OCTOBER NEWSLETTER NOVEMBER MEl?rING Friday, November 6, 1987 7:00 PM Rcxm 335, Borlaug Hall St. Paul Carrpus, Uni versi ty of Minnesota VOWME VII NUMBER 10 "JAWS II", the long awaited sequel to REPrILE FEEDING BEHAVIOR, is here! Dr. Dave Hoppe - 'merriberfrom the University of Minnesota, Morris - will premier his new video tape on Anphibian Feeding Behavior. Reptile Feeding Behavior will follow on this double feature video. Last year brought us burping snakes; maybe this year there will be belching Bufos. Keeping with the speaker's topic, our Noverriber "critter" of the nenth will be your best feeder. This can be your best fed herp or the herp you have the nest "fun" feeding. Have your nest interesting feeding story to share when you present your herp. Lets see if we can come up with some stories Dr. Hoppe hasn't heard yet. IMPORrANT M. H. S. RODENr CDMMI'ITEE NEWS ALL fresh frozen rats and rat pup orders, MUS!' be ordered by the MONDAY prior to the nonthly meeting. You may still order by 7:00 PM that Monday, but no orders will be filled after' that time. M.H.S. is again without mice. The source for our mice was cut-off. At this time we will not, be carrying mice as an M.H.S. Deli Item. SNAKEBITE EMERGENCY Minnesota Poison Control System 221-2113 (outstate) 1-800-222-1222 Hennepin Regional Poison Center (612) 347-3141 BELL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 10 CHURCH STREET S.E. • MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55455-0104
Transcript
OCTOBER NEWSLETTER
NOVEMBER MEl?rING Friday, November 6, 1987
7:00 PM Rcxm 335, Borlaug Hall St. Paul Carrpus, Uni versi ty of Minnesota
VOWME VII NUMBER 10
"JAWS II", the long awaited sequel to REPrILE FEEDING BEHAVIOR, is here! Dr. Dave Hoppe - M~H.S. 'merriberfrom the University of Minnesota, Morris - will premier his new video tape on Anphibian Feeding Behavior. Reptile Feeding Behavior will follow on this double feature video. Last year brought us burping snakes; maybe this year there will be belching Bufos.
Keeping with the speaker's topic, our Noverriber "critter" of the nenth will be your best feeder. This can be your best fed herp or the herp you have the nest "fun" feeding. Have your nest interesting feeding story to share when you present your herp. Lets see if we can come up with some stories Dr. Hoppe hasn't heard yet.
IMPORrANT M. H. S. RODENr CDMMI'ITEE NEWS
ALL fresh frozen rats and rat pup orders, MUS!' be ordered by the MONDAY prior to the nonthly meeting. You may still order by 7:00 PM that Monday, but no orders will be filled after' that time.
M.H.S. is again without mice. The source for our mice was cut-off. At this time we will not, be carrying mice as an M.H.S. Deli Item.
SNAKEBITE EMERGENCY
Minnesota Poison Control System 221-2113 (outstate) 1-800-222-1222 Hennepin Regional Poison Center (612) 347-3141
BELL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
10 CHURCH STREET S.E. • MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55455-0104
lAST MJNTH I S SPEAKER by Kate Anderson
According to the experts, the easiest way to detennine the toxicity of a dart poison frog is to touch the back of the frog with one I s tongue. Personally, I I 11 take their word for it.
Dr. Frank Barnwell, a professor in the Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology at the Uni versi ty of Minnesota, spoke about dart poison frogs at the October meeting. His interest in these frogs began with a research project in the Lake Itasca area. He and his students studied the daily activity levels of native frogs and toads and set set up an experiment to see if the animals have biological clocks rather than depending on light and dark. Al though there were slight variations, the data showed that these frogs would be active at the same time or times of day regardless of the light.
In order to carry this research further, it was decided to go to the tropics where there are many rrore frogs and toads for study. This brought Dr. Barnwell and his students to La Silva, Costa Rica, a veritable paradise for frOgs. Here they met the Dendrobates and Phyllobates dart poison frogs. He explained that the tenn "dart poison" is nore correct than the nore familiar "poison arrow II in that the natives of the area nore often use blOW' guns ·and darts rather than bows and arrows.
