Vol. i. 9 18

Journal of Environmental Studies, Volume 1: 9-18. 2009.

9

Investigation of chemical and radioactive contamination level of the drinking water resources in Erbil City Ali Hassan Ahmed*

; Diyar Salahuddin Ali

*Department of Physics, Science College, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq [email protected] #Department of Chemistry, Science College, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq [email protected] Received Aug. 31,2009 Accepted Oct. 22,2009

Summary Fifty drinking water samples from different sources of Erbil city were examined for radioactivity pollution level. A Universal Monitor (UMo) for radiation protection was used for estimating the activity concentration in pCi/L (picoCurie per Liter) for U-238, Ra-226, Cs-137, and Sr-90 radionuclides. The activity concentration of these radionuclides in the entire samples was very low; no Sr-90 activity has been recorded, and no excess activity than safe levels were observed. The results showed some variations in activity ranging from: 2.12 pCi/L to 7.19 pCi/L for U-238, 1.52 pCi/L to 7.15 pCi/L for Ra-226, and 0.00 pCi/L to 0.02 pCi/L for Cs –137 throughout the region. Thus, from water consumption point of view, radioactively does not cause any public health concern. Different chemical tests like turbidity, pH, EC, chloride, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium have been done for the collected samples. No unusual concentrations were observed. Keywords: Radioactivity, Drinking water, water pollution, chemical treatments.

Introduction:

ater is essential to life as the air breathe by humans. In recent years, a great interest arose towards the natural

radioactivity in drinking water. Thus, the presence of natural radioactivity in surface and ground water has been studied by many investigators across the world (Tchokossa et.al. 1997).

Alpha activity is mostly due to uranium isotopes and to Ra-226. Beta activity is usually due to a large extent to K-40 and to short-lived daughters of U-238, Th-234, and Pa-234m. Gross alpha and beta activities are very useful parameters for the preliminary screening of waters. In particular gross alpha activity is a sensitive and immediate indicator of the concentrations of uranium isotopes and Ra-226 (Forte et.al. 2007).

It was concluded earlier that groundwater especially with a high TDS value can contain alpha and beta radioactive isotopes, since natural radionuclides from U-238 and Th-232

series are present in the geological strata may also be dissolved in groundwater (Kazlowska et.al. 2007).

Kurdistan’s bedrock contains naturally occurring radioactive elements. A few examples of these include Uranium, Radium, and Radon (Mustafa and Ahmed 1997). Most other radionuclides are minerals dissolved in water. Radioactive minerals occur irregularly in the bedrock, similar to other minerals such as gold, mica and quartz. Radioactive minerals exist in all areas of the region. They dissolve easily in water and therefore their concentration exceeds the drinking water standards for radioactivity (these health standards are called maximum contaminants levels MCLs). Wells that extract water from sand and gravel deposits generally have substantially low concentrations of both radon gas and dissolved radioactivity mineral (Online 2001). Radioactive substance is subsequently diffused or transported with water, which becomes radioactive, and hence presents a dual pathway for exposure of

W


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individuals: by ingestion from direct water consumption, and by inhalation exposure when radon emanates from water. The dose to the respiratory system outweighs the dose to the digestion system (Cross et.al. 1985).

U-238 radionuclide is not stable but breaks down into other elements including Ra-226 and Rn-222; it gets into drinking water when groundwater dissolves minerals that contain uranium. Ra-226 also readily dissolves in groundwater where acidic conditions (low pH levels) are found (Community Environmental Health Program, Technical Report 2002). However, naturally occurred level of radium in drinking water is not a health emergency. Cs-137 is a non-natural occurring beta emitter radionuclide. It reaches the open surface drinking water resources from the fallout attached to the rainfall due to nuclear accidents and/or tests or directly poured into rivers (also containing Sr-90 radioisotope) within the releases of nuclear power plants.

Nuclear activities in natural water are usually measured by different techniques such as liquid scintillation counter, ionization chamber, track detectors, and gamma-ray spectrometry. These methods are basically a gross counting method of alpha and beta particles without recognizing radon and short lived daughter nuclides (Shizuma et.al. 1998). The present study of radionuclide activity in drinking water is carried out for the first time in Kurdistan region. The radionuclide activity is measured by using a Universal Monitor (UMo) for radiation protection, which has proved to be a fast, economical, and reliable method (Operating Manual, 1997). This work helps in the quantitative detection of gross alpha and beta radioactivity which is important factor for the suitability of water for drinking purposes in the region.

