Vol. 43/8 No. 273 December

International Zoo News

Conserving the Cotton-top Tamarin in Colombia

International Conservation and the World Wide Web

INTERNATIONAL ZOO NEWS A magazine for the exchange of news, information and ideas between the zoos of the world.

Proprietor: JOHN ASPINALL. Editor: NICHOLAS GOULD, 80 CLEVELAND ROAD,CHICHESTER, WEST SUSSEX P019 2HF, GREAT BRITAIN. Advisory Editor: GEOFFREY SCHOMBERG.

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The editor is not responsible for the accuracy of any advertisement printed in this magazine.

Back Numbers Many back issues from 1974 on are still available; photocopies can be provided of items from out-of-print issues. Details are printed elsewhere in the magazine. L,

(continued inside back cover)

INTERNATIONAL ZOO NEWS A magazine for the exchange of news, information and ideas between the zoos of the world.

Proprietor: JOHN ASPINALL. Editor: NICHOLAS GOULD, 80 CLEVELAND ROAD,CHICHESTER, WEST SUSSEX P019 2HF, GREAT BRITAIN. Advisory Editor: GEOFFREY SCHOMBERG.

International Zoo News is published eight times a year; the approximate publication dates are mid-February, end of March, mid-May, end of June, mid-August, end of September, mid-November and end of December.

Annual Subscriptions U.K.: £35.00 Overseas, Surface Mail: f 37.50 or US$75.00 Airmail: £40.00 or US$85.00 Subscription cheques should be sent to I.Z.N., 80 Cleveland Road, Chich- ester, West Sussex PO1 9 2HF, U.K. (Tel. and Fax: 01243.782803.) Cheques should be made payable to 'international Zoo News' or 'I.Z.N.' Sterling cheques should be payable through a British bank (or a British branch of a foreign bank); Eurocheques are also acceptable. Dollar cheques should be drawn on a U.S. bank. Payment may also be made direct to I.Z.N.'s bankers (Barclays Business Centre, P.O. Box 4578, 155 Brompton Road, London SW3 IXD; Account No. 70136549), but if doing so subscribers are recommended also to notify the I.Z.N. office, as the senders of such payments are sometimes difficult to identify from the information provided by the bank.

Advertisements Details of advertising rates may be found elsewhere in this issue; for further details contact the I.Z.N. office (address above). Advertisements are not accepted from commercial animal dealers. Subscribing zoos may advertise free of charge in the Surplus and Wanted Stock section.

The editor is not responsible forthe accuracy of any advertisement printed in this magazine.

Back Numbers Many back issues from 1974 on are &ill available; photocopies can be provided of items from out-of-print issues. Details are printed elsewhere in the magazine.

(continued inside back cover)

CONTENTS International Zoo News Vol. 4318 (No. 273) December l996

GUEST EDITORIAL Spartaco Gippoliti 542

FEATURE ARTICLES Proyecto Titi: an Integrated Approach to Conserving the Cotton-top Tamarin A. Savage, D.S. Zirofsky, L. H. Soto, L. H. Giraldo and J. Causado 544

Evidence of Dominance in Captive Male Cheetahs Thomas Grittinger, Neil Dretzka, Christopher John and Valerie Werner 554

lnternational Conservation and the World Wide Web Donna FitzRoy Hardy 562

Surplus and Wanted Stock 570

Book Reviews 57 1

Annual Report 580

International Zoo News 583

Recent Articles 594

Index to Contributors, Vol. 43 599

Index to Books Reviewed, Vol. 43 60 1

Subject Index, Vol. 43 60 1

Cover Illustration: Several zoos, among them Edinburgh and (here) Jersey, have kept free-ranging groups of cotton-top tamarins; this gives the animals experience in some of the skills they would need were they to be reintroduced to the wild. (Photo: David Tomlinson)

International Zoo News Vol. 43, No. 8 (19961, pp. 542-543

GUEST EDITORIAL Animal rights, great ape conservation and zoos

In a recent issue of I.Z.N., Angela Glatston (1996) discussed the effects on zoos of a proposal by Cavalieri and Singer (1993) to extend the bill of rights to great apes (genera Pongo, Pan and Gorilla). Her interesting article raises some aspects which, I think, deserve a more in-depth discussion by the zoo community. Leaving aside the unlikelihood of such a proposal becoming law, it is still evident that an increasing number of people feel uncomfortable in front of caged apes in zoos. This may be due to growing exposure to TV documentaries showing wild great apes and to increasing chances of observing them directly in national parks and rehabilitation centres.

Sometimes, zoos tend to justify the keeping of great apes by the need to conserve them. However, Glatston is right when she affirms that, ifwe consider great apes part of a 'community of equals', conservation may not be used as a justification for captivity. Furthermore, for the foreseeable future, no species or subspecies of ape seems really to depend on zoos for its continued survival. If captive apes cannot return to the wild, should we maintain them as refugees for an unlimited period of time, as Glatston proposes?

I suspect that, from the animal rights movement's point of view, this hypothesis is not acceptable - in fact, they usually claim that sterilisa- tion is a 'humane' solution to slowly eliminate the captive populations of wild animals. Zoos must find a valid justification for keeping viable populations of great apes, a justification which must lie in the framework of the World Zoo Conservation Strategy and other documents of the conservation community. Zoos must prove they can make a real differ- ence for species conservation. This means that we cannot be satisfied simply to be keeping apes in the best way, because the welfare of captive animals -however important - is not the fundamental purpose of zoos, but merely a means by which we send messages to millions of visitors.

Let me cite only two issues concerning the survival of great apes in the wild, namely ecotourism and the return of orphans to the forest, which are greatly emphasised by the mass media without a critical evaluation of their shortcomings, The IUCNISSC Veterinary Specialist Group has recently prepared a questionnaire with the purpose of collecting data about the risks of disease transmission between humans and habituated wild apes. Among other examples, free-living chimpanzees in Gombe have died from polio transmitted by man, and human-gorilla contacts are a long-standing b c e r n (Kalina and Butynski, 1995). For the same reason, the appealing programmes of ex-captive ape rehabilitation are generally a continued threat to the health and genetic integrity (when the origin of rehabilitated animals is unknown) of wild populations, and ineffective for species survival in the long term. Nevertheless, an increasing number of environmental organisations are supporting new rehabilitation programmes, which probably receive considerable dona-

tions from the private sector. Hence, two of the most publicised 'conservation' te9niques of the moment are in fact not free from dangers for great apes. Critical evaluation of rehabilitation programmes is often lacking, but in one studied case, the rehabilitation project for Bornean gibbons in Sarawak, the conclusion was that 'releasing confiscated gibbons to the forest can behighly ineffective, potentially inhumane, and has not contributed significantly to their conservation.' (Bennett, 1992.)

Public information on these issues is crucial to the welfare of thousands of great apes in the wild, and zoos are invaluable tools to build up a less ingenuous audience. Zoos must not follow animal rights groups in an endless attempt to guarantee the 'welfare' of hundreds of captive great apes. This obviously does not mean that zoos should keep them in a poor way: but how much better it would be if zoos used their technical and financial resources to census relict great ape populations in situ and 'adopt' forest fragments which still contain valuable small populations of great apes and other wildlife, but are not included in national and international environmental programmes! Marchesi et al. (1995) estimated the chimpanzee population in C6te d'Ivoire at about 12,000 individuals, with less than half occurring in effectively protected, viable populatione. The authors of this census recommend active protection of small populations found in fragmented, but biologically rich, foresb outside major national parks. Perhaps in such an endeavour zoos cauld win the support of the more enlightened animal activists too.

Spartwo Gippoliti, Viale Liegi 48A, 00198 Roma,

Italy.

References Bennett, J. (1992): A glut of gibbons in Sarawak - is rehabilitation the

answer? Oryx 26 (3): 157-164. Cavalieri, P., and Singer, P. (1993): The Great Ape Project - Equality

Beyond Humanity. Fourth Estate, London. Glatston, A.R. (1996): Apes in zoos - prison or sanctuary? International

Zoo News 43 (4): 228-231. Kalina, J., and Butynski, T.M. (1995): Close encounters between people

and gorillas. Afn'can Primates 1: 20. Marchesi, P., Marchesi, N., Fruth, B., and Boesch, C. (1995): Census and

distribution of chimpanzees in C8te d'Ivoire. Primates 36 (4): 591-607.

I.Z.N. Bindere Binders to hold a year's issues, bound in dark green simulated leather material, with 'IZN' and our lemur logo in gold on the spine, are available a t M.00 (U.K. only) or £4.50 ($9) overseas, postage and packing included. Send your order with a cheque for the correct amount to I.Z.N., .80 Cleveland Road, Chichester, West Sussex P019 2HF, U.K.

International Zoo News Vol. 43, No. 8 (19961, pp. 544352

PROYECTO TIT^: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CC 1ELWNG THE COTTON-TOP TAMARIN BY A. SAVAGE, D.S. ZIROFSW, L.H. SOTO, L.H. GIRALDO AND J. CAUSADO

The Roger W* PtxrkZooinProvi&iwe, a o d e l s b d , is the Obirdoldest zoo in the United States. This small zoo has gone through aigdlcant changes in its many yearn. Recognizing the need for greater awareness ofthe environment and the strong educational influence that m m can have on the community, it has made its mission to educate and promote local and global action for conservation. In addition, Roger Williams Park Zoo is one of the few zoos that has an active and expanding research department that includes an international program devoted to the conservation and study of the highly endangered cotton-top tamarin. The conservation program Proyecto Titf, which is jointly sponsored by Roger Williams Park Zoo, Ministerio del Ambiente (formerly INDERENA) and CARSUCRE (a regional environmental organization), has extended far beyond the p m r v a - tion of this one species through its involvement in education and public awareness campaigns in the Colombian community. The following is a review of the progress of our collaborative m a r c h program; the information is a synthesis of some of the current literature on this program.

The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), found only in Colombia, is one of the most endangered primates in the world. During the late 1960s and early 1970s between 20,000 and 30,000 cotton-top tamarins were exported to the U.S.A. for use in biomedical research (HernBndez-Camacho and Cooper, 1976). In 1973, the species was declared endangered and importation was banned. Today, the population is continually threatened by forest destruction to provide land for agricultural purposes, the cutting of timber for fuel and housing, and the collection of animals for the local pet trade (Mast et al., 1993). Efforts to save the species have focused on the development of a long-term field study to understand the factors iduenc- ing its reproduction, effective public education programs in Colombia and the U.S.A., and self-sustaining captive breeding programs (Savage, 1990, 1995,1996; Savage and Giraldo, 1993; Savage et al., 1988,1989,1993, 1996, in press, a, in press, b, in review).

Status in captivity Cotton-top tamarins have been kept in zoos and laboratories since the

early 1960s (Tardif and Colley, 1989). Today, the cotton-bp tamarin is one of the most extensively studied callitrichids, and the information available on the species encompasses several disciplines (see Savage, 544

1990, for a review). The majority of captive cotton-top tamarins are found in research laboratories, where they are the primary model to study colonic adenocarcinoma, a disease found to occur spontaneously in this species (see Clapp, 1993, for a complete review). The SSP for the species manages a U.S. population of approximately 200 individuals (Savage, 1995; Savage, 1996), and a large number are found in European public and private collections (W. Langbauer, pers. comm.)

International and national collaboration In 1987, a collaborative agreement was reached between the Univer-

sity of Wisconsin-Madison and INDERENA (now Ministerio del Ambiente), the flora and fauna protection agency of Colombia, to establish an effective program for conserving cotton-top tamarins in Colom- bia. In 1990, Roger Williams Park Zoo and the Fossil Rim Foundation, Texas, joined the team, providing additional resources and field expertise, and in 1994 The Wilds (a zoo in Cumberland, Ohio) contributed additional veterinary support in the field.

Our field staffis composed of Colombian biologists and field assistants who are responsible for the daily operations of both the field and educational aspects of our program. Providing national and international educational opportunities in field biology and captive breeding techniques has allowed our staff to continue to achieve the high standards of excellence and professional growth that results in an effective and productive team.

We are also committed to providing educational opportunities for Latin American students and professionals seeking assistance. We have provided training in field biology and grass-roots conservation methods for several individuals. In addition, we have brought some of the expert members of our field team to the U.S.A. for training. We also had a Colombian graduate student collect his dissertation data on cotton-top tamarin social organization. Conducting lectures at various universities in Colombia, participating in regional conferences and assisting Colom- bian zoos in captive m-ent of (totton-top tsmarins continues to be a priority for our program. h part of the National Science Foundation program for increasing research opportunities for U.S. undergraduates, we have worked with a biology student from a U.S. university to conduct a survey of the plant community in our field study area.

Ecology and biology We have developed techniques that have allowed us to identify indi-

vidual animals and locate groups with ease (Savage et al., 1993). Animals are captured in compartmentalized traps twice each year. One male in each group is fitted with a radio transmitter in a backpack harness which allows for ease in locating animals in the forest. Animals are marked with various bright colors using Redken hair dye for individual identification. We have had long-term success in locating groups and identifying individuals using this system.

Tamarins live in social groups of 2-10 individuals in the wild and in captivity (Neyrnan, 1977; Savage et al., 1996; Snowdon et al., 1985). In captivity, cotton-top tamarins are generally monogamous, although there have been a few cases of reported polygyny following the introduction of a

545

&eppawmt to the group (McG-rew and McLuckie, 1986). However, intro- dtmthm~ of unrelated adult animals to established g~acps results in intense sex-specific aggression (French and Snowdon, 1981). In contmst, wild tamarin groups are composed of several unrelated individuals who generally include one reproductively active female. Instances of two pregnant females in a group resulted in either the group dividing, with the subordinate females emigratingto neighbo~ing groups, or only one of the pregnant females produ&g and r e b g (Savage et al., 1996).

In ca~tivitv. cotton- to^ tamarhs females aive birth to twins on average every $8 we& (snowion et al., 1985). In &e wild females are seaw&l breeders giving birth once a year (Savage et al., 1996). Care of offspring is shared by all group members (Cleveland and Snowdon, 1984; Savage et al., in press, b; Tardifet al., 1992). Interestingly, appropriate parenting skills are learned in this species. Both male and female t m h gain infant care experience by their youngm siblings while they remain in their map. Captive studiw have s h a m that animals denied intknt t x w - w experLeme wWe they lived in their family are often abusive parents toward their own infants and have a very low infant survival rate (Snowdon et al., 1985; Tardif et al., 1984).

Genetics Information on the total size, ageleex distribution and number of

founders of the studbook population suggests that the captive population is relatively stable. Sixty-five percent of the captive population is wild- caught or first-generation, suggesting that substantial change in the demographic and genetic character of the population is possible.

We have begm the first study examiningthe genetics ofwild population8 in collaboration with Dr Christopher Faulkes of the Zoological Society of London" Institute of h l o g y . Since cotton-top tamarins give birth to twins that share a placental blood supply, twins are blood chimeric and thus analyses using blood cannot determine paternity with certainty. Using hair follicles and a 4 mm piece of skin obtained when the animals are captured, we are applying three independent molecular genetic methods for the determination of sequence variation and parentage determination. This technique will allow us to analyze the genetic variability of the wild and captive populations.

Hormone determination In collaboration with Dm Bill Lasley and Susan Shideler of the

University of California-Davis, we have developed methods for assaying &trone glucuronide and progesterone in both wine and feces of cotton-top tamarins (Savage et al., in review; Ziegler et al., 1987). We have also s u c c e s ~ y developed a technique to collect daily fecal samples from wild t a m h . Fecal samples from four females located in La Reserva Forestal Proteetora Serrania de Coraza-Montes de Marfa in Colod, Colombia, were collected over a three-year period and compared with the reproductive patterns of captive females currently under observation. Using an enzyrneimmunoa9say, samples were analyzed for E,C and PdG. Com- parisons of reproductive cycles of a reproductively active female and her daughters were made. Unlike captive females, wild females generally 546

give birth once a year with an average interbirth interval of 353 days. A post-partum suppression offertility is common (E = 121 f 92.6 7SD days); however, this period can be shortened considerably depending on environmental factors. Similar to captive females, a wild tamarin was observed to conceive 19 days post-partum. In addition, daughters living with their families have exhibited reproductive suppression, as well as normal ovarian cycling that subsequently resulted in pregnancy in free- ranging groups. Currently, we continue our investigation of the reproductive cycles of both wild and captive tamarins to better determine the mechanisms regulating fertility in the wild.

Conservation education

For conservation education efforts to be effective in Colombia, support and interest must be forthcoming from the local population. In 1988, we con- ductad a m y of the local school children near our study site to assess the communities' perception d t h e conservation needs of the area (Savage et al., 1989). We found W many of the students had a variety of myths and mi8conceptiom about the forest and the wildlife d t h e area. Approximately 70% of the high echool students had never viaitad the f m s t despite the fact that it is only four km away from their village. Another dbtmbhg fact was that over 90% of the students had no idea that the cotton-top taEaFin was endemic to Colombia and not found in other countries in South America.

Using this information, we developed several classroom and field activities that have been very successful in generating public support and increasing student awareness and interest in local conservation activities. Our program aims to reach all students, and activities are designed to meet the needs of elementary, junior and senior high school students. We also increase public awareness by distributing posters of cotton-top tamarins (Savage et al., 1993).

We constructed a basic package of material that focused on rainforest conservation for elementary school children. This package includes material that teachers can incorporate into classrooln lectures and activities for the children. We have also been able to distribute this material to neighboring villages for use.

We realized that students and teachers needed to develop pride in their local resources, as well as gain a global perspective on how factors influencing these resources affect the world. To address these issues, we embarked on an international water quality monitoring program where middle school teachers in Colombia and Rhode Island participated in a workshop to learn techniques of water quality asmssment. Then, teachers and their students assessed water quality and examined how human activities influence the long-term survival of our ecosystem. In many existing programs, much of the emphasis h a been placed on local conservation issues. Our program not only addresses local issues, but allows students the opportunity to explore global issues in water conservation first-hand by developing a relationship with a sister school in Colombia. Each group addresses the environmental, as well as cultural, pressures that influence long-term conservation efforts in their country. Students are able to communicate and exchange information with one another through fax and videos. We have developed a comprehensive

watw @ity monitoring program with activities that can be used in both the dwsroom and the field with the central theme of b w wabr conservation affects not only the lives of humans in the U.S.A. and in Colombia, but also some of the world's most endangered animals such as the cotton-top tamarin. Such an exchange of information has made global conservation issues more relevant to the lives of these students and has provided a context for future decision-making.

The Roger Williams Park Zoo hosted the first annual Waters of Our World' conference for the participants of our international exchange program on 6 April 1996. Students from the U.S.A. and repreaenttlltives from our program in Colombia arrived at the zoo to share their results and action plans and also examined water conservation issues from a global resource perspective. Participants examined what factors were critical for preserving watersheds as well as practical solutions for saving forest habitats. Issues relating to growing human populations and deforestation were alm highlighted as students participated in an Oxfam I&. The oppwbmi&fosr &dwC to meet md exchange results from the water quality testa, as well as the invaluable information that they have learned, creates attitudes and activists that can have a profound impact on conserving resources in Colombia and in the U.S.A.

High echo01 studenta in Colombia have also been involved in our conservation education program. They have participated in our hands-on field biology training program designed to study a newly formed group of cotton- top tamarins in a nearby village. They received weekly lectures on tamarin behavior and biology and spent eight hours each week watching the tamarins. The students, equipped with their 'Proyecto Titf T-shirts, binocu- lare and n o t e b b , were succ8ssfully trained as field biologists to monitor the animals. Their scores on the final exam ofthe training program indicated that they had Cfeveloped an understanding of the bi01ogy and behavior of the cottan-top tamarh, and their willingness and enthusiasm to continually monitor the animals revealed their dedication to the project.

These same students were also taken to the forest where they observed the animals that are part of our long-term field study. The students were able to use the observation techniques they had learned to follow the animals in their natural habitat, and developed an appreciation for the forest that was being rapidly destroyed. Their interest in the forest and the animals continued to grow so much that we decided to use these students in a peer-teaching program. Each year elementary school children participate in a field trip to the forest. But the instructors of this program are not the local biologists, they are the students from Proyecto Titi. The students share their knowledge of the animals and the importance of preservingthe forest with their peers. This type of peer-teaching program is exactly what is needed to make conservation a reality in any local community. If the local villagers take pride in the forest as these students have, only then will the conservation programs developed by the biologists and conservation organizations become effective.

Public awareness campaigns With a grant h m the CBSG and matching funds provided by a local paint

supplier in Colombia, the children of the village decided to 'advertise'

conservation to all that passed by. Two of the elementary schools are located on the main street in thevillage, and each of them has cement or sheet metal walls facing the street. These walls were divided into sections so that each class would have their own space. The children, teachers and parenta of each school in the village worked on a group project depicting scenes from the forest, the future of the forest, and the new logo for Colos6 that discourages using slingshots to capture or hunt animals. The project used older studenta as 'mentors' to assist in the actual drawing of the scenes and the younger children to paint the scenes. The entire village became involved and local pride increased as everyone embraced the program wholeheartedly.

To discourage the use of slingshots in the hunting and capture of wildlife for the pet trade, we initiated a program in the local village. Modelled after the exchange of guns for dollars program, we traded stuffed tamarin toys for slingshots. Interest in this program was tremendous since stuffed toys are a rarity in this community. To date, we have received more than 200 slingshots and the number of wild animals in the local pet trade appears to have decreased.

Community involvement and dedication to conservation continue to climb steadily in this small village. Recently, funds were allocated in the local budget for reforestation programs and conservation education programs. The local chapter of Junta Ecol6gica, a local education and conservation group, has joined us in our mission and has become very involved in local reforestation programs.

Developing alternatives t o forest destruction

Given the dramatic rate of forest destruction for human and agricultural consumption, it is critical that programs are developed to reduce the dependency on non-sustainable forest ~roducts. The community of Colos6 is l&ted in one of the most econ~mically'de~ressed departrnentsif colombia. Although there is electricity in the village, the majority of the population cooks over an open fire on three stones, due tothe high cost of purchasing and maintaining gas or electric stoves, in addition to the cultural norm of cooking food with a smokv flavor. A familv of five individuals consumes. on averane. 15 lW ofwood (111.5 m in leng-thj daily. ~iventhis high rate of ~onsumpti~n with no efforts made to replenish the trees that are harvested, the forested regions of Colos6 face a sdstantial yearly loss.

To decrease forest consumption, we examined the feasibility of using solar box cookers which were promoted as a viable alternative since food was cooked by solar energy. We conducted a study in which five families were instructed in the use of the solar ovens and asked to evaluate their effectiveness. There was an overwhelming negative response to the solar oven for several reasons: (1) coffee could not be made quickly in the oven; (2) food cooked in the oven did not have an appealing taste - even when we introduced artificial barbecue and other flavors, it was still rejected; (3) because of the lengthy cooking time, it wm only useful for preparing dinner; and (4) it was diftleult to reheat food quickly.