These dart poison frogs are generally brightly colored and diurnal, advertising their toxicity with their rolors. The levels of toxicity vary greatly from one species to another from very ndld to deadly. Phyllobates terribilis is a species so toxic that one animal has enough poison to kill 20,000 ndce. Yet, in spite of this, there is a snake that can prey on these frogs without reacting to the toxin.
I know everyone enjoyed hearing about and seeing slides of these beautiful, but· sometimes dangerous animals • Thank you, Dr. Frank Barnwell.
DECEMBER 4 - (Bring I em Back Bob) Bader Bob Bader will be talking on working as an inp::>rt/ export wholesaler. He
is also our speaker for the Second Annual M.H. S. Christnas Banquet.
JANUARY 8 - No Speaker. There will be a guided tour with behind the scenes at the Bell Museum on
the Mpls U of M campus.
FEBRUARY 5 - No Speaker. Annual White Snake Sale. Keep collecting those White Snake Sale
goodies.
DNR PLEASED WITH M.H.S. DISPLAY
The State Fair Comni ttee and everyone who' helped on the display deserves a special thanks for a job well done this year. The DNR was pleased with our display of Minnesota Reptiles and Arrphibians at the Minnesota State Fair and we are guaranteed a place for next year to display. Everyone who saw it must admit it, was nice to feel a part of something that well done.
Try to keep some time open on your calendar for next year to help out on this comnittee. We should not rely on the same people to keep doing for the society while we sit back and tell friends that we belong to the society that does these events. If we all give a little bit, our society can grow.
REFRESHMENTS
Well, Fred and Liz Bosrran did it again. All 66 menibers at the October meeting were treated to ice cream sandwich b?rs rrade with thin fudge brownies and vanilla ice cream. Everyone seemed to be quite pleased. Thanks Fred and Liz!!
Remember to sign up on the refreshment list at the next meeting. Talk to Helen Schave (612) 835-6001 (or at the meeting) if you need sane ideas what to bring.
RAFFLE
The nonthly raffle brought in $20.75. Connie Delles won a childs Loon T-shirt; Bob Duerr took home a glow in the dark snake; Bruce Haig won a turtle pin cushion; Trent Jacobson won a glow in the dark snake; Geoff MeRandall won Snakes of the World book; John Moriarty won a book on snake care; Josh Yank won a book on rodent care. There was a lot of winners and prizes this nonth. Thanks to everyone who purchased tickets. Don I t forget your quarters for the Novenber meeting.
HELP A HAPLESS HERP
The Adoption Comnittee fotmd a good home for a Red-eared Slider at the October meeting. At this writing, no anirrals are up for adoption for Novenber. If you know of a herp in need of a home, please contact Fred Bosman (476-0306) prior ,to or on tpe Monday before the nonthly meeting - no later then 9:00PM.
M.H. S. OFFICERS
PRESIDENT Ann Porwell (612) 489-7853 VICE-PRESIDENT John Moriarty (612) 647-1334 SECREI'ARY Kate Anderson (612) 222-3500 TREASURER Bruce Haig (612) 789-4637 NEWSLEl'I'ER EDITOR Tan Schmitz (612) 488-7619 MEMBER-AT-lARGE Fred Bosrran (612) 476-0306 MEMBER-AT-IJ\RGE Bruce Delles (612) 374-5422 MEMBER-AT-lARGE Aaron Harrpton (715) 425-7565 MEMBER-AT-IJ\RGE John Meltzer (612) 780-8561
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"CRI'ITER OF THE t·1ON'IH"
Neonates and hatchlings of 1987 was October's "critter" of the rronth. We were shown a Blue Tongue Skirik, Bull Snake, Fox Snake, different king snakes, Leopard Gecko, Rat Snake, Water Snakes, and Ann Porwoll's successful \Vhi te ' s Tree Frog hatchling. The August Newsletter ran Ann's article on how to hatch these great little frogs, and this is the time to start for next years hatchlings.
Thanks to Bruce Delles, Bruce Haig, Aaron Harrpton, Jo Ann James, Jeff LeClere, Toni Vangen, Josh Yarik, and Ann for bringing their "critters" to show.
