Vol. LII No. 6sciencecongress.nic.in/Hindi/Pdf/E-book/Feb18-mar18.pdfArun Kumar 364 What to Consume:...

EVERYMAN’SSCIENCE

COVER PHOTOGRAPHS

Past General Presidents of ISCA

For permission to reprint or reproduce

any portion of the journal, please write

to the Editor-in-Chief.

Editor-in-ChiefDr. Ashok Kumar Saxena

Area Editors

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena(Biological Sciences)

Prof. Arun Kumar(Earth Sciences)

Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti(Medical Sciences including Physiology)

Prof. H.P. Tiwari(Physical Sciences)

Dr. Rashmi Sinha(Social Sciences)

General Secretary (Membership Affairs)Prof. Gangadhar

General Secretary (Scientific Activities)Prof. Premendu P. Mathur

Editorial SecretaryDr. Amit Krishna De

Printed and published by Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena

on behalf of Indian Science Congress Association

and printed at T. C. Dutta Merchants Pvt. Ltd.,

P-23/24, Radha Bazar Street, Kolkata - 700 001 and

published at Indian Science Congress Association,

14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata - 700 017, with

Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena as Editor.

Vol. LII No. 6 (February’18 - March’18)

Annual Subscription : (6 issues)

Institutional 500/- ; Individual 300/-

Price: 20/- per issue

` `

`

1. Prof. Asis Datta (2004)

2. Prof. N.K. Ganguly (2005)

3. Dr. I.V. Subba Rao (2006)

4. Prof. Harsh Gupta (2007)

5. Prof. R. Ramamurthi (2008)

6. Dr. T. Ramasami (2009)

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. Surendra Kumar Singh (Nagpur)

Prof. Poduri Nagaraja Rao (Hyderabad)

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Srivastava (Navi Mumbai)

Prof. K. S. Rangappa (Mysore)

Dr. Devesh Walia (Shillong)

Dr. Arunkanti Biswas (Kolkata)

Dr. Subrat Sharma (Almora)

Dr. M. Sundaresan (Coimbatore)

Prof. Dinesh Kumar (Faridabad)

Dr. M. Xavier James Raj (Thiruvananthapuram)

Prof. V. Ravishankar Rai (Mysore)

Prof. Manisha Gupta (Lucknow)

Dr. Akhilesh Kumar Pandey (Bhopal)

Prof. Anup Kumar Bhattacharya (Kishanganj)

CONTENTS

Everyman’s Science Vol. LII No. 6 February’18 - March18Everyman’s Science

EDITORIAL :

ARTICLES :

370

Impact of Western Disturbances in the Indian Subcontinent vis a vis ClimateChangeArun Kumar 364

What to Consume: A1 Milk or A2 Milk?Abhishek Thakur, Vishal Sharma, Bharti Aneja, Ashok K. Mohanty and Dhruba Malakar 366

Immunoprophylaxis: An Ideal Method for Control of Parasitic Infection in Human and AnimalsBinod Kumar, Jeemi A Patel, B. J. Thakre and Nilima N. Bhrambhatt

Smartness in Food PackagingSanjaya K Dash and Sandeep P. Dawange 377

Plant Resources as Source of BiofuelsK. B. Rameshkumar and B. Sabulal 381

Mobile Phone Radiation Exposure Induced Damages - Technological and Physiological Considerations in Searching Remedies

Debajyoti Bhattacharya, Somnath Gangopadhyay and Mausumi Sikdar (nee) Bhakta 386

Horsegram: Nutritional and Remedial PropertiesSmita Rana and Vasudha Agnihotri 391

Quantum Computers: A Perspective into Next Generation Information ProcessingIpshita Chatterjee 394

Cultivation of Tree Bean (Parkia Roxburghii G. Don), A Multipurpose TreeSpecies of North East IndiaRajib Kumar Borah, Jimi Borah and Mazda Sultana 399

Role of Ecology and Education in Development of Health Care Programs Asha Gupta 403

thList of 105 Indian Science Congress Awardees for 2017 - 2018 406

KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS 415

CONFERENCES / MEETINGS / SYMPOSIA / SEMINARS 418

S & T ACROSS THE WORLD 423

ISCA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS (2004 TO 2009)

President Title of Presidential Address*

Science and Society in the Twenty First Century: Quest for Excellence

Health Technology as Fulcrum of Development for the Nation

Integrated Rural Development: Science and Technology

Planet Earth

Knowledge based Society using Environmentally Sustainable Science and Technology

Science Education and Attraction of talent for Excellence in Research

* Available in the Book “The Shaping of Indian Science” Published by University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., 3-5-819 Hyderguda, Hyderabad 500 029.

As per decision of Council meeting held on May 03, 2014, Presidential Address will not be printed henceforth in Everyman’s Science as they are already printed in the above mentioned book.

Prof. Asis Dattast

91 Indian Science Congress2004, Chandigarh

Prof. N.K. Ganguly nd92 Indian Science Congress

2005, Ahmedabad

Dr. I.V. Subba Raord

93 Indian Science Congress2006, Hyderabad

Prof. Harsh Guptath

94 Indian Science Congress2007, Annamalainagar

Prof. R. Ramamurthi th

95 Indian Science Congress 2008, Visakhapatnam

Dr. T. Ramasami th

96 Indian Science Congress2009, Shillong


363

EDITORIAL

A western disturbance is a low pressure area over

surface or the upper air originating in the

Mediterranean region which causes changes in

pressure, wind patterns and temperature, which may

be with or without precipitation and relative

humidity. It usually travels across the Middle East,

parts of Iran, Afghanistan and then enters the Indian

subcontinent. During May 2018, the northern part of

the Indian Subcontinent was hit by severe dust

storms affecting various states such as Jammu and

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, which

is not a normal phenomenon. It caused dust storms,

hail storms, heavy rainfall in plains and snowfall in

other Himalayan states, but no major heat wave spell

was seen in these regions. Isolated thunderstorms

along with squalls and high speed winds were also

witnessed in some regions like Punjab, Delhi,

Haryana, etc. It is necessary to understand the factors

which were involved in these abrupt changes.

