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PREHOSPITAL and
DISASTER MEDICINE
Volume 36, Number 4 August 2021
The Official Journal of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine
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For more information visit: www.cambridge.org
Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry2nd Edition
Editors: Robert J. Ursano, Uniformed Services University Carol S. Fullerton, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland Lars Weisaeth, Universitetet i Oslo Beverley Raphael, Australian National University, CanberraMay 2017 / Hardback / 9781107138490 / $105.00 / £84.99Covering both natural and man-made scenarios including war and terrorism, the Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry is a vital international reference for medical professionals, community leaders and disaster responders a decade after its initial publication. Spanning a decade of advances in disaster psychiatry, this new and updated second edition brings together the views of current international experts to offer a cutting-edge comprehensive review of the psychological, biological and social responses to disaster, in order to help prepare, react and aid effective recovery. Topics range from the epidemiology of disaster response, disaster ecology, the neurobiology of disaster exposure, to socio-cultural issues, early intervention and consultation-liaison care for injured victims. The role of non-governmental organizations, workplace policies and the implications for public health planning at both an individual and community level are also addressed.
• The comprehensive examination of disaster and its impact gives the book both clinical and public health relevance
• The text has been updated to cover a decade of advances, leading to more effective approaches to preparation, treatment, intervention and therefore recovery
• Concepts and approaches are applied to worldwide needs, resulting in a text relevant to real life practice
Observation MedicinePrinciples and Protocols
Sharon Mace, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OhioApril 2017 / 9781107022348 / Hardback / $105.00 / £64.99Using sample administrative and clinical protocols that any hospital can use, this book gives a detailed account of how to set up and run an observation unit and reviews all medical conditions in which observation medicine may be beneficial. In addition to clinical topics such as improving patient outcomes and avoiding readmissions, it also includes practical topics such as design, staffing, and daily operations; fiscal aspects, such as coding, billing, and reimbursement; regulatory concerns, such as aligning case management and utilization review with observation; nursing considerations; and more. The future of observation medicine, and how it can help solve the healthcare crisis from costs to access, is also discussed. Although based on US practices, this book is also applicable to an international audience, and contains instructions for implementing observation in any setting or locale and in any type of hospital or other appropriate facility.
• Contains clinical protocols for diseases/conditions that may be managed by observation medicine, which is an up-and-coming solution to the crisis of costs and access to emergency healthcare
• Contains administrative protocols and covers the financial and business aspects of running an observation unit
• Offers an international perspective, with practical methods for implementing observation medicine in any location and with any type of resources, staffing, and education
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August 2021volume 36, number 4
editorialPopulation Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Samuel J. Stratton, MD, MPH
oriGiNal reSearCH
diSaSter HealtH aNd MediCiNeThe Impact of Personal Protection Equipment on Intubation Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Donald Doukas, MD; Bonnie Arquilla, DO; Pinchas Halpern, MD; Mark Silverberg, MD; Richard Sinert, DO
A Decade of Terrorism in the United States and the Emergence of Counter-Terrorism Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380Derrick Tin, MBBS; Alexander Hart, MD; Gregory R. Ciottone, MD