RIBUCKS! RIBUCKS! RIBUCKS!
We now have a new name for our Donation Frog .•. "RIBUCKS". Thanks to Layni LeClere for suhni tting the winning name. Pay Ribucks a visit at the break goodie table at the next meeting. We'll have to make him/her a name tag to wear at fte next handson function to introduce him to the public. Congratulations again Layni!
GRANTS FOR NONGAME WIIDLIFE RESEARCH IN MINNEsarA
The Minnesota Nongame Wildlife Program is soliciting proposals for projects to be conducted during the 1988 and/or 1989 field seasons. Funding comes from contributions to the Minnesota Nongame Wildlife Tax Checkoff. Proposals should be for work contributing to the conservation and management of nongame wildlife in Minnesota. Projects focusing on State Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern species will be given high priority. Appropriate projects could include censuses, surveys, studies of life history or population d~cs, or habitat identification or assessments. Requests should average $2000 per year, but larger requests will be considered. The deadline for su1:mitting proposals is January 8, 1988. Decisions will be announced no later than March 1, 1988. For proposal format, guidelines, and other information, please contact: Richard J. Baker, Nongame Wildlife Program, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Box 7 I 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, Mn 55155-4007 (or call at 612-297-3764).
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P~PrlLES OF MINNESOTA by Jim Gerholdt
COMMON GARrER SNAKE (Tharnnophis sirtalis ssp)
Desc:iption - The Ccmron Garter Snake is a medium sized, slender snake. The average adul t size ranges from 18 11
. to 26", wi th the record size being just over 48". The ground color nay be black, brown, or olive green. There is a yellow middorsal stripe, and also two lateral stripes of the same color. These lateral stripes are on the SECOND and '!BIRD dorsal scale rows! This will serve to tell this species from the Plains Garter Snake. The ventral surface is yellowish or greenish. There are normally no black narks on the lip scales. The scales are keeled and the anal plate is single.
Range - There are 2 subspecies in Minnesota, the Eastern Garter Snake (T.s.sirtalis) and the. Red-Sided Garter Snake (T.s.parietalis). There is much intergradation between the two. Generally, the Eastern is foUnd in the eastern 1/3 of Minnesota, and the Red-Sided in the western 2/3 of the state. This snake has been recorded from rrost of the 'counties of Minnesota. The only ones .lacking records are Big Stone, Dodge, Faribault, Isanti, Itasca, Kanabec, Kittson, Lincoln, Marshall, Martin, Morrison, Pennington, Pipestone, Sibley, Stearns, SWift, Waseca, and Wright.
Habitat - This is a snake of many habitats. It may be found in woods, along rivers and streams, in marshy areas, on the edges of ponds, and even in metropolitan parks and vacant lots. There is often a "line" where this species. gives' way to the Plains Garter Snake.
Habits ~ ~e other garter snakes, this species emits a foul smelling muSk when disturbed. It may also bite. They are active both day and night, and may hunt in the areas of ponds in the sumner at night.
Food - This snake feeds on frogs of many types, salamanders, toads, fish, and earthwonns. Sane birds and small manmals nay also be consumed.
Breeding - The Comnon Garter Snake is a live bearing (ovoviparous) species. It breeds in the spring, and the young are born in the late sUIItrer or early fall. Some breeding has been noted in the fall. The number of young ranges fran 3 to 73. They are about 6" at birth.
Status - NOOE - This is a very connon snake and the gaps in its range should fill in with time. If you do find this species in a non-recorded county, report it to MHS or the DNR.
References:
Brechenridge, W. J. 1944. REPrILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF MINNESOI'A ..
Conant, Roger 1975. A FIELD GUIDE TO REPrILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL
NORrH AMERICA. Minnesota Herpetological Society - Records C~ttee
1985. DIST. MAPS FOR REPrILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF MINNE80rA Vogt, Richard C.
1981. NATURAL HISTORY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPrILES IN WISCONSIN.
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1987 M.H.S. HERP PHaro CONTESl'
Only days remain to take those herp photos. This year I s judges will be Blake Sheldon and Barney Oldfield. Prizes for First place in each category and "People IS
Choice II will be awarded. Ribbons will be awarded in all categories.