A fundamental understanding of the dynamics of

western disturbances is essential in order to predict

short term seasonal hydro-metrological forecasting

as well as the assessment of regional climate change

and its impact. These disturbances are responsible

for about 33% of the yearly rainfall in the northern

region and the winter precipitation. In the Indian

context, the pre-monsoon period i.e March – May,

the Bay of Bengal along with the eastern coast and

north eastern states receives occasional depression

and results in showers with high speed winds.

Whereas, the western coast receives occasional

disturbances causing dust storms and showers. The

Skymetweather report examining the pattern of past

few weeks, concludes that weak La Nina conditions

are prevailing. La Nina is the cold phase of a complex

weather pattern resulting due to changes in ocean

temperature. These deviations have a large scale

impact on the ocean processes as well as on the

global weather and climate. In fact, the La Nina is

primarily linked with the Indian monsoon, and has

shown a substantial variation with a tune of 0.2

degrees Celsius. In the past one week, the sea surface

temperature has witnessed a significant rise.

The topographical location of the Himalayan

Mountains acts as a physical barrier playing an

important role in global weather pattern by providing

heat source and heat sink during summer and winter

respectively. During the winter season, the

Himalayan region is subjected to severe weather due

to heavy snowfall resulting due to western

disturbances. The spring snowmelt runoff in these

regions contributes to approximately 50% of the

discharge in the Himalayan rivers, causing delayed

monsoon onsets and flooding or landslides in the pre-

monsoon seasons.

The western disturbances not only impact the

precipitation, but also the glacier mass balance,

winter agriculture, water resources, and river

hydrology in the northern Indian and Pakistan

regions. The disturbances evolve and intensify

themselves as alternating atypical anticyclonic and

cyclonic circulations. The rains and thunderstorms

in the northern India did not cause a huge variation in

the maximum temperatures. The lack of western

disturbances and strong El Nino (hot phase of the

weather pattern) had kept the winters in India warm

and dry. The lack of clouds and rains had kept

temperatures high in otherwise cold states like

Impact of Western Disturbances in the Indian

Subcontinent vis a vis Climate Change


364

Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.

Due to the changes in sea surface temperature in

Western Pacific Ocean, the Indian Monsoon is facing

abrupt disturbances during March –May ( pre-

monsoon period), which has been one of the issue for

ongoing research in climate changes.

Prof. Arun Kumar, Department of Earth Sciences,

Manipur University, Imphal.


365

“Science is a beautiful gift to humanity:

we should not distort it.”

- A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

ilk is one of the most nutritious foods for

human and is consumed right from the birth

and almost throughout the life as such or in the form

of milk products. Milk is highly nutritious providing

an important source of high quality proteins,

carbohydrates and micronutrients and is considered

as almost complete food. Dairy cow milk is

considered as nutritionally superior over other

species. Nutritionally cow milk is about 87 percent

water, 4.6% lactose sugar, 3.7% triglycerides, 2.8%

milk protein, 0.54% minerals and 3.36% other 3constituents . Milk protein constitutes of 36% α-

Casein, 27% β-Casein, 9% κ-casein and 27% 4peptides and amino acids . Among the caseins, β-

casein is the second most abundant protein,

constitutes roughly 2.5 grams per glass of the cow 5milk . There are two types of milk available in

market A1 and A2. A1 milk is produced by European

cow breeds (Holstein, Jersey etc.), while Indian cow

(desi cow) is source of A2 milk. World consumers are

paying more attention on this topic because of

recent correlation between A1 β-casein intake and

the incidence of certain non-communicable 1-2diseases . Potential health risks of A1 milk are

describedin Woodford's book entitled “Devil in the

Milk: Illness, Health and the Politics of A1 and A2

Milk”. This boosted A2 milk sales and prompted the

New Zealand Food Safety Authority and European

Food Safety Authority to propose rigorous analysis 6of A1 milk health claims .

A1 AND A2 TYPE MILK

β-casein is 209 amino acids long peptide and

amino acid at position 67 differentiates A1 and A2

milk. A1 milk has histidine at position 67 of β-casein 4while A2 milk has proline at the same position . Thus,

milk having β-casein with proline at position 67 is

referred as A2 type milk while milk having β-casein 4with histidine at position 67 is A1 type milk .

EVOLUTION OF A1 MILK FROM A2 MILK

Originally all cow milk was of the A2 type but

during evolutionary process,genetic mutation

affected some European cattle (Jersey, Guernsey,

Holstein Friesian)in β-casein gene, probably 5000-710,000 years ago . This mutation led to 12 genetic

variants of β-casein and out of these, A1 and A2 are 8the most common . The gene at position 67 encoding

Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, E-mail:vetvishal319@ gmail.com

Milk is most commonly consumed by people all over the world and is considered as complete food. It is one

of the most nutritious drinks and is rich in high-quality protein, an excellent source of vitamins and

minerals like Calcium, Vitamins A, B2 and B12. Recently, a debate has started over which type of milk is

better one, the milk from Indian cow (A2 milk) or the milk from European cow (A1 milk). World

consumers are paying attention to this topic because of the recent association between A1 milk

consumption withhigher incidence of certain non-communicable diseaseslike type1 diabetes, autism, 1coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death syndrome etc . Milk producers from some

countries have shifted their herd from A1 milk producing cows to A2 milk producing cows.The price of A2

milk is also comparatively higher in the market, as A2 milkproducers claim that the A1 milk is associated 2with certain diseases . Therefore, it is a matter of concern for the consumer whether one should consume

A1 milk or A2 milk inspite of the hefty price of A2 milk.