Many areas of Erbil are affected by water pollution and microbial water-bound contaminates like sewer water which contact with some well, industrial waste and types of soil and clay. This is often the case in many towns throughout Erbil. Upstream contamination, via sewerage and human use (washing of clothes etc.) is an important consideration for water quality.

There is no such thing in nature as "pure" water. Nearly all water contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities. Many dissolved minerals, organic carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into your drinking water as water comes into contact with air and soil (Leo M et. al. 2007).

The forms of different chemical compounds have a great interest in water (chloride, sodium, calcium, nitrate, sulphate, magnesium and potassium). These compounds came into water from many sources including the rain which is carrying that compounds from atmosphere and domestic waste water, industrial wastes polluted with these compounds especially chemical fertilizer, industries waste's and waste waters from the land (Nabil F. et. al. 1994).

The plan for the present study includes data which collected from the number of water wells and their locations in Erbil City The study includes determination of the seasonal variation of the concentrations of the different cations and anions in drinking water. The governorate of Erbil is divided geographically into five areas {North, South, Center, East and West} to determine water quality.

Cations and anions generally occurs in trace quantities in surface unpolluted water but may attain high levels in some groundwater and in industrial waste products especially those which treated with nitrifying biological treatment (Walton W. et. al. 1970).

There is no doubt about the great importance of chemical compounds existence in water because these compounds are the most essential components for organisms in water, but high level occurrence of these chemicals especially nitrogen beside the existence of phosphorous in water cause the Eutrophication, and this will happen when inorganic nitrogen concentration in water is more than 0.3 ppm and 0.01 ppm respectively. The high level of Nitrate and Phosphorous causes overgrowth of algeas followed by decreasing soluble oxygen amount as a result of consuming it in algea decomposition operations by means of bacteria which is in general affect on water quality and organism in it (Clesceri and Greenberg et. al. 1989).


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The excessive amount of cations like nitrate more than 10 ppm in drinking water contributes to the illness known as infant methemoglobinemia, when nitrate reduced to nitrite in alimentary tract or digestion system and this nitrite is combined with blood hemoglobin to produce less efficient compound in oxygen transportation which affect on the being it self and may causes the death (Diyar and Faizullah et. al. 1999).

The suitability of drinking water depended on its constitutions of essential elements, different ions, total dissolved salts, inorganic chemical properties, organic compounds, vital and radiant properties. The drinking water must be free from chemical substance at harmful levels in order not to effect negatively on health (Leira and Vieytes et. al. 2002).

The importance of some anions like sulfur and its derivatives resulted in its high reactivity. This is due to the distribution of the electron density around the atoms. The atom forms many compounds either with the same or in combination with other elements (Yasumoto et. al. 2001), beside, these atoms are essential for life because it is a component of living cells.

Different chemical compounds are ubiquitous in the environment coming from different sources such as manufacturing processes used in the plastic, dye, drug, antioxidant and pesticide industries. Chloro and nitro compounds are the main degradation products of many chlorinated phenoxy acid and organophosphorous pesticides, respectively (Marcheterre et. al. 1988). These compounds are of particular interest and concern to the environment because they are toxic to most aquatic organism (Lacorte et. al. 1994). Moreover, they affect the taste and odor of water even at very low concentrations of these compounds (Kishino et. al. 1996).

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over the entire

environment of the Erbil city, which lies between the latitude range of 36o8'0''N - 36o15'6''N and longitude range of 43o8'0''E - 44o4'0''E.

In order to achieve the goal of the present study, 50 water samples from the most frequently used drinking water resources in Erbil city were collected; the number and locations of the collected samples were shown in Map 1 and presented in Table (2). From each resource the water samples were taken in clean plastic bottles under the surface of the water whenever possible. The bottles were labeled according to their sites and closed tightly to minimize degazing.

