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THESIS TITLE:

Physico-Chemical Properties,

Pelletising Methods and in vitroDigestiility o! Pineapple "hole

Plant "aste as Herivoro#s

$iro#s $eed So#rcePrepared y:M%H&MM&D $&'H(I )I* +&I*%DDI*

S./0123

S#pervisor:&SS4C5 P(4$5 D(5 (4S*&H SH&MS%DI*

Co-S#pervisor:D(5 I*5 M4HD *4(I+*&* M4'HT&(

P(4$5 D(5 D&HL&* ISM&IL



INTRODUCTION Prod#ced 7. million tons o!

pineapple !r#it in 7897 $&4,789/3

Pineapple varieties inMalaysia are the osapine,

Moris, Sara;a<, andol and*.=

4ne hectare o! pineapple>eld can prod#ce 91,/88!r#its, appro?imately 70

metric tonnes o! pineapple

!r#it5

PI*E&PPLE

Second harvest o!importance o! tropical!r#it a!ter ananas

18@ o! the pineapple iscons#med as !resh !r#it in

the prod#cing co#ntries,Thailand, Philippines,

)raAil and China arcia,78803

Malaysia ran<ed 0th in&sia and 77nd in the ;orld

Par<er, 78803

M4(IS 4S&PI*E

MD7



PROBLEMSTATEMENT

PINEAPPLE

PLANTWASTE

Produced during

harvesting activities(Wan and Zainuddin,

2013)

Recycled through open

burning before consecutive

replanting process (h!ed et

$eco!e an

environ!ental

issue

HERBIVORO

US ANIMAL

FEED

%&'R*

%ould

reduce thea!ount of

agro+aste

*here is an increase

in de!and for

ani!al products

including !eat(Philip, 2010)

-ncrease ani!al+feed

production in tropical

areas here pineapples

are idely gron



P-'PP.

P.'*

W/*

oever""

Difculties intrans!rtati!n"Terril et al#$

%&&'(

Difculties inst!ra)e

r!cess "Terrilet al#$ %&&'(#

In*!l*ein +i)+

c!st

/o""

Pellet

or!

$etter flo

properties

-!prove

feeding

Reduce

astage

-!prove

transportation andalso storage (dapa

et al", 200)"

M!re recise an, easier t!c!ntr!l !*er t+e ,esire, -ee,rati!n -!r in,i*i,ual ani.als!r )r!us !- ani.als /it+)reater nutriti!nal nee,s

PROBLEMSTATEMENT



OB0ECTIVES

1) To evaluate the physico-chemical properties of whole

pineapple plant waste (PPW) varieties

73To st#dy the pelletising process !or pineapple

plant ;aste PP"3 !or the man#!act#re o!herivore !eed y #sing e?tr#sion and a

compaction process

.3To investigate the digestiility o! pineappleplant ;aste PP"3 pellets y #sing an in vitro techniB#e



T+e Use !- Pineale Wastes "Lea*es(

o Researc+ers usuall1 !nl1 -!cus !nt+e -ruit art "eel$ cr!/n$ c!re$ n!t

lea*es an, ste.s art(

o T+e 23re "-r!. lea*es an, ste.s(rice is US4 &#56 7)$ a3!ut US4 858

er +ectare "+a*e !tential .ar7et

*alue( "Sat1anara1ana et al# %&&'(o T+e lea*es +a*e 3een use, t! .a7e

c!arse te9tiles an, t+rea,s$ als!

aer an, 23re c!.!sites "Ari3 etal# %&&6(#

LITERATUREREVIEW

T+e Use !- Pineale Wastes"Ste.s(

o T+e ste. -r!. ineale+a*e 3een utilise, -!r

3r!.elain e9tracti!no Br!.elain +as !tential as an

anticancer a)ent "C+!3!t!*aet al# %&&:( an, is ri.aril1-!un, in ineale ste."He33ar et al$ %&&;(

o Can 3e r!cesse, int! aer

o Use, -!r sila)e an, +a1 -!rcattle -ee,



4ensification Process

%ategori5ed into to parts6

1) %lose 4ie %o!paction (*ableting process, produce tablet)

2) &pen 4ie %o!paction (7trusion process, produce pellet)