WHAT TO CONSUME: A1 MILK OR A2 MILK?

Abhishek Thakur, Vishal Sharma*, Bharti Aneja,

Ashok K. Mohanty and Dhruba Malakar

INTRODUCTION

M

366

Everyman’s Science Vol. LII No. 6 February’18 - March18

amino acid proline mutated during evolution and 7startedencoding histidine . The frequency of A1

allele was increased gradually in the population

during selection of animals for higher milk 8production . While Indian cattle have evolved

naturally without any selection pressure and have A2

allele of β-casein. However,with the onset ofwhite

revolution inIndiato increase the milk production,

exotic breeds like Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein

Friesian etc.were used for cross breeding or their

semen was used for the purpose of artificial

insemination. This increased the proportion of A1

allele in the population.

EFFECTS OF A1 MILK ON HEALTH

The bovine β-casein variants for A1 and A2 milk

differ in amino acid at position 67 with histidine

and proline, respectively. This leads to key

conformational changes in the secondary structure of

β-casein protein and their susceptibility to the

gastrointestinal proteolytic digestion. Presence of

histidine in A1 milk and proline in A2 milk at

position 67 in the β-casein of milk, results in different

products onproteolytic digestion. Gastrointestinal

digestion of A1 β-casein releases bovine beta-

casomorphin 7 (BCM-7), while A2 β-casein

digestion releases bovine beta-casomorphin 9

(BCM-9). BCM-7 is a strong opioid and has affinity 9for the mu opioid receptors . Generally, opioids are

group of substances that act on opioid receptors to 10produce morphine-like effects . BCM-7 is devil as it

can potentially affect mu opioid receptors present in

the gastrointestinal, nervous, endocrine and immune

system. It is also known to be an oxidant of low

dietary lipoproteins (LDL) and oxidation of LDL is

believed to be important in formation of arterial

plaque. Hence generation of BCM-7 is considered to

be the major causative factor responsible for many

A1 milk related health disorders like type1 diabetes,

autism, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, 6sudden infant death syndrome etc . However, A2 β-

casein,which yields BCM-9 on digestion, has not 1been linked to such type of illnesses .

TYPE1 DIABETES

Epidemiological evidences claim that

consumption of A1 milk is associated as a risk factor 9for type1 diabetes . Animal trials have supported the

linking of type1 diabetes to milk exposure in general 11and A1 β-casein in particular . Type1 diabetes is

typically diagnosed in children, and is characterized

by lack of insulin in the body. Scientific studies have

concluded that risk of type1 diabetes is higher among 12

children consuming A1 milk during childhood .

Animal studies have provided conflicting results

whereas, some workers have found no difference

between A1 and A2 β-casein milk consumption and 11Type I diabetes . Others have shown the adverse

effects of A1 β-casein on type1 diabetes. Studies at

global level demonstrates that incidence of Type1

diabetes is higher in the people consuming A1 β-13casein . However, no clinical trials on humans have

been carried out to study the effect of A1 β-casein on

type1 diabetes.

HEART DISEASE

Consumption of A1 milk also leads to higher 11incidence of heart diseases on long term basis .

Various studies have linked the consumption of A1 11milk with an increased risk of heart disease .

Experimental trials on rabbits showed that

consuming A1 β-casein promoted fat deposition in 12blood vessels . The fat deposition was far much

lower when the rabbit food was supplemented with 12A2 β-casein . Accumulation of fat potentially clogs

blood vessels and causes heart diseases. BCM-7 is

known to possess oxidant property that leads to the 14

oxidation of LDL . It is believed to be important in 8the formation of arterial plaque . Rabbits fed A1 β-

casein developed more plaque in their aorta than 8rabbits fed A2 β-casein . Some researchers support

the hypothesis that consumption of A1 milk

increasesthe risk of heart diseases, but many studies

have not linked higher rates of heart diseases with 15consumption ofmore milk .

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of

the most common cause of mortality among infants

and is defined as unexpected death of an infant, 16without an apparent cause . Various studies have

reported that infants who temporarily stopped

Everyman’s Science

367


breathing during sleep(known as sleep apnea and is

linked to SIDS),had higher level of BCM-7 in their

blood and urine,which indicates that some children

might be sensitive to A1 β-casein found in cow's 17milk .

AUTISM AND SCHIZOPHRENIA

Autism is a type of neurological condition in

which patient suffers from poor social interaction

and repetitive behavior. Theoretically, peptides like

BCM-7 might play a role in the development of 18autism . It has been reported that drinking cow milk

19worsen behavioral symptoms in autistic children .

Infants fed A1 milk,in comparison to breastfed

infants,retained higher levels of BCM-7 and it was

strongly associated with an impaired ability to plan 20and perform actions . Many studies on autistic and

schizophrenic patients indicate that they excrete 21larger quantities of BCM-7 in their urine . However,

the only known source of BCM-7 peptide is β-casein 18of milk .

DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

Cow milk is considered to be common cause of

digestive discomfort (i.e. flatulence, bloating,

abdominal distension etc.) possibly due to lactose 22intolerance among people . Receptors for mu-

opioid peptides are expressed widely throughout the 22gastrointestinal tract . BCM-7 bioactive peptides

released on the digestion of A1 β-casein interact with

mu opioid receptors and lead tointestinal

inflammation, interferes with colonic microbiota and 23ultimately affects the stool composition .A study on

rodentsconcluded that A1 milk consumption resulted

in delayed gastrointestinal transit time as compared 24to A2 milk .

INFLAMMATORY PROBLEMS

The intake of A1 milk casein causes

inflammatory responses which leads to lymphatic 9congestion and metabolic suppression . National

Dairy Research Institute reported that mice fed on A1

β-casein produced far more inflammatory

compounds linked to heart diseases, eczema and 25asthma in comparison to mice fed A2 β-casein . A1

milk worsens acne, eczema, upper respiratory 26infections, asthma and allergies . Ear infections,

bronchitis and tonsillitis are also driven by A1 β-26casein . A1 milk casein causes endometriosis (a

condition in which the cells from the inner lining of

uterus flourish outside the uterus)dueto its 25inflammatory and immune-disruptive effect .

Thus women consuming A1 milk may suffer

from endometriosis and other reproductive 26complications .

CONCLUSION

The controversy about the health benefits of A1

and A2 milk cannot be solved until we have

comprehensiveresearch on this matter. The

hypothesis “A1/A2 milk and its impact on human

health” is potentially very important for public health

if proven. But we can still conclude that we should

start changing our dairy herds to A2 milk producing

cows. However, more research is required to prove

the reality of the hypothesis of A1 and A2 milk. But

as far as public health is concerned, we should not

wait for A1/A2 hypothesis to be proven correct.

Consuming A2 milk as precautionary measure will 26protect usat least from A1 milk born disorders . By

consuming A2 milk, one is no longer exposed to

BCM-7 which is considered to be responsible for

increased risk of type 1 diabetes, autism, digestive 1,6disorders, schizophrenia, SIDS etc . Hence role

ofgovernment shall be decisive and support is

indispensable to sort out anomalies regarding milk

quality and standards for the betterment of human

health.

REFERENCES

1. S. Kaminski, et al., J. App. Gen, 48, 189–98,

2007.

2. J. Snape, Bell Potter, The A2 Milk Company,

2016.

3. P. Priyadarshini, et al., Int. J. Chem. St., 6, 1, 531-

5, 2018.

4. PRK. Reddy, et al., Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech., 5, 5,

3376-80, 2016.

5. P. Walstra and R Jenness, John Wiley and Sons,

New York, 98-122, 1984.

6. K. Woodford, Wellington New Zealand: Craig

Potton Publishing, 2007.


368


7. A. S. Trusswell, Eur. J. of Clin. Nut.,59, 5,

623–631, 2005.

8. K. A. Tailford, et al., Atherosclerosis, 170, 13-

19, 2003.

9. P. Sebeley, et al.,Nutri.,7, 9, 7285–97, 2015.

10. H. C. Hemmings and TD Egan, Els. He. Sci.,

253, 2013.

11. M. Laugesen and R Elliott, NZ. Med. J., 116,

1168, 2003.

12. R.B. Elliott, et al.,Diabetol., 42, 3, 292-6, 1999.

13. J.S.J. Chia, et al., Nutr. & Diabetes7, 274, 2017.

14. J. Torreilles and MC Guerin, C. Seances. Soc.

Biol. Fil.,189, 933-42, 1995.

15. B. J. Venn, et al.,Atheroscle, 188, 1, 175-8, 2006.

16. J. B. Beckwith,Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.,157,

3, 286-90, 2003.

17. Z. Sun, et al., 2003. Peptides 24, 6, 937-43.

18. L. C. Hunter,et al.,Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 45,

2, 121-8, 2003.

19. S. Lucarelli, et al., Panminerva Med.,37, 3, 137-

41, 1995.

20. N. V. Kost, et al., Peptides, 30, 10, 1854-60,

2009.

21. A. M. Knivsberg, et al., Nut. Neurosci., 5, 251-

61, 2002.

22. A. O. Johnson, et al.,Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,57, 3, 399-

401, 1993.

23. C. E. Schmeltzer, et al., J. Chromatogr.,1166,

108–15, 2007.

24. MPG Barnett, et al., Int. J. Food Sci. Nut., 65, 6,

720-27, 2014.

25. U. l. Haq, et al., Eur. J. Nut.,53, 4, 1039-49,

2014.

26. B. Prasanta, et al., Int. J. Sci. Nat., 7, 1, 1-5,

2016.


369


dward Jenner was the English physician,

who first demonstrate the process of

vaccination. Vaccination helps in the development of

acquired immunity by inoculating non-pathogenic

but immunogenic components of the pathogen, or

closely related organisms. Vaccines are considered

as an ideal method for the control of infectious

diseases. Parasitic infections are related with huge

economic losses in terms of production losses, losses

due to infertility. Control of parasitic diseases in

animals should be aimed to improve the health,

productivity and body weight. Therefore, efficient,

economic, and sustainable control methods are to be 1used . Despite the availability of a number of

effective drugs for the treatment of most important

diseases, a vital need for the development of

successful vaccines remains unexplored. The

reasons for the development of vaccines is due to the

increasing problem of resistance of parasite, lack of

newly developed effective drugs, and the presence of

drug residues in milk, milk derived products, and

meat. Although, a large number of vaccines against

various pathogens including bacteria and virus are

available in the market; but number of anti-parasitic

vaccines have remained low. Therefore, vaccine

against parasites has to be developed and should be

available in the market. This article mainly

concentrate on commercially available parasitic

vaccines world over.

