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Bill Weiss Dept of Animal Sciences Wooster Vitamin E and Selenium (and some other things) and Mastitis
Bill Weiss Dept of Animal Sciences Wooster
Vitamin E and Selenium (and some other things) and Mastitis
Strong Host Defense
Maintain proper organ and cell functions
Good Nutrition
Reduces immuno-suppressors
Good Nutrition
Healthier cows
Immuno-suppression
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
-35 -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35
Calving day
Re
lati
ve
PM
N F
un
cti
on
, %
Kehrli, 2002
Around calving: PMN function Lymphocyte Macrophage
%
Month of Lactation
Environmental Pathogens
Coliforms
K.L. Smith
Parturition: High Risk for Mastitis
- Immuno-suppression
- Hypocalcemia
- Ketosis
- Overall low nutrient intake
- Antioxidant status (high oxidative stress)
“Nutritional Immuno-suppression”
1. Diets that promote high NEFA
2. Diets that promote ketosis
3. Diets that promote hypocalcemia
Preventing Metabolic Diseases via Good Nutrition improves
immune function
High NEFA reduces Lymphocyte and Neutrophil function
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Inte
rfe
ron
, ng
/ml
NEFA, mM
Fresh cow PMN Function
Lymphocytes from heifers
Hammon et al., 2006 Lacetera et al., 2004
Bovine PMN Function Reduced with increased BHBA
Hoeben et al (1997) Vet Immunopath 58:165
- Cows classified as normal or ketotic
- Infused with 1000 cfu E.coli
-Severity judged by cfu in gland over time
Kremer et al (1993) JDS 76:3428
Coliform Mastitis more Severe in Ketotic Cows
Strong Host Defense
Optimal system and cell functions
Good Nutrition
Reduces immuno-suppressors
Good Nutrition
Healthier cows
Oxidative Stress:
Antioxidant capacity
Reactive O2
Species (ROS*)
* Sometimes called free radicals
[ROS] > Required
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Superoxide: O2
Singlet oxygen: 1O2
Hydrogen peroxide: H2O2
Hydroxyl radical: OH•
FA and peroxyl radicals: FA• FA-OO•
Hypochlorous acid: HOCl
Hypothiocyanous acid: HOSCN
.
“Basal” Synthesis of Superoxide
O2 [e-TC] O•2 H2O2 H2O
Mn-SOD CAT, GPx
Mitochondria
O2 O2●
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum
(P450, etc.)
-
Metabolic Activity and ROS
650 kg lactating dairy cow (30 kg milk/d)
Oxygen consumption: ~230 mol/d
Superoxide production: ~1.1 – 4.6 mol/d
650 kg nonlactating cow
Oxygen consumption: ~ 90 mol/d
Superoxide production: ~ 0.5 – 1.8 mol/d
PMN: Activated ROS Synthesis
Migration
Phagocytosis
Kill
Blood Infection site
O2 O2
. Cytotoxic compounds
Oxidative burst
X
O2 x 1,000,000
.
Immune Cells and ROS
• Higher PUFA in membranes • Bactericidal activity (high [ROS])
• Membrane functions include:
– Antigen recognition – Antibody secretion – Phagocytosis
High PUFA + High ROS =
Oxidative Stress:
Antioxidant capacity
Reactive O2
Species (ROS)
[ROS] > Required
Selenium
Vitamin E
Copper
Zinc
B-carotene (?)
Manganese
Iron
Vitamin C (?)
Often Deficient
Deficiency Unlikely
Antioxidant Nutrients
O2 H2O2 H2O
.
SOD GSH-Px
Cytosol
Membrane
1O2 H2O2
.
FA FA .
(Cu, Zn)
(Se) Catalase (Fe)
BC
Nutritional Antioxidants
Vit C
1O2
X X
X
X
Vit C
PL PL . PH-GSHpx
H2O2 H2O
.
GSH-Px
Cytosol
Membrane
H2O2
FA FA .
Selenium and vitamin E
PL PL .
PH-GSHpx
Selenite, vitamin E, and mastitis
Smith et al., 1984
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
% R
ed
ucti
on
Clinicals Duration
+ Se
+ E
+Se + E
Se/Vit E: Neutrophil kill (cattle)
71%
29%
Positive No effect
83%
17%
Positive No effect
O2 Prod. (n=7) Kill (n = 6) .
10/13 positive
Vitamin E and immuno-suppression
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-60 -30 0 30 60
Calving day
Pla
sm
a E
, u
g/m
l
Weiss et al., 1990
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
-35 -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35
Calving day
Re
lati
ve
PM
N F
un
cti
on
, %
Kehrli, 2002
>1000 IU/d in prefresh helps immunity and mammary gland health (4 studies)
Plasma Vitamin E
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Day relative to calving
Vit
E, u
g/m
l
100 IU
1000 IU
1000/4000 IU
Weiss et al., 1997
Vitamin E and Periparturient Cows
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
IMI Mastitis
Prev.,
%
100 IU 1000 IU 1000/4000 IU
Weiss et al., 1997
4
4.5
5
5.5
log
SC
C
7 d 14 d
1000 IU 2000 IU
Baldi et al., 2000
Adequate Se Low Se
Aitken et al., 2009 (JDS)
Expression/activity of important antioxidant enzymes in mammary
gland is low in late gestation
Antioxidants and Immuno-suppression ?
