Vol. 11, No.9 Citizen Band Potawatomi Tribe October, 1989

Father Joseph Murphy, author, historian, is deadFather Joseph (Francis) Murphy, O.5.B., who

spent much of his life chronicling the history ofthe Potawatomi Tribe and who was an honor­ary member of the Citizen Band, died Thurs­day, Oct. 19, 1989, in Pomona, Calif.

He was 78.Mass of Christian Burial was at 4 p.m.

Tuesday at St. Gregory's Abbey, under thedirection of Roesch Funeral Chapel. AbbotCharles Massoth, o.S.B. was the principalcelebrant. Burial was in the Abbey Cemetery.

Father Murphy was a longtime friend andsupporter of the Potawatomi Tribe, and wasthe author of two books published by the Tribe.He became an adopted Potawatomi by actionof the Business Committee on August 27, 1985.On Nov. 6, 1987, he was present as FatherMurphy Drive in the elderly housing projectwas dedicated in his honor.

Father Murphy was born Dec. 1, 1910, inChattanooga, Okla., the son of William andAnn (Wooldridge) Murphy. He had one sisterand three brothers. Father Murphy attendedgrade school at Chattanooga and at St. Mary'sAcademy, Lawton. He attended high school inFletcher, Okla., and at St. Mary's High Schoolin Lawton, graduating as valedictorian of theclass of 1927.

FATHER JOSEPH MURPHYHe attended St. Gregory's College, Shawnee,

and St. John's University, Collegeville, Minn.,graduating cum laude in 1932. His theology wasalso taken at St. John's and he was ordained a

priest on May 31, 1936 by Bishop FrancisClement Kelley.

Father Murphy's assignments at St.Gregory's Abbey and College included: priorof the monastery, professor, treasurer, regis­trar, rector, vice-president, dean of men, andchairman of the division of social sciences.History was his field, and he received his M.A.from the University of Oklahoma in 1942; hisPh.D. was from the same institution in 1%1. Inaddition, over the years he took courses atOklahoma State University, U.S.c., Geor­getown, Claremont Graduate School, Texasand UCLA.

His Ph.D. dissertation, "Potawatomi Indiansof the West: Origins of the Citizen Band," wasthe basis for the hardback book "Potawatomiof the West: Origins of the Citizen Band,"published by the Citizen Band PotawatomiTribe in 1988. The tribe also published his 1942work, "The Benedictine Foundations of SacredHeart Mission and St. Gregory's Abbey andCollege" in 1987. In 1974, Father Murphy,published "Tenacious Monks," a centennialhistory of St. Gregory's Abbey. He was theauthor of two articles, "Oklahoma" and

Continued, page 6

BIA costs Tribe thousands by not investing trust fundsWhen an Associated Press story

about the mismanagement of Indiantrust fund funds by the Departmentof the Interior hit the nation'snewspapers in early October, theCitizen Band Potawatomi Tribe'scontract director, Ed Herndon,started checking numbers rightaway.

What he found caught hisattention: Almost $3 million inPotawatortU Tribal Trust Fundswere lying uninvested at a monthlycost of at least $22,000.

The wire service story said thatan audit had uncovered staggeringlosses among the trust funds,largely due to sloppy bookkeeping.The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

manages more than $1.7 billiondollars belonging to 200 tribes and290,000 individuals. That moneycomes from court-ordered monetaryawards to the Indians or revenuefrom oil, and the BIA is charged

with investing it.The inspector general's audit

uncovered the unexplained disap­pearance of $17 million as well asotlJer losses. The report said thatrecords of the trust funds were in

such disarray thatthcir accuracywas in question, and called theproblems in management andcontrol of the funds pervasive.Although there is no evidence thatthe $1.7 was stolen, the report didnot rule out that possibility. An­other $19.5 million in actual orpotential losses was attributed topoor investment decisions ormismanagement of invested funds.

These problems were not re­ported to the tribes or individuals.A letter from James Richards,inspector general, to Interior Secre­tary Manuel Lujan included in thereport noted that "The Bureau'spractice regarding known losses of

Continued, page 16

Bingo! Bingo! 2The Players Know The Story:Our Hall Is Amon The Best

•••••••••••••••••-.-.....-.-.-•••••-.·•••-•••-.-.-••••••••".·.;.·••••,·••••••••••••v.M,"

Page 2 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

'They do a good hamburger here. Plus I like the idea that it's Indian­owned and Indian-operated. I don't mind spending a few bucksbecause I know it goes to a good cause.' • Gaylon Franklin

think tribes should depend onbingo, but if it's handled right, it's agood venture," he said.

"I play about once a week, torelax mostly," Franklin said. "If Iwin, it just makes it beller. It'spleasant here, cool in the summerand warm in the winter. And I see alot of my relatives here:' He saysthe hall is "a neater operation sincethe changeover. Although the prizesaren't as high, I understand youhave to meet expenses. I expect itwiIl build back up:'

When asked if he wins often,Franklin replied that he doesn't"win often enough. I won $1,900when the other people had it, andthat stimulated my interest. I wasjust playing at it then; now I'mserious." His favorite game is theSuper Century, which he says youcan make "anywhere from $50-250on."

Franklin too praises "the veryContinued, next page

Jackie Markwell'7'hey're open to criticism and new ideas, although

there's not much to criticize.• The people are nice, thesnack bar is good and people treat me like I want tobe treated:"

point that they don't have to lookup to greet each other - theyrecognize their voices. Only abouthalf of the 300-400 who usually playare Indians.

What Markwell likes is the factthat "the people are nice, the snackbar is good and people treat me likeI want to be treated:' On a scale ofone to len, she gives the hall aneight.

Gaylon Franklin claims he judgesa bingo hall on "the quality of itshamburger. They do a good ham­burger here. Plus I like the idea thatit's Indian-owned and Indian­operated. I don't mind spending afew bucks because I know it goes toa good cause."

Franklin is second chief of theneighboring Sac & Fox Tribe, andvisits a lot of bingo halls as hetravels for his tribe. Although histribe does not run a bingo hall, itdoes license one and collects 45percent of the revenue. "I don't

Bill Clem''They've fixed it up. It's comfortable. You gottahave a variety ofgames to keep from getting bored. Igot tired of television. I do this for recreation and tokeep my wife happy."

'The odds are against winningon the packs," Markwell contends."Playing packs is just a socialevening. You win on the minis.People want to play mini games andhe (Qualls) has improved them ...You gotta have something to lurepeople, and I'm not talking about a$50 prize. The average personspends $50 a night here."

She also likes what she calls "ripoffs," a game played on a little cardwhere you pull off tabs in hopes ofrevealing a winning combination ofnumbers or pictures. It's like apaper version of a slot machine. '1keep up with the serial numbers,"Markwell said, "so I know whenthere's a winner. It's sort of an art:'

Markwell appreciates the factthat "they're open to criticism andnew ideas, although there's notmuch to criticize ... they've gone togreat lengths to make this a goodhall." The same people play theremost of the tiine, she said, to the

Gaylon Franklin Buys A Card From Chris Folks Players Enjoy Clean, Roomy, Modem Surroundings

'Regulars' give Tribal Bingo Hall high marksThey'd like bigger prizes and Ml,h t th' .

more "mini" games, but they keep a ey re saYing...coming, night after night.

They're the regulars at thePotawatomi Tribal Bingo hall,which is just ending its first yearunder tribal management. Changeshave been made in that year, andwhile the players like some of them,others they could do without.

'They've got a very good hallhere and it's improving every dayunder David's (Qualls, the hallmanager) management," said JackieMarkwell of Meeker. She has beenthere just about every night "sinceDay 1" and says she has "seen itall." A serious bingo player, sheplays to win.

"You've got to make it so peoplecan come out ahead," she says whilewatching the 1V monitor out of thecorner of her eye. As she talks, shemarks the numbers on her card withone of several "daubers" arrayedabout her on the table. She says themanagement company which wasousted by the tribe last year afteryears of legal battles were "show­men" who made the game moreexciting, but she understands thatthe tribe is taking a different ap­proach.

"In the old days, the hall was fullevery night, because they had aguaranteed $SOO game," Markwellsaid. "Now they say they want tokeep it for the little guy. That'sgreat, but some people want to playminis. That's how you draw thecrowds."

Minis are single games, wherethe prize may be 50 percent of thellpot," or some guaranteed amount.About 30 of those games are playedearly each evening. Occasionallythere are special games with bigjackpots of $5,000. But most of thegames are the "pack games," whereplayers buy cards for 10 games at atime.

Vo/l1, No.9· October, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 3

Players Pay Attention While Numbers Are Called

Answer: Over half as much as Jeopardy...Question: How much does the hall pay?

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David Qualls As Mayor of Tecumseh

Bingo Hall managerQuick! What Potawatomi Tribal employee is 27 years old and:'" Was mayor of Tecumseh for two years.'" Spent nearly one year as publisher and cO-Qwner of a weekly news-

paper in McLoud.'" Owned his own small business in downtown Tecumseh.'" And is now manager of the Potawatomi Bingo Hall.If your answer was David Qualls, you're absolutely correct. He has

been an employee of the Bingo Hall since the third day after the Tribe tookover the facility last yearand he has helped make the hall one of the leadersin what is becoming an in­creasingly competitive mar­ket.

Qualls started out work­ing the cash register andquiCkly moved up, first to acaller, then to assistant man­ager. He was appointedmanager on July 27 of thisyear by the Business Com­mittee and has applied hisbackground in business and ,.._ ...politics to make the hall a i£:_::rJ~~.r..more pleasant, attractiveplace to play.

And, he admits freely, hehas leameda great deal aboutbingo in the past year or so.. "Now that the court ruling is over, the Bingo Hall is going to be a veryImportant enterprise for the Tribe, just as it was meant to be," says Qualls,adding that revenues generated at the hall are used to support variousTribal programs.

'1t's a highly competitive market," he says of bingo. "We have to stayup on marketing. It's like being a Big 4 car dealer in Oklahoma City."

To do that, Qualls says, the Tribe has made a number of improvementsat the hall. An enhanced smoke ejection system has been installed alongwith improvements in the parking lot, the kitchen, and overall lighting. Asthose things were done and as service improved, Qualls says, there hasbeen a marked improvement in the Tribe's bingo operations.

"It'sa night-and-day difference between nowand whatitused tobe.lt'sbeen more or less like watchinga new-born baby grow. I knew nothingabout bingo at the beginning. We've allieamed a lot, especially from theplayers. The players have made us what we are today."

The key to the Bingo Hall's success, says Qualls, is service - personalservice.

Meet David Qualls,Staff Member of the Month

"This is a service business. We try to offer our players a low-price packwith a decent payoff along with decent service. If he or she doesn't wantto, the playerdoesn't have to get up to do anything. We'll bring him coffee,hand-deliver the sheets, cash checks, and bring the payments.

"We try to be more than fair. It's a fast-paced business. If there's ashadow of a doubt, we go ahead and satisfy the customer. We maintain aread strongand straightoperation. Nothing isobstructed. Everything is inplain view. We have six television monitors where they can see theynumbers. Anywhere they sit, they ean see."

And, he says, Potawatomi Tribal Bingo has the best sound system in thearea. "There are speakers in all the comers."

Quallscounts it part of his job to visit other bingo halls from time to timeand find out what they're doing. "I've scouted about six bingo halls sinceI've been manager. Of all the halls I've been in, we've got the most efficientstaff." In all, he says, the hall employs about 40 people. It operates sevennights a week with matinees on Saturdays and Sundays. It ean comforta­bly accommodate 546 players and capacity is 750.

"We draw from about a four-eounty area, as far south as Ada and as farwest as Oklahoma City. We have players from McAlester, Perkins, Chan­dler, Stroud, all around."

Qualls sayscredit for the hall's progress should go to the BusinessCom­!"ittee. "We wouldn't have made the progress that we have if it hadn'tbeen for the Business Committee putting the hall on the front burner," hecomments.

Qualls lives in Tecumseh with his wife Christineand one daughter. Im­mediately prior to joining the Bingo Hall staff, he was publisher and co­owner of The McLoud News. He sold his interest in that newspaper. Priorto that, he was owner of Dave's Sandwich Shop in downtown Tecumseh.He was mayor of Tecumseh from May, 1986 through May, 1988.

Qualls notes. "We sell six colors, butbingo players are superstitious."

Clem may not be superstitious,but he doesn't like the game beingcalled during the interview. "I'venever won this game bowtie," hegrumbled. "I've won every one ofthe rest of them." Clem says he's"won big, butI've spent a lot. Hewon a $4,000 pot once and has wona $1,000 pot at the Potawatomi hallrecently. And other family membershave won.