The Universal Monitor (UMo) for radiation protection, used for activity measurements of the water samples. This detector composed of the basic unit LB1230 and the alpha-beta Butane-filled counter tube LB6358G. First of all the UMo were calibrated using the radioactive sources Ra-226, Am-241, Cs-137, Na-22, and Co-60 which are available in our laboratory, as well as the detector in its own determines the calibration factors for about 22 radionuclides which are included in the nuclide library of the UMo. One liter of water from each bottle were poured into a special container having a surface area larger than that of the detector and a depth of about 30mm to contain a liquid of more than 10 mm thickness (Berthold et. al. 1997). Later the probe sets as close as possible over the surface of water and the measurements were carried out. For each sample measurement the background were taken into account and subtracted from the water sample activities.

The different techniques and instruments which used for chemical tests are shown in Table (1)

Water samples were taken from 50 locations and the cations, anions, pH, hardness, total dissolved salt, turbidity, conductance, alkalinity, in addition to BOD and COD in these samples.

Results and Discussion: The activity of U-238, Ra-228, Cs-137, and

Sr-90 radioisotopes in each water sample were investigated using the mentioned technique. Different from U-238, Ra-226, and Cs-137, Sr-90 radionuclide reveals a negligible activity.


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Table 1: Techniques which are used for chemical tests

Instrument Model Purpose

Turbidenace Hach 2100

Turbidity measurements

pH meter Thermo 2900

pH measurements

Conductometer ERC 200

Conductance measurements

Flame Photometry Buck PeP-7

Ca2+, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ detn.

Automatic Titrator Thermo 9000

Cl- and alkalinity measurements

Spectrophotometer X-Rite NO3- detn.

Incubator and BOD panel

Freezl BOD detn.

Spectrophotometer combined with COD reactor

HACJ ER/20

COD detn.

To categorize the radioactivity level of a drinking water supply the total screen alpha and total screen beta tests were performed for all the samples. These two tests are necessary and sufficient to determine the general radioactivity level of the samples. Later the precise activity concentration of U-238, Ra-226, and Cs-137 were identified and presented in Table (1).

The drinking water standard, or maximum contaminant level (MCL), is the maximum permissible level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water from a public water system is collected. A value above the MCL does not indicate that harmful effects will occur, but that a risk exists and should be evaluated. The MCL for gross alpha particles is 15pCi/L (the unit typically used to describe the amount of radioactivity present in drinking water is the picocurie per liter) (Operating Manual, 1997). The MCL for gross alpha and gross beta particles suggested by EPA are shown in Table (3).

In this work, the results of activity concentration measurements for different drinking water samples taken from Erbil city were found to have a lower activity than those

determined by EPA [U.S. EPA (1999), U.S. EPA (2000a), and U.S. EPA (2000b)]. Throughout the tabulated results it is clear that the activity due to: Firstly, U-238 ranges from 2.12 pCi/L to 7.19 pCi/L; Secondly, Ra-226 ranges from 1.52 pCi/L to 7.15 pCi/L; Thirdly, Cs-137 ranges from the Lower Detection Limit of the UMo (L.D.L = 0.0035 pCi/L for Cs-137) to 0.02 pCi/L. Thus the natural origin radionuclides U-238 and Ra-226 shows a higher activity in Erbil drinking water from artesian wells than those of others; this variation refers to the greater content of natural radionuclides in bedrocks inherent to the artesian well water (American Well Owner Journal, 1999). The Cs-137 activity was found to have a higher activity in Ifraz project water open surface water) as appeared throughout the results.

The study of different source of drinking water in Erbil city includes a description of the occurrence of the various constitutions in ground water and the relation of these constitutions to water use (Gaznaiy, 1997).

Chemical analysis of drinking water includes the determination of the concentrations of inorganic constitutions, measurements of pH, specific electrical conductance, and turbidity.

Substance commonly determined in chemical analysis an expressed as ions comprise the cations including Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and the anions including SO4

2-, Cl- and NO3

- and those contributing to alkalinity. Table (4) shows the dissolved constituents in ground water.

The results of different chemical parameters which mentioned before are illustrated in Table (5). Well water samples in the regions which are near to industrial region show higher level of some anions like nitrate when compared with well waters in the other regions because this region containing industrial pollutant. Groundwaters are the main sources for Erbil City, depth of the wells are illustrated in the Table (6).

Conclusions:

The studied drinking water samples from Erbil city reveal some variation recording a higher activity of U-238 and Ra-226. The


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observed higher activities of Cs-137 in the open surface waters certify its origin as a fallout contaminator. Fortunately all the investigated samples do not show any radioactive health risks.