4ensified product can be stored and preserved properly

/o!eho, after co!paction, the for!ing pellets ere dusty and

less structured due to lac8 of basic 8noledge in binding

properties (/o8hansan9 et al" 200:) ;a!bar densification

LITERATUREREVIEW

LITERATURE



Pelleting Process process using pellet press<pelletiser<pellet !ill

Ra !aterial ill be push through the open die, and released aspellets for!s"

*hen, the pellets ill be cut ith a 8nife according to the desired

si5e

LITERATUREREVIEW

dvantages6 -!proved ani!al perfor!ance

4ecreased feed astage

Reduced selective feeding

-!proved bul8 density

$etter !aterial handling characteristics

LITERATURE



E<ect !- M!isture C!ntent !n Pellet =ualit1

= M!isture act as a natural 3in,in) an,lu3ricant t! t+e .aterial

= Water +els t+e ,e*el!.ent !-inter.!lecular -!rces 3et/een t+e articles

= E9cessi*e !- .!isture c!ntent !r less t+ant+e .!isture /ill result in l!/ >ualit1 !-ellets "S+a/ an, Ta3il$ %&&'(

= T+e .!isture als! /ill e<ect t+e ,ensit1 !-t+e ellets r!,uce

LITERATUREREVIEW

LITERATURE



DI?ESTIBILIT@ OF FIBER IN HERBIVORES

Herivores:95 (#minant Sheep, cattle, co;, goat375 *on (#minantMonogastric Horse, s;ine3

(#minantA ru.inant st!.ac+ +as -!ur c+a.3ers

# Ru.en%# Reticulu.5# O.asu.

8# A3!.asu.

*on (#minantMonogastric :# One st!.ac+ "T+e /!r7 in*!l*e, in 3rea7in) u -!!, is ,!ne in

!ne st!.ac+#

LITERATUREREVIEW

LITERATURE



= E9trusi!n Tec+ni>ue

!ne !- t+e tec+ni>ue t! r!,uce elletc!!7in) !- ra/ .aterial 31 usin) +i)+te.erature

n!t easil1 ,isinte)ratin) an, ,eteri!ratin) i-

e9!se t! /ater

LITERATUREREVIEW

= C!.ressi!n Tec+ni>ue

al.!st si.ilar t! ta3letin) r!cess$3ut usin) an !en ,ie

ra/ .aterial /ill c

METHOD



METHODS

?r!un, .aterial

-r!. /+!leineale lant

/aste

Prec!n,iti!nin)/it+ ,i<erent

.!isture c!ntent

5

&

E9tru,e, t+esa.le

Te. &&CScre/ see, &r.

Dia.eter ;..

C!.aris!n!n +1sical

stren)t+3et/een t+e

ellet

O*erall Fl!/c+art

METHOD



METHODS

Pellet P+1sical Test

Fria3ilit1"(

Bul7Densit17)G.

P!r!sit1"(

TrueDensit17)G.



RESULTS

5 8& 8 &

&

&#%

&#8

&#6

&#;

#%

#8

Moist#re Content @3

$riaility @3

C!.aris!n 3et/een FRIABILIT@-!r eac+ !- t+e ellet /it+,i<erent .!isture c!ntent

&#;

Fria3ilit1 is t+e ten,enc1 -!r

t+e ellets t! -!r. ,usts !r t!3rea7uG!< /+en su3ecte, t!,estructi*e -!rces#n! si)ni2cant "J&#&(increase

L!/ -ria3ilit1 in,icate, t+att+e ellets /ere a3le t!/it+stan, t+e s+ear -!rces /+ensu3ecte, t! .ec+anical s+!c7!r attriti!n

+a*e +i)+ st!ra)ecaacit1



RESULTS

5 8& 8 &

%;&

%:&

5&&

5&

5%&

55&

58&

5&

Moist#re Content @3

)#l< Density <gm3

C!.aris!n 3et/een BULK DENSIT@ "7)G.(-!r eac+ !- t+e ellet /it+ ,i<erent .!isture

c!ntent

58#%8

7)G. 3ul7 ,ensit1 r!*i,e, a

str!n) inuence in t+e-!r. !- trans!rte>ui.ent$ st!ra)e an,c!n*ersi!n r!cess"Karunanit+1 et al#$%&%(n!t increase

si)ni2cantl1 "J&#&(/it+ t+e increase in.!isture c!ntentre,uce,trans!rtati!n c!sts$an, ena3le, easier+an,lin) /it+ r!er

st!ra)e e>ui.entA,e>uate st!ra)esace is necessar1 in!r,er t! 7ee lar)esul1 !- -ee,st!c7sa-el1 in +an,#



RESULTS

8:&

8:

&&

&

&

%&

%

Moist#re Content @3

Tr#e Density <gm3

%&#57)G.

