs are read only which means that the user cannot

change or modify information on the disc.

CD-ROM discs requires their own special player; the audio VD player attached to your stereo will not play them.

PHOTO CD (Photographic

compact disc –utilized digital technology to store photographic

images. You can only show the photographs on CD using a special

photo CD player.

DVD-ROM (digital videodisc –read only memory) –is also a digital storage but

with greater capacity. DVD is an ideal

medium for text, visuals, animation,

motion video and audio formats that have large storage requirements.

DIGITAL CAMERA Digital cameras are directly connected to a computer to

place the image onto the computer. Others store digital

images directly onto a computer disk or a small

digital “flash memory” card or “smart card” inside the

camera.

This camera can be used in many ways. You can connect

the computer to an LCD panel or data projector for group

viewing. It is also possible to use software programs called

photoshop.

Advantages Random access. Digital images stored on discs can be

rapidly and randomly access.

Durability. The discs are very durable. Fingerprints do not interfere with the quality of the projected visual, as is the case of slides and filmstrips.

Storage capacity. All the discs store thousands of colorful images at your fingertips.

High quality visuals. The quality of digital still images is better than the photographic images on slides and does fade with time as photographic images do.

Portable. Digital discs are extremely portable.

Less storage space. It would require 67580 slide trays to store the 54000 still images on a single videodisc.

Limitations

Expensive to produce –time consuming and expensive to produce

Requires player and projection –more complex and more difficult to operate

Format becoming outdated – the laser disc format is rapidly being placed by CD-ROM and DVD, and fewer new titles are available.

Integration

Projected digital visuals are suitable for most of the same applications where you

would use overhead transparencies or slides.

E. DIGITAL IMAGE PROJECTION

Digital (and analog) images can be shown to individual using a computer

monitor.

Designed for use with presentation graphics software, liquid crystal display

(LCD) projection panels project computer images on screen. Power point is also

presentation package that has become very popular. You can include sound and

animation in your presentation.

Advantages

Image choices Vast capacity Interactivity

Limitations

Lack of brightness Legibility Expense

Integration

The extra expense and logistical arrangements required by LCD projection

would be difficult to justify for simple, static presentations. Where it yields real benefits

in providing dynamic or interactive presentation.

-THE END-

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THANK YOU PHY.SCI!!

THANK YOU!!! PHY.SCI

Reported By:Cortez, Mary Jo

Cristal, Frinces MaeCuachon, Rona MaeDela Pena, Jonnel

Despi, Leizel Edollantes, Mary Joy

Group 1BSED 3C

Date post:	24-May-2015
Category:	Education
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