He too would like to see moreminis. "It would be an incentive,"he said. But he comes about fivenights a week anyway. It's conven­ient, he says, and "they've fixed itup. It's comfortable, but sometimesthe air conditioning is too darnedcold." Blackout is his favorite game,but he agrees that "you gotta have avariety of games to keep iromgetting bored." He says he winsabout one out of every four times heplays.

"But it's something to do," heconcludes. "I got tired of television.I do this for recrealion and to keepmy wife happy."

Win or lose, they keep comingback. And somebody is winning."We will pay out1 t million dollarsthis year," Qualls said. "Jeopardyonly has a two million dollar prizebudget."

From previous pagefriendly workers" and the conven­ience and atmosphere of the hall. "Iwouldn't be ashamed to bring myfamily here."

Several improvements have beenmade in the hall itself during thepast year. A new ceiling has beeninstalled and the interior painted.Neon lights are on order and asmoke ejection system has beeninstalled. There are comfortable,padded seats and a paved parkingarea now, and Qualls said bothCoke and Pepsi products areavailable at the snack bar. He andthe other 37 employees are alwaysopen for suggestions from theplayers.

One person they listen to is BillClem of Shawnee, who is not only aregular player - and a winner ­but also ran a bingo game for 11years. He was also a caller when thetribe held its game "up on the hill."He said he had to "eallthe wholesession ... we didn't have minis inthose days."

He pauses to mark his card witha florescent dauber. The daubers arefat felt tip markers that are used topunch a circle of color over thenumber called. No little pieces ofpaper or plastic markers here;everyone has at least one dauber."Some only use a certain color,"

:Jd--~'. /' ./ /

f John Barrettv/

following up on every promise thebureaucrats made to make sure wedid not get lied to again. He pre­sented our case to other Congress­men and Senators' staff members,garnering support from everypossible source. He was, at thedirection of Congressman Watkins,our true champion. He could anddid get the job done.

All of you who are new membersof the tribe should never forget thename Charlie Cooper. All of us whowere so hopeful that we wouldassure the continued histoiy of ourgreat Tribe by seeing our children asmembers, and who experiencedyears of frustration an.d anger fromhigh-handed abuse at the hands ofarrogant BIA bureaucrats, will neverforget him.

Megwetch, Father Joe andCharlie Cooper, go with God, yourmemory lives on.

Washington D.C. We had beenforced to hire special attorneys toargue our case with the BIA inWashington and had been turneddown time and again.

We finally appealed to Congress­man Watkins for help and he let Mr.Charles Cooper, his senior Adminis­trative Aid, come to our assistance.A veteran of many many years ofCapitol HiII legislative work, he wasthe consummate professional. Heknew how and why the "system"worked - and most especially howto make it move. We were not evenable to get an appointment to meetwith the people at the BIA to argueour case. When we would call theywould say no one was there whocould meet with us. We wouldmake appointments and fly all theway to Washington, at great ex­pense to the Tribe, and they wouldcancel meetings and refuse to talk tous. We had been given every kind of/Iron around" JX>ssible.

Charlie got on the phone andstarted at the top, demandingaction, scheduling meetings, and

many years of research and thou­sands of pages of documents aboutthe Potawatomi to our Tribalarchives.

As a member of the Benedictinemonastic community he gave hislife to God; to the Citizen Potawat­omi, he also gave a most preciousgift - our history. This issue of theHowNiKan is dedicated to hismemory.

The Citizen Band PotawatomiTribe and the State of Oklahomaalso have lost a great friend andpowerful advocate in the recentpassing of Charlie Cooper, veteranlegislative aide to CongressmanWes Watkins.

All of us owe him a specialthanks for the invaluable assistancehe gave the Tribe in its fight to getthe Tribal Constitution changed toallow us to enroll our children on adescendency basis. We had beenfrustrated by the Bureau of IndianAffairs at every tum, from theagency level at Shawnee, the areaBIA offices in Anadarko, Oklahoma,and finally after two years, in

Page 4 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Bourzho, Niconi(Hello my friends)

The sudden passing of Fr. JosephMurphy is a great loss to our Tribeand to me personally. I had thegood fortune to call Father Joe afriend and know all who met him atthe Councils where he lectured felthis wannth and love for the Pota­watomi.

Father Joe, Father MichaelRoethler and I traveled to Arizonato meet the Pope two years ago.During the trip, he told stories ofour grandfathers and great-grandfa­thers so real and personal I couldalmost feel I knew them personally.His wit, humor and compassionaugmented his incredible recall ofthe historical events of our Tribe.Father Joe contributed all of the

Tell us your Christmas storyWhat's your favorite Christmas story? members of your tribe in the Christmas (December)No, not Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer - your edition, butwe have to have your help todo that. Please

favorite Christmas story, one about you or some take a few minutes to jotit downona pieceof paperandmember of of your family. Perhaps it happened when send it to:you were a little tyke, or perhaps it has to do with the The HowNiKantime everyone finally got back together for Christmas. 1901 Gordon Cooper DriveOr maybe it's one your grandmother or grandfather Shawnee, Oklahoma 74801told you about Christmas way back when. Please get started now. Time's passingand we have

The HowNiKan would like to share it with the to have your story by early December.

Hearing aid checkbrought happiness

HowNiKan,My Dear Indian Brothers,I received the check for my hearing

aid. I just don't know how to thankyou. But thank you anyhow.

My wife is home now and she is onthat home dialysis and will be for therest of her life. We have to change herbags of medicine 4 times a day I amnot a young man, 72 years and it isquite a job. But the doctors say I amdoing a real good job.

When Iopened your letter you willnever know how happy it made mefeel to know that I have good broth­ers. AIl Icansay is thankyou so much.

Donald J. Nourie

Family informationis appreciated

HowNiKan,Ienjoyed getting to meet you when

my husband and I dropped by theTribal Office on July 12. You sug­gested that you would be able tocontact tribal members for me and Icertainly appreciate that.

I am enclosing two leiters which Iwould like for you to address andforward for me. I am seeking to ex­change family information with thesewomen and wrote on the letters toeach one that I asked you to do this.

The letter to Violet Page is in re­sponse to the HowNiKan Scrapbook

article on the Melot Family whichappeared May, 1989.

The letter to Norma Dean is in re­sponse to the HowNiKan Scrapbookarticle "Bourassa-Bergeronmatriarch's genealogy recalled"which appeared July, 1989.

Thank you so much for printingfamily information. It really helps usget families together as well as under­stand the personal family historiesinvolved.

Donna J. MoodyPhoenix, Ariz.

The letters were forwarded - Edi­tor.

He's interestedin craftwork

HowNiKan,Our secretary just returned from a

trip to California where she visitedwith her son. Her son married ayoung lady of the Citizen Band ofPotawatomi. I became immediately

interested because I have been tryingtoobtain some Potawatomi craftworkfor our collection of American Indianart. Our secretary brought back somecopies of the HowNiKan from whichI got your address. The mailing ad­dress on the newspaper was ad­dressed to a Rodney Craig Coleman,also of California, and I believe thebrother of the young lady I men­tioned above.

I am enclosing a money order forthe following items.

One-year subscription to yournewspaper.

One copy of the book, "Tell Me AStory"

Please address the newspaper andbook to me personally to insureproper delivery. I am also interestedin purchasing craftwork such asbeaded medallion necklaces, mocca·sins, dance rattles, fans and anythingelse Potawatomi that is made locallyin Shawnee. Please send me a pricelist if one is available. Or, if it wouldbe easier, just-give me a phone num-

ber and someone's name and I willcall.

Thank you for your attention and Ihope to hear from you soon.

David CarbaughWarren City Schools

Warren, Ohio

'Origins' sentto Missouri

HowNiKan,As peryour publication that a copy

ofPotawatomi Of the West: Origins ofthe Citizens Band would be senlto thepublic library, please send a copy ofyou can in the name of my deceasedhusband, Gary E. Gamer to:

Cindy Smith, LibrarianNevada Public Library225 W. AustinNevada, Mo. 64772.Thanking you in advance for this

wonderful gift,Janice Kay Gamer

Nevada,Mo.

Vo/H, No.9. OCtober, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 5

----A big day in Big D!----

Vice Chairman-Administrator J.im Young With Lindsay Schoemann,.The Youngest Girl At The Dallas Regional Council

Young With Joshua Dories, The Youngest Boy To Attend The RegionalCouncil In Dallas

The 1990 censusMake sure you count for the Tribe!

Tribal officials one-third throughRegional Councils for this year

Revised RegionalCouncil Schedule

for the tribe's first Regional Councilin the East, planned for Orlando,Florida. However, said ProgramsAdministrator Jim Young, advancenotice requirements during theupcoming holiday season havemade it necessary to postpone thattrip and reschedule it for sometimelater in the spring.

Young noted that the Floridameeting was requested by severaltribal members in that part of thecountry. "Normally, we don't planone for less than 100 people," Youngsaid, "because of the cost. It willtake more than just the tribalmembers in the Orlando area tomake this one a success. Tribalmembers in neighboring statesshould plan to attend also." He saidadvance notice of plans to attendwill be important to assure enoughparticipation.

After a visit to the Dallas area onOct. 21, Potawatomi tribal officialsare about one-third through theRegional Council schedule for 1989­90.

The following schedule, by theway, varies somewhat fromthe onewhich appeared in the last issue ofthe HowNiKan. One meeting hasbeen postponed, another resched­uled and dates changed on others sothat meetings could be held onSunday rather than Saturday. Pleasenote the corrected dates.

No Regional Councils will beheld until after the holiday season.The next Regional Council Meetingwill be held in San Jose, California,on Jan. 6. That date was first set up

f

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.....

f.Chairman John Barrett Greels A Double Winner, Vern Perry of Denison,

Texas. Perry Was The Smartest And Traveled The Longest Distance

San Jose _oo_oo .Saturday, Jan. 6Tulsa Sunday, Jan. 28Phoenix Saturday, Feb. 24Kansas City Sunday, March 25Long Beach Saturday, April 21Houston Sunday, May 6

Teresa Anne Fehlig, Oklahoma ­$5

Myra Ness, Texas - $10Roy E. Paslay, Roy E. Paslay, Jr.,

Lexie Paslay, Timothy Paslay, LesaJoiner, Kansas - $20

LaVera Soelter, Washington Stale• $10

Michael and Erma Pozzobon,Washington State, $20

Margarel Geraldine Allen,Oregon - $15

Claiming your Indian blood on the Census helpswith funding

In October of 1989 the new 1990 Census Question­naire will go to press and turn out more than 15Omillioncopies. Starting in March, 1990, a copy of this question­naire will go to every home in the United States, for anestimated 106 million homes. The plan is for the ques­tionnaire to be in every home by Census Day, April 1,1990, allowing time to be filled out and returned inApril. This is no easy task. Within more densely popu­lated metro areas, the questionnaire will go out asregular mail, but to those homes in very rural areas suchas Indian reservations and rural border communities,many will be hand delivered. The Census Bureau esti­males they will require the help of 350,000 lemporary"Census Tak~rs," not only 10 develop a masler mailinglist, but to deliver the queslionnaires, and follow-upwith those homes that do not fill out and return thequestionnaires. The Census Bureau is working WithIndian Tribal leaders and will appoint Indian Triballiaisons to assist with the census taking within IndianCountry. The Census Bureau is also encouraging Indi­ans to apply for these temporary census jobs. A spokes-

person for the CensusBureau stresses theimportanceofan accurate count of Indian people and those whoidentify themselves with their Indian heritage. " Acomplete count of the Indian population is vital. Thereis a saying...the census is only important if you think'political power' and money power' are important toyour group:' The census is used to assure equal repre­sentation in federal, state and local governments. Inaddition, the number derived from the census are usedin planning for the future and to account for changes inracial groups and their needs over a period of time. Notonly does the federal government use these numbers toallocale funds and services, but stale, local and countygovernments also base the allocation of their resourcesbased on these figures. What this means for Indians isthat a low or inaccurate count of the Indian populationcan mean the loss of badly needed money and services.

For more information contact:1990 Census Promotion OfficeU. S. Census BureauRoom 2733-3Washington, O. C. 20233or call (301) 763-1921

I HowNiKandonations I

Page 6 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

Father Joseph Murphy diesWalking On

Father Murphy Addresses Annual Tribal Council

Father Murphy Walks Though Gate At Sacred Heart Cemetery

Father Murphy SpeaksTo Historical Society

Year" by the students of St.Gregory's College.

He celebrated 50 years of pro­fession in 1980 and 50 years ofpriesthood in 1986. These lastyears he has been retired, enjoyedgood health and loved to takelong walks.

He was preceded in death byhis mother, father, sister andthree brothers, but a host ofalumni, relatives and friends willlong remember him.