Taking these criticisms of solar box cookers into consideration, we examined another traditional method ofcooking. Some inhabitants of these communities have used bindes to cook their food. Villagers would collect large termite mounds from the forest, bring them back to their homes, and

549

reM- thean with mud. These 'bindes' have a hole cut at the top, yet st i l l me sttong enough to support the weight of a large kettle. A b l e L a t in the eide so that wood can be fed W l y into a fire. Smaller holes me cut in the top a d side for d a i e n t air ai support a fire. Villagers have told us that bindes are much more efficient a t burning wood and produce lem smoke, which has been implicated in several women's health issues in the community. The problem with traditional termite mound bindes was that they did not withstand constant use. It was quite labor-intensive to search the forest for a mound and prepare it for use. On average, a traditional binde could l& as long as one mon$h with constant use.

Given that bindes were already culturally acceptable, we were interested in modifying the materials to allow for greater long-term use. With fimding provided by the Disney Foundation Conservation Excellence Fund, we began one of our most successhl programs. After consulting several sources, we contacted a local artisan who created small items out of clay. Using his expertise, a prototype clay binde was designed and tested. The community of Col& was invited to participate in a demon- stration of the dgctivemea and verrsatdity of the newly designed binde. Several salient features emerged from this new prototype: (1) refuse such as corn cobs, corn husks, coconut shells etc. could be burned just as efficiently as wood; (2) significantly less smoke was produced, which should result in less of a health hazard for women; and (3) food was cooked as quickly as it was on an open fire. Forty families participated in a comparative study examining the effectiveness and efficiency of cooking by the traditional method over three stones or using a binde. Our study concluded that bindes were significantly more efficient, burning two-thirds less wood per day than cooking over three stones. The food retained its flavor when it was cooked using a binde and women reported less eye and lung imitation from the smoke. The demand for bindes that cost approximately $3-4 (U.S.) to produce has been tremendous. Cur- rently there are efforts to expand the program to neighboring comrnuni- ties and develop areas in which trees can be planted for harvesting.

Proyedo Titi has led to the development of a community that is dedicated to the preservation ofthe cotton-top tamarin and its habitat. Developing programs that are culturally appropriate, yet address the important issues in habitat and wildlife protection, is our highest priority. This integrated approach to the conservation of Colombia's natural resources will not only insure the survival of the cotton-top tamarin, but will continue to make conservation a priority for future generations of Colombians in this region.

Acknowledgements Funding and logistical support for Proyecto Titf has been provided by American Society of F'rimatologists Consemtion Fund, Conservation In- ternational, Fossil Rim Wildlife Foundation, regional and national offices of INDERENA (Ministerio de Ambiente), CARSUCRE, an Institute of Mu- seum Services General Operating Support grant to Roger Williams Park Zoo, National Geographic Research and Exploration, National Science

Foundation, Rob Colley and Penscynor Wildlife Park, U.K., Roger Williams Park Zoo AAZKChapter, Roger Williams Park Zoo Docent Council, Sullivan Productions, The Wilds, USAID, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wildlife Preservation Trust International, Worldwide Fund for Nature, Disney Foundation Conservation Excellence Fund, American Zoo and Aquarium Association, University of Wisconsin Nave F'und, Chicago Zoo- logical Society, Cincinnatih and private donations. WethankDrs Bernando Ortiz, Antonio Villa, Benito Avila and Vincente Rodrigues for providing logistical support in Colombia. We are grateful to E. Blumer, F. Medina, P. Ochoa, C. Snowdon, T. Sullivan and the staff of Proyecto Primates for their expertise and commitment to conserving the natural resources of Colombia.

References Clapp, N.K. (1993):A Primate Model for the Study of Colitis and Colonic

Carcinoma - the Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Cleveland, J., and Snowdon, C.T. (1984): Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus o. oedipus). Animal Behaviour 32: 432-444.

French, J.A., and Snowdon, C.T. (1981): Sexual dimorphism in responses to unfamiliar intruders in the tamarin Saguinus oedipus. Animal Behaviour 29: 822829.

HernBndez-Camacho, J., and Cooper, R.W. (1976): The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conser- vation (eds. R.W. Thorington and P.G. Heltne), pp. 35-69. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

Mast, R.B., Rodriguez, J.V., and Mittermeier, R.A. (1993): The Colom- bian cotton-top tamarin in the wild. In A Primate Model for the Study of Colitis and Colonic Carcinoma - the Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) (ed. N.K. Clapp), pp. 3-43. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

McGrew, W.C., and McLuckie, E.C. (1986): Philopatry and dispersion in the cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus o. oedipus: an attempted laboratory simulation. International Journal of Pniaatology 7: 401-422.

N e p , P.E. (1977): Aspects of the ecology and social organization of free-ranging cotton-top tamarins (Scsguinlcs oedipus) and the conservation status of the species. In The Bwlagy and Camervation of fhe Cdlih.ichi& (ed. D.G. Kleimain), pp. 39-71. Smithsonian Institution hew, Wmhhgbn, D.C.

Savage, A. (1990): The Repduictivs Biology of the Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinue oedipus oedipus) ia Cobmbia. Ph.D. dissertation, Univer- sity of Wisconsin.

Savage, A. (1995): Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) AWL SSP Master Plan 1995. Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, Rhode Island.

Savage, A. (1996): Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) AWL SSP Master Plan 1996. Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, Rhode Island.

Savage, A., and Giraldo, H. (19%): 'Project0 TiW, the development of a conservation education program in Colombia. P r d i n g s of the First Pan American Conference on the Con.semation of WiIdlifi through Education.

Savage, A., Giraldo, L.H., Blumer, E.S., Soto, L.H., Burger, W., and

551

S w d o n , C.T. (1993): Field techniques for monitoring cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) in Colombia. American Journal #%m~&E;Qgy 31: 189-196.

Savage, A., Biraldo, L.H., Blumer, E.S., Soto, L.H., and Snowdon, C.T. (1996): Demography, group csmposition, and dispersal in wild cotton- top taxnarin (Saguinus oedipus) groups. American Journal of Prima$ology 37: 23-32.

Sauqge, A., Giraldo, L.H., and Soto, L.H. (in preea, a): Developing a conservation action program for the cotton-top tamarin. In Primate Conservation: the Role of Zoodogiccsl P a r h (ed. J. Wallis). American Soeiety of Primatologists, Rockville, Maryland.

Savage, A., Shideler, S.E., Snowdon, C.T., Giraldo, L.H., Soto, L.H., and Lasley, B.L. (in review): The reproductive biology of wild cotton-top tamarin females using fecal steroid analysis. American Jounal of Primatology.

Savage, A., Snowdon, C.T., andGiraldo, H. (1989: proSeeto %M: ahands- on approach to o o n s e r v a ~ educaticm in Co5Qmbia. AAWA Annual! Conference Proce-s, 1989,6054306.

Savage, A., 8 x a o v ~ , C.T., Qiraldo, L.H., m d Sato, L-H. (in press, b): palmmtdceu?e and development of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus d @ u ~ ) SRf~u~trp in Colombia. In Adaptive Radiatwns of Neotropical f'rim~b (d. M. Nomonk). Plenum Press, New York.

Savage, A., Ziegler, T.E., and Snowdon, C.T. (1988): Sociosexual development, pair bond formation, and mechanisms of fertility suppression in female cotton-top tamari~m (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). American Journal of Primatology 14: 345-359.

Snowdon, C.T., Savage, A., and McConnell, P.B. (1985): A breeding colony of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Laboratory Animal Science 35: 477-480.

Tardif, S.D., Carson, R.L., and Gangware, B.L. (1992): Infant-care behavior of non-reproductive helpers in a communal-care primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Ethology 92: 155-167.

Tardif, S.D., and Colley, R. (1989): The Third Edition of the International Cotton-top Tamarin Studbook. Oak Ridge University, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,

Tardif, S.D., Richter, C.B., and Carson, R.L. (1984): Effects of sibling- rearing experience on future reproductive success in two species of Callitrichidae. American Journal of PrimacdoEogy 6: 377380.

Ziegler, T.E., Bridmn, W.E., Snowdon, C.T., and Eman, S. (1987): Urinary gonadotropin and estrogen excretion during the postparturn estrus, conception and pregnancy in the cotton-top tamarin (Suguinus oedipus oedipus). American Journal of Primatology 12: 127-140.

A. Savage, D.S. Zirofsky andL.H. Giraldo, Roger Williams Park Zoo; L.H. Soto and J. Causado, Proyecto Titi, Colos6, Colombia.

Please address correspondence to: Anne Savage, Ph.D., Roger FVilliams Park Zoo, 1000 Elmwood Avenue, Providence, Rhode Ieland 02907, U.S.A. Tel.: (401) 785-3510, ext. 335; F w : (401) 941-3988; E-mail: [email protected].

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International Zoo News Vol. 43, No. 8 (1996), pp. 554-560

EVIDENCE OF DOMINANCE IN CAPTIVE MALE CHEETAHS BY THOMAS GRITTINGER, NEIL DRETZKA, CHRISTOPHER JOHN, AND VALERIE WERNER

o h hand, Caro (1994) found a lack of dominance between p u p members in wild male cheetah groups or coalitions. Competition for food has bean a common measure of dominance in mammals, e.g. cats (Cole and Shafer, 1966), cheetahs (Benzon and Smith, 1974) and monkeys (Hamilton, 1960; Richards, 1974). Here, we report on feeding priorities, as evidence of dominance, in captive male cheetahs over a two-year period.

The two-year study w u CO&* at the Milwaakee County Zoo using three male litter-mates. The animals, Ace, Juba and Onyx, were born on 10 July 1992 at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois. Hand-reared, they were housed together a t Milwaukee Zw. The study started when the cheetahs were 19 months old; this age closely corresponds to the mean age (18.2 months) of separation of cubs from their mothers in the wild (Caro, 1994).

Assessment of dominance was measured by noting order to daily food ration (Lehner, 1979). Food competition has been used as a measure of dominance in cats (Cole and Shafer, 1966), and was one of three criteria used in cheetahs (Benaon and Smith, 1974). In this study, order of entry to a common indoor feeding enclosure, where three food pans were available, was recorded daily by the keepers from 22 February 1994 to 22 February 1996. They were fed a t 3.00 p.m. from October through April and 3.30 p.m. from May through September. The food consisted of Nebraska Feline Mix (until February 1995) and then blended (1:l) Nebraska Feline and Nebraska Canine Mix.

Results and discussion Between February 1994 and February 1996, 721 daily observations

were made. Of these observations, 713 were included in this report, the other eight had an animal missing due to various medical tests or 554

procedures. Of the trio, Juba was clearly the most likely to enter the feeding enclosure first (Table 1 ). In the chi-square goodness-of-fit (Lehner, 1979) between observed first place entries and those expected by chance, the three did not come in first place equally (x2 = 426.8, df= 2, p < 0.0005).

Table 1. Number of first place entries according to individual.

Ace Juba Onyx 57 490 166

To examine the data in more detail, monthly values were compiled for each year of the study (Figures 1-6). Juba's high number of first place entries persisted throughout the study. However, some changes were encountered in August 1995, when there was a switch between Ace and Onyx. Onyx ranked high in second place entries until after that time, when their places were r e v e d (Fig. 4); of cowse, this was also reflected in a change in last place entries (Fig. 6).

A comparison of place of en+ry of all three before and after 13 August 1995 (Table 2), when a change in feeding procedure occurred, revealed significant changes, especially with Ace and Onyx. h, x2 = 100.0, df = 2, p < 0.0005; Juba, x2 = 12.6, df= 2, p = 0.002; Onyx, x2 = 128.5, df = 2, p < 0.0005).

Table 2. Number of entries before and after 13 August 1995.

Entry Individual

Place Ace Juba Onyx

Pre 1 30 338 152 l3 Aug. 2 138 136 251 S ,

1995 3 352 46 117 1 4 ; ..!'% . l &&lL*

Post 1 27 152 14 13 Aug. 2 116 29 49 1995 3 50 12 130

The change in entry status of Ace and Onyx might not be a true dominance reversal. On 13 August 1995, because of space needs in the Feline House, feeding was dome from an adjacent enclosure using a different area for pre-feeding confinement. This new ~onfinement area was a shift cage with a shelf and did not allow visual contact between cheetahs and keepers prior to release to the feeding area. It was noted that Onyx seemed to have a tendency to spend much time on the shelf in the cage, therefore it took him longer to reach the door to the feeding enclosure.

As mentioned previously, Benzon and Smith (1974) also found a linear hierarchy, though their study differed from this one in several ways. They used several aspects to monitor male dominance, despite the

555

concern expressed by Bekoff (1977), Bernstein (1970) and Syme (1974) that rankings are often not comparable when ranking by different criteria. Benzon and Smith (1974) used food competition, general dis- placement activities, and territorial maintenance. They also used only one or two food pans for their three males, whereas Ace, Juba, and Onyx had access to three. This might account for infrequency of aggression at the food. The trio involved in this study were litter mates who were raised together, while the three males in Benzon and Smith's research consisted of one caught as an infant and two caught as adults. Finally, the latter study lasted eight weeks, while this one lasted two years.

The lack of dominance reported in the wild by Cam (1994) contrasts with the results of this study and that of Benzon and Smith. In addition to being done in the wild, Caro's work was based on different criteria. He used these activities: who initiates grooming, who initiates movements, who initiates hunts, who leads hunts, time spent eating, average belly siee, percentage time off carcass, average distance to female, rate of approaching female, and rate of sniffing female's presence.

A linear hierarchy based on order of entry to the feeding area was found in the three young adult males in the present study. One animal had the greatest number o f h t place entries throughout the entire two-year study period. The second and third place animals kept their places for much of the study until a different series of enclosures were used for feeding, which reversed their second and third place positions. Areas of future interest might include more changes in feeding procedure to monitor the environmental factor in feeding priorities, and a comparison of testosterone levels among a group of males undergoing a behavioural study.

We would like to thank Professor Thomas Peneski, University of Wiscon- sin Center - Sheboygan County, for his assistance with the statistical treatment of data. Our thanks also go to Elizabeth Frank, Large Animal Curator, Milwaukee County Zoo, and to Dr Millicent Ficken, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, for reading and commenting on the manuscript.

Bekoff, M. (1977): Quantitative studies of three areas of classical ethology, social dominance, behavioral taxonomy, and behavioral variability. In Quantitative Methods in the Study ofAnimal Behaviour (ed. B. Hazlett), pp. 1-46. Academic Press, New York.

Benzon, T., and Smith, R.F. (1974): Male dominance hierarchies and their possible effect upon breedingin cheetahs.Int. Zoo Yearbook 14: 147-149.

Bernstein, I.S. (1970): Primate status hierarchies. In Primate Behavior (ed. L.A. Rosenblum), Vol. 1, pp. 71-109. Academic Press, New York.

Burney, D.A. (1980): The effects of human activities on cheetah Olcinonyx jubatus)in the Mara region ofKenya. MSc. thesis, University ofNairobi.

Caro, T. (1994): Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains. University of Chicago Press.

Caro, T., and Collins, D.A. (1986): Male cheetahs of the Serengeti. 556

National Geographic Research 2 (1): 75-86. Cole, D.D., and Shafer, J.N. (1966): A study of social dominance in cats.

Behaviour 27: 39-53. Foster, J.B., and Kearney, D. (1967): Nairobi National Park game

census. East African Wildlife Journal 5: 112-120. Frame, G.W., and Frame, L.H. (1981): Swift and Enduring: Cheetah and

Wild Dogs of the Serengeti. E.P. Dutton, New York. Hamilton, C.L. (1960): Comparison of two methods of dominance testing

in the monkey. Psychological Reports 6: 247-250. Lehner, P.N. (1979): Handbook of Ethological Methods. Garland STPM

Press, New York and London. Richards, S.M. (1974): The concept of dominance and methods of assess-

ment. Animal Behaviour 22 (4): 914-930. Syme, G.J. (1974): Competitive orders as measures of social dominance.

Animal Behaviour 22 (4): 931-940.

Thomas Grittinger, University of Wisconsin Center- Sheboygan County, Sheboygan, Wisconsin 53081, U.S.A.; Neil Dretzka (Feline Area Super- visor), Christopher John (Zookeeper) and Valerie Werner (Zookeeper), Milwaukee County h, 10001 West Bluemound Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, U.S.A.

.L m .m m

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4 nn % Being in Firet

V

Feb Mar APT May June July h g Sept Oct Nov Det Jan Feb Month

A t e Juba Onyx

Fig. 1. First place entries (Feb. 1994-Feb. 1995).

Month A & . & mJuh L P J m

% Being in Second I

Fig. 3. Second place entries (Feb. 1994+eb, 1996).

W Being in Second

' O 0 0

" Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept act W o v Dec Jan Feb

Month

Ace m Juba 6 3 O n y x

Fig. 4. Second place entries (Feb. 1995-Feb. 1996). 559

% Being in Last

loo 1

Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct NW Dec Jan Feb Month

Ace Juba 0 Onyx

Fig. 5. Last place entries (Feb. 1994-Feb. 1995).

% 6eing in Last ,

- Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct NW Dec Jan Feb

Mont h

A c e Juba Onyx

Fig. 6. Last place entries (Feb. 1995-Feb. 1996)

NUTRITION OF WILD AND CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS A joint meeting of the Nutrition Society, the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland,

and the British Federation of Zoos Edinburgh Zoo 16th-18th May 1997

The aim of the meeting is to bring together the expertise of animal nutritionists working with wild animals in their natural habitat with those developed with animals in captivity. In addition, comparative nutrition between domestic and wild animals will be reviewed. We hope that the speakers will discuss techniques applicable to each situation and the value of results in improving nutrition and health of animals in each environment. This meeting represents an important opportunity for zoo personnel to learn more about and discuss issues pertaining to the nutrition of wild animals.

PROGRAMME

Friday, 16th May 1997

Confirmed speakers: Ellen Dierenfeld: Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals -Historical Perspective Kristin Leus: From babirusa to domestic pig - nutrition of swine John Bauer: Fat metabolism in domestic cats and cheetahs David Bryant: Energy expenditure i n wild birds Gary Duke: Gastrointestinal physiology and nutrition in wild birds David Houston: Nutrition and reproductive rates of birds in captivity Andrew Illius: Physiological adaptations of savannah ungulates

OralIPoster Communications

Saturday, 17th May 1997

Robert Moss: Red grouse and ptarmigan: maternal and chick nutrition in relation to chick growth and survival

Glen Iason: Food choice, nutrition and digestion i n deer and sheep Don Lindburg: Behaviour and nutrition of captive wild animals Frederic Frye: Feeding strategies in reptiles John Speakman: Small mammal nutrition, torpor, hibernation and

foraging energetics Ian Gilmour: Nutrition and migratory behaviour of arctic foxes Speaker on: Nutrition of primates (to be announced)

OralIPoster Communications

Sunday, 18th May 1997

Special interest workshops, subjects of which are to be announced. Deadline for receipt of abstracts 1st March 1997.

For further information contact the local organiser: Dr Robert J. Young, Edinburgh Zoo, Murrayfield, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS, U.K. Tel. : 0131-334-9171; Fax: 0131-334-6775; E-mail: [email protected]

Znterwtional Zoo News Vol. 43, No. 8 (19961, pp. 562-570

INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB BY DONNA FITZROY HARDY

The international zoo community is gradually coming to regard the personal computer (PC) as a communication tool, although we might be well into the next century before computers will compete with the telephone, the facsimile machine or the post. But electronic communications technology is evolving very fast, and since my article on computer- mediated communication appeared in the International Zoo Yearbook (Hardy, 1994), the ease with which the user can access computer networks has undergone a revolutionary change. While other applications of the Internet (especially e-mail and Internet Relay Chat) continue to gain popularity, the recent increase in interest in the Internet is attributed to the use of the World Wide Web (also referred to as WWW, W3, or simply 'the Web'). When the above article was written in 1993, the World Wide Web was just another information server that the user could access with a Telnet code, and most of the sites accessible through the Web at that time were institutions and centers for high-energy physics, mathematics or computer science. Today's popularity of the Web is due to features that distinguish it from all other Internet applications that preceded it: hypertextl orientation and the ability to support hypermedia (graphics, color, sound, motion, etc.). Hypertext has captured the imagination and enthusiasm of the Internet community and nearly all Web documents include hypertext links to other documents. These 'hyperlinks' automatically locate information in computers (called HTTP or Web 'servers') anywhere in the world (Wiggins, 1995).

History of the World Wide Web While the World Wide Web and the Internet are often thought to be

synonymous, the Internet is actually only the physical medium used to transport electronic data. The Web is a collection of computer protocols2 and standards that computers use to access that data. The three computer standards that define the Web are: Uniform Resource Locators (URLs),

Hypertext: a means by which one can retrieve other electronic documents by clicking (with a computer mouse) on highlighted words or graphics in a hypertext document.

Protocol: an agreed-upon convention for intercomputer communication. 562

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) (Richard, 1995). URLs are the standard means used on the Web in locating Internet documents, and HTTP is the primary computer protocol used to retrieve information via the Web. (Fuller definitions of both terms, and of HTML, are given below.)

The interactivity of this technology has prompted some to dub the World Wide Web the 'Fourth Media', following print, radio and television as a means of mass-market communication. The First Media originated in about 1450 with the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, and print remained the only means of mass communication for more than 450 years. The first radio communication signals were sent in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi, although radio technology had to wait until the development of the audion tube by De Forest in 1906 before it could move from dot-dash radio telegraphy to full sound modulation. De Forest's invention set the stage for the Second Media of mass communications, and the first experimental broadcast of the voices of Enrico Caruso and Emmy Dustin took place in 1910. Formal radio broadcasting began on 2 November 1920, with the inauguration of a daily schedule of programs by KDKA-Pittsburgh. The Third Media began with RCA's experimental television broadcast of a Felix the Cat cartoon in 1936, and television use proliferated during the late 1940s. The World Wide Web was made available to Internet users in 1989. But as the Fourth Media, the Web differs considerably from the other three media of mass communication. Whereas print media is dependent upon an editor and the space afforded within a publication, and television and radio are controlled by programmers and the limits of time (contents being delivered in segments), the World Wide Web is not bound by space or time. - - - - - - - -

Although the original idea that computer systems could allow their users to follow non-linear3 paths through various documents dates back to the 1940s, the first practical application of a hypertext system was not released until 1987 when the HyperCard package for the Macintosh computer was popularized (Wiggins, 1995). About the same time, a hypertext project was proposed at CERN, the European Particle Physics Institute in Geneva, Switzerland. Their design document describing how

A non-l inearpath differs from a linear (direct or straight) route in that it does not follow a single direction. In most documents, one reads the various sections in a uninterrupted sequence. With a hypertext document, one can click on a highlighted part of the text (or on graphics) and can go to another part of the same document or access entirely new documents - perhaps on other subjects -thus deviating from a sequential presentation of information. (One sometimes adopts a non-linear searching strategy when one looks up the definition of a word in a dictionary. Occasionally one will come across a word in this definition that is unfamiliar, and so be forced to look up that word too. The definition of this second word may also contain a word that must be looked up, and so forth. The path to the definition of the original word thus becomes more complex, because the route to understanding of the word is circuitous.)

563

clomputer documents could be 'interwoven' or blended together cm3 h e t e d with the hierarchical4 model used by the Internet Gopher, announced by the University of Minnesota the next year. Soon after ita origin in 1989, the World Wide Web gained great popularity among users t$Mhe Internet.