Characteristics of Prehospital Heat Illness Cases During the Annual Heat Wave Period in Telangana, India . . . . . . . . . 385Gayathri Devi Nadarajan, MBBS, MRCEM, MMed (EM); GV Ramana Rao, MBBS, MD (Community Medicine), PGDGM; Keshav Reddy, MBBS, MPhil (Hospital Health System Management (HHSM)); Aruna Gimkala, BSc, PGPEC; Rani Janumpally, BEd, MA, PGPEC; Yukai Ang, MD, BSc; Cheryl Ting Zhen Woo, MD, BEng; Theng Hong Neo, MD, BSc; Xiang Yi Wong, MD, BSc; Marcus Eng Hock Ong, MBBS, MPH
The Holy Month of Ramadan: Mass-Gathering Event Implications for Hospital Surge Capacity Planning in Saudi Arabia . . . . 393Yousef Almalki, MD; Alexander Hart, MD; Fadi Issa, MD; Attila J. Hertelendy, PhD; Selwyn Mahon, MD; Amalia Voskanyan, RN; Gregory R. Ciottone, MD
Terrorism-Related Chemical, Biological, Radiation, and Nuclear Attacks: A Historical Global Comparison Inf luencing the Emergence of Counter-Terrorism Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Derrick Tin, MBBS; Fredrik Granholm, MD; Alexander Hart, MD; Gregory R. Ciottone, MD
Does the Presence of On-Site Medical Services at Outdoor Music Festivals Affect Attendees’ Planned Alcohol and Recreational Drug Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Alison Hutton, RN, PhD; Matthew Brendan Munn, MPhil, MD, CCFP(EM), DA(SA); Sydney White; Peter Kara; Jamie Ranse, RN, PhD
PreHoSPital CareA Pilot Study to Assess Urban, Fire-Based Paramedic Accuracy in Identification of Anatomical Landmarks Necessary for Cricothyrotomy and Needle Chest Decompression Using Live Patient Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Romeo R. Fairley; Sophia Ahmed; Steven G. Schauer; David A. Wampler; Kaori Tanaka; Bryan Everitt; Mark K. Sparkman; Ramon Casanova; Justin Sifuentes; Christopher J. Winckler
Assessment of Prehospital Monitor/Defibrillators for Clostridioides difficile Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Cody Vaughn Gibson; Jonathan Edwin Swindell; George Donald Collier
The Flatness Index of Inferior Vena Cava can be an Accurate Predictor for Hypovolemia in Multi-Trauma Patients . . . 414Nazlı Ozcan Yazlamaz; Engin Ozakin; Betül T. Bastug; Evvah Karakilic; Filiz Baloglu Kaya; Nurdan Acar; Rusengul Koruk
Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure – Comparison of the Two Filling Methods – Simulated Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Tomasz Ilczak; Michał Ćwiertnia; Piotr Białoń; Michał Szlagor; Beata Kudłacik; Małgorzata Rak; Szymon Bialka; Adam Ubych; Arkadiusz Stasicki; Wioletta Waksmańska; Jan Bujok; Monika Mikulska; Rafał Bobiński; Marek Kawecki
A Comparison of Time to Treatment between an Emergency Department Focused Stroke Protocol and Mobile Stroke Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426Debbie Y. Madhok, MD; Paul H. Mangasarian, BA; Kevin J. Keenan, MD; J. Claude Hemphill, III, MD, MAS; John F. Brown, MD; Anthony S. Kim, MD, MAS
August 2021 Prehospital and Disaster medicine
table of Contents
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Prehospital and Disaster medicine vol. 36, no. 4
Association between Mode of Transportation and Survival in Adult Trauma Patients with Blunt Injuries: Matched Cohort Study between Police and Ground Ambulance Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Fouad A. Sakr, MD; Rana H. Bachir, MPH; Mazen J. El Sayed, MD, MPH
The Epidemiology and Effectiveness of Synchronized Cardioversion in a UK Prehospital Setting: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Alan Cowley, MSc, MCPara; Dan Cody, MSc, MCPara; Magnus Nelson, MBBS, FRCEM
eMerGeNCY MediCal SerViCeSDisparity in Gender Representation of Speakers at National Emergency Medical Services Conferences: A Current Assessment and Proposed Path Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Alexandra Davic, MD; Erin Carey, EMT-P; Erin Lambert, EMT-P; Therese Luckingham, NRP; Nikki Mongiello, EMT-P; Randi Peralta, EMT-P; Nicolina Puccio, EMT-P; Kimberly Rivera, EMT-B, PO; Kirsten Torre, EMT-P; Lauren M. Maloney, MD, NRP, FP-C, NCEE