A funeral mass was celebratedat st. Benedict's Church, Monte­bello, Calif. Saturday, Oct. 21,where he had been pastor (1953­1956), before his body wasbrought to Shawnee. FatherMurphy was on vacation inCalifornia when on July 13, hesuffered a ruptured esophagus.Infections and complicationscaused-a steady decline in health.

[Ef1;;lliJj, r

Father Murphy With ChairmanBarrett at Dedication of

Joe Murphy Drive

Continued from page 1"Isidore Robot" for the CatholiCEncyclopedia.

Assignments away from theAbbey included pastor of st.Benedict's Church, Montebello,Calif. 1953-56, and pastor of theSacred Heart Church, Konawa,Okla., in 1960, where he did mostof the wriling of his doctoralthesis on the Potawatomie Indi­ans.

Father Murphy was also anavid "supply" priest on week­ends. From 1941 he assisted onweekends quite regularly at FortSill in Lawton and was givenspecial honors in 1966 for 25years of service. He continuedthis service even until recentmonths. He was a popularhistory professor and many timeshe was chosen "Teacher of the

Charles M. Cooper, friend of Tribe, dies at 63Charles M. Cooper, 63, a Texas-born Oklahoma newsman who was a

lobbiest, political advisor and top congressional aide to U.s. Reps. WesWatkins and Oem McSpadden, died Tuesday, Oct. 3, 1989. He had under­gone heart surgery in a suburbanWashington hospital.

Cooper had been instrumental inhelping the Potawatomi Tribe onnumberous occasions and was espe­cially helpful in assisting the'fribe inobtaining approval to hold a referen­dum to change to the descendencymethod of enrollment.

"Cooper was more than a staffer,he was a trusted personal friend,"Watkins said, "a bank of institutionalknowledge, a great writer and a finefather figure to the staff."

"Cooper was a news person whotold it like it was:' McSpadden said."He was respected by elected officialsand his readers."

Cooper worked in two gubernato­rial, two senatorial and three congressional campaigns. He lobbied for freemarkets, petroleumand agriculture. For sixyears he served as presssecretaryand administrative assistant to Rep. Watkins and headed Rep. McSpadden's

office when the powerful Congressional Rural Caucus was formed."He was an effective champion of rural Oklahoma," Watkins said.Known asa humorist pundit, in an eighteen-year newscareer, Cooper was

the editor of the Pryor Daily Times and worked for newspapers at Temple,Anadarko and Antlers. Together with his wife AlIene Bary-Cooper, an artist­writer-photographer, he produced The Homeplace: A Gathering of Voices, acoffee-table book on rural America.

A capitol correspondent for World Oil, Cooper was a Washington lob­biest/writer/public relations director for the Independent Petroleum Asso­ciation of America from 1975-77. He served as public relations director 1981­1983 for the America Agriculture Movement and was the associate editor ofthe AAM Reporter at the time of his death. He was a board member of theAmerican Family Farm Foundation.

In Oklahoma, he helped expose the 1964-65 asphalt price fixing case thatled to court judgements for the state while Cooper worked for·the Okla­homa Good Roads and Streets Association. He also was a state highwaydepartment employee.

Candidates whom Cooper advised were U.S. Senator Fred R. Harris, U.S.Reps. Toby Morris and Ed Edmondson, Attorney General Larry Derryberry,Keith Cartwright, Preston Moore and Clyde A. Wheeler, Jr.

Cooper served two active duty tours in the Navy, wascommander of twoAmerican Legion Posts, was a Mason, and earned a college degree in Texas.

Survivors include his widow, Allene Bary-Cooper, four children andseven grandchildren.

Vo/11, No.9· October, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 7

Sacred:J{eart

SUmmer, 1989 A Quortedy Publication 0/ 1118 Socred Heart Mission Historical Soc/ely VaI.2, No. 3

Summer Was A Good Time At Sacred HeartWe were also able to work on the

small cabin. We had all the windowsreplaced, front and back door re­paired, and replaced the floor withlumber from the partition in the ga­rage. Thiscabin is in fair condition butwe still have some work on the two­story logcabin. When sufficient fundsare available, we will begin work.

Bob Dunning. contractor, is work­ing on the bakery windows. Theframes have to be custom built, butwe

Please Tum To Page 8

The St. Gregory's Chapter of theKnights of Columbus came and spenta day cleaning at Benedict Springs.Brother Benedict and Fr. Pat super­vised the group while they werethere. Kathy Lowry and JeanieLehman served them hamburgers forlunch.

We have been able to work on theseptic system for the trailer house butstill haven't hooked up the water. Weare optimistic that we will have waterfor the trailer very soon.

Greetings FromSacred Heart-"'''"'~' j

us catch up. This allowed us to con­centrate on other projects that wouldhave otherwise had to have beenpostponed. Dug Higdon and the AdaChapler of the Knights of Columbushave been coming regularly to mowand trim both the Sisters' and thePriests' cemeteries.

Our work at Sacred Heart has ac­compliShed a lot this summer. Themission grounds are looking gooddespite the abundance of rainfall. Themowing in the early summer justabout got ahead of us. Our need for atractor-mower became very apparentwhen the grass in partsof the groundshad grown to knee-high in a veryshort time.

The Citizen Band PotawatomiTribe came to our aid and sent a workcrew down with three tractors to help

Remember Sacred Heart - II

contest for the most popular young lady."Once the nominees were Anna Seck and my

sister, Mary Grove. The Seeks and Groves were thebest of friends,and things started out rather slowly,until a certain Jim Smith began acting as a self­appointed campaign manager for Anna Seck. Heacted in such a way as to get Mary's followers sore

Please Tum To Page 10

Sacred Heart College always had agood team, and. since there was IW

other school team near, they had tobe content topmy the local 'saruJ1Dt.ters. ' They usually won their &ameseasily but when they met Asher,they had their hands fulL Asherwas a great lIttk baseball town.

One Of The Sacred Heart Baseball TeamsCowtny, AJdUva &; ManUJCi1ptl-PiviJion, The Okbhoma Hlstoric.al Soddy

Plays Were A Treat At Sacred HeartBy Mrs. Marcella Phillips

(Copyright, 1953)"Since few professional entertainers got out this

farfrom the railroad, the occasional plays and enter­tainment by the students of Sacred Heart college orSaint Mary's academy drew large and enthusiasticaudiences. Many of them were really good. I havetaken a minor role in a few myself.

"With Gregory Gerrer (not yet a priest) as thedirector, the music was especially good. He couldplay almost any instrument - keyboard, wind orstring. Ibelievehecould have distinguished himselfas a musician, just as he did as an artist, had he sochosen.

"After the mission and the church burned, one ofthe social events was the church fair, held annually,to raise funds to build a new parish church. Duringthe fair, the walls and tables were covered withfancy work, pictures, donated by members of theparish, to be sold. A supper wasserved by the ladieseach night, and it seemed to me those ladies alreadyknow all there was to know about cooking. The fairlasted three nights, and always wound up with a.....;.,-,_...:::-

The Rev. Joseph (Francis) Murphy,O.s.B., whosepublications about Sacred Heart College help pre­serve the history of an era, died Thursday, Oct. 19.He was 78.

Death came at Pomona Valley Community Hos­pital in Pomona, Calif. Hehad been visiting friendsand relatives in Californiawhen his esophagus rup­tured on July 13. He laterunderwent surgery and re­mained in critical conditionuntil his death.

As a historian, he wasthe author of two books."Tenacious Monks," pub­

lished in 1974, and "Potawatomi Of The West: Ori­gins of The Citizen Band," published in 1988.

"Tenacious Monks" was the centennial history ofSI. Gregory's Abbey, which was preceded by SacredHeart. The work on the Potawatomi Tribe was

published after he gave publication rights to theCitizen Band for his doctoral thesis, which waswritten and accepted by the University of Okla­homa in 1961.

Please Turn To Page 8

Father Joseph Murphy,Author, Passes At 78

Page 8 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

c-Sacred Heart MissionLEITERS To THE QUARTERLY

1.1111

~Jt~ I==- Historical SocietyShe Wants Information On Her Great-Grandmother FINANCIAL REPORT

FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1989Dear Society,

I am trying to locate information concerning mygreat-grandmother. Your organization hopefullycan help me.

Her name was Annie Rebecca Smith born in 1864in Indian Territory in OK. Her father was WilliamEdwards Chisholm. I am assuming she· probablyentered the mission school around 1870. We thinkshe attended all eight grades there.

Any information would really be appreciated. Iam enclosing $10 as either reimbursement for anycopying and/or a donation.

Hope to hear from you.Sincerely,Linda MinkH.C. 69 Box 3500Cambridge, ID 83610Editors Note: All records were destroyed in the fire of

1901. Ifanyone has any infonnalion, p1eJlse contact us.

Board Of Directors

Lifetime &l\ew Members

EXPENSES:Membership Dues: Catholic Historical Society

$ 25.00., ')" "C::I.,JV.I J

1,400.00335.00814.9840.88

237.9987.8077.5058.25

$2,250.00136.11

$2,386.11

$ 500.00$9,460.33

50.1484.3178.01

186.78168.00

53.775.39

INCOME:Balance Checking Account- General Fund 7-1-88 $2,952.58Membership Dues - General Fund 1,560.00Contributions 778.00Funds Contributed from Turkey Shoot 325.50St. Gregory's Fencing Cost Reimbursement 814.98Tour Donations 11.80Pecan Sales 20.00Interest Income Checking Account 111.36Total Income Gen. Fund $6,574.22Lifetime Membership- Perpetual FundInterest IncomeTotallncome Perp. FundDonation Trailer Home- Citizen Band Potawatomi IndiansAppraised ValueTOTAL INCOME

and Okla. Historical SocietyPostageSacred Heart Quarterly NewsletterInternal Revenue (Tax Exempt Status)Fencing SuppliesStatehood Days Booth & SuppliesMission Repair SuppliesCopier RepairLedger BooksReference BooksClean Up Days(Meals and Drinks for Volunteers)UtilitiesAnnual Picnic SuppliesTrailer Hookup (Sewer)Bldg. RepairTOTAL EXPENSES

ASSETSFIXED ASSETS:Trailer Home 500.00GENERAL FUND:Total Checking Account 2,798.83PERPETUAL FUND:Total Savings 715.17Certificate of DepoSit #8655 1.670.94TOTAL ASSETS $5,684.94General Fund is used for everyday expenses,office sup­plies, etc., and publishing the Sacred Heart QUllrterty.PerpetUlll Fund is for perpetUlll maintenance ofMissionsite.Membership ._ _. _.__.__ 195Patron ..__. .. 36

Lifetime ---...---- --------.-----------.2Total ...._.....__.__ .__.._. ..._. 240

Father Joseph MurphyContinued From Page 7

The book on the Potawatomi was the second ofhis works published through the Citizen Band. Thetribe published "Benedictine FoundationsofSacredHeart Mission and St. Gregory's abbey and Col­lege" in 1987.

"These last years he has been retired and hasenjoyed good health and loved to take long walks,"said Abbot Charles Massoth, o.S.B., the top officialof St. Gregory's Abbey. "His mother, father, sisterand three brothers preceded him in death, but hehas a host of alumni, relatives and friends who willlong remember him. "

The Mass of Christian Burial was said at 4 p.m.Tuesday, Oct. 24, at St. Gregory's Abbey Churchwith Abbot Charles as the principal celebrant. Bur­ial was in the Abbey cemetery.

She Wants To Tour Sa£red HeartSacred Heart Mission,

Enclosed find myapplication and check for $5 formembership.

We are interested and always have been inSacred Heart. Ihavl!several relatives buried in whatI guess you would call the old cemetery.

Ourname was Wesselhoft-Mary Sr. the motherand Mary Jr. the daughter.

My name was Pearce - Christopher Pearce wasmy father.

We have a group of people in our CatholicChurch called "The Golden Agers" that would liketo come over there some time and take your tour­if we knew a little more about who to see and whereto come to.

It has been SO many years since we were there­I was just a child, SO I don't remember too muchabout it. My sisters went to the Convent over there.Also my two nieces, Wauneta and Eva Roberts.

Patricia R, Vandagriff (Pearce)Editors Note: Phone numbers are tisted under "Cur­

rent Events". Would love to have you come and visit themission.

Than.Its For The InjormatJonDear Ms. Lowry,

Thank you very much for your help with ourattempts to locate information on Kate Barnard. Ifyou ever encounter any further information pleaseinform us.

Lynn R. Musslewhite, ChairmanDepartment of History and HumanitiesCameron University2800 West GoreLawton, Oklahoma 73505-6377

Greetings FromSacred Heart

Continued From Page 7had an original frame to use as a pattern. Chuck andPatty Carson have done considerable research onrestoration of the bakery oven. We hope to eventu­ally restore the oven to working condition.