Today's widespread use of the World Wide Web is a direct result of the development of functional compubr ~~ called browsers'. The h t browser, DOSLyzq was dwdqed in m i y 1 M . W e thia is just a text- onl;vPmF-,

h of

yew e-md d b as the password, then go to the directory for ME.^. CFTP or File Transfer Protocol is the Internet protocol for kransfeming files between computers.) By the fall of 1993, the first graphical browser, Mosaic, became available. Today, the most widely wed graphical Web browser is Netscape Navigator, for which excellent guides are available (e.g. Minatel, 1995). Graphical browser programs afford easy access to multimedia graphics, audio and video files from anywhere on the Internet, and new applications utilizing the interactivity of the Internet are rapidly being developed.

URLs are the standard means used on the Web to locate Internet documents. They provide a simple addressing scheme that unifies a wide variety of dissimilar protocols and can specify FTP file retrieval, locate Usenet Newsgroups and gopher menus, define e-mail addresses, and identify HTTP documents. The typical format of a URL is protocold1 se~er-~ame:port/path. For retrieving documents on the World Wide Web, the pmtwol in thb format is http. Entering a URL beginning with bttpJi teb a browser p r w m to look for a computer file on the World Wide Web. The rest of the URL tells the browser exactly where the file is located: the domain (name of the Web server), where in that computer the file is stored, and the name of the file to be retrieved.

One gains access to the World Wide Web by using a PC with a modem and a computer communications program to gain access to the Internet by connecting one's PC (called the 'client') to a server at an online service (e.g. America OnLine, CompuServe, Prodigy) or an Internet service provider (e.g. Netcom, PSINet, UUNet). The user needs to establish a connection that can support a TCPAP (Transmission Control Protocol1 Internet Protocol), the protocol with which computers exchange information on the Internet. This is usually done with either a SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point-to-point Protocol) connection to the server. The user will also have to install networking software in the PC, such as Trumpet Winsock or a commercial product such as Internet in a

I& a document that is arranged hierarchicallyt subjects are catego- M in orders or ranks, each subordinate to the one above it. (The cCarsd#cation of animals into Phyla, Classes, Orders ancl Families is an example of a hierarchical arrangement.)

Box (Weiss, 1996). I t is highly recommended that the user become familiar with this technology by fist reading an introductory book about the Internet, such as the one by Krol(1994) or by Hahn and Stout (1994). If one's PC is operating in a Windows environment or is a Macinto~h, a graphical Web browser program like Netscape Navigator can be used. Once connected to the online service or Internet service provider, the user can gain access to files located in that particular server or in another server anywhere on the Internet, although the actual speed of this access depends upon the speed of the modem and the type of connection to the Web server. A person in Great Britain entering the URL http*Jl www.seIu.com/-bio/cauz/ will be retrieving files from a Web server in the United States - in this case, a computer in Seattle, Washington. This is the URL for the Web Site of the Consortium ofAquariums, Universities and Zoos (C.A.U.Z.).

Hypertext Transfer Protocol a n d Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP is the primary computer protocol used to distribute information across the Internet. It specifies a simple electronic transaction to deliver requestedinformationfrom a server to a client, andits simplicity permits fast response times. Basically, the transaction involves: (1) the client establishing a connection to the server; (2) the client issuing a request to the server specifying a particular document to be retrieved; (3) the server sending a response containing the text of the document to be retrieved, if it is available; and (4) either the client or the server disconnecting after each request. Since a new connection to the HTTP server must be made each time, this is one reason why i t takes so long to load graphics: for each graphic, a separate connection must be established. Newer Web browser programs like Netscape Navigator open multiple connections and receive documents in parallel, so that the user can be reading the text while the graphics are still being received by the client.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is an important innovation associated with the World Wide Web. It is the 'hidden code'- invisible to the person viewing the Web document - that determines how the document will appear to the person who has retrieved it. HTML also provides hypertext links within a document or between documents, so that a viewer can easily move from one document to another by clicking

,i' a button on a computer mouse when the screen's pointer is on a , highlighted part of the text. Many items at the C.A.U.Z. Web Site have

been marked in HTML so that they are linked to other documents. While a some of these links are files in same Web server in Seattle, many

hypertext links are provided to documents in other servers - many of which are in other cities. For example, the user may read the description of the important Internet resource called ZooNet, and then click on the wordZooNet to 'visit'that Web site without havingto enter its URL. After deciding that ZooNet is a site to visit repeatedly, the user can use the

okmark' this link for direct access later. the threads of information that are the structure and Web sites like the one provided by C.A.U.Z. of useful hypertext links can serve a s convenient the Web. (Many of us who are interested in

565

consa~vstion have changed the 'HOME' location of our browser program from its default location - e.g. Netscape Carporation - to the C,A.U.Z. Web Sike because it provides easy access into the World Wide Web and its vast reeources.) As increasing numbers of people begin to use graphical Web browsers to find documents on the Internet, many of them become interested in creating their own Web documents. Excellent texts, such as The HTML Sourcehk (Graham, 19961, are useful in creating 'Home Pages', and h e me H W L authoring tools available through the Interatrrt I & g k s lW&S.

Since d~.peIe,phg IHtSnne Pages ie re la thly easy, it is pmsible to create Web dmwnents without fully understanding how hypertext marlrup lmgumg~ actually works. While the hidden HTML code tells a browser program how to display a document on the Web, exactly how that document actually appears on a computer monitor (e.g., the appearance of the text, where the graphics appear on the semen, the color of the background, etc.) depends upon how the browser program interprets that HTML code, Consequently, the same Web documnent may have a very different look when viewed with Netscape Navigator, Mosaic, or a Web browser provided by a commercial online service provider. In addition, various preference settings in one's browser program allow the user to 'customize' the appearance of a HTML-coded document (e.g., type and size of the fonta) to meet one's own tastes. Designers of Web documents should remember that they cannot always be sure how the document that they have created actually appears to other people.

Searching the Web for information Since information on the Internet is not well-organized, the task of

locating @c documenb armamong; the millions of fibs that reside on t h o w m L ~ & m m r s canbieqdte damtiag. Catdogdike Tlae Iratemet Yellow Pages (Hahn and Stout, 1995) give some insight as to the vastness of this information resource. Computer programs called 'search engines' are a recent and powerful way of locating information on the Internet. The first search engine, Yahoo! [http"J/www.yahoo.com.l, was developed in 1994 at Stanford University. This program utilizes human indexers to survey and categorize resources on the Web. Initially this system worked well, when there were a few thousand Web sites: the indexers sorted documents by their title pages. But by the fall of 1995, there were about 200,000 Web sites and the numbers seem to be growing exponentially.

Since there is no limit to the total number of sites that are accessible on the Web, it has become necessary to rely more heavily on electronic searching. Automated Web search engines are sometimes referred to as 'robots', 'worms' or 'spiders', and they include such fancifully named creations as Webcrawler [http*JI'~~~.webcrawler.coml and Lycos ~ttpsJ/www.lycos.coml (Wiggins, 1995). Since each search engine is a computer pmgram that uses a unique 'strategy' to search the Internet, the results of various search engines may or may not contain the same documents. Thw more than one search engine muet be used to insure that the searches are comprehensive. Two recent experiments harness existing search engines in parallel to give users the combined results of their Internet searches: MetaCrawler [http"J/'~~~.metacrawler.com] 566

and UseIt! [httpJ/www.he.net/-kamus/useen.html. Yahoo!, Lycos, Webcrawler, MetaCrawler, AltaVista, Excite, and other useful search engines can be found a t the C.A.U.Z. Web Site.

There is no one ultimate search tool for the World Wide Web. Various search engines use different search techniques and offer different ways of 'viewing' the Web. A search engine sends out an array of queries on the Web, starting with a few servers whose files it searches either com- pletely, word by word, or in summary fashion for titles, key words and abstracts, then makes a note of links in these files to other sites. Those links lead to further searches, which expand outward in a widening circle, much like a chain letter. And -fortunately for the person who has entered a key word or phrase into a search engine - all this electronic activity takes place automatically!

Two 'strategies' used by search engines lead to 'depth-first' or 'breadth- first' searches. And because each search engine involves a different computer program, each may lead to different results: a search for 'wildlife conservation' using one search engine might locate Internet documents that differed from those found by a second search engine. Search engines are clearly very valuable tools, although conducting what one might consider to be a comprehensive search of the Internet would invalve using a variety of different search engines. This process can be quite time- consuming, especially since not all of the documents found by a search engine are equally relevant. Consequently, many people prefer to begin with the hypertext links that are provided by established Web sites. The C.A.U.Z. Web Site, for example, provides links to more than 700 documents in a variety of topics: these links are a convenient and efficient way to locate important information resources in the World Wide Web. When the user finds the name and description of a document of interest (e.g., one dealing with wildlife conservation), a click of the mouse automatically retrieves that document, which usually provides hypertext links to other relevant documents on the same or related topics. The result of such 'non- linear searchixqf using these hypertext links to relevant information on the Internet can be very rewarding and sometimes surprising.

The CAUX. Web Site The CansorCium of Aquariums, Universities and Zoos waa founded in

1985 far the purpose of facilitating communication and collaboration between university scientists and educators and their counterparts at zoos and aquarium around the world (Hardy, 1992). Information submitted to C.A.U.Z. has been available through annual printed directories since 1987 and has been widely used by many people. For example, the database was analyzed in 1993 in an effort to understand the kind of research activities that take place in zoos and aquariums (Hardy, 1996). The C.A.U.Z. Web Site waa established in August 1995, and with the development of the C.A.U.Z. search tool by Tim Knight (C.A.U.Z. Webmaster), a user can conduct online searches of the information sdmitted by hundreds of scientists and educators who are dedicated to wildlife conservation. Its simple menu and numerous hypertext links allow the user to learn of the interests and current projects (as well as titlm, institutions, addresses, and phone and fax numbers) of C,A.U.Z.

567

Network members. There are also listings of people who have a professional focus in a wide range of fields - from Animal Behavior and Conservation Biology to Restoration Ecology and Wildlife Management - as well as listings of people with interests in specific groups of animals or who are conducting field studies in many countries. The C.A.U.Z. database can be searched withkey words: naram of animals, institutions, cities or countries, or the specialties (e.g. 'marine mammal ecology', 'population dynamics', 'reproductive biolod) of C.A.U.Z. Network members. The user can also search for a name that is listed alphabetically under a particular professional focus or an animal group. And if a C.A.U.Z. Network member has an e-mail address, the user can send an e-mail message to that member directly from the C.A.U.Z. Web Site.

Applications of the Web for international conservation In addition to the hypertext links, its hypermedia capability makes the

World Wide Web very special. It can retrieve color images or graphics, sound and motion pictures as well as text. The recent proliferation of Home Pages by zoos and aquariums can probably be attributed to its application to marketing and public relations. Indeed, an examination of the very first efforts by zoos and aquariums to establish a Web presence' will reveal that most of their information is of the type found in advertising brochures. (In fact, some of the information the user finds on the Web about zoos and aquariums did not even originate with the institutions involved: the Home Page for one major zoo was established, apparently without their knowledge, by a local travel agent hoping to attract customers!) Some zoological institutions are making pioneering efforts to provide educational programs via the Web, and some institutions now provide excellent educational information. Some of these Home Pages offer glimpses of future applications of hypermedia by adding short motion pictures and sound to a wide array of colorful animal photographs. The AZA Home Page [http~Jlwww.aza.org/3 and ZooNet [httpdl~~~.mindspring.com/-zoonetJ1 provide numerous links into many of these Home Pages.

While many current applications of the World Wide Web are indeed dazzling and highly entertaining, this technology cannot serve the needs of the international conservation community until computer-mediated communication is widely accepted. The potential use of computers in rapid and efficient distribution of information is beginning to be met by the increasing use of e-mail. But in reality, using e-mail is just another way of sending a letter to another person. New users of e-mail who have been relying on the post and fax are usually impressed by its immediacy: it is truly wonderful to be able to send a message internationally and get a direct reply within hours (or minutes) rather than days. But while e-mail is clearly more efficient and less expensive than facsimile or post, it is probably the least imaginative use of modern electronic communications technology.

The World Wide Web allows a user to 'interact' with the information provided by the server. For example, the data available through the C.A.U.Z. Web Site comes from its large international database. This information- as well as information provided by the IUCN (including the

1994 Red List of Threatened Animals) and by the International Species Inventory System (including ISIS Abstracts) - is available (and searchable) through the World Wide Web. For example, using the IUCN Site, the user can find the name of a species that is endangered in a particular country, then quickly check the ISIS Abstracts to learn in which zoos that species is exhibited. The user can then access the C.A.U.Z. Network to learn the names of people who share a professional interest in that species and are perhaps engaged in captive propagation of that species in captivity or in fieldwork in that country. The search tool provided a t the C.A.U.Z. Web Site allows the user to enter the name of the animal (or country) to find people to contact. A great deal of information is provided for each person in the C.A.U.Z. Network, and this information is available anywhere on the Internet a t any time.

Summary

The increasing use of the Internet has important implications for the international zoo community. First and foremost, computer-mediated communication is facilitating the sharing of information to a degree that has never been possible before. The potential for use of computers for rapid and efficient distribution of the kind of information needed by scientists engaged in conservation projects is starting to be met by the increasing use of e-mail, and in the near future, other applications of this technology will be found to be absolutely essential. Although the interactive capability of the Internet has not yet been fully explored, some of the more innovative means of communicating are now beginning to evolve. For example, the user can now access live images from various Internet 'cams' that have been placed in various locations all over the world, and since some of these video cameras can be controlled remotely, the viewer has some control over what images are being transmitted over the Internet. And the recent commercial availability of relatively inexpensive hardware and software now makes i t possible for people to utilize visual and voice (or voice alone) communication via the Internet in 'real time' - rather like a two-way Internet 'video-phone' (or Internet phone). And other innovative Internet applications are being rapidly developed. Only the future will tell how these extraordinary advances in communications technology will be used by the worldwide conservation community.

References

Graham, I.S. (1995): The HTML Sourcebook. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Hahn, H., and Stout, R. (1994): The Internet Complete Reference. Osborne

McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, California. Hahn, H., and Stout, R. (1995): The Internet Yellow Pages (2nd ed.).

Osborne McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, California. Hardy, D.F. (1992): The Consortium ofAquarium, Universities and Zoos.

International Zoo News 39:8, pp. 17-20. Hardy, D.F. (1994): The international zoo community and computer-

mediated communication. International Zoo Yearbook 33, pp. 283-293. Hardy, D.F. (1996): Current research activities in zoos. In Wild Mam-

mals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques (eds. Devra G. Kleiman

e& al.), pp. 531436. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Krol, E. (1994): The Whole Internet: User's Guide and Catalog (2nd ed.).

0"Reilly and Associates, Sebastopol, California. Minatel, J. (1995): Easy World Wide Web with Netscape. Que Corpora-

tion, Indianapolis, Indiana. Richard, E. (1995): Anatomy of the World-Wide Web. Internet World 6:4,

pp. 28-30. Sigler, D. (1996): HTML t9olbax. Internet World 7:4, pp. 51-52. Weiss, A. (1996): Ftmmnd comections. Internet World 7:3, pp. 86-88. Wiggins, R.W. (1995k Webolution: the evolution of the revolutionary

World-Wide W&. Internet World 6 (4), pp. 3248.

mote: the above articles in Internet World, as well as full-text versions of back issues of this magazine, are available on the World Wide Web: http*Jlpubs.iworld.com/iw-onhe0

Doma FitzRoy Hardy, Ph.D., Network Coordinator, Consortium of Aquariums, Universities and Zoos, Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, California 91330, U.S.A.

SURPLUS AND W- STOCK HOWLETTS & PORT LYMPNE

The John Aspinall Wild Animal Parks

WE HAVE SURPLUS ANIMALS OF THE FOLLOWING SPECIES:

Indian tiger (Panthera t. tigris) Grey wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis) Siberian tiger (P. t. altaica) Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) Northern 'lynx (F. lynx) European bison (Bison bonasus) Siberian lynx (F. I. wrangeli) Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Jungle cat (F. chaus) Burmese python (Python molurus Serval (F. serval) bivittatus)

WANTED

Male Indian desert cat (F. libyca ornata)

Please contact: F.M. Lockyer, Howletts and Port Lympne Estates Ltd.,

Port Lympne, Hythe, Kent CT21 4PD, U.K. Tel: (01 303) 264647 Fax: (01 303) 264944

International Zoo News Vol. 43, No. 8 (1996), pp. 571478

BOOK REVlEEB

WILDlwAMlwLSINCAPTMTY: PRINCIPLESAND TECHNIQUES edited by Devra G. Kleiman, Mary E. Allen, K a t e ~ a V. Thompson and Susan Lumpkin (Managing Editor, Holly Hamis). University of Chicago Press, 1996. xvi + 639 pp., hardback (approx. 220 x 280 mm). ISBN 0-226-44002-8. $70.00 o r £65.95.

The idea for this book originated in a conversation about 15 years ago between Devra Kleiman of the National Zoo, Washington, John Eisenberg of the Florida Museum of Natural His- tory, and Susan Abrams of the Uni- versity of Chicago Press. The UCP were the publishers of Lee Crandall's classic zoo textbook The Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity (1964), and as early as 1981 it was becoming apparent that Crandall's pioneering work had been overtaken - as pioneering works are apt to be - by the exponential growth of information on his chosen subject. Since 1981 that growth has gone on accelerating - to give just one illustration of this, Zoo Biology only began publicationin 1982 - and the distillation of so much knowledge into a single authorita- tive and comprehensive volume is something for which all zoo people should give thanks. I hope as many of them as possible will give practical expression to their gratitude by buy- ing the book for themselvee rather than fighting over their m ' s ~ p y ; by today's standards it ie edraordinar- i.ly good value for money (thanks, in part, to financial and other support h a number of institutions).

k p a r i s o n with Crandall's bookie kwitable, though perhaps not really

very helpful, except as providing impressive evidence of how far the zoo world has progressed in the last 30- odd years. Writing The Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity was a remarkable achievement for one man, and even in the 1960s Lee Crandall- with half a century's hands-on experience at the Bronx Zoo, a wide ac- quaintance in zoo circles, and a good knowledge of the literature (which was already surprisingly extensive, as his reference lists show) - was probably one of the very few people capable of the task. But from today's perspective there is something ama- teurish about Crandall's book, a tendency towards an anecdotal approach which recalls the popular zoo books of the first half of the century.

It would clearly be ludicrous for one person, or even a dozen people, to attempt to produce an updated 'Crandall' for the 1990s. Wild Mam- mals in Captivity: Principles anal Techniques draws on the experknee and knowledge of nearly 80 contributors (all but a handful of thernkmeti- cans) who include some af the berat- known names in the BOO bullsiness. Another radical departure from Crandallk bookisthe structureofthe present volume; whereas the earlier work was h m ~ r n i c i a plan, starting with the eehidnae and working through,fdybyfamily, to the sheep and goate, Wild Mammals in Captiv- ity: Prfneiples and Techniques is, as its subtitle suggests, arranged by topics. Look up 'aardvark' in Crandall's index and youare referred to a three- page section devoted to aardvarks; lmkup Oryctempus afer in the present book, and you'll be directed to five scattered items of information on,

mpatively, the dentition, natural diet, use in mixed exhibits, frequency of maternal neglect, and method of measuring the tail length of the aardvark. The original intention, Devra Kleiman explains in her preface, had been for this volume to be followed by others dealing with management on a taxon-by-taxon basis; but, i t t w w finally decided that thk spas m w - essary, ThiPf PP- mttaidy a correct decision; a m a s h volume, or vol- uma+, embedying in taxonomic order all that ia now known about the management of mammals in captivity, might seem a good idea in theory, but who really needs it? There is an ever- growing choice of guides to the husbandry of specific groups, produced by - among others -national zoo and keeper associations, E m s , SSPs and TAGS, to say nothing of numerous comprehensive articles in the Year- book andother specialist publications. Dr Kleiman and her colleagues were wise in deciding to aim at producing, in her words, 'a framework within which a reader could add and assimi- late both paezal and spc%%c ink- mathn , . . 1- of a 0- WiltEi

tion and marking techniques; Intro- duction and midhat ion twhiques for primates; Introduction, socializa- tion, and crate training techniques; Animal learning and husbandry training; Zoo security and dealing with escaped animals; Nutrition and &&tery edtaation; Essential nutri- ents in m d a n The feeding and nutrition of herbivores; The feeding and nutrition of carnivores; The feeding and nutrition of omnivores with emphasis on primates; The biopark concept and the exhibition of mammals; Education through exhibit design; Horticultural philosophies in zoo exhibit design; Integrating animal behavior and exhibit design; The design and use of moats and barriers; Mixed-species exhibits; Enclosure fur- nishings and structural environmen- talenrichment; Structural and keeper considerations in exhibit design; water quality management in aquatic mammal exhibits: Swcies. subsrw- cies, and races - tde bobleh of &its of management in conservation; Ge- netic research and its application in zoos; Dwographic and *tic man- t%@ZlX@tlk of M P ~ V Q p~dt%ti0118; =S-

specific recipes, and more d a primer that explained the basic principles of cooking.'

The main text is divided into seven parts - Basic Husbandry, Nutrition, Exhibitry, Population Management for Conservation, Behavior, Repro- duction and Captive Mammal Re- search - each with an introduction by one of the editors. It would be impossible in the space of a review to do justice to all the contributions - a total of 48 chapters and five a w n - dixes - and it would be unfair to single out a few for special attention. So I shall end this review by simply listing the topics covered. These are

fdows: Ethical and welfare issues: E'reventive medicine: Methods o f c a h e , handling, and akesthesia; Neonatal care protocols; Identifica-

pemd and captive mammal management; Issues of surplus animals; Re- introduction programs; The role of conservatim and survival centers in wildlife conservation; Effects of captivity on the behavior of wild mammals; Communication and social behavior; Mammalian social organization and mating systems; Behav- ioral development and play; Aspects of the ecology and psychology of feeding and foraging; Mammalian repro- ductivebehavior; Reproductive physiology; Determining and manipulat- ing female reproductive parameters; Male reproduction - assessment, management, and control of fertility; Contraception as a management tool for c o n t r ~ ~ i n g s q l u s animals; ~ r e g - nancv and Dartwition: Parental care: ~at t&m oigrowth; ~ i r r e n t research

activities in zoos; The need for multidisciplinary research units in the zoo; Data collection in the zoo setting, emphasizing behavior; Stand- ard methods for measuring mammals; The role of a comparative anatomist in a zoo; Mammalian phylogeny; An- notated bibliography and journals of captive management; U.S. wildlife regulations applicable to zoos; Records, studbooks, and ISIS inven- tories; and Inter-zoo breeding loans.

Perhaps, after all, that was as good a way as any of indicating the comprehensive scope of this important book!