Here are the contest rules for the last tine:
1. Prints and slides nay be entered by M.H.S. members. Entries from previous M.H.S. Photo Contests are ineligible.
2. A contestant nay enter up to 5 slides or prints. 3. All entries must be postnarked by November 6, 1987 or turned in at the
November meeting. 4. Entries will be returned if acCC>ITpaI1ied by a self-addressed st.anped envelope.
Entries nay also be picked up at the December meeting. . 5. Slides need to be in a standard 211 x 211 rrount. No . glass rrounted slides.
Prints nay be 411 x 6 11 , 5 11 X 7", or 8" x 10". They should be rrounted on cardboard or nat'OOard that is at least 8" x 10", but no larger than II" x 14". Framed prints are discouraged.
6. The entrants name, address, and category needs to be on every slide and on the back of every print nat. Do not place names on the front of prints.
Re.menber the three categories: 1. Black and white prints. 2. Color Prints:
a. Herps in natural setting b. Herps with people
3. Color Slides: a. Herps in natural setting b. Herps with people
"PEOPLE'S mOlCE AWARD" ALL ENrRIES are eligible for the People's Choice Award.! This category is voted.
on by the membership at the December meeting.
b
ANNUAL M.R. S. ILLUsrRATION CONTEsr
This is the last notice you ~ll see on the Illustration Contest. Please bring your illustration entry for this contest to the November meeting to meet the deadline. The ~nning entry ~ll be used as a "thank-you" to M.R.S. Sustaining and Contributing menibers for the 1987 - ~ menibership year. A prize of $100. fZJ0 ~ll be awarded to the winner.
Rere are the contest rules again, so work fast:
1. DraWing size to be 8.5'1 X 11" to 14" x 17". 2. Dra~ngs to be done in black ink on white paper. Line dra~ngs only, no
washes or pencil shading. 3. Dra~ngs must be of Minnesota herps. Excluding - Wood Turtle & Timber
Rattlesnake (our previous ~nning prints). 4. Dra~ngs should focus on adult herp· with some Minnesota fauna in background. 5. Limit 3 dra~ngs per person. 6. All entries must be postmarked by Noveniber 6, or be turned in at the Novenber
M.R.S. meeting. 7. If you wish entries (or entry) returned, it MUS!' be accanpanied by a self
addressed stanped envelope. They may also be picked up after the contest has been judged.
8. ~-Cri.l all entries to: MHS Illustration Contest C/O Sally Brewer 1990 Iglehart St. Paul, MN 55104
9. All entries must have contestant's name/address/Phone nurrber attached to the back of the dra~ng. Each dra~ng must have a protective cover (paper flap, clear plastic wrap, or plastic). No glass unless turned in at the nonthly rreeting. 00 Nor MAIL GlASS. The entries do not need to be framed.
10. Winner will be announced at the Decenber meeting. 11. Contest is open to M.R.S. merribers only - locally or out of state, including
past winners.
All entries ~ll be judged on detail, accuracy, corrp:>sit.ion, and clarity- It must be a good, clean drawing that can be easily reproduced. Black line drawings only, no washes or pencil shading as they do not print well. The winning dra~ng and all rights to it become the property of M.R.S. We ~ll take all possible precautions to ensure the safety of all entries, but M.R.S. ~ll assurre no responsibility for lost or damaged dra~ngs.
This is your last chance to enter. The Novenber 6 meeting is our next rreeting date and the end date of this contest. Relp out and give the Illustration Ccmni ttee some drawings to choose from.
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John BaIner 6319 Knox Ave S Richfield, MN 55423 (612) 869-7692
Jim L. Crownover 2970 McCahill Road Chattanooga, 'IN 37415 (615) 875-9048,
The following diet to feed to your mealworrns was given as a handout from the Brookfield Zoo during the behind the scenes tour at the 11 th International Herpetological Symposium. Dennis Daly (M.H. S. member) asked to run this to help fellow members who use meal\vorms as herp food, naximize the food value. Your local phannacist nay help you on some items in the diet mix.