We also hung our new ornamental gate built byRon and Tim Lowry at the entrance of the mission.It makes the entrance more attractive although it iscurrently awaiting a coatof paint. The C.V,E.T. classat Konawa High School with instructor Jim Wil­liams has been reworking the rock wall at the en­trance.

Weare thankful to all who worked on orcontrib­uted to these projects, for without their generosity,we could neveraccomplish SO much. Ifyou have notvisited the mission lately, you should come and seethe progress,

The work on Sacred Heart Road is scheduled tobegin before the end of the year from Highway 39north in front of the church and on to Highway 59.It will be repaved and brought up to state specifica­tions. This has been needed for a long time.

Billy Lehman completed 120 hours of trainingrequired to be a certified Reserve Deputy in July,1989. He is now a certified Reserve Deputy forPottawatomie County and we are very proud ofhim. It is a great personal commitment to completethis training but very much needed to assist ourneeds on the Security Patrol at Sacred Heart.

There are many projects that we want to tacklebut we have to work on our priorities first and onlyas resources permit us. We are optimistic about thefuture, what it holds in store for usand will continueto work toward the goals of the Historical Society.

I

I

Purcell. OKMercedes Phipp;OI<Iahoma City, OKWayne SmithWilliam BartonRev. Paul Gillispie, OSFSDuncan, OKRuth Rhodd Dicl<manllantoc:o. CADorothy V. HolmsQuapaw,OKUndaMinkcambridge, DF.W.l.abargeSIni!X>rd, OKWill!anl Bar10nllom~, TNRev. Konnth KingGrow, OKLouis A. and _ Koman0Idln>ma City, OKFr. Jake A. llaJosPoggyMcCrolll)'Chickasha,OKJaan NewlonOI<Iahomo Cily, OKFr. Rid< ParkerLaguna Beach, CACoIIoan PryerDoIIos, TXDonoI and Uni WalkerKenawa, OKFIorer<:e ZoolorOI<Iahoma City, OK

5hawnoo, OK· 51. Gregory'sCollege

Attomey General RDben HenlYOkkihoma Cily, OKIiIt>n MeIoIStlouis, OKAbbol CharIos MassothShawnoo, OK· 51. Gregory's

CoIIoge

2..YmRev. Ben ZoolerOI<Iahomo City, OKBil~ LohmanTecumseh, OKJean Latoau MillerOI<Iahoma City, OKDan KhouIYKenawa,OKFrankRhoddKenawa.OKJoe5emlnerKenawa,OKJoe ToddOI<Iahoma City, OK

LIFETIME MEMBERSOrscheln Industries FoundalionMol1efIy, MeMr. &Mrs. George H. Neal &NoraNewcastle, OKKenneth GIOYOMidwesl Cily, OK

NEW MEMBERS• CONSTRIBUTORS

Billte MayfioI<l NolandKenawa.OKBill EisChIodEdmond, OKWilliam B. Bari>nAI &Oomthy SemtnorKonawa. OKMary RhoddKenawa.OKJociio Thomp6OllStlouis, OKlIiI<o &Joan AkermanKenawa.OKAAdy Mooow5asaI<wa, OKGlendo BockKonawa. OK1Na &Belly MoIDITocumseh, OKChorio BlyanlFl1ISmwn, OKcaroIfn and Robert BassettMaud,OKMr. and Mrs. N.B. Vandagriff

1YmFr. Adrian VorderlandwohrShawnoo,OKTm l.owIyKonawa. OKBeverly HodgesAsher, OKGone Niles, DVMKenawa. OKDug HigdonAda,OKThelma BatemanKenawa.OKNoon> IJelDnaisTulsa, OK

marSr. .lJstin JonesKenawa.OKSr. Mary Bastrico BoIgmanOI<Iahomo City, OKAnna Mao lehmanOI<Iahomo City, OKSr. Benedict McCaffreo

I

I

Vo/l1, No.9. October, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 9

Two Sisters With Their Young Charges At Sacred Hearl

Marie: A Soul Touched By The Hand Of GodDer story began on November 3, 1905, in

Shawnee, Oklahoma. She was the last of fourchildren to be born to Martin Mullen and Mary

De Lescaille, being preceded in birth by two olderbrothers, Roy and Bill, and a sister, Anna.

Soon after her birth her mother died, and so thathis children might have a mother, her father remar­ried. Within a short time, however, her father alsopassed away. The step-mother, having children ofherown, felt incapable ofsupporting the Mullens. Itis unclear how the two boys were cared for, but Royeventually managed to graduate from DavidsonCollege, served in the Air Force in the two WorldWars, and the Department of State. Bill became aprofessional musician.

The Sisters of Mercy stepped. in, however, andaccepted the two small girls at St. Mary's Academy,at Sacred Heart, Oklahoma. Marie was still practi­cally an infant at the time. Sister Mary Vincent, latercalled by Bishop Victor Reed one of the great Catho­lic pioneer women of Oklahoma, had Marie placedin a crib in her own room, to assure that the frailbaby would be properly cared for.

The first few years were not easy. The youngchild once caught pneumonia and barely sur­vived. Eventually, strong and healthy, Marie

and her sister Anna, both vivacious and mischie­vous, became a source of frequent joy and occa­sional trauma to the convent and academy. jerryManning. who was to become Marie's husband,once recalled how when he was eighteen he wit­nessed Marie "steal the show" as a six-year-old in alittle play at the Academy. No doubt the seeds ofhislove were sown at that time.

As Marie grew up, the Sisters of Mercy assuredher an excellent education. The names of the Sisterswho helped raise her or with whom she workedthroughout the years are legion. To name only afew: Sister Mary Vincent, Ambrose, Gertrude, Al­fonsus, De Sales, Rita, Geraldine, Clotilde, Alicia,Beatrice, and many others.

At times when Sister Vincent would travel out ofstate she would take Marie with her, to expose herto the culture not available in a remote area such asSacred Heart. At the same time, noting Marie'smusical talent, she saw to it that the young girlreceived lessons in piano, violin, and voice. Some­where along the line her piano skills were extendedto mastery of the pipe organ.

Sister Mary Beatrice recalls a charming episodefrom Marie's life as a young girl at the Academy."From the Sisters of Mercy's humble beginning in

About This Article...,

EDITORSSacred Heart Quarterly:

Sometime ago Sister Mary Beatrice askedme to write a biography of my mother, MarieManning. which of course I was honored andhappy to do.

Sister felt that since mother was one of theearly graduates of St. Mary's Academy atSacred Heart, and .one of its distinguishedalumni in terms of her service to the church,her story would be of interest to readers of theSacred Heart Quarterly.

When I finished the biography I felt that itwas too long for your newspaper, but SisterMary Beatricesaid no, it was too short, and shehad some other remembrances she wanted toadd, which she did.

At any rate, I am enclosing the biography,and hope that you will be able to use it, per­haps by publishing it in two or more parts.

Also enclosed is my contribution for theyear.

Very truly yours,Frank Manning

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

1884 a precedent was started when each Christmasthe Sisters at St. Mary's Academy Sacred Heart,Indian Territory, invited parents, relatives, andfriends to a program which consistently proved tobe remarkable.

The parents were always thrilled to see their"pride and joy" perform at this yearly event.Coming together at these functions created

strong bondsof friendship which lasted through theyears as daughters and granddaughters followedtheir mother as students at St. Mary's.

After the program everyone was welcome tostay, not only for a reception but a true familyreunion. New students' parents would becomeacquainted with all. Such social functions helpedthe Sisters, the girls, and all who attended. Everyoneenjoyed themselves and a very close sense of familykinship was established.

At such programs parents would comment onthe progress their child had made since the prioryear, not only in performance skills and academi­cally, but also physically, and especially in their

social development."Having the Sisters as her "mother," Marie Man­

ningalso participated in these programs for parentsand over the years, in Sister's words, "proved her­self to be like a Queen of the keys. Her playingreminded me ofa picture, a painting ofSaint Ceciliaplaying the organ so beautifully that the angelsbegan dropping flowers from heaven in return forthe love and devotion that Marie put into her musicwhile playing for the Lord."

In her own words, Sister Mary AlphonsusSpreckelmeyer tells us of one of her experience.:

"During one of these programs Marie had per­formed one of her most outstanding pieces. Whenshe finished she received a long standing ovation.She walked with such beautiful grace before theaudience, made a cute littlecurtsyand, smiling fromear to ear, announced: 'The credit for my musicaldevelopment must begin with Sister Mary Alphon­sus, who guided my little fingers. This must alsoinclude many other Sisters who had a part in mysuccess.'

"Herbig sweet smile letting her happysoul shinethrough her graceful body, Sister's story continues.The young girl said: 'You must realize, the credit formy success in this performance must go to mybeloved Sisters who taught me how to love andexpress my feelings through this melodious music.'

"The many Sisters who knew her have fondmemoricsof the many times Marie gave their 'egos'a big boost by her sincere remarks."

The Sisters, not unexpectedly, hoped that Mariewould have vocation to the religious life. Aftergraduation, she continued to live at the Acad-

emyand teach music to the students at St. Mary's,while struggling with the vocation question. Shecame to realize that she was not cut out to bea nun,but remained in her teaching position at SacredHeart until about the time of the death of SisterVincent. Then in 1933, at the age of 27, she marriedjerry Manning and moved to Oklahoma City.

From that time until only a few years before herdeath she would pursue two "full time" vocations,and fulfill each wondrously well, that of wife andmother, and that of church organist. Throughoutthe fifty yearsof their marriage, she and jerry wouldbe an inseparable team, she playing the organ anddirecting the choir, he singing tenor or bass, asneeded.

To Be ContinuedIn The Next Sacred Heart Quarterly

Page 10 • HowNiKan • Odober, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

You can helpSacred Heart

Historical SocietyThe Sacred Heart Historical

Society is by no means an exclusiveIndian group. Its membership isbroad-based and includes interestedcitizens from many walks of life.

It is dedicated to preserving andrestoring the Sacred Heart Missionin south Pottawatornie County. Themission is one of the truly signifi­cant landmarks in the history of thePotawatomi Tribe and especially ofthe G tizen Band.

From time to time, theHowNiKan has republished copiesof the Sacred Heart Quarterly, thesociety's publication. Most if not allof the articles in the Quarerlypertain to ancestors of current tribalmembers.

Those who join the societyreceive a copy of the Quarterly aspart of their membership. Dues arelow. If you would like to be a partof this worthy group dedicated topreserving a major part of ourhistory, fill out and return the formon the left

a tie. We also had the celluloid collarthat looked almost like linen, and wasa great convenience, as it could bewiped clean with a damp cloth.However, to wear one was consid­ered to mark you as a 'rube' or back­woodsman, and since that was justwhat we were, we were sensitiveabout carrying the brand.

"The real 'turtleneck' sweater hasalso disappeared. It hada collarabouta foot long, worn rolled uparound theneck, but could be pulled over theears and mouth. It was a pretty handything, on a real cold day, when walk­inghome.

"Neckties ranged from small bowties to flowing cravats about seveninches wide.

"Ifyou wanted to be a real 'swell' itcalled for a silk vest, !ow-{:ut withbraided lapels and bright little flow­ers or figures embroidered on it

,"We also had the 'peg-top' and'English cut' pants with tight legs.

"You may have an old grand­mother, her hair turning grey. Herface mayshow some wrinklesand shedoes not move around as spry as you.She is sweet and good and you loveher a lot, but it is hard to imagine hera~ a laughing, care-free girl. Yet thatofcourseisjustwhatshewas-justasgay and fun-loving as you are, andjust as pretty.

"Crusty old Grandpa, silting in hiseasy chair, for all his solemn looksnow, was just as 'harum-scarum' and'devil-may-{:are' as the young scampwho takes you to the picture showtoday.

"So there you have the youngpeople of 50 years ago. Basically, wewere no different from the boys andgirls of today:' -

pected to wear. I have corns yet todaythat started in those shoes. The shoescame in tan, black, oxblood and pat­entleather. The patent leather lookedfine for awhile, but the patent expiredtoo quickly, leaving a network ofcracks.

"Hats were much the same as theyare today, except for the stiff strawsailor, that some wore in summer,and an occasional stiff derby hat, offell.

"Shirts were made without collarand cuffs,-and sometimes it was quitea job to attach the separate items. Weheld our chins up, though, when wedid get the collars on. Some collarswere 1 3/4 inches high, and did nothave room between the wings to knot

Shoes Were Pointed And Clothes Were Different...This Ad Is From A 1909 Edition Of The Indian Advocate

I.arg,St anb onlp ,xrlusib, :lllrp oliloobS iitorr in J{onalUa.~ur policp is to banble notbing but tl.Je best iitcouS' Be ~ro•.lflotl.Jing for Jatn. J)rogrtSS qi;lotl.Jinli for j!loPS. :lllucbeiil[:rouitrs. qi;arbartt Q&brralli anb Jump,ri, «Iebet tl,abobp (;0.il>birts, Walk obcr l6>boes.