Nicholas Gould

ANOLIS LIZARDS OF THE CAR- IBBEAN: ECOLOGY, EVOLU- TION, AND PLATE TECTONICS by Jonathan Roughgarden. Ox- ford University Press, 1995. xi + 200 pp., paperback (also available inhardback). ISBN0-198096055. E21.95. A LITTLE BOOK OF MONITOR LIZARDS by Daniel B e ~ e t t . Vi- per Press, 1996.240 pp., black-and- white illustrations, spiral-bound, crard covers. ISBN 0-9526632-0-1. S12.95 h r n the publiehers, Viper Frese, P.O. Box 10087, Aberdeen AB2 265, U.E. (Tel.: 01224-480377; Pas: 01224-277124). A limited edi. tion with 134 colour illustrations is also available at £20.96. A NATURAL HISTORY OF AM- PHIBIANS by Robert C. Stebbins and N a b W. Cohen. Princeton Univereity Press, 1995. xvi + 316 pp., hardback.ISBN0-691432816. 539.96 or $29.96. The genus Anolis, with about 300 species, is one of the largest of all vertebrate genera, with awide distribution in the tropical and subtropical New World. (As far as I can discover,

only about 20 species are currently found in captivity.) Few anoles seem to be regarded as conservation priorities at present, though my guess is that this situation may be due to change fairly soon, especially with respect to some of the 150-odd sficies native to the Caribbean (an area which seems to be receiving increasing attention from conservationists and zoos, and several of whose other lizards are already the subjects of in andlor ex situ programmes). Jonathan Roughgarden's book is not directly concerned with conservation, but he does give ample reasons why this group of lizards is interesting and important. Briefly, the anoles of the West Indies provide a living laboratory for the study of evolution, the way in which ecology provides its driving force, and the extent to which ecology is itself the product of geo- logical processes, in particular plate tectonics. Intriguingly, in the smaller Caribbean islands anoles fill the 'ground-feeding insectivorous vertebrate niche' which in other regions h normally dominated by birds. They are able to maintain the-ir p i t i o n t ,bmb bthed&iv&lylow incidence orfbirh of prey; but they established it h the ffitst, place because - unlike e.g. the Pacific islands - the Carib- bean islands are 'old enough to have accumulated a reptile fauna before birds and mammals diversified,' and consequently 'may show communities that resemble those of the Creta- ceous.' And thanks to the economical metabolism of 'cold-blooded' reptiles, a given food supply can maintain 100 times as many lizards as binls, which means that some of these anolee are amazingly abundant - one lizard per square metre of suitable habitat is typical!

Monitors, thanks to the large size and.impmssive appearance of many of them, are among the most sought- &er lizards for captive collections.

Breeciing in capwty, however, has always been a rare occurrence, though there are some aigns of improvement in zoos in recent years - most spec- tacularly theU.S. N M W s well- publicised dKomodo drag- ons, Them dqw, monitors seem to be especially popular with private keepers, whichis unfortunate, since many of them are not really s&&L SE&- jects for the average amabur. D&1 Bennett's modeetly,*titld b k shows signs afbeingabdpFimarily at such people; buk as long as private owners do keep these, animals, they are going tcr need reliable advice on the subject, and here A Little Book of Monitor Lizards does a good job, fully recog- nising the responsibilities that are imposed by ownership. As well as two chapters on keeping and breeding monitors in captivity, it is packed with information on the biology and lifestyles of the Varanidae. mere are separate accounts of 46 species (which usefully include specific data on captive management); most published sources list 35 or so, but two new species have bm t3iwmved raince 1987, and Bsm&t akt Lllowb-t splitting tendencies in the taxmomy of the genus. The book is impres- sively up-to-date and well-researched, and the 27 pages of references alone should make it an essential purchase for any Vuranus-holding zoo.

Amphibians are too often treated as little more than a minor appendage of the more prominent class of reptiles - an attitude rightly attacked by Karl Peterson in his feature article in the last issue of I.Z.N. In fact the Amphibia, with over 4,500 described species (and more being discovered all the time), are a distinctive and important class in their own right, and no closer to reptiles than reptiles are to birds or mammals. Those of us who live in northerly latitudes may seriously underestimate their ecological importance in world terms (though

in Britain I myself have twice encountered juvenile frogs in such numbers that care was needed to avoid treading on them as one walked); in parts of the humid tropics and sub- tropics they are actually the most abundant land vertebrates, and may even exceed reptiles, birds or mammals in total bionmss. ANatural His-

ofAnyhfhians is a general survey of the biology 0fth-e remarkable and attractive animals. Robert Stebbins and Nathan Cohen describe all aspects of amphibian anatomy, physiology, ecology and behaviour in 20 chapters, subdivided into s d e r 'bite-shed' aections which enable one to quickly find succinct accounts of such .topics as feeding mechanisms, warning coloration or foam nests. The last two chapters discuss the contributions of amphibians to human welfare, and, sadly but inevitably, their decline and some ofits possible causes. No attempt is made at a family-by- family description- this is not a handbook, still less a field guide - but individual species are given as exan- p l ~ s ta illmtrattd each bpic. (Aumful fmBm is that the geographical clis- tribution of each species mentioned is given in parentheses after its name.) In claiming on the dust-wrap- per that A Natural History of Am- phibians 'can serve as a text book for students and independent learners, as an overview of the field for professional scientists and land managers, and as an engaging introduction for general readers,' the publishers are perhaps casting their net too wide - the general reader, I suspect, would want plenty of colour illustrations, which this book lacks. But professional zoologists and serious ama- teurs (who must between them include the entire readership of I.Z.N.) will find it a really useful, and enjoy- able, work of reference.

Nicholas Gould

DAS URWILDPFERD by JiriVolf. Fourth revised edition, Westarp, Magdeburg, 1996 (Neue Brehm- Biicherei 249). 152 pp., 90 illustrations and charts, 7 tables, paperback. ISBN 3-89432-471-6. DM39.00.

The conservation of Przewalski's horse is one of the great success sto- ries of zoological gardens - one that leaves even the likes of Zoo Check lost for words. A species (or subspecies) discovered relatively late by established science, surprisingly little has been written on it. The bibliography of Das Urwildpferd covers less than three and a half pages, including Russian- and Chinese-language items. A translation of the second edition of the book under review here, originally written by Erna Mohr and completed by JiriVolf after her death in 1968, was until recently the only English-language monograph on the animal. The third German edition appeared in 1984, but even since then much has happened, mostly good news, to warrant yet another edition. Dr Volf, for thirty years the Prze- walski's horse studbook keeper at Prague Zoo, is uniquely qualified to write the update. And one can only be glad that the Neue Brehm Biicherei - the German equivalent of the British 'New Naturalists', although never as handsomely produced as the Collins series established at roughly the same time - survived the collapse of the German Democratic Republic and the original publisher that went down with it.

In less than 140 pages of actual text, Jin' Volf has produced a very comprehensive monograph. Follow- ing introductory chapters on the discovery of the equid some 120 years ago, taxonomy and nomenclature, and even local vernacular names, Volf devotes most of the rest of the book to aspects of immediate relevance to

zoological gardens: crossbreeding, original imports, behaviour in captivity, breedingin captivity, the studbook, and reintroducing specimens into the wild, are only some of the chapter headings. The natural history of Przewalski's horse in the wild and in prehistoric times is not ig- nored, and - perhaps because he is a Bohemian - Volf appears to have a command of the many languages necessary if one is to be well-read on the subject. I really have only one quarrel with the editors of Das Urwildpferd: the title. Depending upon context, Urwildpferd can be translated as'prehistoric wild horse' or 'proto wild horse', both terms suggesting an extinct animal, and neither of course correct, for - thanks to the work of zoos - the Steppenwildpferd, to use a German synonym, is far from extinct.

Herman Reichenbach

THE PICTORIAL GUIDE TO THE LIVINGPRJMATES by Noel h e . Pogonias Press, 1996. viii + 283 pp., 500 colour photos and 16 colour illustrations, 235 range maps, hardback or paperback. ISBN 0-9648828-0-7 (hb), 0-9648825-1-6 (pb). Available through bookShops, or direct from the publishers, Pogonias Press, 163 Town Lane, East Hampton, New York 11937- 5000, U.S.A. (Tel.: + 516-2674856; Fax: + 516-267-2024; E-mail: 74227.2342Qcompuserve.com), price US$79.95 (hb) or $59.96 (pb), plus postage ($4.95 U.S.A., overseas airmail $10.00 Europe and Australasia, $20.00 elsewhere).

Compared with ornithologists, who have had access to any number of comprehensive and well-illustrated fieldguides for decades past, primate enthusiasts have had to wait a long time for a handy reference book about

575

-1 3 &- astonishingly - TJLB PicbTiaE Chide to the. Uwing Primates is the first book of its kind. In an enthusiastic foreword, Jane Goodall comments that when she began her study of the Gombe chimpanzees in 196Q, mien- tiats believed there were about 180 species of primates. Tday, bh& to discoveries (ten new ~ d e e in the last 15 years dmd) OF mclwsifica- tions, the number bard grown by 50 or so, with the m u l t that this book includes dwxiptions of 234 species. &er the same period, the growth in published b d i e s of primates has of courrse been many times greater. So N d Rowe's book is undoubtedly far superior to anything that could have been produced earlier. In general style it resembles a good bird guide (not a pocket guide -it measures 215 by 280 mm), with fairly concise, standardised notes on each species' taxonomy, physical characteristics, habitat, social structure, behaviour, conservation status etc. (For taxonomy, C.P. Groves's 1993 revision in Mammal Species of $he. WQFW a T m m ~ m k a d d k g ~ m m , tade. B E P Wilson md D,M. edm, has h followed; bnt where disputes remain - which they do in more cases than not! -this is indicated.) Throughout the text, superscript numbers refer the reader to a list of over 1,000 bib- liographic references. Personally, I know this will in future be the first book I turn to whenever I need a quick summary of data about any primate species.

Useful as its text is, though, what makes The Pictorial Guide totally irresistible is its illustrations. Most of these are photographs, some taken in the wild but many in captivity. It would obviously have been impossible to illustrate every subspecific form; but where subspecies differ greatly, as with the red and black- and-white ruffed lemurs or the sooty

576

Conservation International'% Lemurs of M W a 8 c a r fia,ld has produced &reas museum s p s h e n e or scriptions. In three though, a different techniquehmbms, used -photos of related spdw hw been digitally modified to r e m b b the one required. (One of the three is the concolor gibbon; since this apecies has a captive population of nearly 200, I am puzzled that no suitable 'real' photo was available.) Digital processing has also been used for aes- thetic reasons in a number of cases, to remove the bars through which captive animals were photographed.

Distribution maps are included, but they are extremely small and the author admits that they are intended to give no more than a very general indication of the range of each species. (In one case I spatted an actual error: the @lads's range map ie cor- m.dy a a g t h m d 'Ethiopia', but the &m&rked ie the Dm%w region of western Sudan3 A more serious de- fect of the book from our point of view is that - despite the acknowledgements to a b u t 35 zoos for the use of their photos - hardly any reference is made to any species' status in captivity. Even the golden lion tamarin reintroduction programme gets only rather grudging recognition. We would all agree with Noel Rowe that there's no substitute for 'primates. . . as integral members of their habitat,' but when he draws a contrast between them and bored captives' he displays an attitude towards zoos which is, frankly, out of date.

However, I don't want to end this review on an unfriendly note. The Pictorial Gubk to the Living Primates is a magnificent book; everyone with

a serious interest in these animals should buy a copy. And I can't resist mentioning one more thing which delighted me: the last species in the book is Homo sapiens, with a text to match all the others (Conservation Status 'lower risk'; Diet 'opportunis- tic omnivores'; Social Structure 'more variable than in any other primate species'; and so on), and instead of an illustration areflective panel in which the reader can see his or her own face!

Nicholas Gould

DER TIERPFLEGERAUSBILD- UNG by Robert Pies=Schulz-&fen. Parey, Berlin, a d revised edition, 1998.24 X 17 cm; 590 pp, m text fieuFse, 37 tables, paperback. ISBN tl-mRMM6-9. DM78.00.

A zoo keeper in Germany starts off as an apprentice; he or she is hired as a certified professional. Unlike animal keepersin some countries, the United States for example, who can nowa- days frequently be an academic with a B.Sc. or a t least an A.A. degree, German keepers rarely even have an Abitur, the prerequisite for entering college in the first place. The equivalent of the British Grade 1 GCSE (the former 0-level) is sufficient. Indeed, a college degree would be considered

- an Uberqualifikation in a country which is not as free of class-conscious-

I ness as many Germans would like to '. . think it is. An apprenticeship, how-

ever, does not just mean on-the-job I training. A German zoo keeper does ! not have to know more about animals

than the director or veterinarian, but he or she is expected to do some serious reading during the apprenticeship, and won't get a job unless the exams have been successfully passed. Die Tierpflegerausbildung ('Animal

Keeper Training') is a serious read, a textbook for animal-care apprentices packaged in a language more appropriate for college students than teen- agers raised on comics and pulp fic- tion. Is it out of their reach? Is it useful to them? Is it of interest to anyone who is not a German zoo keeper, as most I.Z.N. readers presumably are not?

The decision which textbook to use is, of course, frequently made not by the students themselves, but by their instructors. Until 1972 German apprentice zoo keepers, and their teachers, had to do without a textbook written specifically for their use. In that year Berlin's Deutscher Land- wirtschaftaverlag published Wildtiere in Menschenhand (Wild Animals in Captivity'), which gained immediate mspeet as B well-edited, comprehensive, easily-understood text- and handbook for animal keepers. The problem was, it was published in the wrong Berlin: East Berlin. Innocuous as Wildtiere in Menschenhand was, some West German zoo directors preferred to have their staff trained in West German jargon. Ironically, although prepared in the 1980s, the first edition of Pies-Schulz-Hofen's Tierpflegerausbildung was published only after German reunification. Wildtiere in Menschenhand is now available in an all-German (gesamt- deutscher) edition, renamed Zootier- haltung, but Pies-Schulz-Hofen's new edition is the most up-to-date handbook animal keepers have available to them. An admittedly unscientific, non-repre~entative snap poll taken among western German zoo directors and curators I happen to know suggests that ~ ~ i e r h a l t u r z g is, however, still the preferred textbook. One criti- cism of Pies-Schulz-Hofen, who is a docent at what used to be West Berlin Zoo, is that his text might be above the heads of many youngsters without an academic background. Most of

577

ths book h, &er all, basically just a dry zoological bxtbook interspersed with n o w on the care of individual spec'ee where appropriate and available& ere is, of come, no way of getting around reading up on one's zoology, and the zoo kwpm I Iraarw, at least, are quite well mad oa mi- mals. But only &m& W pageg of Die T i e ~ p ~ r r r d i M w m ~ ~ d y devated to &B mmargement of wild aaimds in mptivity, with chapter

~ w h as 'zoo biology', 'his- ing wild animals in cap-

tivity' (half a page!), and 'problems of keeping wild animals'. Grzimek's Animal-Lifi Encyclopedia, available in German in an inexpensive paperback edition, and presumably already on the bookshelves of most non-academic animal lovers, is vastly more comprehensive, even with reference to animals in zoos, as well as being lighter to read and more pleasant to browse through. Pies-Schulz-Hofen's

illustrations consist solely of line- drawings, and very simple - if n& primitive -figures they are. %%at is excellent in his textbook is the 20- page biblioggtaphy devoted to zoa bid- - and wild animals in captivity. Mwt of the entries are of Geman- language texts, which sense as most German zoo keepem prefer ta read Geman, but English is not ig- . nored where there is no German alternative. It is the bibliography alone that makesDie Tierpflegemusbiklung worth checking out for anyone who is not a German zoo keeper. As a zoo keeper's textbook, it appeared on the market too late, is not that much better - if a t all - than the established handbook it was intended to replace, and does not relieve the apprentice keeper of the necessity of reading publications that really are specifically devoted to zoo biology.

Hennan Reichenbach

Ratite Spnpolei\uz1 The Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, in conjunction with the Ratite TAG, are to hold aRatite Symposium at Chester Zoo on26thApril1997. The papers will cover various aspects of husbandry and other issues concerning Ratites in captivity. There will be a special concessionary rate for representatives from Federation/T.A.G collections.

For more information please send an S.A.E to: Michael Woolham, Cotswold Wildlife Park, Burford, Oxon., OX18 4JH.

I.Z.N. Back Numbers Most back numbers from 2512 (No. 150, March 1978) to 3918 (No. 241, Dec.

l 1992) are for sale at £1.00 ($2.00) each post free; nos 153,1554,159,175,178, 18&9,195,197-202,205,210,212-5,21744,224-7 and 231 are out of print. Issues from 40/1 (No. 242, Jan.-Feb. 1993) to 4218 (No. 265, December 1995) are available at £4.00 ($8.00) each; no. 253 is out of print. Issues from 43/1 (No. 266, Jan.-Feb. 1966) on are available only as part of a full year's subscription. A list of past feature articles is available on request. Photocopies of entire out- of-print issues can be supplied for a charge of £2.00 ($4.00) each, including postage.

578

IUCNISSC Cat Specialist Group

This book is the combined work of over 200 specialists on wild cats from all over the world. It reviews the status and conservation needs of all the 36 species of wild cat, and lists over 100 priority conservation projects. Twelve pages of colour plates include spectacular photos of some very rare cats. Subjects dealt with in detail in the book include the following: Tazonomy. The history of clasaifxcation is reviewed, as well as the modem technique of genetic research, which is contributing to the clarification of felid evolution and relationships. The compilers have chosen to use the latest classi- fication by Dr Christopher Wozencraft for practical reasons, without prejudice, as it is likely to be used in international and national legislation for the immediate

Species Accounfs. l"bm include, for each species, a list of local names throughout its raage; d d p t i ~ n and hbav ior ; biolbgy; habitat and distribution; population status; legal protection status; oe- in pmbted W; and major threats. Detailed range maps are pedded for mefa. epwies. AunjquemathoB has been used to assess the vuhwability of each species. Habitat Loss. Human activities are rapidly conve- wild knde, into areas unsuitable Eor wild cats, thereby leading to a decline in numkm. The ststua of various habitat types is reviewed and critical habitats for cats highlighted. The protected area system is considered in the light of the needs of wild cats.

,

Msnagemnt of Big Cats. The problems posed by big cats in livestock areas are reviewed, as well as ways of minimizing stock losses, both by management of the cats themselves and by using new methods of managing and protecting livestock. Research. The species accounts show how little is known about even familiar wild cats. It is important to know more oftheir ecology, biology and habitat preferences in order to be more effective in conserving them. The necessary research ia reviewed and gaps are highlighted. Trade. The implementation of CITES has reduced exploitation of cats for fur by banning international commerce in the most threatened species and imporring licensing controls on others. The book gives special attention to the relatively mmmon bobcat and Canadian lynx, as management of these species hhas bsan inhduced in order to produce a sustainable yield; this system is exambed fm possible suitability for use in conserving other species of cats. Cats in Captivity. The status of various species in captivity ie reviewad, aloag

l wibh recommendations for future developments. &-introduction. This is seen as a future possibility in some cam, but it L a more

+mpIicated matter than might appear, with politiml aiad social, as wdl as d, aspects. Experience with various eats is wpieed a d the neoomm-

bti- of the IUCN Re-introduction Specialist h p exp&bd.

Internutwnal Zoo News Vol. 43, No. 8 (19961, pp. 580-582

/uhmWMErnrn

WALSRODE BIRD PARK, GERMANY English sununary of the Annual Report 1995

During 1995, we continued to reduce the number of species of birds in our collection, while the number of individuals increased slightly as a result of intensified efforts to breed rare species. In all, 1,209 young of 245 species were reared, an increase of 151 birds compared to 1994. Follow- ingthe recommendations of the World Zoo Conservation Strategy, we will further reduce numbers of species at the park and at our captive-breeding station on Majorca, and concentrate our breeding efforts on rare and threatened species.

In 1989 and 1993, our breeding pair ofhooded crane^ ( G m mo&a) produced eggs, and three female chicks were reared artificially. By the beginning of 1995, we had 1.5 of these delicate little cranes in our collection, but luckily we reared two young males this year. We also obtained an old male from Planckendael on breeding loan, so that the future of this species in our collection is becoming more promising. In the past, all our young hooded cranes have been raised artificially in order to prevent losses. This year, we replaced the last of their eggs with one from our eastern crowned cranes, in the hope of giving our breeding pair the chance to complete a full annual cycle including the rearing of a chick, which neither of them had done before. The experi- ment was successful: the young mownedcrane grew up perfectly. This will give us the opportunity to have 580

parent-reared hooded cranes in the years to come.

As in 1994, we raised two black- neckedcranes (G. nigricollis), in 1995, and again both turned out to be females. There is now a serious short- age of males in the captive population of this species outside China.

A pair of white-tailed trogons (Trogon viridis) laid several clutches of eggs, but either the eggs were lost during incubation, or the newly- hatched chicks were not fed ad- equately by their parents. Therefore, four eggs were incubated artificially, two ofwhich hatched, and both chicks were raised successfully. This is apparently the first captive breeding of this species; indeed, only one other member of the tmgoa family has ever been bred in captivity, the golden- headed quetzal (Pharomachrus auriceps), which has been successfully reared a t Houston Zoo for many years.

A record of 14 black storks was produced by two pairs. The first clutches of each pair was incubated artificially, while the second clutches were incubated by the parents. All the eggs proved to be fertile, and only two did not hatch.

The first offspring of our pair of black-faced ibises (Theristicus melanopis), a female hatched in 1991, was successfully paired up with an old male from Antwerp Zoo, who is unrelated to our breeding pair. They produced two clutches of eggs, the first of which was infertile; the second was transferred into an incubator, and two chicks hatched and grew up to independence.

Our breeding pair of ornate hawk-

eagles (Spizaetus orwtus) laid another egg in 1995, and the chick was raised succeasEully, the fifth since 1991. Ornate hawk-eagles are very rare in captivity, and major efforts are being made to obtain compatible pairs by exchange of individual eagles between institutions.

Other notable hatchings were those of Papuan mountain-pigeons (Oymno- phaps albertisii), an aberrant type of fruit dove, long-tailed broadbills (Psarisomus dalhousiae), and green aracaris (Pteroglossus viridis). The fig-parrots reared a total of l 8 youngsters, five of each of the three species of Psittaculirostris and three of the double-eyed fig-parrot (Cyclopsitta d*th&lma).

fruitcrow (Oymnodeks foetidus) and the black-and-red broadbill (Cymbi- rhyrachus mwrorhynchos). The former is a member of the largely South American Cotingidae, who are the ecological equivalent of New Guin- ea's birds of paradise. In their appearance, diet and behaviour, bare- necked (er blue-mttled) fnaitcmws

s u b - e r n Africa. They me mb- itanb of tropical Mares% where they prefer river valleys and clear- inga. They build hanging n a b , similar to those of some weaver species, but much bulkier, preferably above h r . Long-tailed broadbill8 breed qpdmly in our tropical greenhouse. T h black-and-red broadbills with @M& s k i b g l y coloured blue and *W b ib tumed out to be rather

similar in behaviour and feeding hab- its, so we may soon have the chance to study their breeding behaviour.