MEAlWORM DIE!' DEVELOPED AT BROOKFIELD ZOO I S REPTILE HOUSE
Mix 20 parts of "A" with 1 part of "B" for CALCIUM MIX in rrain diet.
The consistency of the meal is important so that the mealworrns eat everything. A fine, powdery meal is preferred. Mix equal parts of this mix to equal anount (by volurre) of mealworms. Allow mealworrns to feast on this meal for 7 days before feeding- to your herps.
PHABULOUS PHENOLOGICAL PHINDS
John Moriarty 9/16-18/87 - Winona Co., Minn., Whitewater WMA
American Toad (Bufo americanus) - Abundant Cammon Garter Snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis) - Two seen Green Frog (Rana clami tans) - Abundant Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) - Abundant Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) - One seen Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) - One seen Ring-necked Snake (Diadophis punctatus) - Nine seen Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) - One seen
Jo Anne Wetherell~oriarty and John Moriarty 9/27/87 - Hennepin Co., Minn., Baker Park Reserve
Common Garter Snake (Tososirtalis) - Common Red-Bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) - Cammon
Pam and Jim Gerholdt 10/12/87 - Morton, Renville Co., Minn.
Red-Bellied Snake (S.oooccipitomaculata) - 7" long (Nor PREVIOUSLY RECORDED FROM RENVILLE CO.)
Red-Sided Garter Snake (T.s.parietalis) - One seen 9". NOTE - Both snakes were found under the same rock, just west of the school.
Jo Anne Wetherell-Moriarty and John Moriarty 10/12/87 - Wabasha Co., Minn.
Painted Turtle (C. picta) - Dead on Road 5 miles south of Lake City on Hwy 61.
Nom - WHAT WAS A TURTLE OOING OVER 100 YDS FROM THE vJATER IN THE MIDDLE OF ocroBER?
q
CLASSIFIEDS
EDITOR'S NOTE: Please send all newsletter articles and classified ads to: Tam Schmitz, 850 W. Mirmehaha, St. Paul, MN. 55104, Attn: MRS Editor. Do not send articles or ads to the MRS address. The deadline for all Newsletter i terns is the 15th of the month! All Classified ads are run in the MRS Newsletter as a free service to the rrembership. No paid ads are accepted from non-merribers. No ads will be run for venarous species. While MRS will not run ads for known sick or illegal animals, we accept no responsibility for the health or legali ty of any animal advertised here. Please LIMIT SI ZE of ad to approx. four ( 4) lines. Business cards mBke acceptable ads.
MRS DELI
M.R.S. will not be carrying mice as a Deli item at this time.
Remember to order your frozen rats and rat pups no later than 7:00pm the MONDAY before the meeting. Call Bruce or Connie at 593-0298 to place your order.
FRESH FROZEN RATS - JUMBO SIZE - $2.00 FACH FRESH FROZEN RAT PUPS - $4.00 PER roZEN
5 OOZEN PUPS or 6 ADULT RATS LIMIT!
FOR SALE: 0.0.1 Giant White Lip Tree Frogs (Litoria infrafrenata) $23.00: 0.1 Adult African Praying Treefrog $15: 0.0.2 Dart-Poison Frog (Dendrobates Auratus)
metalic green on black $35 each. Contact David (612) 444-9775.
FOR SALE: Get ready for winter: starter colonies of winged fruit flies, vinegar flies (Drosophila) $2.50, flour beetles, mini-rnealwonns (Tribolium) $2.25. Food available for both, and instructions. These i terns are for feeding srrall lizards and amphibians. These are starter colonies. Get them early to establish larger
colonies for your herps. Contact Bruce Cutler (612) 633-1428, evenings and weekends.
FOR SALE: 30 Fresh Frozen Adult mice. Medium to large size for $10.50. Will deli ver to Nov. M.H. S. meeting. Contact Jim Adams after 6: 00 PM at (612) 796-
2816.
FOR SALE: Hatchling Corn Snakes $15. Hatchling Gopher Snakes (P .. m.affinis X P.m. catenifer) $15. Contact Jim Gerholdt at (612) 652-2996.