J. Eo SCHULER & CO·KO"AWA. OKLA.

(Father Jerome of Sacred Heart now)played shortstop, and Brousseau wascatcher. Both were good and worthwatching. The neighborhood boys atGeorgetown also had a good team.

"Possibly you girls wonder howyour grandmother dressed, when shewas a girl. Beinga mere man, I'll leavethat up to some of the ladies. To youboys, who are wondering what yourgrandfather wore in his day, I'll saymen's styles don't change so fast aswomen's, but we did wear someclothes that you don't see now.

"If you want to laugh at some ofthem it's all right with me. I feel likelaughing at some of them myself, butnot at the narrow pointed toe shoesthat the well dressed man was ex-

at him, and then things wannedup.

"Votes at a penny each startedpouring in. First one, then the otherwould be ahead. This kept on untilmost of us were broke. Finally, themaster of ceremonies said the votingwould close in three minutes. I wasbroke, and Anna was ahead about$1.25. Seeks' store was just across thestreet from the hall, so I ran across andasked Philip Seck, Anna's father, toloan me $5. "Yah," he said. "I just got$5 here. I'll let you have it" I ran backacross the street to the hall with it, andmet Fred Seck coming across to thestore. The voting closed with Mary inthe lead. Fred Seck said: "Yes, youbeat us, with our own money."

"The boys and young men weremore interested in athletic competi­tion then than they seem to be today.When a bunch gathered together, youwould likely see a foot race, or jump­ing contest or horseshoe-pitchinggames. Baseball, then as now, was thenational sport, and there were teamsthroughout the county. There weresome outstanding players, but due toslower transportation a team had tobe chosen from a rather limited area.Therefore some positions had to befilled without choice. Ifa team lacks aplayer today, they get a good onefrom 15 or 20 miles distant, to drive tothe game and play for that day.

"Sacred Heart college was the ex­ception though. They nearly alwayshad a good team, and since there wasno other school team near, they had tobe content to play the local 'sandlot­ters: They usually won their gameseasily but when they met Asher, theyhad their hands full. Asher was agreat little baseball town, and theirteam could meet the college nine onan even footing. The low scores ofSacred Hearttearns' opponents wereattributed mostly to Mike McDowl'sskill as a pitcher. Claude Wychulis

r····················································,I Membership Application· Sacred Heart Historical Society II Return To Sacred Heart Mssion, P,O, Box 122, Konawa, OK 74848 I

I Check Membership Desired NAME: ;I II Students _•.$5 per year ADDRESS: II I; Sr. Citizens ,,$5 per year CITY, STATE, ZIP: ;

; kldi~dual...$W per year TELEPHONE: ;

I II Fami~••••. $25 per year NAMES OF FAMILY MEMBERS (For Family Membership): II III Bu~ness .•,$50 per year I

I pledge to support the Sacred Heart Mission Historical Society in their II efforts to preserve, restore, maintain and care for the Sacred Heart MissionI Life ..._._......._...$250 grounds. I have enclosed $ for my annual membership. II IL ~ ..••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Remember Sacred Heart -Continued From Page 7

. B· SCJrUI..Jl~R & co."W"ERE QUALITY COUt\:Ht"

II NATIONAL NEWS

Vo/l1, No.9. October, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 11

IIHigh percentage

of firefightingcrews are IndiansAlmost a quarter of the 25,000

firefighters who have been fightingthe raging wildfires in Idaho,Washington and Oregon are NativeAmericans and make up the morethan 300 2D-man crews from Indianreservations around the country.When coupled with their Bureau ofIndian Affairs counterparts, the totalnumber of Indians involved makesup more than a quarter of the activepersonnel involved in fighting firesnationwide. Tribal firefighters havebeen paid almost $25 millionthrough the BIA for their efforts.

"We read and hear of the braveexcellence of the men and womenaround the country who risk theirlives daily to save our forests andprotect the lives of other people, butwe seldom hear, the Native Ameri­cans are in the forefront of theeffort," Interior Assistant SecretaryEddie llrown said. "The Indianfirefighters have been there for along time and are some of thebravest, smartest, best-trained andbest~uippedin this country and Iam proud to pay tribute to them."The 1989 wildfire fighting efforts ofIndian crews marks the secondconsecutive year that tribal crewshave led the efforts in helping tocontrol fires principally in thewestern United States.

• It' .

Indian veteransto lead GoodwillGames ceremonySeattle, Wash. - Color guards

comprised of American Indianmilitary veterans will lead openIngceremonies for the 1990 GoodWIllGames in Seattle, Tacoma, Spokaneand Kennewick, Wash. The Good­will Games are expected to beviewed by more than one billionpeople worldwide, organizers saId.

Native American participation inthe opening ceremonies is beingcoordinated through a newlyformed organization, NorthwestIndian Veterans Association(NWIVA), according to Mac C.Oreiro, Jr., a spokesman for thegroup.

The veterans organization, whichjoins a growing list of regionalIndian veterans groups, has beenformed to address the needs ofNative American veterans that arenot being met by existing agencies,including health care, housing, jobtraining, mental health and familyservices, Oreiro said.

"So many of us are saying thatmany of the Native Americanwarriors are being forgotten,"

Oreiro said. "During the last four orfive months SOme of us have beenasking critical questions of federaland state service providers. TheIndian Health Service people do notknow how to treat and care forsome of the veterans.

Membership in NWIVA so farincludes Native American veteransfrom Washington, Oregon, Idaho,Montana, Nevada, Northern Cali­fornia, and British Columbia, hesaid.

Oreiro called on tribes and urbanIndian organizations in the region tosupport the group by passing alonginformation, donating money andhelping to organize the group.

"Many of us Indian veterans arestepping in and assisting serviceagencies to become more successfulhelping our people.

"We are past the hurt and anger,"Oreiro said. "Only we can helpour own. All we need is a little helpfrom our friends."

Oreiro is asking tribes and urbanIndian programs to identify acontact person in their organization,and to send a list of names, ad­dresses and telephone numbers oftribal veterans to him at NorthwestIndian Veterans Association, P.O.Box 4570 Rollingbay, WA 90001.Members of the organization will beavailable to present orientations toreservation and urban Indiancommunities, he said.

..... :ott •• It- • ... •

Martin selectedto take command

at Haskell J.e.Lawrence, Kans. - Robert G.

Martin, a 42-year-old educator witha history of rescuing troubled insti­tutions has taken command ofHaskell Junior College.

He takes office after a long periodof tension, conflicts and belt­tightening at the institution, whichhas trained many of the leaders ofAmerican Indian tribes and whichmany of them say represents thebest hope for young Indians.

Haskell, a 105-year-old institutionwith an enrollment of about 800students on a 32D-acre campus, isthe only liberal arts college run bythe Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Martin arrived at the school onSept. 25. He succeeded Gerald Gipp,whom the bureau reassigned to apost in Washington after an investi­gation cleared Gipp of charges ofimproper conduct.

Faculty members and others atHaskell say they eagerly awaitMartin's arrival and endorse hisappointment.

'1'm very pleased," said DanWildcat, a sociology professor whois president of the campus's Local45 o( the National Federation o(

Federal Employees. "By acceptingthe job, Martin is taking one tremen­dous responsibility, but people heregenuinely feel he's the man who cando what needs to be done."

Wildcat had an often adversarialrelationship with Gipp, whosemanagement style he termed"autocratic."

The investigation of Gipp focusedon allegations of nepotism that grewof the treatment his daughterreceived from school administra­tors, including raising a failinggrade in one course to passing.

Other problems on the campusinvolved charges of violations ofstudent rights, including surpriseinspections of living quarters, aswell as faculty complaints aboutregimentation and lack of academicfreedom.

Aggravating the tensions, Wild­cat and others said, was belt­tightening that had resulted in theelimination or reduction of courseschedules in some departments,including building trades andgraphic arts. .

Martin previously was preSIdentof the Southwestern Indian Poly­technic Institute in Albuquerque, N.M. ,a post-secondary vocationaland technical school that wasrecently accredited to offer two­year, junior-college-Ievel associateof science degrees.

When Martin arrived in Al­buquerque in 1981, the school wasthreatened with closure because oflow enrollment and poor rates of jobplacement for graduates. But he didnot bow to plans for closing theschool, his associates there recall;instead, he added courses andgenerated support from businessadvisory committees.

At the same time, one associaterecalled, Martin found time to helpanother troubled institution run bythe Bureau of Indian Affairs, theInstitute of American Indian Arts inSanta Fe. He served as its actingpresident for five months in 1986.

"He saved S.W.!.P.!. when it wasalmost closed," said Jaune Quick-to­Sec Smith, a former regent of theSanta Fe school, "and he pulled usthrough some hard times."

Robert Gene Martin was bornNov. 28, 1946, in Pryor, Okla., theson of a white mother and a Chero­kee father. He is an honors graduatewith B.A. and M.A. degrees fromAppalachian State University inBoone, N.C.

Martin said he suffered morefrom his shyness during his studentdays than he ever did because ofanti-Indian discrimination.

"The fact of being shy andavoiding eye contact was neverrewarded very much at Americancolleges and institutions," he said.I've had to force myself to be moreoutgOing."

Martin taught sociology at

Haskell (or two years, beginning in1978. Early this year he served asinterim president when Gipp wasrelieved of his duties.

• ~ • III • • ~ • "Ii •Native AmericanPress Associationaccepting articlesThe Native American Press

Association (NAPA) is now accept­ing articles, essays, and researchpapers by Native American writers,journalists and students concerningthe state of Indian journalism.

Past, present and future perspec­tives on the state of Indian journal­ism will be accepted. Suggestedarticle topics include but are notlimited to, freedom of the press onIndian reservations, recruitment andretention of American Indianjournalism students, Native Ameri­can journalist and press responsI­bilities, the role of the press onIndian reservations, etc.

Final selections will be made inJanuary 1990. Students and workingprofessionals are encouraged tosubmit their articles or papers byDecember 31,1989. Papers submit­ted will not be returned.

Please submit all papers toNAPA, Native American JournalismAnnual, P. O. Box 1734, Boulder, CO80306-1734.

••• <II' • •• "Ii •

BIA publishesnew amendmentson Indian loans

The Bureau of Indian Affairs haspublished amendments to the Codeof Federal Regulations pursuant tothe 1984 and 1988 amendments tothe Indian Financing Act.

The published amendmentsaffect subchapter G, parts 102 and103 of the Code of Federal Regula­tions and include the followingprovisions:

(1) individual Indian people aredeemed eligible to receive guaran­teed and direct loans from the BIAeven if that individual's tribe has acredit program,

(2) the secretary is authorized tocancel loans without notifyingCongress,

(3) the statutory limit for loanguarantees for individuals isincreased from $100,000 to $500,000,

(4) a $350,000 limit is establishedfor direct loan to individuals,

(5) authority is granted to guar­antee loans with variahle interestrates

(6) the commissioner is requiredto ensure that the loan applicant hassufficient management and techni­cal assistance available to preparethe application and administer theloan.

Page 12 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

:~ For the record...:::.:c"-.::.;='t.==========~

daney applications. Hilton Melot seconded. Passed 5-Q.

jim Young moved to approve Resolution #90-39 enrolling 24 descendaneyapplications. john Barrett seconded. Passed 5-{).

Bob Davis moved to approve Resolution #90-40 enrolling 9 tribal memberseligible for enrollment under previous blood quantum guidelines; Hilton Melotseconded. Passed 5-{).

john Barrett moved to approve Resolution #90-41 enrolling 22 descendaneyapplications. Francis Levier seconded. Passed 5-{).

Francis Levier moved to approve Resolutions #90-42 through #90-47 reinstat­ing 6 tribal members that were wrongfully removed from the rolls in 1976. jimYoung seconded. Passed 5-{).

Bob Davis moved to approve Resolution #90-48 enrolling 17 descendaneyapplications jim Young seconded. Passed 5-{).

Francis Levier moved to approve Resolution #90-49 enrolling 18 descen­daney applications. john Barrett seconded. Passed 5-{).

Chair entertained a motion to deny payment to Mildred Flynn and RubyWithrow based on the information contained in the Ed Herndon letter to theCitizen Band BusinessCommHtee. Thisdecisionfinalizes the Mildred FlynnandRuby Withrow appeal for a 1983 per capita payment. Motion made by johnBarrell; seconded by Bob Davis. Passed 5-{).

Hilton Melot moved to approve Resolution #9G-5O placing additional Train­ing and Technical Assistance funds from the Shawnee Agency into the TribalCourt Contract budget. jim Young seconded. Passed 5-{).