Chemical pollution has negatively influence on the water wells in the region, but anion and cation concentrations in these wells

are within desired maximum range for this reason these wells are working now.

Determination of all chemical ions was executed according to optimum procedures. The results obtained were compared with standard procedures including world health organization (WHO) classification (Fox and Hue, 1984). It indicates that well waters are within desired maximum value.

Table (2): Activity concentration of U-238, Ra-226, and Cs-137 in different resources of drinking water in Erbil.

Activity concentration pCi/L Sample No. Location U-238 Ra-226 Cs-137 165 Khabat 1 5.70±0.0201 5.61±0.0202 L.D.L. 37 Qanaka 1 6.95±0.0184 6.81±0.0186 L.D.L. 40 Qanaka 4 7.14±0.0182 6.98±0.0184 L.D.L. 67 Stadium 1 7.24±0.0181 7.15±0.0182 L.D.L. 70 Stadium 4 6.89±0.0185 6.80±0.0186 L.D.L. 72 Soran 1 7.21±0.0181 6.83±0.0186 L.D.L. 73 Soran 2 5.72±0.0200 5.71±0.0201 L.D.L. 79 Azadi 4 6.15±0.0194 5.95±0.0197 L.D.L. 84 Iskan 1 6.32±0.0192 6.19±0.0194 L.D.L. 85 Iskan 2 5.59±0.0200 5.43±0.0205 L.D.L. 00 Koran Ainkawa 6.91±0.0185 7.02±0.0184 L.D.L.

120 Rapreen 5 7.15±0.0182 7.04±0.0183 L.D.L. 139 Shorsh 9 6.53±0.0189 6.39±0.0191 L.D.L. 140 Shorsh 10 6.47±0.0190 6.34±0.0192 L.D.L. 141 Shorsh 11 6.18±0.0194 6.06±0.0196 L.D.L. 142 Shorsh 12 6.38±0.0191 6.33±0.0192 L.D.L. 145 Kwestan 2 5.94±0.0197 5.76±0.0200 L.D.L. 146 Kwestan 3 6.99±0.0184 6.87±0.0185 L.D.L. 147 Qanzad 1 6.41±0.0191 6.39±0.0191 L.D.L. 150 Qanzad 4 5.63±0.0202 5.56±0.0203 L.D.L. 88 Kirkuk St. 5.62±0.0200 5.53±0.0203 L.D.L. 64 Almahandseen 1 6.81±0.0186 6.79±0.0186 L.D.L.

161 Zanco 1 5.72±0.0201 5.64±0.0202 L.D.L. 162 Zanco 2 4.93±0.0214 4.83±0.0215 L.D.L. 208 Engendering College 1 2.87±0.0264 2.08±0.0296 L.D.L. 210 Engendering College 2 3.02±0.0259 1.85±0.0308 0.01±0.000 94 Aladel 1 6.81±0.0199 4.78±0.0238 L.D.L. 95 Aladel 2 3.65±0.0241 3.72±0.0239 L.D.L. 96 Aladel 3 6.62±0.0188 4.32±0.0225 L.D.L.

210 Science College 1 2.97±0.0261 1.52±0.0328 0.02±0.0020 97 Brayattiee 1 4.82±0.0216 4.79±0.0216 L.D.L. 98 Brayattiee 2 4.89±0.0214 4.84±0.0215 L.D.L.

102 Q 114/3 6.12±0.0195 5.97±0.0197 L.D.L. 110 Alrasala 4 6.13±0.0195 6.04±0.0196 L.D.L. 116 Alrasala 1 7.08±0.0183 6.85±0.0186 L.D.L. 205 North cemetery 2.48±0.0279 1.90±0.0305 0.02±0.000


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236 Alzraeen 1 2.12±0.0294 1.79±0.0311 L.D.L. 237 Alzraeen 2 5.43±0.0205 3.50±0.0245 L.D.L. 238 Youth Center 5.75±0.0200 3.26±0.0252 0.01±0.000 239 Wood sawing center 6.14±0.0195 3.18±0.0254 L.D.L.