Largest Selection of Reptiles & Amphibians in Minnesota High Quality· Reasonable Prices· Personal Service
Cages. Books. Feed & Supplies
CITIES lih - <:.~
540 Winnetka Ave. No. Golden Valley. Mn 55427
"Lower Level" .
10
. ;,f~<. ~~~
Owners: Bruce & Connie Dalles (612) 593-0298
Open 7 Days a Week
CIASSIFIEDS
Herpetoculturist
Robert (Bob) Applegate 1762 Pepper Villa El CCfion, CA 92021 (619) 448-5746
STILL AVAILABLE: Late hatching Albinos and Tricolors. Also, San Diego Gophersnakes (Pituophis m. annectans) heterozygous for a new, superior strain of albinism.
$25 -$100
Find out why my animals are considered the best.
. FOR SALE: HATCHLINGS: Cal. Kings (beautif. heteros); Black Pines (Superb!). Also, 2 sp. Rosy 1:::oas; 1.1 L. al terna ( est. breeders); • 2 Thayer IS Kingsnakes ( 1 ea. thayeri & "rnilksnake" phase); 1 Sonoran King (blotched, aberrant). Contact Bruce BreCke (612) 377-3324.
FOR SALE: Ball Python, eats well (live gerbles) approx •. 4-5 ft. long, $40.00. Contact Geoff or Crystal MeRandall after 4:00 PM at (612) 454-2694.
FOR SALE: Available for Holiday Season, amber channs and small carvings in amber from the Dominican Republic; frogs and turtles, priced from $2 to $50. Other nonherp amber items also. Contact Bruce Cutler (612) 633-1428, evenings and weekends.
FOR SALE: "Isn It that Special! II Beautiful Gila Monster sweat shirts of 50/50 fleece crews in stoCk. SnaIl, Medium, Large and XL BlaCk imprint with pink puff beads on white or heather grey. Also on rose bud pink in small only. Reg. $18 to $22 -NOW $16 to $20 plus $2.50 shipping. T-shirt of Gila also in stoCk for $10 -$14 plus $1.50 shipping. Fran Frisch, 850 W. Minnehaha, St. Paul, MN 55104; (612)
488-7619. Wholesale prices on request.
CAPTIVE BREEDERS -IMPORTS' WHOLESALE & RETAIL
3221' 93RD DR. BLAINE, MN 55434
••• 1£ ..
OWNERS: JOHN & RUTH MELTZER (612) 780-8561
'-·~*'l-~ ~·c -'L 4637 Central Avenue N. E. . ' ~ L.., ...... &a Columbia Heights, MN 55421
'~~~'-:.. J C nCiEiDLl -.1 ____ ___
PETS & SUPPLIES
Tropical ami lv/arine Aquaria Garden pools and Aviaries
Design and Installation available
PHIL PALAN (612) 571-9031
11
7/86
MINNESOTA
HERPETOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
m.L MUS.EtIM OF NA'i'URAllfJS1Qlty
10 OlWtCH mEET sl. ., MINNEAPOus, MINNIiSOTA 5M55-1014
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION AND T-'SHIRT ORDER FORM MINNESOTA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY
BELL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 10 CHURCH STREET S.E. ., MINNEAPOUS, MINNESOTA 55455·0104
CnY._· ____________________________________________ STAT~E ________ ZIP ____________________ _
PHONE INTERESTctS ________________ _
DO YOU WISH THE ABOVE INFORMATION USTED IN THE MHS DIRECTORY DYES DNO
TYPE OF MEMBERSHIP o NEW ,0 RENEW '. o SUSTAINING ......... ; .................... $5,0.00 o CONTRIBUTING ........................ , .. $25.00 o FAMILy ........................ ',' ......... $12.50
Admits aJI members of a family to monthly meetings o INDIVIDUAL .............................. $10.00
OFFICIAL MRS T-SHIRT SO MO LO XLO $7.00 each includes postage
PLEASE ENCLOSE PAYMENT WITH APPLICATION. MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO MINNESOTA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCmTY, MEMBERSHIP IS FOR 12 MONTHS FROM THE DATE OF JOINING. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MEMBERSHIP CARD BY RETURN MAIL. A RECEIPT WILL BE SEN': ONLY UPON REQUEST.