Chair entertained a motion to eliminate annual memberships effective April1,1990 and the green fees will be halfpriceeffective April 1,1990for those people65 years ofageand olderand for those people 18 years ofageand under. Motionmade by Francis Levier and seconded by jim Young. Passed 5-{).

Proposal made by FrancisLevier that ourcompliancestatement requested byArthur Anderson and Company on behalf of the United States Department ofthe Interior relative to the audit summary of trust funds submitted to us bereturned to the auditors unsigned because the records provided to us by theBureau of Indian Affairs do not give us sufficient documentation to determinewhether they are correct or not correct and that we have less faith in theDepartment of the Interior's capabilities than we do in Arthur Anderson andCompany. We do not have a great deal of faith in the numbers thatthe BIAgaveArthur Anderson and Company. Motion made by Francis Levier; seconded byHilton Melol. Passed 5-{).

Chair entertained a motion to inform the Board of Directors of FITst Okla­homa Bank that it is the intention of the Tribe to acquire a pieceof propertyandconstruct an approximately 10,000 square foot bank building with a combinedagreement in design and lay-out with the Board of Directors and BusinessCommittee of the bank. Motion made by Hilton Melot; seconded by FrancisLevier. Passed 5-{).

Business Committee went into Executive Session 9:30 p.rn.

Business Committee Minutes - August 23, 1989Present: Chairman john A. Barrett, jr., Vice Chairman jim Young. Secretary

Bob Davis, Committeeman Francis Levier, Committeeman Hilton Melot, Ac­counting Director Carolyn Sullivan, Tribal Rolls Director Mary Farrell.

Chairman john A. Barrett, jr. called the meeting to order at 7:00 p.m.Chair entertained a motion to approve the purchase of NARF Resource

Publications for the Tribal Courts and the Tribal Archives in the amount of$950.00. Motion made by jim Young and seconded by john Barrett. Passed 5-{).

Four members of the Business Committee have been sued for action takenwhile acting in thcir capacity as members of the Committee. Chair made amotion to approve Resolution 90-28 requesting the tribal attorney to representthe four members of the Committee in the action in Tribal Court. Currentlypending Case No. CIV 88-14-P. Motion made by john Barrett, seconded byHilton Melot. Passed, 4 in favor, one opposed.

Hilton Melot moved to approve the july 26, 1989 committee minutes. Sec­onded by jim Young. Passed 5-{).

Chair entertained a motion to approve a $500 contribution to DisabledAmerican Veterans Transportation Fund, Account Number 0176631 to assist inthe purchase of a new car for VFW Post 474 for transportation of disabledAmerican Veterans to the VA hospital in Oklahoma City. Motion made by BobDavis, seconded by Francis Levier. Passed 5-0.

Chair entertained a motion to pre-register 3 members of the Business Com­mittee to attend the NCAl Convention at the Sheraton Century Center inOklahoma City October 2-6 at $90 per person. Motion made by john Barrett,seconded by Francis Levier. Passed 5-{).

Francis Levier moved to approve Resolution #90-29 enrolling 29 descen­daney applications; Hilton Melot seconded. Passed 5-{).

john Barrett moved to approve Resolution #90-30 enrolling 27 descendancyapplications. Bob Davis seconded. Passed 5~.

jim Young moved to approve Resolution #90-31 enrolling 29 descendaneyapplications. Bob Davis seconded. Passed 5-{).

Hilton Melot moved to approve Resolution #90-32 enrolling 30 descendaneyapplications. Francis Levier seconded. Passed 5-{).

john Barrett moved to approve Resolution #90-33 enrolling 26 descendancyapplications. jim Young seconded. Passed 5-0.

Francis Levier moved to approve Resolution #90-34 enrolling 25 descen­daney applications. Hilton Melot seconded. Passed 5-0.

Bob Davis moved to approve resolution #90-35 enrolling 25 descendaneyapplications. Francis Levier seconded. Passed .5-{). . .

Francis Levier moved to approve Resolution #90-36 WIth one correctIonenrolling 20 descendaney applications. Hilton Melot seconded. Passed 5-{).

Hilton Melot moved to approve Resolution #90-37 enrolling 24 descendaneyapplications. jim Young seconded. Passed 5-{).

Francis Levier moved to approve Resolution #90-38 enrolling 16 descen-

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Vo/11, No.9· October, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 13

I

Frank P. Cruse

Secretary,Joseph MooseChairman,John Anderson

Territory of OklahomaCounty of Cleveland

Before me Frank P. Cruse Judge of the Probatecourt in and for said county and Territory, the samebeing a court of record personally came AlbertMcLane, R. R. Bertrand and John McKinney claim­ing to be a special committee elected at a !?eneralcouncil of the Citizen's Band of Pottawatomle IndI­ans assembled at Sacred Heart Mission, OklahomaTerritory on the 2nd day of J~ne1891 to execute theforegoing contract for and m behalf of saId bandwith J. E. Clardy and also appeared t~e said J. E.Clardy, the interested parties thereto bemg the saIdCitizen's Band of Pottawatomie Indians and thesaid J. R. Clardy and said contract was made inperson by the parties thereto.

Witness my hand and seal of said court this 11day of August 1891.

Sacred Heart Mission, Pottawatomie Reserve,Oklahoma Territory

This agreement made and entered into this 24thday of June 1891, between Albert McLane, R. R.Bertrand and John McKinney a specIal commItteeelected at a general council of the Citizens Band ofthe Pottawatomie Indians assembled on the 2ndday ofjune 1891, to execute and delegate a powerofattorney for and on behalf of said Band to J. E.Clardy

Witnesseth: - That said Citizens Band of Potta­watomie Indians do hereby authorize and em­power said J. E. Clardy of said nation to prepare allpapers and verify the same and to take any and allsteps to present to and prosecute in the propercourts before the Departments of the United Statesof Congress all claims of the said Citizens Band ofPottawatomie Indians for the shares moreor less forlands and moneys fraudulently and wrongfullyobtained by the Prairie Band of Pottawatomie Indi­ans by means of their ficti tious names or in apy othermanner in the enrollment, division and settlementin 1888 and any time before or since that time, saidsuits to be instituted in the court of claims, theDepartments or Congress by said J. E. Clardy inpursuance of an act of Congress approved March3rd, 1891, granting said Citizens Band ofPottawato­mie Indians the privilege ofcommencing such SUitS;said J. E. Clardy being herein empowered to do anyand all acts and things requisite and necessary thatwe might do in the premises for such purposeincluding the verification of allpapers or authon~­ingany person or persons to venfysuch papers,.sa~d

suit to be commenced in the court of claIms wlthmsixty days from the date of this instrument. Thiscontract for three years.

That said J. E. Clardy agrees to perform all neces­sary legal and proper service in the prosecution ofsaid claims, with full power to procure and employthe assistance of any persons he may deem neces­sary. That in consideration of such servic~s weauthorize and empower the proper authonhes ofthe United States to deduct ten percent from theamounts recovered on such claims and pay thesame to said J. E. Clardy or his authorized agent.

Witness our handsand seals this 24th day of June1891. Signed and sealed in presence of:

Albert McLane, R. R. Bertrand, John McKinneyCommittee of the Citizens Bandof the Pottawatomie IndiansJ. E. Clardy, Wesley Lewis, E. E. Hennessey

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Sac and Fox AgencyOklahoma Territory

I hereby certify that the parties executing theforegoing contracton behalfof the Citizen's Band ofPottawatomie Indians, were authorized to do so bya council of said Indians properly called at which amajority of said Indians were present an~ that theirappointment and authorization meet WIth the ap­proval of a majority of said band.

Samuel L. PatrickU. S. Indian Agent

We the undersigned John Anderson, chairmanand Joseph Moose secretaryduly appointed as suchby the Citizen's Band of Pottawatomie Indians by avote in general council assembled do hereby cerhfyas follows:

That at a general council of the Citizen's Band ofthe Pottawatomie Indians held at the reSIdence ofJoseph Moose in the Pottawatomie Reserve, Okla­homa Territory on the 2nd day of June A. D. 1891,relating to the appointment of J. E. Clardy of saIdBand to prosecute in the court of claims or beforeCongress Dr the Department for the share of landsand moneys and all other shares fraudulentlyob­tained by the Prairie Band of Pottawatonue IndIansin the enrollment, settlement or tribal division offunds or allotments between the two Bands in 1868or any time since the following resolutions wereadopted.

RESOLVED, That we employ an attorney orattorneys to prosecute the difference i~ the abovematter of settlement in the court of claims or Con­gress or the Departments between th~ Citizen'sBand and the Prairie Band and the Umted Statesunder the clause of privilege given to the Citizen'sBand by act of Congress approved March 3rd, 1891.

RESOLVED, That we employ J. E. Clardy toprosecute the above claim and v~rify ~I papers,employ assistance and we are paYIng him 10 per-cent of all moneys recovered. . .

RESOLVED, That we appoint a speCIal comnut­tee of three to execute and delegate a power ofattorney to J. E. Clardy for thea~veon behalfof theCitizen's Band of Pottawatonues.

C. L. Young nominated A. McLane, R. R. Ber­trand and John McKinney to go before the court ofRecordsor other properofficer to make the powerofattorney to J. E. Clardy.

That at a general council of the Citizen'.s Band ofPottawatomie Indians in general councIl held atSacred Heart Mission, O. T.on June 23rd, 1891, thefollowing resolution was adopted.

RESOLVED, That the committee appointed tosign the contract between said Citizen's Ban.d ofPottawatomie Indians and saId J. E. Clardy wIll soform the contract as to bind J. E. Clardy to com­mence suit against the Prairie Band of P~ttawato­mie Indians within sixtydays after the slgmngof thecontract and authorize said J. D. Clardy to e~ploy

such assistance as he may deem necessary m the

The year: 1890

and minutes from the last centuryprosecuting of said claims,

CJfJilnedJelh

Very respectfully,Wm. H. SimsActing Secretary

Very respectfully,T. J. MorganCommissioner

Very respectfulJy,D. M. BrowningCommissioner

Washington, November 20,1894The Commissioner of Indian AffairsSir:

In accordance with your recommendation of the19th instant, the folJowing named persons, mem­bers of the Citizen band of Pottawatomies, arehereby approved as a Business Committee for thesaid Indians, for the ensuing year, under the rulesand reguIations of your office, app~ved by theDepartment on September 14th last, VIZ:

Stephen Negahnquet, A1exa~derB. ~eltier, J. B.Pambago, John Anderson, DaVIS Hardm,CharlesRhodd, Joseph Moose

Washington, Nov. 24, 1894Edward L. Thomas, Eaq.,U. S. Indian AgentSac and Fox AgencyOklahoma Ter.Sir:

Referring to your letter of October 23, 1894, sub­mitting for approval the names of seven ~rsonsasthe businesscommitteeof the PottawatOlmes for theensuing year, viz:

Stephen Negahnquet, Alexander B. Peltier, J. B.Pamllago, John Anderson, Davis Hardin, CharlesRhodd, Joseph Moose

You are informed that said persons were ap­proved November 20,1894, by the Acting Secretaryof the Interior, as a business committee for theCitizen band ofPottawatomie Indians for the ensu­ing year, under the rules and regulations approvedby the Department September 14, 1894.

A copy of the letter of the Acting~ta~of theInterior,approvingsaidbusinesscomrrutteelshere­with enclosed.

I LettersWashington, April 21,1890Samuel L Patrick, Esq.U. S. Indian AgentSac and Fox AgencyIndian TerritorySir:

I enclose herewith, a paper purporting to be theminutes of the proceedings of a council of the Citi­zen band of Pottawatomie Indians, held October 23,1889 by which it appears that Alexander B. Peltierand 'Davis Hardin, members of the said band ofIndians, wereauthorized toappearbeforea judgeofa court of record in Kansas and execute a power ofattorney to Anthony Navarre for the \?rosecutio~ byhim on behaH of the said band of Indians, Its claImsagainst the Govemmentarisingout ofcertain treatyobligations; also a paper purporting to be the mi~­utes of the proceedings of a council of the saIdIndians held December9, 1889,authorizing Alexan­der B. Peltier and Alexander Rhodd to execute apower of attorney to the said Anthony Navarre, forthe prosecution of their claims to an interest in thesurplus lands of their reservation.

You will investigate these matters and reportwhether the councils referred to were properlycalled, whetha- a majority of the tribe were presentin person or by representative. and participating.and whether the minutes hereWIth, faIrly and truth­fully represent the transactions of those councils.

The enclosed papers should be returned to thefiles of this office.

Page 14 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

A treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Limits, made and concluded between NinianEdwards, William CIilrk, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners plenipotentiary of theUnited States of America, on the part and behalf ofsaid states, of the one part, and thechiefs and warriors of the untied tribes of Ottawas, Chipawas, and Pottowotomees,residing on the Illinois and Melwakee rivers, and their waters, and on the southwesternpart of wke Michigan, of the other part.