As part of a cooperative pmgramme with the Thai Royal Forestry Dep& ment, which operates several captive-breeding stations for threatened Thai wildlife, we received Malayan peacock-pheasants (Polyplectron mal- acense) and Lewis's silver pheasants (Lophura nycthemem kwisi), the latter of which have a very restricted distribution along the Thai-Laotian border. A colourful little species from the Upper Amazon, the roae-fronted conure (Pyrrhura picta roseions), is a new inhabitant of our parrot aviar- ies. Other new arrivals were a pair ef blue-crowaed mtmata CBk8m&ar

unpaired W. Pretdria Zoo sent us four female southern bald ibises (Geronticus calvus), so that we now have a group of 7.5 birds, the only specimens of this South African endemic in Europe. We also received a female woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), a female sunbiDternCE~bry- pyga Fbelk) and a female Bulweis pheasant U;Cppkura bu1wei-i) from San Diego Zoo, and a male Pacific eider

t h e ~ m n m c 0 a s M M ~ t spe- ciea. TWO e ~ r h ~ b d W r o - glossus beauharnaesii) and a male Suhwwi hambill (Penelopides ewr- habus) wem sent to San Diego Zoo under a breeding loan agreement.

Only reeen t l~ the ashy-faced owl (@to glawops) of Hispaniola was recognised as a separatespecies, when

M1

tnmhm~leg~sts found that common km O W ~ and why-faced owls were sympatric on the island. Formerly, the latter had been considered a distinctive subspecies of the almost ms- mopolitan T. alba. We received seven T. glatlcops, which were mdwquantly sexed as 1.6. In 1996, the only pair laid six fertile eggsl, whi& were incubated M~ciaSlly. AIl hatched and all the yolang bids ware raised successfully. Luckirly, these six young birds tmmd out to be five males and one femaale. This gives us a good chance of getting all the fohnder birds paired for the next breeding season. Another species of owl, which is found in very few collections, the bay owl (Phodilus badius), reproduced equally well; however, all our birds originate from very few founders, so we are in need of unrelated birds in order to avoid inbreeding.

With a pair of Riedel's eclectus parrots (E. roratw riedeli) laying eggs by the end of 1995, our number of breeding subspecies of eclectus was raised to six.

Our well-established hornbill b d - ing centre received a a d p u p of golden-casqued hornbills (Cemto- mmne elata), the largest and mast spectacular apecies of African forest h o d i l l , and some pied hornbills (Tockus fasciatus semifmciatw) from West Africa.

The most notable arrivals among the parrots were four species from the Moluceas, thanks to our excellent relationship with the Indonesian gov- ernment. Among these, Mada racket- tails (Prionitusus mada), from the island of Bum, have apparently n e w been kept outaride Indonesia bef". The others are Moluccan r e d - c b k d parrots (Geofiyus geoaFoyi rhod- ops), Bum king parrots Ollisterus amboinensis buruensis) and great- billed parrots of the Moluccan subspecies (Tanygnathus megalorhyn- chos finis). All of these relatively delicate parrots have acclimatised very well, and are now also on exhibit at Walsrode.

Aavnbit&rnat Wa1srode;thepark recently received a female from San Diego topair with their solitary male.

582


Alice Springs Desert Park, Northern Territory, Australia A fauna survey in the West Mac- donnell Ranges unexpectedly trapped a number of rock rats, assumed to be central rock rats (Zyzomys pedun- culatus). Only 33 specimens of this species have been collected previously, and only five this century, the last in 1960. Specific reasons for the species' decline are unknawn, but feral animals and vegetation changes caused by pastoralism may well be factors. Little is known about their biology, behaviour or diet.

Two males collected on the last trap- ping day were brought to the newly established Alice Springs Desert Park. These animals will form the start of the Park's involvement in a collaborative field and captive research study of the ecology, biology, physiology and captive management of the species. DNA analyses of samples collected from these animals will be used to confirm their identity, and it is hoped that a t least one female will be collected soon, to enable a captive-breeding program to be established.

Abridged from G. Phelps in W P A Newsletter No. 28 (October 1996)

Auckland Zoo, New Zealand Wild kiwi numbers are declining a t a rate of 6% per year, with a juvenile mortality rate in many areas of up to 100%. Auckland Zoo is now partici-

pating in a joint program called 'Op- eration Nest Egg' with the National Kiwi Recovery Project which is overseen by the New Zealand De- partment of Conservation (DoC). The zoo's role in this project, together with other captive institutions, is to assist in boosting juvenile survival rates through artificial incubation and rearing of chicks fmm wild-col- leeted eggs. We are focusing on a population of six pairs of North Is- land b r e m kiwi Mpteryr austmlk mantellii) located two hours' drive north of Auckland in an area of high- density farming with fragmented native forest. Most of the forest understorey has been eaten out by possums and farm stock. Fortunately, kiwis appear to be quite adaptable to modified environments, even making use of pasture land. The population the zoo is involved with is highly monitored, with most individuals fitted with radio transmitters for ease of location and monitoring of nesting activity. Juvenile mortality in this study site is 100% - the longeet SW- viving chick macbed 36 days of age before being predated by a s h t , and the average survival time for chicks in this area is 14 days,

Int~sduced predators, predomi- nantly stoats and feral cats, pose the greatest threat to the vulnerable chicks. (Mature kiwis are capable of fighting off most of the smaller predators, including stoats.) Extensive trap- ping and baiting programs are underway but have not yet proved effective in greatly reducing overall stoat numbers. With few or no juveniles replacing adult birds as they

die, it is thought that a drastic down- twrn in population size will occur as large numbers of adults reach the end of their expected life span of 30 years.

DoC researchers are undertaking to remove as many eggs fram wild nests as possible and place them at institutions with suitable artificial incubation equipment and expertise. There incubation will be completed and the resulting c~~ hmd-rabd3 maintaining them in in@vi@ until they are appmxhaklp ~ a a n t b old and we they d d baek to their plam of origin. Chicks a t this stage are well able to fend off a stoat, though still susceptible to predation by dogs (as are mature adults). Recent trials using this head-start method have produced extremely good results, with almost 100% survival rates among released juveniles. Little pre-release conditioning appears to be required.

Many aspects of full-term artificial incubation of kiwi eggs are still to be perfected. While many are suaess-

&ad i~ wry b. A b e t b p under- s-ajng h bshg built up through the uw of probed dummy eggs placed in wild kiwi nests. Results show that kiwis incubate a t higher temperatures during the earlier part of incubation, and turn their eggs often; but at this time the eggs also require a daily cooling period, with wild birds having been recorded off their nests for up to eight hours a night. If the techniques for consistently hatching full-term artificially incubated eggs can be developed, it will enable us to recover wild eggs a t a much earlier stage than is done a t present. We recently accompanied DoC field researchers to collect half-term eggs, only to find three out of four nests

containing eggs destroyed due to pos- sum interference. Posswaa, &tempt to evict kiwis from nest burrows, and the ensuing fight often leads to the destruction of the eggs. A batter understanding of full-term artificial incubation of kiwi eggs will alleviate this problem.

At present we are incubating five wild-laid and tsrro produo& by a captive pair at tbe mo. The eggs range h m ten to 56 days into natural incu- batim, and after two weeks are all, imludiag the very early-term ones, developing nonsnd~r, Eachofthe zoas and o h i a s ~ ~ ( s n e h v d d with this prograrn is targeting a particular population of kiwi, where possible one local to that institution. It is expected that the program will continue for some time while effective methods of widespread stoat control are being perfected. Without a significant turn-around in current chick mortality rates on mainland New Zealand, it is estimated that the North Island brown kiwi will become extinct on the mainland in 100 years, leaving predator-free offshore islands

@et& &age. (*C. H~?&wxI~AMZPA No. 28 (Qctah 1996)

Bristol Zoo, U.K. Staff from the zoo's Bug World exhibit have recently been scouring the marshlands of the Somerset Levels and New Forest as part of an effort to save the large marsh grasshopper (S&thopkyma: grossurn) - Britain's largest graoshopper - from becoming extinct in the wild. The project is being carried out under the guidance of English Nature, who have placed the species on the Biodiversity Action Plan. Large marsh grasshoppers are

found in wetland areas across Eu- rope, but are not commonin any country. They have always had arestricted distribution in Britain, and as wetlands have been drained, destroyed by peat cutting or dried out during the recent hot summers, the insects now only live in very isolated areas of the New Forest and the Som- erset Levels, where their numbers have declineddramatically in the last couple of years. So far this year none have been found in the Somerset Lev- els, so the species may already be extinct in this area.

ARer much searching some of the grasshoppers were found on Forestry Commission land in the New Forest. Two pairs were brought back to the temperate breeding room in Bug 'World, d since then h egg pods have been laid; zoo staff are hoping to be able to rear 810- grasshoppers fkom them. There are usually ten to 14 eggs in each pod, covered with a thin coating of protective foam; the eggs hatch in late May or early June, and the nymphs do not become adults until late July or early August, after which they lay eggs until the end of September. If the captive-breeding project is successful, it should be possible far future generations of the insects to be reintroduced into the wild.

Chehaw Wild Animal Park, Albany, Georgia, U.8A Today the howls of gibbans and the squawks of herons echo through the peaceful forest of Chehaw Wild Ani- mal Park, but muddy marks on the trunks of pine trees still show the magnitude of the disaster which struck two years ago, when the zoo W@ hit. the flaod of 1994, the W& mbmd disaster in Georgia's history.

feet (2.4 =)deep swg& 100 awes (40 ha) d the

zoo. Bears climbed their cages to keep their noses above water; other animals, set free by frantic keepers, swam to safety and roamed free for months. A few small animals died; the conces- sion stand and the greenhouse were washed away, and the reptile house sustained $30,000 in damage. Fences and walk-ways were uprooted and twisted.

But looking back Tommy Gregors, the park's engineering project super- visor, thinks the flood might not have been such a terrible thing for the zoo. 'It was a good starting-over point,' he says. At the time, this little-known, under-used zoo had just finished the first of three phases in its planned expansion. It was closed for six months. But work wil l begin soon on the wamd phase, the comtruction of a veterinary clinic and a quarantine facility, and within two years, director John Fowler says, the mo will have expanded by 100 acres and dou- bled its stock to about 200 animals, mainly in African and Georgia wood- lands exhibits. The expansion will continue to use the park's densely wooded, swampy nature. We want it to be more of an adventure, where you're walking through the W+ and suddenly you come upon mm+ thing,' says Gregors.

The zoo has a working mange- ment with Zoo Atlanta which includes loaned personnel and help W fund raising and achieving accreditation, which Fowhr hopes could come this fall. Moat of its animals are spe- which cannot be seen at Atlanta, including bison, elk and bobcat. It also hare a natural, unplanned bonus - a swamp in clear view that serves as a rookery for little blue herons (Egretta caemleas), who arrive in spring, build fheir nes* a d hatch their young before migrating south in the fall.

Adapted from Jack Warner inAtlanta Journal1 Constitution (7 July 1996)

C m t i ZQO and Botanical Gardea, Ohio, U.8.A. When &h$ zoo's newly renovated and expanded bird house - 'Wings of the World: A Celebration of Flight' - opened in June, tW d d species, least, crested and p & e t auklets, were on display fir the first time in a U.S. zoo. Clncinaati is actually the first zoo in the world to display least and c m @ auklets CAethia pusilla and A cristcctella), and is also the fitat to successfully maintain the parakeet auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittacula). Other alcids in the new exhibit include horned puffins (Fratercula cornicuhta) and common murres or guillemots ( U k aalge).

Horned puffins are among the alcid species in Cincinnati Zoo's new Wings of the World' exhibit. (Photo: Gerry Ellis)

While many zabgoeve are f d a r with the birds of the mu& regions - the penguins -northern W are not quite as familiar. We're disw playing them to increase awasewse of species that live in delicate habitats other than just &mste and wetlands,' says David Oehler, who directs the zoo's a v i d t m department, We need to are far and protect these habitats so we dm't place m- due pressures on the animals within them.' In August 1992, Oehler and his staff went to St Lawrence Island in the Bering Strait on a trip to brhg back these beautiful birde. Auklets in the wild make their home in boulder fields along the coast, while p&s are found in nesting burrows in sea cliffs.

Because alcids are delicate crea- tures requiring exacting conditions in the wild and special care in captivity, both exhibits required the zoo to duplicate the birds' habitat. Water and air quality have to be perfect. 'The display includes special air and water filters employad to ensure the a&m~&' health,' eqdaimi Oshler. 'It & m w t r a h how delimte polar habitats are, especially around the coasts.'

Danmarks Akvarium, Charlottenlund, Denmark

In 1995 the aquarium's education service started a new project for school visits. At the nearby beach, pupils participated in pulling ashore a drag- net which had been taken 100 metres out to sea, as well as collecting samples by other methods. Back in the aquarium the children examined the catch and looked for adaptations, studying the connection between the reactions of the animals and the way the catching methods operate. This

point was emphasised through a dem- onstration in the exhibition, where some of the animals were given a small stimulant to s h m their escape behaviour. A whole day wae needed for this activity, De~kpib tlmm expea%, 14 clarc~aes ~ ~ p s r i e n d the pmjwt during a hw-qeek Mt period.

From the English summary of the annual report fir 1995

this species. Sixteen of them have m- vived a d grown up. C m a t i y , the m keeps 819 ddS, andin P- b e nwEtlrpEodwd*8i** as

s@es has bred m e n Eirnes at Dort- mund, and four ofthe young grew up. Sumsful reproduction oftamanduas startedin1990, andthey have already bred in the second generation.

Dortmund Zoo, Germany Franklin Park Zoo. Boston. OIEant anteaters (Myrmecophaga Maesachusetts, u.s.A.

aa)haveregularly repmduesd (A visitor's report by John Tuson.) ZhImwd since 1976. With the mf the 25th infant on 20 May, There can be few stranger zoos than

, - , aw be no doubt that the zoo that of Boston, Massachwtts. The warld mcord in breeding F'rankh Park Zoo attracts a meagre

li00,00U $mitors a year (compared to a cou&?of million at the city's New England Aquarium), and consists of exhibits which range from the not quite sublime to the almost ridicu- lous.

A zoo of sorts has existedin Franklin Park since 1913, and the Bird H o w ofthat Pistage still remains. It is an unmmabble structure, renovaMk the 1970s to portray a d e s d h U = tata: swamp, r&&msf, desert etndao on. Speeiw-wim there 2s very littIe about which to get exdted, and whilst both the bird h o w and the large W & - h u g h aviary to which it is attached are not bad, they're nothing special either. And 'nothing special' would be a fair description of the Chil- dren's Zoo as well: the usual motley assortment of domestics and m d o m exotics (in this case *-tailed lemurs and coyotes, soon to be joined, rather oddly, by snow leopards) housed in a selection of cages and buildings which woulddt look out of place in a zoo in me of t b 1- wealthy former Soviet *M. S*& i s t b thinl d Use mo"s f ' mms and Hooves'. The muad h mblsadhg - this is an area which also houses wallabies, c r a m and ostriches - but the collection of hoofstock is a great deal more impressive than the ragged fencing and woeful signage would lead one to suspect. There's a fine herd of addax, Grevy's zebras, andgood groups of wildebeest and sable antelope too. Which leaves us with the zoo's Afri-

can Tropical Forest: as extraordinary as the rest of the zoo is unremarkable, though not always for the right reasons. Some statistics first: it took W- teen years to build (to build, not to plan - that process adds farther years to taEe total) and when it was finally complpte, in 1989, had cost a quite staggering $26 million to construct. It still costs around a million dollars a year to run, and houses about 180 vertebrates. Its indoor area covers

approximately an are (0.4 ha), with a further two acres (0.8 ha) of ouMQar enclowures for gorillas andbongca. And whilst there is an undeniable gxeite- ment about the place, a great deal of that excitement is all too similar to that which the motorist feels as he d r i ~ a past a multi-ear pile-up on the

and the dis- au. Tropid

Farat could Bar m acellent exhibib but at the moment it is n@& d b cgtional materials within it am pxw, .and whilst its plants and h-flying bids a p p w to be doing s ~ l y well, its mammal m l l d n is not. A p u p of six gorillas h 6 ta bdrsirree moving into the house) have plenty of nice things to look at, but their own environment could be a great deal more stimulating and imaginative. A pair of leopards is housed in an enclosure not much bigger than my bath- room: again, it looks splendid, but - as is all too offen the case with modern zoo architecture - the needs of the animals apwar to have come second C&W&*@**P&. Pygmy ~ p p , w ~ ~ , p o ~ , ~ = d De B m a ' s mmkeys, gellaw-backed duigers, mandrills: splendid species all, but housed in enclosures which, once you've stripped away the fantas- tic plants on the outside, might just as well be in any other zoo building- and in any other zoo building costingrather less than $26 million, most probably. There are reptiles and amphibians and fish too, for people who like that sort of thing, and the birds are wonderful, especially a pair of saddle-billed storks. But this building is currently a waste, an enormous 'white elephant' which could so easily be so much better. Take the educational materials for a start. There are three or four high-tech push-button thingla: mostly broken. There are identification la- bels for each s p e c k &n wrong (advertising animals which apparently left the zoo more than a year ago) and,

on one or two occasions, hand-written in felt-tip pen (unforgivable in the era of the universal word processor). And then there are 'general' signs, explor- ing interesting themes connected to the topic of the rainforest: just about impossible to read, all of them, due to the fact that when they were produced the effects of condensation were over- looked - and condensation in a tropical house does rather tend to infiltrate just about everything. With a radical programme ofbehavioural enrichment and some serious thought (and time and imagination) being given to the ~0~ material, this would be a

exhibik, the flagship prajeet it wm~ 4$2~"1y hCnd4 tg be. tlPk l2mtmnt it 1mIra tired* W

W a s t h e t h e a t W d a n t e i n t h e Jungle's ‘African' shop, who spent the entirety of my visit dozing away due to the lack of custom. For a building to be in this state, less than ten years after its $26 million construction, is nothing short of criminal.

But if this all sounds rather gloomy and negative, there are signs of hope ahead. The zoo has recently appointed a new director, Brian Rutledge, formerly of Baltimore Zoo; no longer is it owned by the cash-strapped and largely uninterested local authority; and a rather good new lion exhibit (marketed under the rousing slogan 'Bringing the Pride back to Boston') is currently under construction. The 'Li- ms of Serengeti' looks to be an imaginative project: the animals will be derared from a variety of positions, ind.ading a Land Rover which will h part of the enclosure's perim- eter. It just might be the sort of first- Jlaerra exhibit which the zoo so sorely m d s . Other moribund zoos in &naka have managed to overcome

rate sitaations and reinvent

exhibit as potentially stunning as the African Tropical Forest. Boston de- serves a good zoo. It will be interesting to see whether it gets one in the next ten years.

Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Channel Islands On the night of 6 May, thieves cut through the chainlink fence surround- ing the ploughshare tortoise (Geo- chelone yniphora) breeding compound in Madagascar and stole 75 tortaieres - 73 youngstem and two adult fm&s. At a &mke7 ab&SO% aflhe population b d m d y in captivity over the last decade disappeared. Ironi- cally, adispergal plan to parcel out the young to other sites was being prepared when the thieves struck.

It is believed that the tortoises were taken for the international pet trade; apparently, they were up for sale even before they were stolen. In April, two amateur German reptile breeders had received faxes from a Dutch dealer offering three-inch (75 mm) ploughshare tortoises 'available soon' for US$3,000 each. Anintexa8tiond1nan- hunt is now on, as reports of plough- shares fm sale come in. Madagascar's Department of Waters and Forests alerted ita agents in the main ship- ping ports, while TRAFFIC Interna- tional spread the message among cus- toms agents in 18 countries around the world. At least ten animals are almost certainly in the Czech Repub- lic, where a legal loophole permits dealers to possess endangered species, although they are not allowed to export them. Enquiries in Madagas- car have raised suspicion that some local people may also have been involved. However, little progress in m h the theR has been made. and

", Even if the tsrtoiees are recovered, they can never be repatriated to Madagascar. Exposed to ghastly diseases in the cramped and filthy conditions typically experienced by con- traband animals, they could not be mixed with the healthy ones remain- ingin Madagascar either at the br-sed- ing station or in the wild,

pcrpdation's capacity to sustain such harvesting. Madagascar is a desper- ately poor country. For the authori- ties to develop and enforce appropriate laws and prosecute offenders, a greater political will and more resources are urgently needed.

Any I.Z.N. readers who hear of ploughshare tortoises being offered for sale are asked to contact the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust at once.

Monkey Zoo, Orinda, California, U.S.A. This is written mainly with marmo- sets and tamarins in mind, but other shy primates that are newly on display to the public could benefit from it as well. Callitrichids are often put on display in housing built with one or more glass walls, Bamboo shades provide an attractive means of lessening stimuli from the stream of zoo visitors and allow the monkeys an adjustment pwiodod Purchase outdoor bamboo (or plastic) window shades from a hardware store. They are hoseable, inexpensive and osme in different sizes up to 15 by 8 fmt (4.5 x 2.4 m). They are meant to roll up, but cut the cords away with scissors to avoid the possibility of strangulation. When the

shades are hung inside one or more windows, they still allow the monkeys filtered light and a slight view of public movement, b ~ t greatly lessen their strenw. Shades could also be hung on the outside for larger primates that might chew them. If the animals are very b i e ~ ~ , it is pWbIe to ase

(20 88 m) wiad,crco, d the shade held up we11 (i.e. did not fall apart). Since the shades are easily trimmed, cut them away vertically a little at a time over a period of weeh or month, as the monkeys show a calm, relztxed attitude toward the public.

Camille Don'a in Animal IZeepers' Forumvol. 23, No. 9 (Septemberl996)

National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. As part of the aquarium's program aimed at developing techniques for the etoaWd mpdtlcti~n &Car&- beem mrd mdwslhes, omf 200 fry of the high hat (Eqlsebus mumilaatus) have recently been produced at its off-site breeding facility, the Aqua- culture Research Center in Fell's Point, Baltimore. This is a cooperative venture between the aquarium and the University of Maryland's Marine Biotechnology Institute, and it is hoped that surplus stock will be made available to AZA institutions in the near future. For further infoma- tion, contact Maria Harris, Tel. (410) 576-3850, Fax 676-1080.

C. Andrews in AZA Communiqud (November 1996)

Paignton Zoa (Whitley Wildlife Conservationl'ruet), Devon, U.K. On 2 December the zoo is opening

The Desert, a huge glasshouse fea- turing the wildlife of the world's dry lands. This new walk-though house (50 m X 14 m X 6 m high) will give visitors the opportunity to meander through a desert habitat with plant- life including cacti and succulents and an oasis of palms and tree ferns. Over one hundred free-flying birds will include vulturine guinea fowl, bald ibis, splendid parakeet, Cape dove, red-eared waxbill and cut-throat &ch. Geckos and Californian king snakes are among the reptiles which will be lurking under the dry rock- faccts.

The Desert is the latest world habitat to be explored within Paignton's new environmental park theme [see I.Z.N. 43/3, pp. 192-31. Forest and Wetland are complete, with Savan- nah and Rainforest to follow.

Riverbanks Zoological Park, Columbia, South Carolina, U.SA The following births and hatchings took place during the period July to September 1996: 1 black-footed cat, 2 g~fdea Iiun tamarin (1 DNS), 2.0 De Bmm's monkey(1 .0 DNS), 9 . 6 N d American ruddy duck (1.0 DNS), 2 East African crowned crane, 2 roulroul, 1 violet plantain-eater, 1 palm cockatoo, 4.3 twig snake, 14 Sri Lankan tree viper, 1 star tortoise, 4 bearded dragon, 4 desert iguana, 4 New Caledonia crested gecko, 2 Henkel's leaf-tailed gecko, 5 giant leaf-tailed gecko, 12 chuckwalla.