Activity concentration pCi/L Sample No. Location

U-238 Ra-226 Cs-137 230 Popular army center 2 3.45±0.0246 2.20±0.0291 0.02±0.000 231 Popular army center 3 2.75±0.0268 2.15±0.0293 0.01±0.000 279 High building project 4.15±0.0229 4.63±0.0219 L.D.L. 175 Nawroz 1 4.86±0.0215 4.75±0.0217 L.D.L. 176 Nawroz 2 6.40±0.0191 6.29±0.0193 L.D.L. 177 Nawroz 3 7.19±0.0184 7.08±0.0195 L.D.L. 178 Nawroz 4 5.62±0.0202 5.51±0.0204 L.D.L. 179 Nawroz 5 6.83±0.0186 6.78±0.0186 L.D.L. 182 Kurdistan 2 4.44±0.0223 4.37±0.0224 0.02±0.00

L.D.L.: Lower Detection Limit. Table (3): EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Health standards.

Test Name Existing 1978 EPA standards

1991 proposed EPA standards

Gross Alpha 15 pCi/L 15 pCi/L Uranium None 15 pCi/L

Radium-226 None 20 pCi/L Gross Beta 5 pCi/L 5 pCi/L

Table (4): Dissolved constitutions in ground water

Major constitutions (range of conc. 1.0 to 100 ppm)

Secondary constitutions (range of conc. 0.01 to 10 ppm)

Minor constitutions (range of conc. 0.00001 to 0.1 ppm)

Trace constitutions (range of conc. Generally less than 0.001 ppm)

Sodium Iron Arsenic Bismuth

Calcium Strontium Barium Cesium

Magnesium Potassium Bromide Gold

Bicarbonate Nitrate Cadmium Platinum

Sulphate Carbonate Cobalt Gallium

Chloride Fluoride Iodide Radium

Nickel Silver

Zinc Tin

Copper Zirconium

Tungsten


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Table (5): Results of chemical parameters in different resource of drinking water in Erbil City

Cation Concentrations (ppm)

Anion Concentrations (ppm)

Other Parameters Sample No.

Location

Na+ Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Cl- NO3- SO4

2- pH Tur. Hard. TDS EC Alk. COD BOD 165 Khabat 1 94.43 192.1 49.6 26.5 24.3 6.4 145.7 8.04 5.3 188.66 483.8 0.756 201.2 4.2 2.625 37 Qanaka 1 87.76 189.1 44.5 27.6 22.3 4.3 154.3 7.92 2.5 188.76 447.3 0.699 189.2 5.2 3.25 40 Qanaka 4 90.65 191.2 46.5 27.6 21.4 5.2 155.2 7.88 4.3 198.65 456.3 0.713 190.2 7.3 4.563 67 Stadium 1 88.72 188.4 55.6 26.9 21.67 4.8 148.5 7.98 3.9 194.35 501.1 0.783 200.9 5.6 3.5 70 Stadium 4 87.23 183.2 58.6 28.9 25.1 4.6 149.1 7.54 4.7 199.54 469.1 0.733 200.3 5.5 3.438 72 Soran 1 89.87 187.5 59.7 31.2 23.34 5.7 155.3 8.87 6.1 207.65 480.6 0.751 199.8 4.7 2.938 73 Soran 2 90.76 192.5 44.8 29.6 24.56 7.2 156.4 7.34 2.9 205.3 468.4 0.732 213.4 7.3 4.563 79 Azadi 4 91.56 193 49.7 29.3 28.4 7.8 145.6 7.45 3.6 200.87 476.1 0.744 215.4 6.2 3.875 84 Iskan 1 93.55 186.5 48.2 25.4 24.5 4.5 157.5 7.87 5.07 195.4 455.0 0.711 211.4 5.2 3.25 85 Iskan 2 90.71 190.3 49.9 27.9 22.9 5.5 158.8 8.43 4.96 200.54 472.9 0.739 184.5 5.1 3.188 00 K- Ainkawa 85.2 187 47.2 26.8 21.3 148.9 4.4 7.82 4.3 187.7 460.1 0.719 188.5 3.2 2 120 Rapreen 5 91.2 190.3 49 28.5 22.6 155.3 4.2 8.45 5.2 195.3 464.6 0.726 198.4 4.3 2.688 139 Shorsh 9 93 190.6 48.9 28.7 24.7 161.3 5.4 8.63 5.4 196.8 467.8 0.731 199.7 6.2 3.875 140 Shorsh 10 93.8 191 50.2 29.3 24.8 178.2 5.7 8.98 6.1 199.4 488.3 0.763 204.3 4.9 3.063 141 Shorsh 11 89.6 188.6 48.4 24.5 22.3 169.2 5 7.95 4.7 188.8 481.9 0.753 191.3 6.3 3.938 142 Shorsh 12 84.3 182 46.2 23 20.9 121 3.2 7.4 4 175 425.6 0.665 189.7 5.6 3.5 145 Kwestan 2 90.3 189.7 48.7 27.9 24.5 169.2 5.1 8.77 5.9 189.3 474.2 0.741 193.7 6.8 4.25 146 Kwestan 3 85 184.8 45.3 24.5 21.8 142.2 4.8 7.62 4.1 181 455.6 0.712 179.4 4.6 2.875 147 Qanzad 1 87.4 186.8 45.8 25.7 22.7 147.5 4.2 7.6 4.1 185 465.9 0.728 182.4 5.3 3.313 150 Qanzad 4 94.4 194.5 51.4 29.9 25.6 225 6.7 9.02 7.4 204.5 503.0 0.786 221.5 5.1 3.188 88 Kirkuk St. 90.33 188.4 51.8 29.65 26.3 6.5 152.1 8.03 3.2 198.4 483.2 0.755 189.4 4.8 3 64 Almahandseen