TYPES OF VACCINE

In general, there are three kinds of vaccine based

upon types of antigen. They are whole organism live

vaccine, whole organism killed vaccine and subunit

vaccine. Based upon the development they may also stclassified as 1 generation vaccine (whole organism-

ndlive or killed), 2 Generation vaccine (subunit–

natural or recombinant) and third generation vaccine

(DNA).

Live vaccine: Live vaccines may contain

attenuated strains or small quantity of wild type

virulent parasite. Attenuated organisms are almost or

completely devoid of pathogenicity but having the

immunogenicity therefore they are capable of

inducing a protective immune response. In case of

live virulent vaccine, infection and treatment

strategies are followed where host got stimulus of

infectious agent and before they create pathogenesis,


IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS: AN IDEAL METHOD FOR CONTROL

OF PARASITIC INFECTION IN HUMAN AND ANIMALS

Binod Kumar, Jeemi A Patel, B. J. Thakre and

Nilima N. Bhrambhatt

Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat,Email: drkumarbinod@ gmail.com

Parasitic diseases are one of the common problems that affect the health of human and animals worldwide.

Parasites are eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular organism classified as protozoan, metazoan

(helminthes) and arthropod parasites. Usually, parasitic diseases cause low mortality but very high

morbidity which severely affect the working capacity of human and productivity of animals. To control the

parasitic diseases drugs are given on scheduled basis or according to infection. This method is having

severe limitations which can be overcome by immunoprophylaxis. Though, the development of vaccine

against eukaryotic organism is not an easy task, even then some of the parasitic vaccines were developed

and commercialized. This article discusses the problem associated with development of parasitic vaccine

and availability of vaccine in market

INTRODUCTION

E

370


infection is controlled by treatment. These kinds of

vaccines provide solid immunity and single dose of

vaccination is sufficient for long time protection. Eg.

Lungworm vaccine (Dictyocaulus viviparous), a live

attenuated vaccine and Coccivac (Poultry coccidia

vaccine), a live virulent vaccine. The disadvantages

of this vaccines are required refrigeration,

risk of contamination, contraindicated in

immunosuppressed patient, poor stability and

comparatively higher production cost.

Killed or Inactivated Vaccine: It is produced by

killing the etiological agents of disease either by

chemical (formaldehyde or beta-propiolactone)/

heat/radiation and such vaccines are safer and stable

than live vaccines. These are inactivated vaccines

and easy to prepare. In this type of vaccine, the

replicative function of infectious agent is destroyed,

while constituents oforganismsare left intact. For its

effectiveness, large amount of antigen with repeated

booster doses is required in comparison to live

vaccine. Excessive treatment can destroy

immunogenicity whereas insufficient treatment can

leave infectious agent capable of causing disease.

E.g. GiardiaVax (Giardia lamblia).

Subunit Vaccine: As an alternative of whole

organism, subunit vaccines include only that best

antigen which stimulates the immune system. It

contains one or more essential antigens of an

organism which is immunoprotective in nature. They

may be natural tissue purified protein, recombinant

protein antigens or chemical small peptide vaccines.

This kind of vaccine is having advantage of low

adverse reactions, high stability, can be stored at

room temperature, no problem of contamination and

low cost. Eg. CoxAbic (Anti-coccidia vaccine).

With the advancement of molecular biology and

biotechnology, new concept of DNA vaccine came

into existence. Which is considered best among all

types of vaccines in relation to stability, storage,

potentiality and cost of production. Though, the

concept is very good but they are still in research and

development stage.

PARASITIC VACCINES

Parasites are an organism which depends upon

the host i.e., animal at any point of their life for

nutrition and shelter. They are classified as

unicellular eukaryotic protozoan parasite,

multicellular eukaryotic helminth parasite and

arthropod as ecto-parasite. Majority of parasitic

vaccines available today are developed against

protozoan parasite. Very few vaccines are available

against the helminths and arthropods parasites.

PROTOZOAN VACCINES

Majority of parasitic vaccines comes under this

group because i.) unicellular parasite having less

complex life compare to helminthes and arthropods,

ii.) location of organism in host is either extracellular

or intracellular iii.) better understanding of the host-

parasite interaction and iv.) comparatively easier to

produce antigenic material. All three kinds of

vaccine available against different protozoan

parasites. First parasitic vaccine was developed

against the protozoan parasites caused coccidiosis in 2poultry . These coccidian parasite cause great

mortality in chicks. At least 7 species of Eimeria

cause pathogenesis in chickens where E. tenella and 3E. necatrix are most pathogenic . Vaccines available

against these species are in combinations, they may

contain live wild type parasites, live attenuated

parasites or purified proteins as an antigenic 4material (Table 1).

Vaccines are also availableagainst other

protozoan parasites such as Theileriaannulata,

T. parva, Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Toxoplasma

gondii, Neosporacaninum, Giardia lamblia,

Tritrichomonasfoetus, B.canis,B. rossi, Leishmania, 5,6Plasmodium falciparum .The details of vaccines

are presented in Table 2.


371

372


HELMINTH VACCINE

Very few anti-helminthic vaccines are developed 7-9and marketed world over . Major regions behind

this situation are i) large multicellular parasites, ii)

complex life cycle, iii) lack of laboratory model or

culture technique, iv) less information on host-

parasite interaction, v) location of parasite in host, vi)

less funding for R & D and vii) availability of

effective drugs. Usually helminthic infection cause

very less mortality but high morbidity based on

quantum of infection and species of parasite or many

a times it has only economic effects. Which is not so

attractive for politician or funding agency. Even one

vaccine which is very effective against Taeniaovis in

sheep is not marketed due to political reason. Some

of the vaccine which is successfully developed and

marketed are discussed here.