WHEREAS a serious dispute has for some time past existed between thecontracting parties relative to the right to a part of the lands ceded to the UnitedStates by the tribes of Sacs and Foxes, on the third day of November, onethousand eight hundred and four, and both parties being desirous of preservinga harmonious and friendly intercourse, and of establishing permanent peaceand friendship, have, for the purpose of removing aJJ difficulties, agreed to thefoJJowing terms:

ART. 1. The said chiefs and warriors, for themselves and the tribes theyrepresent, agree to relinquish, and hereby do relinquish, to the United States, aJJtheir right, claim, and title, to aJJ the land contained in the before-mentionedcession of the Sacs and Foxes, which lies south of a due west line from thesouthern extremity of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, And they more­over cede to the United States aJJ the land contained within the foJJowingbounds, to wit: beginning on the left bank of the Fox river of Illinois, ten milesabove the mouth of said Fox river; thence running SO as to cross Sandy creek, tenmiles above its mouth; thence, in a direct line, to a point ten miles north of thewest end of the Portage, between Chicago creek, which empties into LakeMichigan, and the river Depleines, a fork of the Illinois; ;thence, in a direct line,toa pointon Lake Michigan, ten miles northward of the mouthofChicago creek;thence, along the lake, to a point ten miles southward of the mouth of the saidChicago creek; thence, in a direct line, to a point on the Kankakee, ten milesabove its mouth; thence, with the said Kankakee and the Illinois river, to themouth of Fox river, and thence to the beginning: Provided, nevertheless, That thesaid tribesshaJJ be permitted to huntand fish within the limitsof the land herebyrelinquished and ceded, so long as it may continue to be the property of theUnited States. .

ART. 2. In consideration of the aforesaid relinqUishment and cession, theUnited States have this day delivered to said tribes a considerable quantity ofmerchandise, and do agree to pay them, annuaJJy, for the term of twelve years,goods to the value of one thousand doJJars, reckoning that value at the first costof the goods in the city or place in which they shaJJ be purchased, without anycharge for transportation; which said goods shaJJ be delivered to the said tribesat some place on the Illinois river, not lower down than Peoria. And the saidUnited States do moreover agree to relinquish to the said tribes aJJ the landcontained in theaforesaid cession of theSacsand Foxes, which lies north ofa duewest line, from the southern extremityof Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river,except three leagues square at the mouth of the Ouisconsing river, includingboth banks, and such other tracts, on or near to the Ouisconsingand Mississippirivers, as the president of the United States may think proper to reserve:Provided, That such other tracts shaJJ not in the whole exceed the quantity thatwould be contained in five leagues square.

ART. 3. The contracting parties, that peaceand friendship may be permanent,

promise that in aJJ things whatever, they wiJJ act with justice and correctnesstoWards each other, and that they will, with perfect good faith, fulfill aJJ theobligations imposed upon them ;by former treaties.

In witness whereof, the said Ninian Edwards, William Oark, and AugusteChouteau, commissioners aforesaid, and the chiefs and warriors of the aforesaidtribes, have hereunto subscribed their names and affixed their seals, this twenty­fourth day of August, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and of theindependence of the United States, the forty-first.

Ninian Edwards, [L.S.)William Clark, [L.S.)Auguste Chouteau, [L.S.)Mucketeypokee, or Black Partridge, his x mark, IL.5.]Sinnowchewone, by his brother Ignatius, his x mark, [L.S.)Mucketepennese, or Black Bird, his x mark, [L.S.)Bendegakewa, his x mark, [L.S.)Pemasaw, or Walker, his x mark, [L.S.)Ontawas, [L.S.]Nangesay, alias Stout, his x mark, [L.S.]Chamblee, his x mark, [L.S.]Cacake, his x mark, [L.S.)Shawanoe, his x mark, [L.S.]Wapunsy, his x mark, [L.S.)Cunnepepy, his x mark, [L.5.)Wonesee, his x mark, [L.S.]Richeikeming, or Lake, his x mark, [L.S.)Cabenaw, his x mark, [L.S.)Opaho, his x mark, [L.S.)Cowwesaut, his x mark, [L.S.)Chekinaka, his x mark, [L.S.)Macheweskeaway, his x mark, [L.S.)Spanquissee, his x mark, [L.S.)Ignatius, his x mark, [L.5.)Takaonenee, his x mark, [L.5.)Ottawonce, his x mark, [L.S.]Tawwaning, or Trader, his x mark, [L5.)Cashshakee, his x mark, [L.S.]Nigigwash, his x mark, [L.S.)Sheshebungge, [L.S.)Mowais, or Little Wolf, his x mark, [L5.)

Done at St. Louis, in the presence of­R. Wash, secretary to the commission,R. Graham, Indian agent for the Territory of miniJis,Thomas Forsyth, Indian agent,I. Maul, lieutenant Eighth Regiment of Infantry,P. Provenchere, interpreter of the commissitmers,Maurice Blondeaux, Indian agent,John Ruland.

Bill introduced to create museum, return Indian remainsWashington, D. C. - A recent

agreement by the SmithsonianInstitution to return AmericanIndian skeletal remains and gravegoods to the tribes of their originhas been added to a House bill toestablish a National Museum of theAmerican Indian.

The compromise "reaJJy is light­years from where the Smithsonianstarted (on the remains issue) threeyears ago," said Suzan Harjo,executive director of NationalCongress of American Indians."Most of the movement toward thisagreement has taken place in thelast two months."

Harjo, along with U. S. Rep. BenNighthorseCampbell (D-Colo.) andNative American Rights Fundattorney Walter Echohawk, wereinstrumental in reaching the com-

promise with the museum.Under the agreement, the Smith­

sonian will create a five-membercommission that will includeAmerican Indian representatives, toinventory and identify its collectionof skeletal remains and burialobjects.

The legislation, which is expected

to move quickly through bothhouses of Congress, authorizesabout $2.25 million for the repatria­tion effort, to include $1 million forthe Smithsonian, $1 million to thetribes, and the rest fQr administra­tive costs.

"Today, a process has started thatwill aJJow the ancestors of NativeAmericans to at last find their finalresting place," said U. S. Sen. DanielK. Inouye (D-Hawaii), chairman ofthe Senate Select Committee onIndian Affairs.

Harjo said in a telephone inter­view that while Indian leaderswelcomed the news, 'this really isn'ta time for clicking up our heels. Ourvictory here is for the right of Indiannations to bury their dead, so thefeeling is more like a funeral. Irs avery solemn occasion.

"Everyone who has been touchedby this (effort) has learned a lot, "she said. "I feel privileged to be oneof the Great Spirirs instruments atthis time."

The advancement of the plan tocreate a National Museum of theAmerican Indian was, however, areason to celebrate, she said. Con­struction of the museum is plannedfor the Capitol mall, between theAir and Space Museum and theBotanical Gardens.

A search committee has beenformed to identify a director for themuseum, Harjo said. Meanwhile,she has begun talking with triballeaders about the possibility ofestablishing an Indian encampmenton the museum site in recognition ofthe 20th anniversary of Earth Daynext April.

A Potawatomi welcome to these new enrollees!

Vo/l1, No.9· October, 1989 • HowNiKan • Page 15

~\- ~.. 'i;;~..... ----------------------------------------------.~~~'

We're glad to have you!These "new" Potawatomis have been enrolled in

our tribe since the last edition of the HowNiKan wentto press. Members of the business committee and staffjoin thousands of other Tribal members in issuing aheartfelt welcome. We're pleased that you finally canclaim your great heritage!

The following are new enrol­lees who have been approvedunder the descendency plansince information was providedfor the September edition of theHowNiKan.

-A-Adams, James ScottAdams, Mark ToddAdams, Michael EugeneAldridge, James L.Allen, Dustin RobertAnderson, Dennis WayneAnderson, Leonard Russell

-B­Bailey, Amanda JillBailey, Jennifer LouiseBailey, Scott DouglasBaird, Jacob AndrewBaird, KellieJ.Baker, Robin Renee PappanBauer, Melinda Kay SwanBaxter, Michael ThomasBaxter, Robert PatrickBeauchamp, John Richard

LloydBeckham, Kenneth WesleyBeckham, Michelle LeaBeene, Blaine AshleyBeene, Brandon HeathBennett, Brandii NicoleBennett, Bryttnii TenilleBennett, Jeremy ShaneBlevins, Rodney EugeneBomhoff, Denise AnnBomhoff, Lisa DawnBomhoff, Melissa GayleBomhoff, Teresa LynnBonar Melissa NicoleBonar, Jaymes PatrickBonar, Patricia Sue

BohuslavickyBonde, Nicole RiceBost, Katherine AllynBourbonnais, Jason WilsonBranch, Adam DanielBranch, Charlie DewayneBranch, Christopher DarrenBrazeau, Darla Marlene BolandBressman, Bradley StuartBrewer Allen McMannBrewer Travis WayneBrunt, Marcus WiltonBurnett, Amanda MichelleBurnett, Michael TyBussard, Cheri MichelleBussard, Giulia LindaBussard, William Gates

-c­Carr, Steven RayCartwright, Christopher RobertCartwright, Jo<eph FranklinCartwright, Melanie PaigeCartwright, Robert GregoryCason, Patricia DaleCason, Steven GeneCastle, Shannon MarieChance, Jack McCallChristmas, Eric JosephChristmas, Natalie BrookeClark, Karen Elaine BressmanCleveland, Bryan ScottCleveland, Lori AleneCopeland Aaron LeeCopeland, Elizabeth SueCottman, Deborah DianeCottman, Dorinda Carol

CheatwoodCottman, Jay EugeneCottrell, Cassidy Rose

-0­Davis, Mollie MaxineDavis, William Charles

Detlefsen, Laura AnnDevader, Ranae LouiseDunn, Anthony JamesDunn, Christopher ScottDunn, William Josiah, IV

-E­Edmoundson, Stephen DelaineEisman, Frederick Lynn, Jr.Ellis, Shane MichaelElms, Allyson MichelleElms, Brandon DavidEngel, Amy LynnEngel, Angela LeeEngel, Brett AaronEngel, Marcie AnnEngel, Nikki Marie

-F-Farrell, Tamra Lynn YeagerFox, Danny DewayneFox, Justin GlenFox, William BruceFrancis, William Gayton

-G­Gamble, Jackie WayneGamble, LaChrisa LynnGOl1lales, Agustin JosephGonzales, Angelina MariaGonzales, Marie LindseyGrady, Michael RayGreen, Gregory JamesGreenwalt, Roger Benson

-H­Haces, Carl H.Hagerman Ashleigh NicoleHagerman, April RenaeHagerman, Dustin DonHagerman, Justin LeeHaltom, Clayton HunterHaltom, Cody LeeHanks, Lori AnnHarcksen, Eric JamesHarcksen, Michael JohnHartley, Brandon WeldonHartley, Denoyah LeighHarty, Patrick FrancisHennessey, Mary Elizabeth

MichelleHennessey, Richard Michael

EdwardHester, Jonathan DanielHigbee, Cara AnnHigbee, Cori KathleenHoepner, Carly GayleHoepner, Casey AnneHoleman, Jodi RaeHoleman, Kayce ReneeHoleman, Lisa JeannineHoleman, Melissa MarieHowell, Liliane JanetHyde, Steven Russell

-J-Jackson, Jesse Michael WayneJackson, Jourdan Lee LachelleJohnson, Russell JamesJones, Denise Ann Rivera JonesJones, Douglas Rivera, Jr.Jones, Gary WayneJones, Jessie CarrieJones, Kelsey Elyse

-K-Kellogg, Dorinda Ann Lambert

Kennedy, Matthew JacksonKennedy, William JacobKennedy, William LloydKetterman, Angela LeighKetterman, Shelly LynneKime, Jayci SuzannKing, Cory TaylorKissler, Scott EdwardKonkel, Erin Kate

-L-laClair, Natalie MeoquaLarkin, Karen Louise SnyderLawerance, Billy DonLawerance, Jeffery MichaelLee, Brittany MichelleLehman, Kasey RaeLewis, Christopher JasonLewis, Heather LeanneLewis, Jennifer GayleLewis, Todd EllingtonLowden, Keely AutumnLowden, Kendra NicoleLowry, Jessica DawnLucas, Paige Leigh Bonde