C!.aris!n 3et/een TRUEDENSIT@ "7)G.( -!r eac+ !-t+e ellet /it+ ,i<erent.!isture c!ntent

True ,ensit1 is a-un,a.ental .aterialr!ert1 -!r accuratec+aracteriati!n !- !/,er.ec+anical r!erties

T+ere /ere si)ni2cant,i<erences "&#&(

Acc!r,in) t! Kali1an an,M!re1 "%&&:($ ,ensit1

,een,e, !n t+e t1es !--ee,st!c7$ .ac+ines an,r!cess *aria3les#



RESULTS

5 8& 8 &

'#

'6

'6#

''

''#

';

';#

':

':#

;&

;&#

Moist#re Content @3

Porosity @3

C!.aris!n 3et/een POROSIT@ "( -!reac+ !- t+e ellet /it+ ,i<erent.!isture c!ntent

''#&%

Inuence in t+etrans!rtati!n an, t+est!ra)e !- elletst+ere /ere n!si)ni2cant ,i<erence"J&#&(

L!/ !r!sit1 !--ee,st!c7 at .!isturec!ntent & in,icate,t+at t+e sa.le /asc!.acte,$ t+usresultin) in +i)+er

c!.ressi3ilit1

+i)+ !r!sit1 !- t+e-ee,st!c7 in,icate, t+att+e *!i, sace /as lessan, t+e -ee,st!c7 /it+int+e )i*en *!lu.e /!ul,result in l!/

c!.ressi3ilit1

CONCLUSI



CONCLUSION

Increase t+e 3ul7 ,ensit1 $re,ucin)

t+e a.!unt !- sace re>uire, -!rtrans!rtati!n an, st!ra)e#

T+e .!isture c!ntent +a, n!si)ni2cant e<ect u!n t+e +1sicalc+aracteristics !- t+e ellets e9cet

-!r true ,ensit1

Increase t+e utilit1 !- t+is-!ra)e as a natural 23er

s!urce -!r ru.inants

Increasin) its e9i3ilit1 -!r-ee,in)Densi2cati!n !- ineale

/aste int! ellets re,uce c!stsan, s!l*e r!3le.s relate, /it+

+an,lin)$ trans!rtati!n an,

st!ra)e

REFERENC



REFERENCES

=Wan Mohd Aznan and Zainuddin Zakaria, 2013. Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) Fro! We"#ern #o Weal#h.$%&%'&A, 1*20.

=Ah!ed, +.., u"ni, M..A., Anuar, A.&., and anafi, M.M., 200. ffe-# of &e"idue Manae!en# Pra-#i-e +n

/ield and -ono!i- iabili# of Mala"ian Pineapple Produ-#ion. $ournal of u"#ainable Ari-ul#ure,20(), 3*43.

=Philip 5. 'horn#on, 2010. Li6e"#o-k produ-#ionre-en# #rend", fu#ure pro"pe-#". Phil. 'ran". &. o-. 7, 389,293*

28:.

=Adapa, P. 5., 'abil, L.;., -hoenau, ;.$., and okhan"an<, ., 2008. Pelle#in -hara-#eri"#i-" of fra-#iona#ed and

"un*-ured dehdra#e alfalfa rind". Applied nineerin in Ari-ul#ure,20(8),13=20.

='errill, '. ., Mo"<idi",'.., Moore, >.A., haik, .A.,Miller, $.., 7urke, $.M., Muir, $.P., and Wolfe, &., 200:.

ffe-# of pelle#in on effi-a- of "eri-ea le"pedeza ha a" a na#ural de?or!er in oa#". e#erinar Para"i#olo, 18,

11:=122.

= 5arunani#h, @., Wan, /., Mu#huku!arappan, 5., and Pualen, ., 2012. Ph"io-he!i-al -hara-#eriza#ion of

briue##e" !ade fro! differen# feed"#o-k". 7io#e-hnolo &e"ear-h Bn#erna#ional, 12. doi10.1199C2012C189202.

=5alian, D., and More, &.., 2004. Fa-#or" affe-#in "#ren#h and durabili# of den"ified bio!a"" produ-#".

7io!a"" and 7ioener, 33(3),33:=394.



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