The following were acquired during the same period: 1.0 blue-crowned motmot, 0.2 red-legged honeycreeper, 1J Bali mynah, 10 Atlantic logger- h a d , 2 penpaint gunnel, 11 blue &mis, 1 garibaldi, 2 yellow watch- mm goby, 2 tomato clownfish, 2 sebae

sea horse, 2 four- 4 coral banded

shrimp, 2 red serpent star, 13 brittle star, 2 carpet anemone, 4 condylactis anemone, 8 Atlantic bumper jacks, 1 mojarra, 5 pipefish, 1 longfin sculpin, 1 purple reef shrimp, 1 frilly arrow crab, 5 chambered nautilus, 4 sea robin, 1 burrfish, 9 Pacific seastar, 3 plume anemone, 7 flame scallop, 4 limpet, 3 chiton, 6 Pacific urchin, 1 kelp crab, 2 Pacific sea cucumber, 3 hermit crab, 6 Pacific top snail, 12 moon jelly.

Man Shoemaker, Curator of Mammals

Seattle Aquarium, Washington, U.S.A. The aquarium raised approximately 1,100 Pacific spiny lumpsuckers (Eumirotremus orbis) during the spring and summer. The eggs, from wild-caught adults kept in aquarium display tanks, were brooded by the males in giant barnacle shells. Juve- niles were fed Artemia nauptii en- riched with Artematea. Lumpsuckers not needed for the aquarium's display and breeding program were dis- Wbuted to other public aquariums, and 500 six-month-old juveniles were releasedin the San Juan Islands north of Seattle. This is the first time wild populations of this fish have been enhanced with captive-raised animals in an effort to alleviate pressures from environmental degradation and collecting for aquariums.

R. Anderson in AZA Communiqu& (November 1996)

Taronga Zoo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The zoo holds 2.2 Australian sealions (Neophoca cinerea). In June 1995, one of the males was seen to mate

m1

with eat& of &e females. In March 1996, a program was started to condi- tion the animale to allow abdominal ultrasound examinati~n, and in June weekly examinations commenced using an ultrasound machine with a UST-934N 3.5 mhz general purpose probe and SSZ-3-5E Echo copier (Aloka, Tokyo, Japan). Pregnancy was diagnosed in both animals. f nka&- ingly, the size and d e v d ~ m t o f & e foetuses were very Memt* me being ahuk half the EliPie of the other, p re~mdidy differences in times dctyrzling andconeeption. Since June, frrarcal samples have been collected from the animals at seven-day intervals to measure progesterone levels. However, progesterone assays have not been standardised in this species, and ultrasound has proved to be a rapid, reliable technique for pregnancy detection and monitoring.

Abridged from L. Vogelnest and R. Woods in ARAZPA Newsletter No. 28 (October 1996)

News in Brief

At least two twin births of Asian elephants have taken place in zoos during 1996. As reported in I.Z.N. 43:6, p. 465,2.0 still-borntwins were delivered on 23 June by a 29-year-old cow at Fort Worth Zoo, Texas. Also, at Antwerp Zoo a 20-year-old cow gave birth to a still-born female calf on 17 March, followed by another, a male, on 3 July. [For more on the subject of twin births in elephants, see I.Z.N. 41:8, pp. 54-5, 42:1, p. 52, and 42:2, pp. 10475.1

For the third consecutive year, Saarbriicken Zoo, Germany, has bred 592

Malayan black hornbills Mnthm- ceros nalayanus). In 1994 Saw- brilcken was the first European am to breed this species s u c c e m ~ . This year the female was waled in for three months and left the nest in July with 0.0.3 chicks.

(Pmpiza ornata) on 10 June. It is believed to be the first captive hatching of this species. Please contact the zoo if you have further ixBormatian.

Two Guyanan toucanet8 (Sebnidara culik) were reared at Aalborg Zoo, Denmark, by a pair of birds acquired just .five months earlier from a pet shop in Copenhagen. This successful breeding was repeated three times in 1996, and so far an additional 1.4 chicks have fledged. The adult pair is housed in a 3 X 3 X 2.4 m enclosure in the zso% tropical house, d use a wWal Iog &S a w t b g aik.

In 1996, Prague Zoo, Czech Republic, was again very successful in breeding pelicans, with 0.0.4 Dalmatian pelican (P. crispus) and 0.0.18 white pelican (P. onocrotalus) hatched between January and July. This is the sixth consecutive year that the zoo has bred white pelicans. Although all the chicks have so far been hand- reared, the first-generation birds who have now started to breed show perfectly normal nesting behaviour.

Melbourne Zoo recently imported three pairs of lories -red, dusky and chattering (Eos bornea, Pseudeos fuscata and Lorius garrulus) - from private breeders in England. Two se-

cure avian quarantine facilities have been constructed in Australia to ca- ter for the controlled importation of live birds and eggs. One, in Adelaide, allows for egg-only importation - the eggs are incubated in the quarantine station, and the young birds are held for 45 days. The other, in Melbourne, allows for birds to be brought in live; they too have to spend 45 days in quarantine. During the birds' stay, many checks and tests are performed to ensure that none of the virulent avian diseases not found in Australia are unwittingly imported. Currently, Australia only permits the import of birds from New Zealand, Ireland, Canada, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom.

Novosibirsk Zoo, Russia, reports the successful breeding of 0.0.6 Pallas's cats (Otocolobus manul). The only zoo to have regularly bred this species is Moscow.

Cooperation between the World Pheasant Association and Vietnam- ese zoos has produced an early and important result - the breeding a t Saigon Zoo of the first crested argus pheasants (Rheinardia ocellata) ever bred in captivity.

Zoo, Tennessee, on 4 August. The parents are on loan from the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and were themselves captive bred. Only four other North American zoos hold this endangered species, and the worldwide captive population is around 30.

Car1 Hagenbeck Tierpark, Hamburg, Germany, is continuing its success story with Asian elephants. On 4 June and 1 July two female calves were born after gestation periods of 688 and 692 days respectively. Currently, Hagenbeck's houses a herd of15 (3.12) Asian elephants. Breeding started in 1992, and since then, six calves have been born; five are still alive and one was still-born (January 1996).

La Torbiera Zoo, Agrate Conturbia, Italy, reports the birth of 0.0.2 musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) on 15 July; this species is seldom kept or bred in zoos.

At an Edwards' Pheasant EEP meeting in Saumur, France, in June, i t was reported that 36 zoos and nine private breeders are now participating. The EEP population has risen to 290 (almost half of them held by nine members), and of a total of 138 chicks hatched in 1995, 100 were reared. Twenty-one bloodlines have been

Rigs Zoo, Latvia, has a long tradition identified in the EEP population, of of breeding the rare eastern kiang which 14 are well-documented (Equus kiang holdereri). In June and founder birds with many known off- July 1996 the zoo continued its suc- spring. cess with another five foals. For the Until recently, this species was first time a was born at thought to be extinct in the wild, the Kalvene, a new 35-ha breeding sta- last known sighting having been in tion outside Riga. 1928: recently. however, several birds

* * * * * have.been seen in the Bach Ma Na- tional Park in central Vietnam, and a

Two Round Island skinks (Leio- pair have been captured, though the lopisrna telfairi) hatched at Memphis female subsequently died.

593


RECENT ARTICLES

Adloff, A.: Die Werbeplakate des Tierparks Berlin-Friedrichsfelde VII. (Ad- vertising posters for Tierpark Berlin, 7.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 800-820. [German, no English summary; includes l 5 full-page monochrome reproduetions of posters.]

Baker, W.&: Biology of the jaguar: Part 1 .Animal Reepers'Forum Vol. 23, No. 10 (1996), pp. 542-546. Mouston Zoo; helping an inexperienced mother.]

Blaszkiewitz, B.: Erinnerungen an ein Jubilfiumsjahr. (Reminiscences of an anniversary year.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 664-675. [German, no English summary; the 1995 celebrations of Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde's 40th anniversary.]

Blaszkiewitz, B.: Riesenschildkr6ten-Daten aus dem Tierpark Berlin- Friedrichsfelde 1966-1991. (Data on giant tortoises at Tierpark Berlin.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 733-738. [German, no English summary.]

Blaszkiewitz, B., and Reinhard, R.: Sfiugetierkundliche Notizen aus indonesischen Zoos. (Mammal notes on Indonesian zoos.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 875-884. [German, no English summary.]

Catlow, G., and Nicoll, L.: The use of waste plastic piping for enrichment devices and cage furniture in primate enclosures at Edinburgh Zoo. Rate1 Vol. 23, No. 5 (1996), pp. 174-177.

Chacon, G.S.: Captive breeding for macaw conservation in Costa Rica.Anima1 Keepers' Forum Vol. 23, No. 9 (1996), pp. 491-493.

Chandrasekharan, K., and Cheeran, J.V.: Use of antiandrogen in controlling musth in captive elephants. Zoos'Print Vol. 11, No. 4 (19961, pp. 25-26.

Clum, N.J., Fitzpatrick, M.P., and Dierenfeld, E.S.: Effects of diet on nutritional content of whole vertebrate prey. Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (1 9961, pp. 525-637. [The authors give detailed analyses of nutritional content of quail, rats, mice and guinea pigs raised on different diets. Among their conclusions is that whole domesticated prey are a potentially inadequate source of vitamin E for raptors and of manganese and copper for all carnivores.]

Conklin-Brittain, N.L., and Dierenfeld, E.S.: Small ruminants: digestive capacity differences among four species weighing less than 20 kg. Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (1996), pp. 481-490. [The authors comparedintake and digestion in one browsing species, pudu, and three frugivores, red bracket, bay duiker and Mvwell's duiker. Body size or weight was not shown to confer an improved ability to digest fibre; nor were intrinsic digestion capacity differences between browsers and frugivores conclusively shown to exist. However, the pudu did show significantly higher digestion coefficients than the bay duiker, a highly fiugivorous species.]

Czupalla, H.-P.: Ein farbenpriiehtiges Daunenbett. (A colourful, downy bed.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 714-716. [German, no English summary; in a mixed aviary, three Timor sparrows (Padda fuscata) regularly sleep under the wings of a pair of jambu fruit doves.]

Das, S.M., and Dutta, S.K.: Population dynamics and growth in captivity and natural population of Tomopterna rolandae (Anura: Ranidae). Zoos' Print

594

Vol. 11, No. 8 (19961, pp. 16-21. Dathe, F.: Das Konzept der neuen Schlangenfarm. (The concept of the new

'Snake Farm'.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 717-732. [German, no English summary; the redesigned reptile and amphibian house a t Berlin Tierpark.]

Davison, G.: Why are Lophura pheasants so variable? World Pheasant Asso- ciation Annual Review 1995196, pp. 34-38. [Emphasises the amount of variability inindividuals of several species ofhphura, and hence the degree of caution necessary when using formal names, especially with the Vietnam- ese species L. edwardsi, L. hatinhemis and L. imperialis.]

Dierenfeld, E.S.: Nutritional wisdom: adding the science to the art. Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (1996), pp. 447-448. [Foreword to a special issue on nutrition.]

Dobberstine, J., and Sharkey, P.: Hand-rearing scarlet ibis a t Moody Gardens. Animal Keepers' Forum Vol. 23, No. 10 (19961, pp. 551-555. [Eudocimus ruber; Moody Gardens, Galveston, Texas.]

George, S., Krishnan, K.H., Varghese, G., Kumar, S.S., Thomas, S., and Ajunan, N.&: A note on the captive rearing of Rhacophoms mcalabaricus. h' Print Vol. 11, No. 8 (1996), pp. 3837. [dr(Lalabar tree frog.]

Grunamt, W.: Weitere effolgreiche Bruten des Rie~)mreihers Wdea goliath) im TierpmkBerlin-Friedricbefelde. (Further ~ u c m f u l incubationsof Galiath heron at Tierpark Berlin.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (19961, pp. 706-713. [German, no English summary.]

Guerrero, D.: Behavior evaluation: elephant. Animal Keepers'Forum Vol. 23, No. 9 (1996), pp. 482-485. Dealing with increased aggression after a group was changed from free to protected contact.]

Guerrero, D.: Nursery behavior necessities: felids. Animal Keepers' Forum Vol. 23, No. 10 (1996), pp. 523-528. [Dealing with behavioural problems which arise in hand-reared felids.]

Harris, R.: Breeding canary-winged parakeets. Bird Breeder Vol. 68, No. 6 (1996), pp. 24-27. [Brotogeris versicolurus.]

Khaire, A.: Breeding in Python mlurus: survey and observations. 2bs'PI.int Vd. 11, No. 2 (19961, pp. W. [ h d y m comparative data h m around the world, with ecpial emphasis on P. m. bi~tito- at Jwsey &m,]

Kormann, 6.: Bemarktcngen zu soganannten Btissaaasrser-Murtnen (Gymnothorax spec.) (Osteichthyes, kngudlifomes, Muraenidae) aus Thai- land. (Notes on the so-oalld freshwater moray eel from Thailand.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 73S744. [German, no English summary.]

Krische, G.: h r Bemiihungen zur Verbesserung der Futterversorgung bei Zootieren - ein Rtickblick. (A review of efforts to improve the diet of zoo animals.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 789-794. [German, no English summary.]

Matthies, E.: Ein Huhn mit vier Beinen - Bilder einer Sonderausstellung und Ausblick auf weitere Kunstwerke im Tierpark. CA four-legged chicken' - pictures at a special exhibition and a look a t other works of ar t in Tierpark Berlin.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 795-799. [German, no English S-W.]

Molina, F.B., Farias, E.C., and Gomes, N.: Acase oftwinningin the D70rbigny's slider, Trachemys dorbignyi (Testudines, Emydidae). Bulletin of the Chi- mgo Herpetologkal Society Vol. 31, No. 8 (1996), pp. 146146. [S60 Paulo h, two turtles hatched from a single egg and, though smaller than their narmal siblings, survived for 105 and 158 days.]

Mosig, Erniihrung der Zootiere im Vergleich mit der E r n P h n g hdwirbchaftlicher Nutztiere - Parallelen und Unterschiede. (A eompb- sorl between the nutrition of zoo animals and farm animals - parallels and

1 *a

nces.) Milu Vol. 8, NO. 6 (1996), pp. 785-788. [German, no &gbh

'Nichobnq D.: Conditioning unresfxainardblack tbinoeemt38 ~ ~ i c e m s bicornis) for venipuncture. A n i d & k p e ~ ' F m r n Vol. 23, No. 9 (l!#%),

Nijboer, J., and Diered&@ E*&: Camparison of diets fed to Sou colobines in North h e * a d European zoos, with emphasis on temperate browae eo~mp&i~rz. Zoo Bwbgy Vol. 15, No. 5 (1996), pp. 499-607. [There is dtmently no standardised diet fed to captive colobines; European zoos f e d a p a b r diversity of fruits and vegetables compared with U.S. o w . Bmwm forms a variable but important part of zoo diets; in northern hemisphere zoos this most frequently consists of leaves and twigs of elm, maple, poplar and willow trees and roses. Trees analysed contained fibre and probin levels within ranges reported for native foods, but rose browse, wed extensively in Europe, had less fibre and more protein, and may not be as suitable; fibre content of all browse is higher later in the growing season. More detailed studies would provide a better indication of optimal harvesting periods, and most suitable browse species for zoo use.]

Nijs, J.: Egg-laying at low temperature in a captive red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society Vol. 31, No. 11 (1996), pp. 202-203.

Nijs, J.: Captive propagation and reproduction in a blind European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758). Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society Vol. 31, No. 9 (1 996), p. 165.

Oftedal, O.T., and Allen, M.E.: Nutrition as a major facet of reptile conservation. Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (19961, pp. 491-497. ELooks a t three reptile conservation p~~ - p e n : igumacl in P B D ~ lrnd Costa Rim, land iguanas in the Galapagoe, and desert torbim~ in the Mojave Desert - and shows the important part nutrition has played in each.]

Oyarzun, S.E., Crawshaw, G.J., andvaldes, E.V.: Nutrition of the tamandua: 1. Nutrient composition of termites (ksutitermes spp.) and stomach contents from wild tamanduas (Tarnandua tetradactyla). Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (19961, pp. 509-524.

Patterson, Y.I.: The Red Siskin Recovery Project - a bird's eye view. Bird Breeder Vol. 68, No. 6 (1996), pp. 28-32. [Carduelis cucullata; a successful captive-breeding project involving both zoos and private keepers.]

Pohle, C.: Jahreszeitliche Verteilung der Cerviden-(3eburten im Tktpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. (Seasonal distribution of cervid births at Tierpark Berlin.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 698-705. [German, no English summary.1

Rieck, A.: Beobachtungen zur Beziehung zwischen dem Wurfgewicht und dem Gewicht des Muttertieres beim Meerschweinchen (Cavia aperea f.porcellus). (Notes on the relationship between birth weight and the weight of the mother in guinea pigs.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (19961, pp. 769-774. [German, no E*h summary.]

Rudloff, K.: Im Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde 1995 e r s b d i g gehtetene Tierformen. (Aninnzlla kept for the first time in Berlin Tie*.) Nilu Vol. 8, No. 6 (19961, pp. 676-697. [German, no English summaty; mainly photos of the species conce1ned.l

Saifi, N.A., and Salaam, M.A.: Management and captive breeding of Lady Amherst's pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae) a t Jawaharlal Nehru Bio- logical Park. Zoos'Print Vol. 11, No. 1 (19961, pp. 19-20.

Sarma, K.K.: Musth and its management in Aaian elephant: a discussion based on four clinical cases. Zoos' Print Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 21-22.

Seidel, B.: Jungtiererkrankungen beim Mishmi-Takin (Budorcas t. taxicolor Hodgson) - zootierkztlicher Erfahrungsbericht. (Veterinary report on ill- nesses of a young takin.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 760-768. [German, no English summary.]

Shankar, M.S., Venkatesan, P., Santhi, D., Suchitra, John, M.C., and Manimozhi, A.: Provocation of animals by visitors a t Arignar Anna Zoologi- cal Park. Zoos' Print Vol. 11, No. 7 (1996), pp. 21-22.

Shivaji, S.: Semen analysis and cryopreservation of spermatozoa of Indian wild animals. Zoos' Print Vol. 11, No. 1 (1996), pp. 43-50.

Shoemaker, P., and Hainley, P.M.: Turbo's triumph: the cooperative raising of a California sea lion pup. Animal KeepersJForum Vol. 23, No. 10 (19961, pp. 534440. [Houston Zoo; helping an inexperienced mother.]

Smith, G.: %a Nestor notabilis. Parrot Society Magazine Vol. 30, No. 11 (19961, pp. 381-383.

Strauss, G.: Zu einigen hamatologischen und biocbemiachen Parametern Asiatischer Elefanten unter besonderer Berticksichtigung einer infektbedingten Myopathie bei einem Einzeltier. (Some haematological and biochemical parameters of Asian elephants, with particular reference to one animal's infectious myopathy.) Milu Vol. 8, No. 6 (1996), pp. 745-759. [German, no English summary.]

Thakuria, D.B.: Prevalence, transmission, diagnosis and control of tuberculosis in Assam State Zoo: a review. Zoos'Print Vol. 11, No. 3 (1996), pp. 6-15.

Thakuria, D.B., Barthakur, T., and Barborah, P.K.: Hand-rearingwith pater- nal care of orphaned Indian elephant calves at Assam State Zoo, Guwahati. Zoos'Print Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 15-16.

Thornton, O.W., and Smith, J.R.: Notes on the incubation of eggs of the yellow mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens f2avescens. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetd&cd Society Vol. 31, No. 11 (19961, pp. 2-205.

Tseherner, W.: Zw Pilzflora im Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichfelde, Teil m. (Fungi dTierpark Berlin, Part 3.) Milu Vol. 8, NO. 6 (1996), pp. 775-784. [German, no English summary.]

Ullrey, D.E.: Skepticism and science: responsibilities of the comparative nutritionist. Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (1996), pp. 449-453. ['Comparative nutritionists are asked to formulate diets for over 3,000 species of animals, . . . . Little research has been conducted to provide an information base for this task, and both popular and scientific publications contain factual errors and irrational concepts that confuse the user. When data are suspect and theories do not make sense, they should be viewed skeptically. Untruths should not be perpetuated by uncritical repetition, and unsubstan- tiated information should be replaced as promptly as pcrsaible through controlled scientific study.' (This article carries a valuable message for all of us, not just nutritionists - Ed.11

Underwood, J.: Welfare and management of the brown bear at the Welsh Mountain Zoo. Rate1 Vol. 23, No. 5 (1996), pp. 166-173. [Enrichment in a traditional bear pit (pending construction of a more suitable enclosure).]

Valandikar, S.C., and Raju, R.: Management of musth in Indian elephant in 597

Mysore Zoo - a case study. Zoos' Print Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 23-24. Valandikar, S.C., and Raju, R.: Pulmonary tuberculosis in black rhinoceras

(Diceros bicornis) in Mysore Zoo. Zoos'Print Vol. 11, No. 3 (1996), pp. 16-17. Van Soest, P.J.: Allometry and ecology of feeding behavim and digestive

capacity in herbivores: a review. Zoo Biology Vol. 15, No. 5 (1996), pp. 455-479.

Walker, S.: Indian zoos enter 21st century conservation research. Zoos' Print Vol. 11, No. 1 (1996), pp. 35-41. [Genetic research.]

Woollard, S.P.: Environmental enrichment for visitors: new developments in exhibit design at Bristol Zoo Gardens. Ratel Vol. 23, No. 5 (1996), pp. 156-160.

Woolley, P.A.: Responses of Chelydra serpentina and Chrysemys picta to the musk of other turtles. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society Vol. 31, NO. 11 (1996), pp. 201-202.

Publishers of the periodicals listed: Animal Keepers' Forum, American Association of Zoo Keepers, 635 Gage

Boulevard, Topeka, Kansas 66606, U.S.A. Bird Breeder, P.O. Box 6050, Mission Viejo, California 92690, U.S.A. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 2060 North Clark Street,

Chicago, Illinois 60614, U.S.A. Milu, Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, Am Tierpark 125, D-1136 Berlin,

Germany. Parrot Society Magazine, Parrot Society, 108b Fenlake Road, Bedford MK42

OEU, U.K. Ratel, Association ofBritish Wild Animal Keepers, 12 Tackley Road, Eastville,

Bristol BS5 6UQ, U.K. World Pheasant AssociationAnnual Review 1996106, WPA, P.O. Box 5, Lower

Basildon, Reading, Berkshire RGS 9PF, U.K. Zoo Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158,

U.S.A. Zoos' Print, Zoo Outreach Organisation, Box 1683, Peelamedu, Coimbatore,

Tamil Nadu 641 004, India.

Information Wanted I am investigating alopecia (hair loss) in neonates, in particular maned wolf puppies. Three hand-reared litters at Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, Australia, have seen some form of alopecia in the initial weeks of care, despite changes to management. These changes have included the laundry detergents used on their bedding, the cessation of hand antiseptics and quicker reductions in temperatures the puppies are exposed to. Any kind of alopecia experiences would be greatly appreciated. Please send to: Janet Gamble, P.O. Box 831, Dubbo, 2830 New South Wales, Australia (Fa: +068-841-722).