SYSteMatiC reVieWSPrehospital Decompression of Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450Maxime Robitaille-Fortin, MSc; Sharon Norman, MBA, PGCHE, RNDip; Thomas Archer, MSc; Eric Mercier, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Association of Ventilation during Initial Trauma Resuscitation for Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Outcomes: A Systematic Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460Mary Beth Howard, MD, MSc; Nichole McCollum, MD; Emily C. Alberto, MD; Hannah Kotler, MD; Mary E. Mottla, MD; Laura Tiusaba, MD; Susan Keller, MLS, MS-HIT; Ivan Marsic, PhD; Aleksandra Sarcevic, PhD; Randall S. Burd, MD, PhD; Karen J. O’Connell, MD, MEd
SPeCial rePortSEMS Safety and Prehospital Emergency Care of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Katharyn T. Kryda, DVM, MPH; Ashley Mitek, DVM, MS, DACVAA; Maureen McMichael, DVM, MEd, DACVECC
Development of a Prehospital Care Rotation for Emergency Medicine Residents in Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470Sean M. Kivlehan; Lourdes Rachelle Faikha Colinet; Cassandre Edmond; Hank Song; Chen Wei; Linda Rimpel; Shada A. Rouhani; Keegan A. Checkett
Supporting the Mental Health and Well-Being of First Responders from Career to Retirement: A Scoping Review . . . .475Erin Smith, PhD, MPH, MClinEpi; Greg Dean; Lisa Holmes, PhD
Delusions of Certainty: Commercial Vessel COVID-19 Risk Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481Tudor A. Codreanu; Paul K. Armstrong
It’s Time to Talk to Prehospital Providers: Feedback Disparities among Ground-Based Emergency Medical Services Providers and its Impact on Job Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486Sarayna S. McGuire, MD; Anuradha Luke, MD; Aaron B. Klassen, MD, MA; Lucas A. Myers, BA, NRP; Aidan F. Mullan, MA; Matthew D. Sztajnkrycer, MD, PhD
CaSe rePortAtrioesophageal Fistula as a Complication of Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Mustafa Emin Canakci, Lecturer, MD; Cengiz Ovali, Assoc. Prof., MD; İrem Aydogdu, MD; Betul Tiryaki Bastug, Assist. Prof., MD; Obaidullah Ahmadzai, MD; Ramazan Faruk Bozdogan, MD
letterS to tHe editorTension Pneumothorax in Prehospital Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498Yagmur Ay, MD; Mustafa Emin Canakci, MD
The Effect of Prehospital ECGs on Patient Care in STEMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499Caglar Kuas; Mustafa Emin Canakci
Author Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500Lauren M. Maloney, MD, NRP, FP-C, NCEE; Vladimir Kotelnik, MD; Kevin Pesce, EMT-P; William M. Masterton, EMT-P; Robert T. Marshall, MD, FACEP, FAEMS; Gregson Pigott, MD; Nathaniel Bialek, BS, EMT-P, CCHP; Jason Winslow, MD
ii table of Contents
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Prehospital and Disaster Medicine editorial board
editor-iN-CHieFSamuel J. Stratton, MD, MPHUniversity of California-Los
AngelesLos Angeles, California, USA
eMeritUS editor-iN-CHieFMarvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhDUniversity of
Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
MaNaGiNG editorEllen Johnson, MS
SeCtioN editorSEmergency Medical ServicesDarren Walter, FRCS(Ed)
FCEM, FIMCUniversity Hospital South
Manchester Manchester, UK
Humanitarian AffairsFrederick M. Burkle, MD,
MPH, DTMHarvard Humanitarian InitiativeHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Mass Gathering MedicinePaul Arbon, PhDSchool of Nursing and
MidwiferyFlinders UniversityAdelaide, South Australia
NursingElaine Daily, RN, BSN,
FCCM, FAHAMadison, Wisconsin, USA
aSSoCiate editorSDavid A. Bradt, MD, MPHRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourne, Australia
Wolfgang F. Dick, MD, PhDMainz, Germany
Kimball Maull, MD, FACSDepartment of SurgeryHamad General Hospital
Doha, Qatar
Steven Rottman, MDUniversity of California-Los
AngelesLos Angeles, California, USA
Geert Synaeve, MDBrussels, Belgium
editorial boardBruria Adini, PhDSackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
Carol Amaratunga, PhDSchool of Child and Youth
DevelopmentUniversity of Victoria
ResearchAssociation of the Justice
Institute of British Columbia
Victoria, British Columbia, canada
Jeffrey Arnold, MDDepartment of Emergency
MedicineSanta Clara Valley Medical
CenterSan Jose, California, USA
Yaron Bar-Dayan, MD, MHA
Israeli Defense Forces Home Front Command