Huskvac/Dictol: Also known as lung worm

vaccine of cattle. This vaccine is marketed in Europe

for the cattle lung nematode Dictyocaulus

viviparous. This is live attenuated vaccine contain

1000-2000 viable γ-irradiated infective L3 larvae 7that cannot develop into the adult stage . Vaccine is

present in the form of suspension. One dose is of 25

ml administered orally in young calf of about 8

months old. Marketed by MSD Animal Health, UK

Difil: Similar to Dictol, Difil is developed in

India against sheep lungworm Dictyocaulusfilarial.

Where, 50 kR gamma irradiated attenuated L3 larvae

was used in lungworm-endemic areas of

Kashmir.The vaccine was developed in 1973 at

Srinagar regional center of Indian Veterinary

Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar.

Barbervax: Vaccine is recently developed

against Haemonchuscontortusin sheep based upon

natural gut antigen of the parasite. Every dose of

vaccine contain 5µg native purified antigen plus 1

mg saponin adjuvant in 1 ml volume, injected

subcutaneously to the lamb of about 6 months age.

Initial 6 doses of vaccine are recommended in lamb,

first three dose at 3 weeks interval and last three dose

at 6 weeks interval, subsequently annual 8vaccination . The vaccine is developed by the

Moredun Research Institute, UK in partnership with

the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western

Australia, with support from Meat and Livestock

Australia.

Cysvax™:The vaccine is developed by

Professor Marshall Lightowlers at the University of

Melbourne against zoonotic pig disease porcine

cysticercosis. The vaccine contains recombinant

TSOL18 oncosphere protein expressed in

Pichiapastoris. Pig is vaccinated at 2 months of age

or above at the dose rate of 1 ml deep

intramuscularly. Booster is required after 3-4 weeks

of first vaccination and subsequently at 6 months

interval.

Swine acts as an intermediate host (IH)and

human acts as definitive host as well as dead end

IHfor Taeniasolium. Cysticercosisoccurs in IH. In

pig,it is not having much importance, but when

human acts as an IH, a severe form of diseases of

central nervous system (CNS) occurscalled

neurocysticercosis. To control the infection in

human, control of cysticercosis in pig may be a good

option. In this direction, Cysvax is developed as

'transmission blocking' vaccine. In India, vaccine is

marketed by Indian Immunologicals Limited,

Hyderabad.

PROVIDEAN HIDATILEG95: The vaccine

is recently introducedin Argentina against

hydatidosis (diseased caused by larval stage of

Echinococcousgranulosus) in cattle by Tecnovax

S.A., Buenos Aires. This vaccine is based on the

recombinant EG95 antigen ofoncosphere membrane

expressed in Escherichia coli. Vaccine is given

intramuscularly at the dose rate of 1 ml. Initially three

doses of vaccine is recommended at an interval of 3-4

weeks followed by annual vaccination. Vaccine

claim up to 100 % protection against hydatidosis in

cattle. As the hydatidosis is also a zoonotic disease,

vaccination in animals reduce the risk of infection in

human.

Sm-TSP-2/Alhydrogel®: It is a recombinant

vaccine against human schistosomiosis. The vaccine

contain 9 kDa recombinant tetraspanin proteins

(TSP) of Schistosoma mansoni in combination with

the GLA-AF adjuvant. Vaccine showed good


374


9efficacy against laboratory challenge . Vaccine is

under phase I trial in Baylor College of Medicine,

USA. Vaccine is developed by the Sabin Vaccine

Institute Product Development Partnership, USA.

ARTHROPOD VACCINE

Phylum Arthropoda contains largest number of

species under zoological classification of animals.

Few species of arthropods affects the health of

animals and humans, directly or indirectly or both

ways. Direct effects includes annoyance, irritation,

painful biting, blood loss, myiasisetc and indirectly

they acts as intermediate hosts and vectors for variety

of pathogens of human and animals. So,

development of strategy for vector control is far

better than control of individual pathogens.

Moreover, present vector control strategy is mainly

depends upon the harmful chemical pesticides which

not only destroy the ecological system but its

residues comes in to the food chain of human.

Through research, it is observed that immunological

protection could be possible against hematophagous

arthropods. In early nineties, Australian scientist got

success in development and commercialization of

first arthropod vaccine against cattle tick, 10Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus .

TickGARD and Gavac:The vaccines, Gavac

(Heber Biotec SA, Cuba) and TickGARD(Fort

Dodge Australia), contained the recombinant R. (B.)

microplus Bm86 gut antigen expressed in Pichia

pastoris and Escherichia coli, developed in Cuba

and Australia, respectively. Recently vaccine

TickGARD is withdrawn from the market for a

various reason but Gavac is still available in Latin

and South American countries. Initially three doses

of vaccine is recommended in cattle at the rate of 2

ml/dose at 3 weeks intervalwith subsequent

vaccination at 6 months interval. The vaccine

reduces the number of engorging female ticks, their

weight, and reproductive capacity. Thus, the greatest

vaccine effect was the reduction of larval infestations

in subsequent generation. Vaccine-controlled field

trials in combination with acaricide treatment

demonstrated that an integrated approach resulted in

control of tick infestations while reducing the use of

acaricides. In addition, these vaccines also prevent or

reduce transmission of pathogens by reducing tick

populations and/or affecting tick vector capacity.