Index to Contributors, International Zoo News Volume 43 (1996)

Adler, H. jiirg, 18-24 Anderson, Debra, 529-530 Anderaon, R., 591 Andrews, C., 590 Arai, Hiroshi, 464-465 Baker, Dayton, 127-128 Banks, Chris, 255-256 Baskar, N., & Rao, M., Jagannadha,

167-1 70 Bastoni, see Tilson, Ronald Beasley, M., 125 Beck, Rupert, 457-458 Bell, Justin, 124 Blaszkiewitz, Bernhard, 63,235-236,

258-259,532633 Blomqvist, Leif, 118-119 Bonssekey, M m , 348-352 Brocklehurcrt, M., 67-58 Causado, J., see Savage, A. Christie, Sarah, 324-327 Cimino, Ray, 434-439 Conway, William, 274-279 Cousins, Don, 156-1 58 Craske, G., 185 Czekala, Nancy, 253 de Ruiter, Maarten, 60,107-109 Delclaux, Maria, & Lopez, Manuel,

259-261 Dorian, Camille, 590 Dretzka, Neil, see Grittinger, Thomas, Durrant, Barbara, 454-455 Dumll, Lee, 132-1 33 Edgm, Prtul, 127 E d w d , Ta+r, 626 EUerton, Nieholaa G., 3M-307 Estrada-Cmker, Cwiaa, N w o ,

Eduardo J., b MiI1i~)r, Brlaa, 385489 Fainstein, Vladimir, 62-83 Fippinger, Pete, 253-254 Florio. Pier Lorenzo. 205-213 ~ o r g ~ c h , J.M., 243 Franklin, Neil. see Tilson. Ronald huley, dhris, .299-300 Gates, Reg, 327-329 Gelinaud, Guillaume, see Seddon, Philip Gerahenz, Norman, & Sad-Gemhenz,

Leslie, 359-366 Gippoliti, Spartaco, 460-461,642-543 Girddo, L.H., see Savage, A. GZafirton, Angela R., 228-231 W e , Mike, 125 W, Nicholas, 2,60-61,70-72, 138-139,178-179.202-204,238-240. ae, 474475,444445, 447--448, 5 ~ 2 . 5 7 1 6 7 7

Gresham, J., see Newton, K. GriEths, Gwyn, 39-40 Grittinger, Thomas, Dretzka, Neil, John,

Christopher, & Werner, Valerie, 554-560

Hampton, David, 232-233 Hankey, L., 185 Hardy, Doma FitzRoy, 562-570 Heanev. Lawrence R.. see Oliver.

wi1li'r;m L.R. Heuschele. Werner P.. 178.352-358 Hibbard, C., 55,583484 '

Hilliard, Daniel, 382-385 Homewood, Brian, 177 Irven, Paul M., 56 Jakob-Hoff, R., 251 Johann, Achim, 2643,119-120 John, Chrbtopher, see Grittinger,

Thomas, J6zefowicz. Anna. & Rataiszczak.

Radoslaw, 94-98 Katchan, T.G., & Nikitina, A.V., 189 Kawata, Ken, 34-37,5143,100-106,

252 Keeling, Clinton, 236-237 Klemm, Robert D., 367-373 Kreger, Michael D., 448-449 Lernould, Jean-Marc, 289-293 Lindquist, Sheila, Radcliffe, Charlie, &

Veer, Vern, 187-188 Lindsay, Nick, 300301 Lopez, Manuel, see Delclaux, Maria Lticker, Hub&, 373-377 Mallin808, Jeremy J.C., 389499 lkmmmg, Jansen, see Tilson, Ronald Mansard, Pat, 129-131 Maran, Tiit, 399-407 Marshall, Ian, 503-505 Martin, Esmond Bradley, see Vigne,

Lucy Mehrdadfar, Farshid, 492-498 Michel, John, 193495 Miller. Brian. see Estrada-Croker.

carios Mills. James. see Reinartz. Gav Mitchell, L., $ee Russell, M.

"

Moiser, Chris M., 43-44 Naranjo, Eduardo J., see Eetrada-

Croker, Carlos Neville, David, 178 Newton, K., Gresham, J., & Wildt, D.,

131 Nikitina, Alla V., 458-459, & see

Katchan, T.G. Nyhus, Philip, see Tilson, Ronald

337348 Orgeldinger, Mathias, 426-433 Ostenrath, Friedrich, 528-529 Patzwahl, Steffen, 5E4-60 Petereon, Karl H., 476-482 Phelps, G., 583 Plasd, C., see Todd, T. Porter, R., 251-252 Potvin, B., 456 Preeee, Donna, me W&- @h Rabb, George, 5%6-&27 Radcliffe, Charlie, ms Lindqaist, Sheila l h k h S G., 255 Rao, M., Jagannadha, see Baskar, N. Rao, S.J., & Whittaker, T., 222-227 Ratajszczak, Radoslaw, see Jbzefowicr,

Anna Reichenbach, Herman, 173,445446,

449450,575,577678 Reid, Gordon McGregor, 186-187,

302305 Reinartx, Gay, L Mills, James, 293-298 Reynolds, Richard J., 111,461-463 Rietkerk, Rank, 74-93 Rinke, Dieter, 580-582 Riordan, D., 124 Rogers, Peter S., 529 Russell, M., & Mitchell, L., 125 Santos, Linda, 457 Saul-Gershene, belie, see Gershenz,

Norman Savage, A., Zirofbl D.;%., S&, L.H.,

Giraldo, L.H.., &%susado, J., 544452 Schwammer. Harald M., 463--464 Seddon, phihp, L ~elinaud, Guillaume,

176-1 77 Shoemaker, Alan H., 61,258,463,591 Sigmond, IstvBn, 507608 Siswomartono. Dwiatmo. see Tilson.

Ronald Snider. Andrew. 254-255 Soto, L.H., see savage, A. Spinney, Lama, 242-243 Spooner, Neil, 527 Sriyanto, see Tilson, Ronald Stevens, Peter, 377-380 Stokee, Barbara, 245-246 Slxachan, Alan, 527428 Sweeney, Roger, 126-127,459 Teyn, H-, 40 Thorne, AS., & Whalen, P.J., 214-220 Tilson, Ronald, Fr&, Neil, Nyhus,

Philip, Bastoni, Sriyanto, Siswomartono, Dwiatmo, 6t Manansang, Jansen, 318424

Todd, T., & P l ~ s 6 , C., 255 Tolson, Peter, 381-382 Traitel, Dee h e , 532 Trzesowska, Ewa, & Zgrabczynska,

Ewa, 421425 Tsuchiya, Izumi, 132 Tunnicliffe, Sue Dale, 499-501 Turn, John, 3-17,41-43,152-154,

238,307409,587689 U c W , It- %B6257 van Vliet, I&, 468 Veer, Vem, me M@&, M a Vere, C M , 140446 Vigne, Lucy, & Martin, Esmond

Bradley, 174-175,513614 Visser, John, 147-151 Vogelnest, L., & Woods, R., 691492 Wakefield, Simon, & Preeee, Donna,

190492 Walton, T., 531 Warner, Jack, 585686 Waugh, David R., 310316 Werner. Valerie. see Grittimer,

Thomb, -

Whalen. P.J.. see Thorne, A.R. mittaker, T:, see Rao, S.J. Wildt, D., see Newton, K. Wilkinson, Roger, 180482 Wilson, Vivian J., 249-250 Winkler, Achim, 57 Wirth, Roland, 272-273, & see Oliver,

William L.R. Wisniewski, Patrick J., 39,188-189,

466 Wads8 h, 633-54 W&& R., see V&&, L., W ~ ~ . Stmhen P.. & Smart. An&

C., 411A26 Wormell. Dominic. 125-126 ~iinne&ann, ~ l a k , 189-1 90 Yajima, Minoru, 484-491 Young, Robert J., 159466 Zeeve, Sukie, 279-289 Zgrabczynska, Ewa, see Tmesowska,

Ewa Zirofsky, D.S., see Savage, A.

Index to Books Reviewed, International Zoo News Volume 43 (1996)

Abramson, Joame, Speer, Brian L., and Macdonald, David: Collins European Thomsen, J0rgen B.: The Large Mammals: Evolution and Behaviour, 1 Macaws: Their Care, Breeding and 239-240 Conservation, 510-512 Marshall, Anthony D.: Zoo, 41

Bennett, Daniel: A Little Book of Mattison, Chris: Collins Gem Snakes I

Monitor Lizards, 573-574 Photoguide, 238 I I

Brauns, Patrick: Freizeitfihrer 96/97: Nyhuis, Allen W.: The Zoo Book, 41-42 Zoos und Tierparks in Deutschland, Odarfer, Klaus: Odorfer's Zoo-Atlas: 445-446 Deutschland, Osterreich, Schweiz,

del Hoyo, Josep, Elliott, Andrew, and 445-446 Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Olney, P.J.S., and Fisken, Fiona A. the Birds of the World: Vol. 3 - (eds.): International Zoo Yearbook 34, Hoatzin to Auks, 509-510 444-445

Edwards, John (ed.): London Zoo from Pies-Schulz-Hofen, Robert: Der Old Photographs 1852-1914,447448 Tierpflegerausbildung, 577678

Elphick, Jonathan (ed.): Collins Atlas of Riddell, Jonathan, and Denton, Peter: Bird Migration, 240 By Underground to the Zoo, 42-43

Folzenlogen, Darcy, and Folzenlogen, Roberts, Michael J.: Collins Field Robert: A Guide to American Zoos and Guide: Spiders of Britain and Aquariums, 42 Northern Europe, 239 l

Heidenreich, Manfred: Greifiogel: Roughgarden, Jonathan: Anolis Lizards Krankheiten, Haltung, Zucht, 449-450 of the Caribbean: Ecology, Evolution,

Hoage, R.J., and Deiss, W.A.: New and Plate Tectonics, 573 Worlds, New Animals: from Menagerie Rowe, Noel: The Pictorial Guide to the to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Living Primates, 575-577 Century, 448-449 Sample, GeoE Collins Field Guide:

Jantschke, Fritz: Deutschland Safari: Bird Songs and Calls of Britain and ein Wegweiser zu den Tieren in Zoos, Northern Europe, 239 Wildgehegen und Reservaten, 446446 Stebbins, Robert C., & Cohen, Nathan

Keeling, C.H.: Where the Penguin W.: A Natural History of Amphibians, Plunged, 43-44 574

Kleiman, Devra G., Men, Mary E., Volf, Jiri: Das Urwildpferd, 575 Thompson, Katerina V., Lumpkin, Wiese, Eigel: Das Hagenbeck-Buch, 173 Swan (eds.): Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques, 671473

Subject Index, International Zoo News Volume 45 (1996)

[Primary references to species and genera are under scientific names, with cross-references from common English names. The terms 'Zoological Gardens' and 'Zoological Park', and their equivalents in other languages, are abbrevi- ated to 'Zoo', except in cases where confusion might result. - Ed.]

Aalborg Zoo, Denmark, breeding, Guyanan toucanet, 592

Aceros waldeni, Birds International, 55 Acinonyx jubatus,

births by artificial insemination, Rio Grande Zoo, 131

dominance in males, 554-560 EEP, 86-86 genetic8 and juvenile mortality, 540 in Japanese zoos, 52

king, Hoedspruit Cheetah Project, 529 Acosmetia caliginosa, breeding, Marwell

Zoo, 248 Addax, see Addax nasomaculatus Addax nasomaculatus, EEP, 91 Adelaide Zoo, Australia, rainforest

exhibit, 185 Aegypius monachus, EEP, 77 Aeroplanes, first use for exotic animal

transport, 39-40

Agamti, Mexiam black, see Dasyprocta mexicana

Ailuropoda melanoleuca, death aged 13, Madrid Zoo, 262

Ailurns fidgens, EEP. 88 husbandry training, India, 247 in Japanese zoos, 52

Alcid spp., Cincinnati h 886 Alice Springs Desert Pwk, Australia,

c e n W r o d rats, 583 Alouatta villosa, d tu conservation,

Zoolomcal Society of Milwaukee C o i r ~ y , 298 -

Amwm,lilacine, Amazona axltumnalis lilacina; red-browed, see A. rhodocorybha; red-tailed, see A. brasiliensis

Amazona autumnall lilacina, EEP, 79 Amazonu brasiliensis, conservation,

373-377 Amazons rhodocorytha, EEP, 80 Amphibians, arguments against

perceptual link with reptiles, 476-482 Amsterdam Zoo, the Netherlands, 54,

aquarium extension, 465 Anaconda, green, see Eunectes murinus Animal rights, great apes and zoos,

228-231,542-543 Ant, bullet, see Paraponera clavata Anteater, giant, see Mynnecophaga

W c t y l a Anthracoceros malayanus, breeding,

Saarbrticken Zoo, 592 Anthraemeros mmtani, Birds

International, 55 Antwerp Zoo, Belgium, Adan elephant

twins, 592 Ape, possible new species, Sumatra,

244-245 Apenheul Zoo, the Netherlands,

transfer of 2.8 gorillas to Australia, 534 woolly monkey, 262

Apteryx australis mantelli, Auckland ZOO, 583-584

Ara ambigua, A. glaucogularis, EEPs, 79

Aratinga guarouba, EEP, 79 Ardeola idae, in situ conservation, 285 Arignar Anna Zoo, Madras, India,

breeding, common palm civet, 167-170

Arizom-Sonara Desert Museum, Tucmn, Arhm, U&A, environmental

enriobmenk, small eats, 526 Ass, Asian dd, eee Equus hemionus;

Somali wild, see E. africanus somalicus Assam State Zoo, India, Indian rhinos

translocated to reserves in West Bengal, 513-514

Asunei6n h, Paraguay, 367471 Ateles b. belzebuth, in situ research

project, Paignton Zoo, 377380 Athene noctua, conservation, U.K., 244 Auckland Zoo, New Zealand,

chimpanzees, health checks, 261 North Island kaka, sent to Wilhelma,

Stuttgart, 262 North Island brown kiwi recovery

project, 583684 northern tuatara, 5445,526 rainforeat exhibit, 186

Australian Reptile Park, Chafed, New South Wales, Australia, badred sea

snake, 251-262

Babirusa, see Babyrousa babyrussa Baboon, gelada, see Theropithecus

gel& Babyrousa babyrurrsa, EEP, 90 Badger, far-eastern, see Metes mles

amurensl Banteng, see Bos javanicus Bats, Philippine fruit, conservation, 340 Bear, polar, see Thalarctos maritimus;

sloth, see Melursus ursinus; spectacled, see Tremarctos ornatus; Tien-Shan brown, see Ursus arctos isabellinus

Bears, environmental enrichment, San Diego Zoo, 193-1 95

Behavioural techniques in zoos, 434-439

Belle Isle h, bkoit, MieMgm, U.8& swan, W2

B&taag, brush-tailed, see B e t t o w penicillata

Bettongia penicillata, EEP, 80 Blank Park Zoo, Des Moines, Iowa,

U.S.A., giraffe, treatment for deformed leg, 124

Bongo, see ZFageZaphus euryceros Bonobo, see Pan paniscus Bos gaurus, EEP, 91 Bos javanicus, EEP, 91 Bristol Zoo, U.K., 55-56

interactive education trail ('Zoolympics'), 411-420

large marsh grasshopper conservation project, 584-586

new nocturnal exhibit, 454 octopus, 262

Broadbill, black-and-red, see Cymbirhynchus macrorhy)u~hw

Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., boy falls into gorilla enclosure,

526427 Bubo africanus, husbandry and

breeding, 603606 Buceros bicornis, EEP, 80

Budapest Zoo, Hungary, 153-154 Bufo calamita, breeding, Marwell Zoo,

nrr J.4 l

Busch Gardens, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 159-160

Bustard, houbara, see Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii

Butterfly, half male, half female, Emmen Zoo, 133

Bycanistes bucinator, breeding, 107-109

Cacatua haematuropygia, EEP, 79 in situ conservation programme,

348952 Cacahca mduccensis, EEP, 78-79 Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata, EEP,

78 Callimico goeldii, EEP, 81-82 Callosciurus prevosbi, exhibit, Shaldon

wildwTNlaC,rCIS$ , c. L W & ,

P-@, -520, M1 Canzs luput cfaanco, Padmqja Nddu

Himalayan Zoo, 460 Capm cylindriconis, Tallinn Zoo,

62-63 Carcharias taurus, capture and

transpoft, 147-151 Caretta caretta, breeding, Port of

Nagoya Public Aquarium, 256-267 Hagenbeck zoo, -m# Germany,

breedinn. Asian eleohant. 593 history,-i 73

Carahibis suinicollis. Tama Zoo. 132 ~&owar~,-see ~ a s i a r i u s caskrius Caeuariw casuarius, Cfladys Porter b. 133 W A?!&* p14a (TextanbM~), me

pro*, wQsra sa&tyof$an Diego, 388-368

Cato~uma temmincki. b&, Melbourne Zdo, 57-58 EEP. 86

Cent& for Ecosystem Survival, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 359-366

Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES), San Diego, California, U.S.A., c!adme-&454-465 DNA analysis, 178 research, Komodo dragon, 176 rersearch, pygmy slow lone, 175-1 76 z k w spp., 263

ars monticola, breeding, h, l16

Cephalophus sylvicultor, birth, Denver Zoo, 116

Ceratotherium simum, EEP, 89 Cercopithecus d. diuna,

EEP, 83 mixed exhibit with gorillas,

Edinburgh Zoo, 620 new exhibit, Chessington Zoo, 45!5-456

Cercopithecus diuna roloway, proposed captive-breeding and conservation

programme, Ghana, 300301 Cervus alfiedi, conservation, 338-339 Cervus calamianemis, conservation,

339-340 Cervus nippon pseudazis, EEP, 90-91 Charadrius melodus, recovery project,

Lincoln Park and Milwaukee County Zoos, 241-242

Cheetah, see Acinonyx jubatus Chehaw Wild Animal Park, Albany,

Georgia, U.S.A., 585686 Ch-n Zso, U.K., M ~~ &M&, 455456 c- k, U,&,

head-~estiq Waviow, Asian elephant, 527

bird review 1995,180-1 82 birth, Asian elephant, 186-187 in situ survey, freshwater fishes,

Nigeria, 302-305 in situ survey, primates, Nigeria,

305-307 Lake Victoria cichlid breeding

programme, 124 new guidebook, 140-146

Chimpanzee, see Pan broglodytes Chlamydotis undulata macqwenii,

reintroduction, ha8i Arab, 176-1 77 Chrysocyo~ W - 8 , @EPe %5 C k U h Lake T1- 1% CincinnaMLw1. U l A ,

alcid ex&&, k W M& mlt d%ibit, 634 gorilla birth by in witro fertilisation

.and embryo transfer, 262 Civet$ common palm, see Paradoxurus

k m p b o d i t u s Clinoetomus sp., conservation

programme, Metro Toronto Zoo, 58 Cockatoo, Baudin's, see

Calyptorhynchus baudinii; Carnaby's, see C. btirostpis; citron-crested, see Cacatua salphurea citrinocristata; Moluccan, me C. nzoduccensis; palm, see Probosciger aterrimus; red-vented, see C. haematuropygia

Colobines, diet, 695-596 Colobus polykoms, EEP, 84 Colobus, western black-and-white, see

Colobus polykomos

OoEu&B&.,wyeri, mmaixation programme, 392 $EP. 78

columba oenops, first captive breeding, San Antonio Zoo, 534

Colurnbus Zoo, Ohio, U.S.A., breeding, Malagasy cat-eyed snake, l25

Condor, Andean, see Vdtur gryphus; cal&da,eee--

Conservation and the World Wide Web, 562-670

Con80Ttium of Aqllarbm, UnivedUw and Zoos (C.bU,%.j, MW0

Contad, Lwpmdmimal, 40,7&Fb

Carvid.Ea zmakmhca, Leeding, Hornton Zoo, 256

Craoe, Bladt-necked, see Grus nigricollis; M e d , see G. monacha; red-crowned, see G. japonensis; white-naped, see G. vipw

Cranes, in Japanese zoos, 53,100-106 Crateromys spp., the Philippines, 343 Crocodile, Orinoco, see Crocodylus

intermedius Crocodylus intermedius, status and

captive breeding, 177 Cryptoprocta ferox,

Duisburg Zoo, Germany, 528-529 EEP, 88

Cyanopsitta spixii, pairs formed, Loro Parque, 1284.27

Cyclura colbi, impem ta U.8. m, 584 CycEura nubita kwisi, bm$iag,

Indianapolis Zoo, 125 Cygnus buccinator, Belle Isle Zoo, 252 Cymbirhynchus macmrhynchs,

Walsrode Bird Park, 581

Dace, redside, see Clinostomus sp. Dactylopsila trivirgata, diet and

behaviour, Poznan Zoo, 421-425 DaUae Aquarm, Texas, U.SA, breeding,

Barton Springs ealamander, 456 Dallas Zoo, Texas, U.S.A., breeding,

New Guinea crocodile skink, 125 Dama dama mesotmtamica. EEP, 91

Dasyprocta mexicana, research project, 385-389

Daqu~oides burnei, EEP, 80 De Wildt Cheetah Research Centre,

South Africa. 527628 ~eer,-m~ervus-is;

Mesopotamian fallow, see Dama dama mesopotamica; mwk, me Moschus moschifirus; Philippine spotted, see Ceruus alfredi; Vietnamese sika, see

Ceruus nippon pseudash Dendroktes azuaus, Edinburgh Zoo, :

523,535 DendmIagus spp., EEP, 80-81 Denver Zoo, Colorado, U.S.A.,

annual report 1994,112-l16 annual report 1995,518619 breeding, Budgett's Enrg, 1187-188 marine invertebrate exhibit, 263-264

D e b t , &m, &&&@m, U.S.A., golden ~ b U 8 &@g, % M 5 6

W Pmmy Fmdx $4

birth* B"@ mm Wil& C3eater, $265 birth, Western Plains Zoo, 466 conditioning, Western Plains Zoo,

214-220 in situ conservation work, Zoological

Society of Milwaukee County, 295 EEP, 89-90 in Japanese zoos, 52 Magdeburg Zoo, 189-1 90 Port Lympne Wild Animal Park, 48

Discovery Island Zoo, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, U.S.A., 163

DNA analysis, CRES, San Diego, 178 Dog, Affican wild, see Lycaon pictus;

bush, see Speothos venaticus Dolphin, bottle-nosed, see Tursiops

truncatus Dortmund Zoo, Germany,

Drusillas Zoo, U.K., help for wildlife reserves, Kenya, 307-309

Dudley Zoo, U.K., possible fire risk, 232-233

Duiker, blue, see Cephalophus monticola; yellow-backed, see C. sylvicultor

Duiker Research and Breeding Centre, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 249-250