Or-Yehuda, Israel
Sue Anne Bell, PhD, FNP-BCSchool of NursingUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Tareg Bey, MDSaudi Arabia
Joost Bierens, MD, PhDAmsterdam, The Netherlands
Richard A. Bissell, PhDCenter for Emergency Education
and Disaster ResearchUniversity of
Maryland-BaltimoreBaltimore, Maryland, USA
Felipe Cruz-Vega, MDOffice of Social SecurityMexico City, Mexico
Joe Cuthbertson, MPH, MSc, MEH
Disaster Resilience InitiativeMonash UniversityAustralia
Robert A. DeLorenzo, MD, MSM, FACEP
Medical CorpsUnited States ArmySan Antonio, Texas, USA
Claude de Ville de Goyet, MD
Brussels, Belgium
R. Paul Farrell, CD, MB, BCH, BAO, DA, LMCC
Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
Erik S. GaullGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
Michael GundersonCenter for Systems
ImprovementLakeland, Florida, USA
Pinchas Halpern, MDCritical Care and Emergency
MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
Keith Holtermann, MDGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
Mark Johnson, MPAJuneau, Alaska, USA
Mark Keim, MDCenters for Disease Control and
PreventionAtlanta, Georgia, USA
Todd J. LeDuc, EMT-PBroward Sheriff Fire RescueFt. Lauderdale, Florida, USA
Lidia Mayner, PhDSchool of Nursing and
MidwiferyFlinders UniversityAdelaide, South Australia
Andrew Milsten, MD, MS, FACEP
University of MassachusettsEmergency MedicineWorcester, Massachusetts, USA
Jerry OvertonIAED Emergency Clinical
Advice System & Standards Board
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Paul Paris, MDCenter for Emergency MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
USA
Lynda Redwood-Campbell, MD, MPH
Department of Family Medicine
McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario,
Canada
Edward Ricci, PhDBehavioral and Community
Health SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
USA
Leonid Roshal, MDInstitute of PediatricsAcademy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
Don SchrammDisaster Management CenterUniversity of
Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin,
USA
Carl Schultz, MD, FACEPCenter for Disaster Medical
SciencesUniversity of California,
IrvineIrvine, California, USA
Erin Smith, PhD, MPH, MClinEpi
Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup, Western Australia
Wayne Smith, BSC, MBChB, EMDM, FCEM(SA)
Division of Emergency Medicine
University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
Knut Ole Sundnes, MDBaerum HospitalSolo, Norway
Michael Van Rooyen, MDHarvard Humanitarian Initiative
and Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Richard Zoraster, MD, MPHKaneohe, Hawaii, USA
august 2021 Prehospital and disaster Medicine
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Managing EditorEllen Johnson, MS
Editorial AssistantSara Vega
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Copyright © 2021 by the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without permission in writing from Cambridge University Press. Policies, request forms, and contacts are available at: http://www. cambridge.org/rights/permissions/permission.htm.
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Prehospital and Disaster Medicine (Print ISSN 1049-023X; Electronic ISSN 1945-1938) is published bimonthly in the months of February, April, June, August, October, and December for the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine. by Cambridge University Press, One Liberty Plaza, 20th floor, New York, NY 10006. Periodicals postage rate paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. PDM incorporates the Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine and the Journal of Prehospital Medicine.
Aims and Scope: The principal mission of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine is the distribution of information relevant to the practice of out-of-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical care, disaster medicine, emergency public health and safety, and disaster mental health and psychosocial support.
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Prehospital and disaster Medicine Vol. 36, No. 4
iv information for authors and readers
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