CHALLENGES TO PARASITE VACCINE

DEVELOPMENT

Several factors have contributed to the slow 11progress in anti-parasitic vaccine development .

This is, at least in part, a result of the complexity of

even the simplest parasites and a lack of precise

understanding of the host-parasite interaction

compared with bacteria and viruses. There are many

more factors that have contributed to the slow

development of vaccines.

lComplex life cycle with diverse gene expression

by different stages of a parasite.

lAntigenic variation and other host immune

evasion mechanism evolved in parasites.

lLocation of parasite in host and its size.

lThe immune effect or mechanisms are not clearly

defined.

lVariation in the host immune response to

different parasites and to different parasite

stages.

lThe difficulty of screening for potential vaccine

antigens and further its bulk production due to

lack of laboratory models or suitable culture

techniques for many parasites.

lLess attractive for funding agency as usually

parasitic diseases doesn't cause havoc in society.

lAvailability of broad spectrum chemo-

therapeutic agent whereas vaccines may be of

narrow spectrum limited to strains.

CONCLUSION

Vaccine is an ideal control method for infectious

diseases and it has more importance in the present

scenario of drug resistance. Difficulty of generating

the bulk quantity of antigen is a major limiting factor

in parasite vaccine development especially for

metazoan parasites. The answer may be the

recombinant DNA technology but, very few

recombinant vaccine got commercial success.

Eukaryotic unicellular organism is having relatively

less complex life-cycle and can be cultured in


375


laboratory (animal, cell culture or media) and so,

majority of the commercially available parasitic

vaccines are anti-protozoan vaccines.Though, sterile

immunity is not required for control of parasitic

diseases (especially for metazoan parasite), the

commercial success of vaccine is depends upon the

knowledge and awareness about it in industry and

farmer.Majority of parasitic vaccines are available in

the particular region due to its short shelf-life, strain

variation, high cost, low/variable efficacy,

etc.Though, the progress of development of effective

commercial vaccines against many important

parasitic infections are slow but consistently

progressing towards sustainable disease control.

REFERENCES

1. N. T.Meeusen Els, J.Walker, A.Peters, P. Pastoret

and G. Jungersen, Clin Microbiol Rev, 20, 3, 489-

510,2007.

2. M. W.Shirley, A. L. Smith and F. M. Tomley,

AdvParasitol, 60, 285-330, 2005.

3. M.Awad, A. F.Nahas-El and S. S. Abu-Akkada,

Parasitol Res, 112, 113-121, 2013.

4. P. A.Sharman, N. C. Smith, M. G. Wallach and

M. Katrib, Parasite Immunol, 32, 590-598, 2010.

5. E. A.Innes, P. M.Bartley, M.Rocchi, J. B. Silvan

and A. Burrells, Vet Parasitol, 180, 155-163,

2011.

6. E. Pipano and V. Shkap, Ann N Y AcadSci, 916,

484-500, 2000.

7. W. F. Jarrett, F. W. Jennings, W. I. Mcintyre, W.

Mulligan and G. M. Urquhart,Proc R Soc Med,

51, 743-744, 1958.

8. B. Besier, L. Kahn, R. Dobson and D.

Smith,Proceedings of the Australian Veterinary

Association(AVA) Annual Conferences, Pan

Paci f ic (NZVA and AVA) Veter inary

Conference2015, 168–174, 2015.

9.

11. J. Vercruysse, D. P. Knox, T. P.M. Schetters and

P. Willadsen,Trends Parasitol, 20, 10, 488-492,

2004.

B. M.Tebeje, M.Harvie, H. You, A.Loukas and

D. P. McManus,Parasit Vectors, 9, 528-535,

2016.

10. P. Willadsen, Vet Parasitol, 101, 353-368, 2001.


376


n day to day life, we purchase varieties of

delicious foods and beverages packed in

attractive plastic packaging, handy bottles, tetra-

packs, etc. Most often, we buy the food just by

looking at the expiry date printed on the package, and

we have no option than to believe the manufacturer's

statement in this regard. But what we presume to be

safe for consumption may not be safe, as the food on

the retail outlet is not exactly in the same condition as

that when it was manufactured. What we intend to

say is that after the food is prepared in the processing

plant, it is packed and then sent to the market. Once

the food comes out of the food plant, the food

processor/ manufacturer has no control over the

quality of food. Then the food is exposed to different

environmental conditions and many external

influences, which may affect the quality of food.

There may be unusually high temperatures during

transportation, which may lead to growth of

microorganisms and spoil the product. This type of

damage in fact happens for many types of foods, in

particular the high moisture foods like milk, meat,

fruits and vegetables, mushroom, etc. The package

materials may also be damaged during transit or there

may be pilferage and adulteration. Ultimately the

food may not be safe and edible, though it may not

look spoiled.

Hence, can we think of a device such as an

indicator on the package, which can communicate us

about the condition of the food within the package

and can help in taking decisions whether to buy the

food or reject that. For example, if the colour of the

indicator is green, then we will buy the food and if it

is red, then we know that product has to go to the

waste bin. Can we imagine a situation that the

package will indicate whether the product was

affected by adverse conditions during transit and

storage?

Yes, we have such a technology now which can

tell us if the product within the package is safe or not.

It is known as smart packaging.