Duikers, diet, 594 Duisburg Zoo, Gemany,

behaviour, siamang, 426-433 birth, koala, 57 fossa, 528-529

Dyscophus antongilli, in situ conservation, 286

Eagle, harpy, see Harpia harpyja; white-tailed sea, see Haliaeetus albicilla

Edinburgh Zoo, U.K., annual mport 1995,521)-524

Education, Bristol %o, 411-420 EEP, annual reports 1994,74-93

Elaphe guttata, breeding by two- headed, San Diego Zoo, 131-132

Elephant, African, see Loxodonta africana; Asian, see Elephas maximus

Elephants, journal on management, 179 management systems, 18-24

Elephas maximus, birth, Chester Zoo, 186-187 breeding, Car1 Hagenbeck Zoo, 593 dental treatment, Houston Zoo, 529-530

EEP, 88 head-resting behaviour, Chester Zoo, 527

mahout training course, India, 534 management. Miinster Zoo. 19-24 Port I$npniwild Animal park, 49 radio wllars, U.S. National Zoo, 531

&MJ~o~B-,

W t r e a w Kiev &a, 468-469 t7Kins, Antwerp Zoo, 592 twins, Fort Worth Zoo, 465

Emmen Zoo, the Netherlands, butterfly, half male, half female, 133

Endangered Species Breeding Unit, Martin Mere, U.K., 188-189,456

Enhydrina schistosa, Australian Reptile Park, 251-252

Environmental enrichment, bears, San Diego Zoo, 193-1 95 birds, Pare Paradisio, 60 Callittichide, Monkey Zoo, 590 small ats, Arizona-Sonora Desert

Museum, 526 tamarins, Jersey Zoo, 457-458

Equetus acuminatus, breeding, National

EEP, 88-89 Equus grevyi, EEP, 89,249 Equus hemiomw, EEP, 89 Equw Kkng hokclereri, breeding, Riga

Zoo, 583 Equus p m d s k i i ,

EEP, 89,248 release to mmi-wild conditions,

Marwell Zoo, 190-192 EP, 89 Endangered 8-189

B m Zoo, Gemany, 7-8

World, Queensland, 258 Eulemur macaco, E. m o w , EEPs, 81 Eumirotremus orbis, breeding.) Seattile

Aquarium, 591 Eunectes murinus, bloating, Denver Zoo, 116

Eurycea sosorum, breeding, Dallas Aquarium, 456

Eurypyga helias, Chester Zoo, 180-181

Falco fernoralis septentrionalis, 36-37 Falco punctatus, conservation

Dromamme. 392 ~&"&znwdw, comemation, U.K., 244 Falcon. northern alrlomado. see Falw

fernoralis septen&ionulis . Felis nigripes, EEP, 86 Finch, cinnamon warbling, see Poospiaa

OPnata Fires in zoos, 604,111

pomibh matme 23B-333 , CZdeam* ase Phae~icop&rus

cweBsk3 mambo%,

breed& study in U.S. zoos, 517 in Japanese zoos, 100-106

Fort Worth Zoo, Texas, U.S.A., Asian elephant twins, 465

Fossa, see Cryptoprocta ferox Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Glen Rose,

Texas. U.S.A.. birth. black rhino. 255 lhnk&~&&, B&m, MaBBachusetts,

U.S.A.. 587689 Frog, blue poison-armw, see

Dendrobates wureus; Budgett's, see Lepidobatrachus asper; @ant. l& tree, see PhyZZ-a k&r; golden mantell&, see .la aspm&a; Ramsex Ganm l q w d * m & n a s*ada&s -mQuted bmil8, SW T a w & "9, C E C U ~ S ~ & ; spomd tree, eee Litorda spenceri; totnab, eee D y s ~ ~ p h u s antongilli

From, Melbourne Zoo. 256256 Fd&row, bare-necked, see

Gymnoderus foetidus

Gallicolumba spp., the Philippines, 343444

Game ranching, Africa, 245-246 Gaur, see Bos gaurus Gazella dama, EEP, 92 Gazelle, dama, see aatella dama Genoa Aquarium, Italy, 205-213 Gmchelone radiata, Ivoloina Zoo, 465 Geochelom yniphora,

conservation project, Madagascar, 393 t h e h from project, 589690

Geronticus erwreita, EEP, 78

Tama Zoo, 132 Gibbon, concolor, see Hylobates

concolor; Javan grey (silvery), see H. moloch; white-cheeked, see H. leucogenys

Gimffa canwlopardalis, treatment for deformed leg, Blank Park Zoo, 124

Giraffe, see Gimffa camelopar&lis Gladys Porter Zoo, Bmwnsville, Texas,

U.S.A., cassowary, 133 Gorilla, western lowland, see WLEa g.

gorilla Gorilla g. gorith,

birthbyinarp%ro . . d m b ** cmumatf Zost 262

boy fall# ifito enelegure, Brookffeld h, 528537

EEP, 84-85 Howletts and Port Lympne Wild

Animal Parks, 46-47 in Japanese ms, 51-52 in situ research, Zoological Society of

Milwaukee County, 295 mixed exhibit with Diana monkeys,

Edinburgh Zoo, 520 rescue and reintroduction project, the

Congo, Howletts and Port Lympne Foundation, 4941,299300

transfer of 2.8 from Apenheul to Australia, 534

virtual reality habitat, Zoo Atlanta, 259

Gorillas, attitudes to, 156-158 Goura spp., EEP, 78 Grasshopper, large marsh, see

Stethplrynsa grmwuIR Gms &pan&tu~is, BEP, 77-78 G m m o w , bregdiag, Walenode Bird

Park, B80 Grus nigrirollis, breeding, Walsrode

Bird Park, 580 Grus vipio, EEP, 78 Guidebooks, 4142,140-146,236 Gulo gulo, EEP, 87 Gymnoderus foetidus, Walsrode Bird

Park, 681 Gymnogyps califirnianus, 36-37 Gyiir Zoo, Hungary, 152 Gypaetus barbatus, EEP, 77

Haliaeetus albicilla, EEP, 77 Halle Zoo, Germany, 6-7 Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis,

conservation project, 285, 393494 Harpia harpyja, 36-37 Hastings Sea Life Centre, U.K., births,

octopus, 466-467 Healesville Sanctuary, Australia,

annual report 19944,120-123 Hemiscyllium ocellatum, research, Sea

World, Queensland, 258 Heron, Madagascar pond, see Amhla

idae Heterocephalus glaber, behaviour,

Metro Washington Park Zoo, 492498 High hat, see Equetus acuminatus Highland Wildlife Park, U.K., annual

report 1995,624425 Elikmw=m,- = H i p m w

am#liias; H & ~ t m m m omphibb, Yeman Zoo, 18%183

Hoeaepruit Cheetah Project, South Africa, king cheetah, 529

Hog, pygmy, see Sus salvanius Honolulu Zoo, Hawaii, U.S.A.,

Hawaiian bird project, 457 Hornbill, great, see Bucem bicornis;

Malayan black, see Anthsacooems naakvanus: Sulu. see A. montaari: trum&ter,'see Bjcanistes bucin&r; Walden's. see Aceros waldeni

Hornbills, the Philippines, 343 Horse, Przewalski's, see Equus

przewalskii Houston Zoo, Texas, U.S.A.,

breeding, magpie shrike, 255 dental treatment, Indian elephant, 529-530

Howletts Wild Animal Park, U.K., annual report 1994-1995,4541 dispute over keeperlanimal contact, 40,70-'73,204

crr, 158 84

by lab&^ k u c ~ y s , two births to same pair in one year, Bronx Zoo, 262

Hvlobates moloch. EEP, 84 in situ conservation ~roiect, Perth Zoo,

- 7 .

327-329 Hylobates syndactylus, behaviour,

Duisburg Zoo, 426-433

Ibis, black-faced, see Theristicus melanopis; black-headed, see Threskiornis melamephalus; straw- necked, see Carphibis spinicollis; waldrapp, see Geronticus eremita

Ibis, in Japanese zoos, 100-106,132 Iguana, Grand Cayman, see Cyclura

nubila lewisi; Jamaican, see Cyclura collei

In situ conservation, 269-407, p im Indianapolis h, Indiana, b r e e s ,

Grand Cayman iguana, 125 Insectariums, history and future

development, 484-491 Invertebrate exhibit, Toledo Zoo, 195-196

Ivoloina Zoo, Madagascar, radiated tortoise, 465

Japan, Species Survival Committee, 51-63 Jersey Wildlife Preservation TPust,

Channel Islands, births, pied tamarin, 125-126 environmental enrichment, tamarins, 457-458

in situ conservation programmes, 389-399

theft of ploughshare tortoises from Madapwan breeding project, 589-590

Jones, Marvin, honoured by Zoological Society of San Diego, 533634

Kaka, North Island, see Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis

Kangmw, tree, see Dendrolagus spp. IWmt4m Zoo, Poland, 121 3 Kestrel, common, see Falco

tinnunculus; Mauritius, see F. punctatus

Kiang, eastern, see Equus kiang holdereri

Kiev Zoo, Ukraine, breeding, far-eastern badger, 189 breeding, Tien-Shan brown bear, 189 tusk treatment, Asian elephant, 458-459

Kiwi, North Island brown, see Apteryx australis mantelli

Koala, eee Phascolarctos cinereus Komodo dragon, see Varanus

komodoensis Kowari, see Dasyuroides burnei f(rtrIt6w Zoo, Poland, 10-11

Lagopus mutus, Highland Wildlife Park, 525

Lagothrix lagotricha, A~enheul. 262 EEP, 83 .

Luma vicuana. EEP. 90 Langur, btkdid, S& ~ r e s b ~ t i s

melalophos; Delacour's, see fiachypithecus fianeoisi debcouri; douc, see Pygathrix nemaeus; Hatinh, eee Trachypithecus fianeoisi hatinhemis; Javan, see hhyp i thecus aumtus

Leidopisma telfairi, breeding, Memphis zoo, 593

l&& Zoo, Germany, 6 mur, Maotran gentle, see Hapalemur

griseus alaotrensis; black, see Eulemur macaco; mongoase, me Eulemur mongoz; ruffed, SW Varecia vark~ata

emu&, in situ conservation, 281-287, 289-293

Leontopithecus chrysomelas, L. rosalia, EEPs, 82

Leontopithecus spp., conservation, 395-397

Leopard, clouded, see Neofelis nebulosa; Persian, see Panthera pardus saxicolor; snow, see P. uncia

Leopardus wiedi, birth, Ridgeway Trust for Endangered

Cats, 129-131 Mesoamerican studbook, 384

Lepidobatrachus asper, breeding, Denver Zoo, 187-188

Leuco~sar rothschildi, bre&ng, Chester Zoo, 182 EEP, 80

Lincoln Park Zar, Chi-0, Illinek, U.S.A., rawvery project, piping

lover. 241-242 ~ i o i , see ~anthera leo; Asian, see P. l.

persica Lisbon Zoo, Portugal, importing sharks

from South Africa, 147-151 Litoria spenceri, Melbourne Zoo, 256 Lizard, sand, see Lacerta atgilis London Zoo, U.K.,

last individual Partula turgida dies, 133

old photographs, 447-448 London Undemund wa$e,m

advertising. -42-43 ^

Lu~hura cckur&. EEP. 77,598 h k s , pygmy dew; ere@ ~ j d c s b u s

hm Pgf~ae) Canary Islands, 126-127, 469 ia s i h parrot conservation projects, 316516

Los knneles Zoo. California. U.S.A.. breechg, ~airh's tapir, 133

Lodonta africana, EEP, 88 Howletts Wild Animal Park, 48-49

Lumpsucker, Pacific spiny, see Eumirotremus orbis

Lutra lutra, EEP, 87 Lycaon pictus,

breedine and release. De Wildt ~heetuah Research bentre, 528

EEP. 85 Lynx spp., taxonomy, 243

Macaca nigra, EEP, 83

exhibit, Newquay Zoo, 469-460 Marwell Zoo, 530

Macaca siknus, EEP, 83 Macaque, lion-tailed, see Macaca

s i l e w ; Sulawesi crested, see M. nigra

Macaw, blue-throated, see Ara glaucogularis; Buffon's, see A. ambigua; Spix's, see Cyampsiitkr spixii

Macaws, 516612 M a d a g k Fauna Inkrest Group,

279-289 Madag-, h sdtu c a m t i x , n ,

279-4M Madagaimliophphta d u h i n u s , breeding,

Cottunbm~ Zaa, 125 Madrid ZOO, Spain,

death of giant panda aged 13,262 new aquarium, 259-261

Magdeburg Zoo, &many, 4-5 annual report 1995,525 black rhino, 189-490

Manas National Park, Assam, India, 174475

Mandrillus leucophaeus, birth, Zoo Atlanta, 64 EEP, 83

Maned wolc see Chrysocyon brachyurus Mantella aurantiaca, breeding, Detroit

Zoo, 254-255 Margay, see Leopardus wiedi Marwell Zoo, U.L,

annual report 1995,247-249 birth, S m d i wild ass, 680 breeding pro- sachd li%rurd a d

ll&tqIa& *a, 127 PrzewaW Bofae, relam to aemi-wild

canditiem, 190-192 Sdawesi crested macaque, 630

Masoarene Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues), conservation, 391392

Melbourne Zoo. Australia. annual report 1994-5,120423 birth, Asiatic golden cat, 57-58 imports lories from U.K., 592-593

Meles meles amurensis, breeding, Kiev Zoo, 189

Melursus ursinus, EEP, 88 Memphis Zoo, Tennessee, U.S.A.,

breeding, Round Island skink, 593 Metro Toronto Zoo, Canada,

births, Tasmanian devil, 133 conservation programme, redside

dace, 58 Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland,

Oregon, U.S.A., behaviour, naked mole-rat, 492-498

Miami Metrozoo, Florida, U.S.A., 161-162

Milwaukee County Zaa, Wisconsin, U.S.A., recovery project, piping

plover, 241-242 Milwaukee County, Zoological Society

of. in situ conservation orornammea. . - 293-298

Mink. E m e a . see Ywte la lutreola ~ i n n i s o t a h, ~ p ~ l e Valley,

Minnmota, U.S.A., Komodo dragon e&a flamingo, 133

M o ~ M * , naked, we Heterocephalus gZ&r

M d e y t Mak trsaler, am Abwm villow; Oagldi's, see Cdgimlco gmldii; diana, am Cempithecus d. d h ; white-bellied spider, see Ateks b. belzebuth; Roloway, see Cercopithecus diana roloway; squirrel, see Saimin' sciureus; woolly, see Lagothriz lagotricha

Monkey Jungle, Miami, Florida, U,SA., 1 62

~ i n k e ~ Zoo, Orinda, Florida, U.S.A., environmental enrichment,

Callitricbids, 590 Moschus moschiferus, breeding, La

Torbiera Zoo, 593 Moth, reddish buff, see Acosmetia

caliginosa Mouse, heath, see Pseudomys

shortridgei Mouse, smoky, eee Pseudomys fumeus Mowdeer, lesser Walayali, see

Tmgdw-Rillwr M W zw3,43emang, elsphz~plt rnrnagemmemt, 19-24

Mmk ox, see O u i h moschutw Mustela htreda,

conservation project, 399-407 EEP, 87-88

Mvrmecovhaaa tridactvla. breeding, fiortmund~&,587 EEP, 81

National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., breeding, giant leaf tree frog, 192 breeding, high hat, 590

National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 127-128

National Zoo, Pretoria, South Africa, annual report 19944995,116-118

National Zoo, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., Komodo dragon, 129 radio collars, Asian elephants, 631

Neofelis nebulosa, EEP, 86 Neophema chrysogaster, breeding,

Melbourne Zoo, 122 Neophoca cinerea, ultrasound

pregnancy diagnosis, Taronga Zoo,

591492 Neotragus moschatus, breeding

programme, South Africa, 11 7 Nesoenas mayeri, see Columba mayeri Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis,

sent to Wilhelma Zoo from Auckland Zoo, 262

Newauav Zoo. U.K.. Sulawesi crested macaiue e&ibit, 459-460

Nocturnal house, Bristol Zoo, 454 Poznan Zoo, 94-98

Nomenclature, scienW~c, 202-204 Nordic Ark, Hwmebostrand, Sweden,

annual report 1994,118-119 Novoeibirsk Zoo, Russia, breeding,

Pallas's cat, 593 Nutrition, 597 Nycticebus pygmaeus,

EEP, 81 reeearch, GRIN, San Diego, 175-1 76

Okapi, see Okapia johnstoni Okapia johnstoni, EEP, 90 Orang-utan, see Pongo pygmaeus Orectdobus ornatus, research, Sea

World, Queensland, 258 Ornithorhynchus anatinus, new exhibit,

Healesville Sanctuary, 120 Oryx, Arabian, see Oryx leucow;

scimitar-horned, see 0. dammah Oryx dammah, EEP, 92,248 Oryx leworyx, EEP, 92 Otorolobus manul, breeding,

Novosibirsk Zoo, 593 Otter, European, see Lutm lutra Otters, hybridisation between Aonyx

a h r s a and Lutrogale perspicillata, m

t % i b , m, - O w l , b r u r a , s e t h ~ * ; ~ , eee

A&M m-; tqmtbd eagle, see Bubo awcanus

Owls, 503-505 new publication, 1784 79 the Philippines, 344

Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoo, Jhjeeling, India, Tibetan wolf

enclosure, 460 Paese dei Bimbi Zoo, Faloonara, Italy, 460

Paignton Zoo, U.K., in situ research, white-bellied spider

monkey, 377-380 new desert exhibit, 590-591 redevelopment plan, 192-193

Pan paniscw, EEP, 85 in situ conservation, Zoological

Society of Milwaukee Cwnty, 295-298

Pan troglodytes, health checks, Auckland Zoo, 251 in situ survey, Nigeria, 305-307

Panda, giant, see Ailuropoda melanoleuca; red, see Ailurus fulgens

Panthera leo, 39 P. l. persica, EEP, 86

Panthera pardus saxicolor, EEP, 86 Panthera tigris, 39

P. t. altaica, EEP, 8647,521 P. t. surnatrae.

EEP, 87 in situ conservation. 31 6-327

Panthera uncia, EEP, 87 Pamdoxurus hermaphroditus, breeding,

Arignar Anna Zoo, 167-170 Paraguay Fauna Interest Group, 367-373

Parapone~a clavata, new exhibit, Cincianati Zoo, 534

P m PmdieioS Belgium, 58-60 Parrot, greater v- me Corwpsis

uasa; orange-bellied, see Naophema chryaogaster

Parrots, illegal trade, 178 in situ conservation projects, 310316 rehabilitating confiscated, 243

Partula turgida, last individual dies, London Zoo, 133

Peccary, Chacoan giant, see Catagonus wagneri

P6cs Zoo, Hungary, 152 Pelecanus crispus, P. onocrotalw,

breeding, Prague Zoo, 692 Pelican, Dalmatian, clara P e h n u a

crispw; white* me P. omxmktius Penguia, bkI-&x&d, see hlpliemkcus

&mmtso; Ihd.wldt's, see S. hum@&

Penguins, Edinburgh Zoo, 521422 in Japanese zoos, 52-53

Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, U.S.A., 36-37

Perth Zoo, Australia, breeding programmes, Baudin's and

Carnaby's cockatoos, 531 silvery gibbon in situ conearvation

project, 327-32B Phacochoerus a&hkpicus, Dutch zoos, 465

Phascolarctos cinereus, birth, Duiaburg Zoo, 57

Pheasant, cmsted arms, see Rheiwalia ocellata; Edwards's, see Laphum edwardsi

Philadelphia Zoo, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,

t. dtaicar;Sumatran, see P. t. sumatrae

Toad, natte jack, see; Bufo cakmita Tokyo Sea Life Park, Japan, tuna

exhibit, 464-465 Toledo Zoo, Ohio, U.S.A.,

death of orang-utan, aged 42,538 invertebrate exhibit, 195-196

Tortoise, ploughshare (-oh), eree &OChelo?M yniph0FiZ.i ZYldhted, 8W3 G. radiata

T o u w t , Guyman, see Selenidera culijk

~ y p s b h ~ c w s ouratus, Howletts Wild Animal Park, 45

Trachypithecus francoisi delacouri and T. f: hatinhensis, Primate Rescue

Centre, Vietnam, 257 Tragelaphus euryceros, EEP, 91 Tragulus javanicus, EEP, 90 Training and handling zoo animals, 434439

Translating zoo literature, 138-139 Tremarctos ornatus, EEP, 88 Tribolonotus nouaeguineae, breeding,

Dallas Zoo, 125 Trogon, white-tailed, see nogon viridis Trogon viridis, first captive breeding,

Walsrode Bird Park, 580 Tuatara, northern, see Sphenodon

punctatus Tur, East Caucasian, see Capra

cy Eindrioomia lkrsiops hncatus, heeding, Sea

World, Queensland, 534 Turtle, loggerhead, see Caretta caretta;

Madagascar side-necked, see Elymnochelys madagascariensis

Tyto alba, conservation, U.K., 244

Ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis, Australian sealion, Taronga Zoo, 591692

Ursus arctos isabellinus, breeding, Kiev Zoo, 189

Varanus komodoensis, National Zoo, Washington, D.C., 129; eats flamingo, Minnasota Zoo, 133 research, CRES, San Diego, 176

Varecia variegata, EEP, 81 Veszprhm Zoo, Hungary, 152,507-508 Vicuna, see Lama vicugna Vultur gryphus, EEP, 76-77 Vulture, bearded, see Cypaetus

barbatus; European black, see Aegypius monachus

annual report 1994,182484 annual report 1995,580-582

Warsaw Zoo, Poland, 11-12 Wart hog, see Phacochoerus aethwpicus WerriBee Zoo, Australia, annual report 19944,120-123

West Indies Fauna Interest Group, 381-382

Western Plains Zoo, Australia, birth, black rhino, 465 conditioning, black rhino, 214-220

Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, U.K., proposed Roloway monkey

captive-breeding and comewatian programme, 300301

Wildlife Conservation Society (Bronx Zoo), New York, U.S.A., in situ conservation programme, 274-219

two births to eame Hyhba,te# leucogenys p& in m e rar, %B

Wildlife Park Kirkcudbrig t, Scotland, U.K.. 63-64

wilhelka Zoo, Stuttgart, Germany, receives kakas from Auckland Zoo. 262

Wolf, Tibetan, see Canis lupus c h u m Wolverine, see Gdo gulo World Wide Web, conservation and, 562570

Wroclaw Zoo, Poland, 13-14

Yerevan Zoo, Armenia, 132-133

Zebra, Grevy's, see Equw gfawyi; Hartmann's rnmhin, W & *bra har.tman-; plaiss* sea &&us burchelli

Zoo Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., birth, drill, 64 breeding, Chilean flamingo, 64 virtual reality gorilla habitat, 259

Zoo Boise. Idaho. U.S.A.. 34-35 Zoo conservation outreach Group, 382-385

Zoo keepers, training, Germany, Fi77-578

Zoo Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, annual report 1995,451--452

Zoo visitors, conversations, 499-501 zoos,

German. 3-10.235-236 ~une;&.an, 1~2454,507608 Polkh, 3,10-17,235-236

Ziirich Zoo, Switzerland, annual report 1995,452453

Zyzomys peduwlatus, Alice Springs Desert Park, 583

Wading birds, Japanese zoos, 100-106 Walsrode Bird Park, Germany,

612

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Vol. 43/8 No. 273 December

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