1 89.62 190.3 49.9 28.78 24.3 6.6 144.3 8.22 4.5 199.54 457.6 0.715 188.3 7.2 4.5 161 Zanco 1 88.46 199.3 50.7 28.98 22.6 6.9 139.5 7.83 6.8 189.34 488.3 0.763 189.1 5.3 3.313 162 Zanco 2 88.71 199.4 54.1 29.54 21.3 7.2 145.3 8.44 3.8 188.54 492.1 0.769 190.7 4.1 2.563

208 Eng. College 1 89.66 189.7 50.67 33.23 21.42 6.6 144.2 8.11 4.7 182.45 504.9 0.789 194.5 3.2 2

210 Eng. College 2 90.13 190.5 47.2 31.4 22.65 6.1 149.5 8.63 5.7 185.4 477.4 0.746 199.3 2.3 1.438 94 Aladel 1 89.62 193.5 45.8 27.78 25.67 7.2 145.2 8.34 3.78 188.5 515.2 0.805 198.2 2.2 1.375 95 Aladel 2 90.77 191.3 48.4 28.9 22.12 5.5 156.3 7.62 6.2 193.3 485.7 0.759 194.3 4.1 2.563 96 Aladel 3 89.12 187.3 46.7 29.13 21.43 4.9 155.2 8.23 7.4 196.34 447.3 0.699 191.2 5.2 3.25 210 Sci. College 1 86.9 182.5 48.8 29.8 23.1 4.89 156.2 8.31 6.9 199.54 455.6 0.712 199.2 4.5 2.813

97 Brayattiee 1 89.99 188.4 53.7 27.98 24.35 5 159.4 7.44 4.1 195.4 489.6 0.765 198.2 4.3 2.688

98 Brayattiee 2 90.67 188.2 55.8 27.83 25.43 4.5 160.2 7.67 4.7 196.7 501.7 0.784 192.1 5.2 3.25

102 Q 114/3 93.41 182.8 51.2 28.54 21.33 4.7 166.2 7.89 5.1 199.4 462.7 0.723 196.5 4.76 2.975 110 Alrasala 4 94.11 183.1 50.4 34.21 24.32 5.2 167.2 7.12 5.076 189.75 503.0 0.786 205.4 4.32 2.7 116 Alrasala 1 95.67 184.3 48.6 33.5 26.34 5.2 155.2 7.92 5.3 188.5 437.1 0.683 213.4 6.34 3.963

205 N-cemetery 89.84 189.9 49.6 30.76 21.34 4.7 146.7 7.65 4.98 189.2 440.3 0.688 223.4 5.34 3.338

236 Alzraeen 1 89.66 199.3 50.3 28.78 22.12 6.1 144.8 8.45 4.73 190.5 506.8 0.792 199.1 7.12 4.45 237 Alzraeen 2 88.45 191.2 51.2 29.98 28.32 6.3 149.3 8.61 4.91 190.44 517.7 0.809 192.3 3.42 2.138 238 Youth