Vitamin E and Mastitis: Clinical Data
5 Studies: Improved mammary gland health 2 Studies: No effect 1 Study: Negative
Various studies (all confined cattle) None vs. ~1000/500 None vs high at transition ~500 vs extra at transition High during dry period Both all-rac and RRR tocopherol
Clinical Mastitis and Vit E Fed during dry period: Mastitis first 100 d
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Farm A B C D E All
Clinica
l qu
art
er/
Tot
al Q
uart
ers
x 1
00
3000 IU
1.7X RR
Bouwstra et al., 2010
Does Form of Vitamin E Matter ? (synthetic vs. ‘natural’
Tocopherol has 8 isomers (positions 2, 4, 8) - Natural is all 2R, 4R, 8R (RRR) - Synthetic has 8 isomers (12.5% RRR)
Relative Value (all-rac vs RRR) Cows fed 2500 IU/d E
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
RR
R/A
ll-r
ac
Weiss et al., 2009 USP: 1.49X: Suggest 2.0X
1. Amount to feed - 6 to 10 mg/day: all adult cattle
2. Factors affecting inclusion rates - Sulfur, Ca, Fe
3. Selenite vs Se-yeast
Selenium
Dairy cows should consume 6 to 10 mg of Se/day
- increase calf survival
- reduce risk of RFM
- reduce risk of mastitis
E. coli mastitis and Se
Erskine et al., 1989
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 20 40
Time, h
E. coli
(100,0
00/m
l)
Se def + Se
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 10 20
Time, h
SC
C (
100,0
00/m
l)
Se def + Se
Se and SCC
• Herds had low SCC
• Mostly environmental mastitis
• High plasma Se = lower BT SCC
Weiss et al., 1990
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Plasma Se, ug/ml
SC
C (
1000/m
l)
Nutrient Interactions
• Low Se: vitamin E
• Very high A: vitamin E
• High Fe: vitamin E and Se
• High sulfate Se
• High/low Ca Se
Se and Sulfur
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.1 ppm 0.3 ppm
Tru
e S
e A
bso
rpti
on
, %
0.2%S
0.4%S
0.6%S
-3% units/0.1% added S
Ivancic and Weiss, 2001
Organic Se is different from all other organic trace minerals
All other organic TM are ‘complexes’
Organic Se is covalently bound in a molecule
AA- -AA +Cu+
Se-yeast vs. selenite
Se
SeH
Se-cysteine
Methionine
Se-methionine
Cysteine
H2N
NH2
NH2
H2N
Seleno-Amino Acids
OH
OH
HO
HO
O
O
O
O
Active center in selenoenzymes
Se Compounds in Supplements
Se- yeast Selenite Se-met (50-98%*) Selenite (100%) Se-cys Methyl Se compounds Se-cys metabolites Selenite (<1%†)
* Wide range is probably analytical issue
† Reputable manufacturer (if Se-yeast cheap, may be contaminated with selenite)
Se Metabolism 101
Selenate
Selenite
Selenide Se-met
Serine-tRNAUGA
Se-cys-tRNAUGA Se-specific proteins
General proteins
Se-cys
Diet
Gen. proteins
Selenate vs. Se-Yeast
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
Se, m
g/L
Selenate Se-Yeast
Weiss and Hogan, 2006
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Qu
arte
rs in
fect
ed
, %
Control Selenite Se-Yeast
1X
Malbe et al., 1995
1.4 to 1.8X
Which is better and how much better
Digestibility: Se-yeast 1.3 (?) X selenite
Blood / GSH-px: Se-yeast 1.2 X selenite
Fetal/calf: Se-yeast 1.4 X selenite
Milk: Se-yeast 1.9 X selenite
Immune function: Little difference (?)
Clinical response: Little difference (??)
Special Situations
Dry cow: Se-yeast should increase fetal/colostrum Se calf health
Dietary antagonists (e.g., sulfate)
Se-yeast might be better (different absorption mechanisms)
Se Recommendations
Lactating cows, normal situation
- all or predominantly inorganic
Lactating cows, antagonists
- substantial amount from Se-yeast
Late gestation cows and heifers
- mix of inorganic and Se-yeast
Selenium: How Much?
Kommisrund et al., 2005
Whole blood = 0.16 – 0.18 (Se-yeast?)
Determining Se adequacy
Plasma Whole blood
Adequate >0.075 >0.175
Marginal 0.05 to 0.075 0.13 to 0.175
Deficient <0.05 <0.13
Based on mastitis and RFM
Units are mg/L
Recommendations for Vitamin E
1. Increase vitamin E for prefresh cows - 2000 to 4000 IU/d
2. NRC recommendations for far-off and lactating cows appear adequate
3. Pasture is great source of E, reduce or eliminate E supplementation
Soon to be 2006
http://dairy.osu.edu
