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Voices of Protest
Chapter 19.1
Demonstration for Equal Rights Amendment
A Woman’s Place
Traditional wedding couple: she could look forward to fifty years of baking cookies
What are the origins of the Women’s Movement?
• Outgrowth of civil rights movement: women built on it
– Saw themselves as treated like second class citizens
– Expected to make sandwiches, type, stay at home
• Betty Friedan
– “The Feminine Mystique”
– “Is this It?”
Above: traditional family supper; below: Betty Friedan poses
How did reproductive rights change in the 60s and 70s?
• The Pill
– FDA approved sale in 1960
– Women became more health conscious
– Some felt greater freedom
• Pregnant women were usually fired from their jobs
• Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized 1st trimester abortion
Above: The Pill (month’s supply); below: anti-abortion protests
Describe NOW and its goals:• NOW- National Organization of
Women• Goals was full equality for women
– Constitutional amendment (ERA)
– Maternity leave– Better day care centers– Equal/ non-segregated
education– Equal job opportunities– Abortion rights
• 270 thousand members by 1990
Above: NOW logo; below: NOW parade
Describe the radical feminists:• Younger, smaller
groups and more ‘dramatic’ than NOW
• Ridiculed the 1968 Miss America pageant by crowning sheep
• Threw girdles, bras, curlers, and other symbols of “feminine enslavement” into the freedom trashcan
Above: 1960s Miss America; below: feminist protestors
Radical Feminists
Capture from clip on radical feminists
Gloria Steinem Presentation
A young woman (not Gloria) serves drinks in a Playboy bunny suit
Describe the successes of the Women’s Liberation movement in the 1970s:
• Gloria Steinem & Ms. Magazine– Wrote about issues Cosmo and Good
Housekeeping avoided– Popularized “Ms.” instead of Miss or
Mrs. • Women’s Studies appeared in
universities (you could major in it)• By 1980:
– 51% of undergrads were female– 30% of doctorate degrees female
Above: A Playboy bunny serves drinks
Phyllis Schlafly Presentation
Schlafly gives an anti-feminist speech
Who was Phyllis Schlafly?• Conservative Anti-feminist• Lawyer and author• The Power of the Positive Woman
(1977)– Stated that women primary duty
uphold traditional values• Church, family, country
• Argued that feminists did not represent all women
• Led STOP ERA movement– Said it would lead to unisex
bathrooms, women in combat, and the destruction of the traditional family
Above and below: Phyllis Schlafly
How did Congress and the Courts react to the Feminist Movement?
• Affirmative Action Plan (1971)– Forced Businesses working with
US Gov to have a certain percentage of females
• Education Amendments Act (1972)– Outlawed sexual discrimination in
education• Forced schools to change
classes – cooking no longer limited to
girls, shop to boys• US military opened up academies of
Annapolis and West Point to female cadets
Above: home economics in the 1950s
Below:
Describe the ERA and the fight for its ratification:
Photo of an ERA rally in this century (web address on banner, reference to 9-11 on sign)
Describe the ERA and the fight for its ratification:
• “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
• Amendment overwhelmingly approved by Congress• In order for the Amendment to be added to the
Constitution, 38 States needed to ratify it (3/4 of states).• 30 did by 1973• Conservatives fought vigorously against the Amendment
– Fear that it would change social and family roles
• By the 1982 deadline, NOW’s fight for the amendment died, and Congress did not extend the deadline.
How did the Feminist movement affect social and gender relationships?
• Marriage postponed
– Women entered college to prepare for careers
• Divorce rate climbed
– More socially acceptable to leave unsatisfying marriage
• Socially acceptable behavior uncertain
– What was considered gentlemanly behavior changed
• Should a man hold the door for a lady or is that being a chauvinist?
Below: cartoon makes the serious point that chivalry made more sense when tasks were dangerous and physically demanding
What were the results of the Feminist Movement?
• More women in the workplace• Ms. Became title in business
– Took marital status out of workplace• Two-career family became norm• Women continued to rise in status
– Sandra Day O'Connor (1st female justice in Supreme Court in 1981)
– Geraldine Ferraro (Democratic VP candidate in 1984)
– Sally Ride (1st female in space in 1983)
– Hillary Rodham Clinton!!!
Below: Gloria Steinem on 30th anniversary cover of the magazine she founded