-M-Macon, Brandi Rane'Macon, Dustin AlanMacon, Karl DeanMacon, Melinda KayMaddux, Katherine JeanMaddux, Michael SeanMadole, Aaron JamesMadole, Jeremy SethMadole, Sean RaymondMarrer, Caitlyn DrewMarrer, Emily RebeccaMartin, Larry WayneMartin, Lawrence StanleyMcCall, Kenneth LynnMcCuin, Jenifer LynnMcKee, Bethany MichelleMcKee, Sean TimothyMcKee, Valerie Lynn BolandMcManaway, Cecilia ElaineMcManus, Jessica RebeccaMcManus, Joshua LeeMcManus, Steven Leslie, Jr.McPhearson, Kimberly KayMilburn, Jerry RobertMilburn, Joe RayMiller, Kathryn Ann GarrezMinden, Brad NealMinden, Chad AllenMinden, Keri AnnMonroe, John Phillip, Jr.Monroe, Lisa LynnMoon, James BryanMoss, Kerri AnnMoss, Michael JasonMoss, Sonya Denise TateMoutaw, Amanda DawnMoutaw, Kevin DaleMulanax, Christopher JohnMulanax, Gary DeanMyers, Curtis Dwayne

-N­Naughton, Clay AlanNaughton, Kent AdamNaughton, Tana JoNavarre, Marie LynnNickels, Margurite Marie

-D-

O'Connor, Casey AnnO'Connor, Jenifer KayO'Connor, Katie LoraineOwens, Stacy RayOwens, Timothy Braden

-p-Paine, Lucas JamesPaine, Michael JustinPaine, Sally CatharinePainter, Justin MichaelPainter, Nathalie JoyPatten, Charles RyanPatten, Michael ScottPatten, Tracy La'NecePayne, Charlene Lorraine

LambertPeck, Randall ScottPeck, Thomas ColbyPennington, Jennifer Renae

ReedPennington, Pike ReedPerrill, James GarrettPerrill, John LoganPerrill, Lori LeePeters, Jesse LeePeters, Matthew ThomasPhillips, Aaron KylePhillips, Jed MathewPi-Gonzalez, Geoffrey Walter

ArmandoPi-Gonzalez, Jonathan

Amaury-GardyPistora, Ali JoPistora, Zack AaronPrice, Justin ToddPrine, James LeePrine, Jennifer AnnettePrine, Jessica DawnProuty, Joneil DinecourtProuty, Roman Chase, IIIProvins, Brent AaronProvins, Staci Marlene

-R­Remmers, Charlie HenryRemmers, Rusty ClellRiffel, Jacqueline ReneeRoberts, Angela DawnRoberts, Scott DaroldRoberts, Tosha LynnRobison, Dale HamptonRodriguez, Christopher

MichaelRodriguez, Jeffrey DavidRodriguez, Katie ElaineRowland, James RobertRush, Lance Edward

-5-Sager, Loretta Lynn SavorySchimmel, Eric CraigSchimmel, Kevin MichaelSchneider, Sheila Dean HughesSeeley, Jeremy KeithShaw, Bonnie LorraineShaw, Vicki ReneeShepherd, Khawn LeeShepherd, Virginia MaeShindler, Morgan ElizabethShobert, Pamela Denise FoxShobert, Tara MaeShobert, Tony NealSimpson, Daniel DonSimpson, Dustin HughSimpson, LaDonnaSimpson, Toby leRoySims, Kaela Michelle leAnneSkalabrin, Elaine JospehineSkalabrin, Steven KyleSkinner, Jeffrey DeanSlavin, Dustin LeeSlavin, James CourtneySlavin, James RandallSeelter, Todd LeeSpalding,Johnathan James

Spencer, Jeremy MatthewSpence~JoelLucas

Spencer, Nathan AndrewSpiva, Lonnie AllenSpiva, Lori AnnStephenson, Derek AllenStephenson, Drew MichaelStiles, Clayton ScottStiles, Daniel TylerStiles, Debbra Sue AndersonStiles, Justin WilliamStinson, Adriane ReneeStinson, Danielle RuthStinson, Wesley DaleStrand, Eric DouglasStrand, Matthew EngvaldSuchy, Aaron FrankSuchy, Dana LeeSwan, Melissa AnnSwan, William Mirl

-T-Tate, Jesse NealTaylor, Brian JayTaylor, Eric ChrisThomas, Stephan JosephThomas, Suzanne LydiaThornburg, Tiffany AnnThornburg, Wesley JosephTurley, Danelle ElizabethTurley, David FrankTurley, Dawn KaylynnTurley, Deanna KayTurley, Gerald O'NeillTurley, Patrick WilliamTwigg, Harold AlanTwigg, Jeffery WayneTwigg, Rex Eugene

-u-Utley, Kerry Lynne Johnson

-v­VanVacter, Jerry Wayne

-w­Walker, Angela DawnWalker, Brian KeithWalker, Tiki LeighWallace, Becky AnnWallace, Jesse ColtWallace, William Andrew,Jr.Webb, Ashley LynnWebb, Grant LawrenceWebb, Michael ScottWeeden, Erica DawnyelWeeden, Freddie MacArthur,

Jr.Weeden, Jimmy DonWeeden, Joshua KyleWeeden, Katherine NicoleWhite, Sandra ReneeWickens, Charlotte DawnWickens, Derek RonWickens, Matt ClaudeWickens, Taylor RyanWilliams, Brittany MicheleWilliams, Christopher ShawnWilliams, Matthew BrandonWilliams, Nicholas RyanWilliams, Tiffany NicoleWilson, Holly LynnWilson, Wendy MingWinkelman, Holli LeeannWinkelman, James A.Winkelman, Timothy WalkerWisdom, Christopher LeeWood, Marcia LeannWoods, David Lee, Jr.Woods, Jody Lee

-y-Yeager, Brian ChristopherYeager, Denise MicheleYeager, Tiffany ChristineYott, Breanne ElizabethYott, David AllenYott, Jamie leRoy

Page 16 • HowNiKan • October, 1989 • Vol. 11, No.9

HOWNI'KANPEOPLE OF THE FIRE

1M HowNKwl .. pubhMd bV the Citizena.nd Poc.w.1Omi Tribe, wfth otkn. Itt 1101 Gof­don CoopH Drtw. ShMrnM, C*taholnll 74801.

1MHowNKMia rnMId frM to enroUed tribe!~~_ to nOt>-lT1lEf,lbeia are.V..... 'Of$10 ...nuMtyinIheUriRdS..'"and$12 fOf Iorwign eountrit'e.

The HowNKM is • membet' of tie ItItiveAnwric.n Ptns Auoc:i.tfon. ReprInt permiuJonil grlmed.ttl plbIaUoncredttothe HowNiKanand the Citizen Ebnd POtlWltomi Tribe.

AIlIet1efI and ...bmisaione becometheprop­erty of the HowNKan. Editorillli InC! IetIHl ••Iimitt'd to 500 word. and mwtcontain I ..aceableIddnrss.

All corrupohdtnce aha'" be directtd to theHowNiK.n, 1901 GClrdon Cooper Dr., Shawnee,Ok. 74801.~ctt.l~ ahoukf be aent toPotlwltomi Tribal Rolla. 1901 Gotdon Cooper Dr.,Shewn-. Ok. 74801.

Citizen a.nd Pola_toml au.ineaa CommitteeCNlrman • John "Rocky" BarrettVice Ch~1'TIWl • Jim YOU'IgsecJT'UIlftf· Bob F. o.\rilCommineeman • Dr. Fl'llncie leYicfCommihMrNon • Hilton telat

1901 Gordon Cooper DriveShawnee, Oklahoma 74801

Bulk RateU.S. Postage

PAIDTecumseh, OK.Perm~ No. 26

Report puts uninvested Potawatomi trust funds at nearly $3 millionContinued from page 1

trust funds has been to not disclosethe losses." Instead they waited fora claim or lawsuilto be filed.Richards said in an interview thatthis seldom happened because noone realized the money was miss­ing.

Herndon, who spent many yearsworking for the BIA before comingto work for the tribe, has the advan­tage of understanding the system ­or lack of it. He quickly checked theprintouts provided to the tribemonthly by the BIA on "MoneymaxPortfolio Statistics." And he found aproblem. He quickly wrote a leiterto Bob Jones, area finance officer atthe BIA's Anadarko area office.Here's what it said:

"Dear Mr. Jones:"I'm enclosing a copy of a recent

article from the Shawnee News-Star

and refer you to the last paragraphwhere it mentions loss of revenuedue to uninvested funds. I am alsoenclosing a page from the August1989 Moneymax Report and a pagefrom the September 1989 Money­max Report. I have highlighted thedollar figure invested at the end ofAugust, $5,704,550.82 and theamount invested at the end ofSeptember, $2,709,878.86. Thismeans that $2,994,671.96 wasuninvested. At 9% interest thismeans approximately $22,000 waslost, if the money was uninvestedfor a month.

"While with the BfA I wasInvestment Coordinator for the fivetribes of the Shawnee Area for 12years. As such I saw millions, notthousands showing up uninvested. Iwould challenge anyone to show methe last time tribal money from this

one area did not show to be unin­vested. In my former position Imade numerous inquiries why thisis allowed to happen and it is stillhard to believe the number ofexcuses and explanations I got.

"I realize you, as Area FinancePersonnel, only recommend termsof investments but I am making arequest to you. I would like to havean official response to this corre­spondence, either from the AreaOffice level or preferably Finance inAlbuquerque. I am anxious to hearone more explanation of why theseallegations are untrue and that aconsiderable amount of interestmoney for the Citizen Band Pota­watomi has not been lost.

Sincerely,Edward W. HerndonCONract Officer"Most of the tribe's trust funds are

invested in certificates of deposit asvarious banking institutionsthroughout the country, accordingto the printouts. They draw interestrates ranging from a low of 9.1percent up to 10.5 percent, at banksand savings and loans in Texas,Louisiana, Kansas, California, NewHampshire, New York, Arkansas,Colorado, Rorida, Hawaii, Arizonaand New Mexico. Apparently someof the certificates matured after theAugust report was prepared andwere not immediately "rolled over"or reinvested.

Herndon points out that themoney is not "missing" - the tribesimply lost the interest income itwould have had if the funds hadbeen reinvested promptly. He plans10 keep a close eye on the invest­ment reports and the tribe's moneywhile awaiting a reply from the BIA.

What benefits are available to Tribal members?QUESTION: What benefits do I get from being a

Tribal member?ANSWER: Benefi ts fall in two categories,Most

benefits apply to all members, but a few applyonly to those who were on the rolls before therecent descendency constitutional amend­ment.

Benefits to all members1. BlA Education Scholarships: Must ap­

ply at financial aid departments at the collegeor university you apply to. Same financialqualifications as Pell granIs, must fill out fi­nancial aid forms. Tied to personal or, in thecase of minors or students living at home,parents' income. Forms are then passed on tothe BIA. May cover tuition, books, room,board, expenses - all or some of them de­pending on the recommendation of the finan­cial aid office at university, subject to BIAagency level approval and funds availability.

2. BIA vocational training: Same as above.3. BlA Emergency Welfare Aid: Discre­

tionary fund at the agency level. In-transit aid,fire in the home, dire emergency fund.

4. The "Indian Business Financing Acr':Congressionally funded program to assist ex­isting or new Indian owned businesses. Must

Do you have a question about your Tribe?Send it to Ask The Chairman, HowNiKan,1901 Gordon Cooper Drive, Shawnee, OK.74801. As many questions as possible will beanswered by Chairman John Barrett in thiscolumn.

apply to the BIA agency credit officer. Thebusiness must be on or near a reservation orpredominantly Indian community, or providesignificant Indian employment or financialimpact on an Indian community. Two kindsofloans: 90% loan guarantees to commercialbanks and direct loans from the BIA. Mini­mum equity: 20%. Loan guarantees can alsocarry interest subsidies: BIA will make up thedifference between the bank loan rate andprime plus t%. Loan packageassistance avail­able through the tribal office.

5. Stale Taxation Exemption: Indian busi­.nesses who are located on trust land withinour reservation boundary are exempt fromstate taxation (except oil wells).

6. The "Small Disadvantaged Business"Program: Dept. of Defense will award and"set-aside" business for Indian-owned busi-

nesses located anywhere if they bid within10% of the non-minority owned large businessprice. Contact the contracting officer for thecommodity or service you provide. Bestsource of information is Linda Capps at Gor­don Cooper Vo-Tech School in Shawnee, theMinority Bid Assistance Office. Or see theCommerce Business Dally or the Small Busi­ness Development Office at the local defensedepartment installation.

7. The Small Business AdministrationuBa" program: Very difficult for the Indians toget in Oklahoma and Texas because favorit­ism towards black and Hispanic people, butpossible in other areas. Government businessguaranteed to qualified suppliers. See localSBA office.

Remember, when profits from tribal enter­prises exceed debt and tribal services obliga­tions by $100 per member, per capita pay­ments will be made.

Some benefits are available only to memobers enrolled prior to the constitutionalchange:

1. Scholarships and Health Aids (see HiI­Ion Melot or Bob Davis for details) Applica­tion forms are available from Mary Farrell.