Center 86.19 194.3 46.9 33.2 21.9 5.4 144.6 8.33 6.32 189.5 515.2 0.805 189.2 5.23 3.269 239 Wood sawing

center 88.94 190.7 47.8 35.4 22.65 5.5 148.6 8.91 4.22 210.4 464.6 0.726 188.2 3.43 2.144 230 Popular army

center 2 97.45 190.3 51.2 28.97 28.65 4.6 144.2 8.65 5.4 219.5 488.3 0.763 189.2 2.55 1.594 231 Popular army

center 3 99.76 190.8 47.6 29.33 27.66 6.4 144.8 8.95 6.5 220.5 503.0 0.786 188.7 3.5 2.188 279 High building

project 98.56 191.3 43.6 37.65 28.54 6.5 157.4 8.13 7.22 200.56 496.6 0.776 189.7 6.2 3.875 175 Nawroz 1 96.54 190.5 44.9 34.34 26.73 4.5 155.4 8.22 7.43 199.55 500.4 0.782 199.2 4.5 2.813 176 Nawroz 2 91.67 188.4 53.9 33.97 27.43 4.7 141.2 7.94 7.05 205.67 519.0 0.811 200.4 5.4 3.375 177 Nawroz 3 93.34 189.3 59.6 32.34 23.48 5.3 143.8 7.79 6.87 215.3 451.8 0.706 201.3 5.7 3.563 178 Nawroz 4 89.76 183.2 48.7 28.78 22.49 4.3 144.7 8.22 7.04 213.4 496 0.775 217.5 4.5 2.813 179 Nawroz 5 90.45 190.1 49.8 29.67 24.31 4.1 147.5 8.28 5.44 216.3 464 0.725 213.4 3.6 2.25

182 Kurdistan 2 85.43 187.4 44.2 28.98 24.51 4.1 146.5 7.84 4.76 211.6 479.3 0.749 189.4 6.4 4

200 Parlaman 2 85.78 184.3 48.4 23.56 26.43 5.9 149.6 8.51 4.87 207.5 489.6 0.765 199.4 2.3 1.438


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Table (6): Depth of the well water in Erbil City.

Sample No. Location Depth (m)

Sample No. Depth (m) Location

165 Khabat 1 101 230 Popular army center 2 154 37 Khanqa 1 98 231 Popular army center 3 123 40 Khanqa 4 166 279 High building project 146 67 Stadium 1 42.38 175 Nawroz 1 117 70 Stadium 4 120 176 Nawroz 2 161 72 Soran 1 70 177 Nawroz 3 120 73 Soran 2 122 178 Nawroz 4 151 79 Azadi 4 152 179 Nawroz 5 162 84 Iskan 1 75 182 Kurdistan 2 136 85 Iskan 2 120 00 Koran Ainkawa 78 120 Rapreen 5 180 139 Shorsh 9 156 140 Shorsh 10 150 141 Shorsh 11 175 142 Shorsh 12 174 145 Kwestan 2 134 146 Kwestan 3 154 147 Qanzad 1 114 150 Qanzad 4 147 88 Kirkuk St. 124 64 Almahandseen 1 135 161 Zanco 1 122 162 Zanco 2 137

208 Engendering College 1

140

210 Engendering College 2

146

94 Aladel 1 140 95 Aladel 2 121 96 Aladel 3 175 210 Science College 1 146 97 Brayattiee 1 156 98 Brayattiee 2 170 102 Q 114/3 146 110 Alrasala 4 150 116 Alrasala 1 108

205 North cemetery 170 236 Alzraeen 1 130 237 Alzraeen 2 123 238 Youth Center 146

239 Wood sawing center 133


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Map 1: The collected samples in Erbil City


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Because most cation and anions are within the acceptable range, and the linkage between occurrences these ions in water and disease is less clear-cut. Also natural waters contamination is a worldwide distributed problem which deserves large attention not only due to its environmental hazardous but also for the risks to the human health as well as the economical damages. Between the wide diversity of pollutant affecting water resources occurrence of these ions receive particular concern considering their strong toxicity even at low concentrations. The most important major metals are Na, K, Ca and Mg. Usually the essential nutrients and their deficiencies can produce different diseases for human, animals, or plant. In addition, several of the ions (cations and anions) produce severe toxicity effects when there is an excess in certain levels in water. All our samples have normal range for most cations, anions and other parameters like pH, conductance, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, TDS even COD and BOD. References:

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