WHAT IS SMART PACKAGING

Basically smart packaging means the method of

packaging the materials, in such manner that package

responds actively to changes in product and package

environment to extend shelf life, communicates

product information to ultimate user, displays

product history or condition, and also indicate seal

integrity to confirm product authenticity, etc. The

term 'Smart packaging' is also used to describe a wide

range of packaging and in-package sensors that tell

us if there is something wrong with the quality of the

food. In simple words, smart packaging comprises of

some devices/tools to communicate directly to

consumer about the condition of the packed

ingredient through package itself. The materials used

for smart packaging could be responsive to pH,

pressure, temperature, gases, liquids, biological

indicators, contamination, etc. and hence are termed

as smart materials.


SMARTNESS IN FOOD PACKAGING

Sanjaya K Dash* and Sandeep P Dawange

Smart packaging is a technology, which basically intends to state the condition of the packaged product

without opening the package and/or to improve the storability of product by incorporating some

additional substances in the package. Its application for fresh/processed food products can enhance the

shelf life of the commodity and can help us know about the safety of food before opening the package, and

thus can help both the processor and consumer.

INTRODUCTION

*Agril. Processing and Food Engineering, Orissa University of Agriculture and technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 003, E-mail: [email protected]

I

377


Smart packaging is commonly applied for some

drugs and other materials, but its use in food is

relatively new. The application of smart packaging

for foods has been an active area of research and

many research findings and patents have established

that the technology can be conveniently applied for

different food products.

DIFFERENT SMART PACKAGING

TECHNOLGIES

Smartness in food packaging is a broad term that

covers a number of functions.

lRetain integrity and actively prevent food

spoilage (shelf-life)

lEnhance product attributes (e.g. look, taste,

flavour, aroma, etc.)

lRespond actively to changes in product or

package environment

lCommunicate product information, product

history or condition to user

lAssist with opening and indicate seal Integrity

lConfirm product authenticity

Suppose, a food is to be kept at a temperature

lower than a specific temperature during transit and

storage. If the food is by chance exposed to a higher

temperature (due to improper management or

handling), then there is chance of spoilage. Normally

we do not have any option to know whether the food

has been spoiled without opening the package and

testing the food. However, we can think of a device

. . . . . .

(e.g. an adhesive label on the package) made up of

such a material, that will change its colour when the

package is exposed to a higher temperature. Say, it

will maintain a blue colour when the package is kept

under the recommended temperature and will turn

red when the temperature exceeds the recommended

temperature. Thus, we can know about the condition

of the food by just looking at the label from outside

without a need to open the package. This will be a

good example of smart packaging. Such time

temperature indicators (TTI) are commercially

available. TTI plays a critical role in indicating the

freshness and safety of a product. Some TTIs respond

when products are subjected to higher temperature

than critical point, i.e. at extreme temperature

condition. These devices are helpful to indicate

exposure to excessive temperature and time at that

temperature. The temperature dependent reaction

kinetics of the indicator and activation of the

indicator at the moment of packaging is a common

feature for all concepts. The time-temperature

history is visualized as a colour movement or colour

change. Time-temperature indicators along with gas

sensing devices, microbial growth and pathogen

detectors and biosensors come under indictor type of

smart packaging. A microbial growth indicator can

also perform in a similar way. The changed colour of

microbial indicator on pouch of food can warn us

from eating the unsafe food.

It will be very easy for consumers to find out


Fig. 1 Self heating cans/ containers

378


most fresh food product in the market because smart

packaging will act as a helping tool. Freshness

indicators, a type of smart packaging, are the devices

which indicate freshness and microbial status of food

and help to find out quality of food in terms of

freshness. Quality of food inside the package is

directly indicated by freshness indicators by means

of change in colour.

Self heating coffee cans are another important

application of smart packaging, which are already

available in the market of advanced countries. We

have to just press the heating trigger on bottom of can

and place it upright for few minutes and hot coffee is

ready to serve. Technology of self heating containers

for beverages and food is based on exothermic

chemical reaction like reaction of lime with water.

Similarly self cooling beer cans utilize heat of

evaporation of external compound to attain

temperature of 6-9°C within time span of 30 minutes.

In India also self heating and self cooling cans have

been developed for use by the defense personnel in

extreme situations.

Smart packaging is also used to track our

valuables during transportation. Radio Frequency

Identification Device (RFID) is an electronic,

information based form of smart packaging. RFID

technology is been available since last 40 years, it

was earlier used for many applications including

drugs, though its broad application in food packaging

is relatively recent development. Its use is rapidly

increasing in the food chain. The basic advantage

of RFID is that it can record and report quality

inspections and environmental conditions of fresh

fruits and vegetable from harvest to retail. A

conventional package can also be made smart by

using RFID tags.

Biosensors can be attached with food packages

to monitor the biochemical reactions inside the food

and thus the consumer can easily reject a package

which has developed unwanted odour and smell

within the package. These biosensors are target

specific i.e. purely meant to deal with microbes;

changes in hormones, enzymes, antigens, etc. in food

and give output in the form of electromechanical or

optical signal. Food spoilage could also be detected

by in-package gas composition. Gas sensing

devices utilize a pH sensitive dye, bromo-cresol

green that respond to basic volatile spoilage

compounds through visible colour change. Due to

implementation of smart packaging techniques like

microbial growth indicator, biosensors, and

freshness indicator, etc., ultimate users will never be

in state of ignorance about food they are purchasing.

INTELLIGENT PACKAGING AND ACTIVE

PACKAGING

Smart packaging can be further classified as

intelligent packaging and active packaging.

Intelligent packaging is the ability of sensing,

monitoring and indicating, whereas the active

packaging is a device that changes the condition of

the packed food to extend the shelf-life or to improve

safety or sensory properties, while maintaining the

quality. As we discussed earlier, the intelligent

systems include the time-temperature history

indicators, microbial growth indicators, light

protection (photochromic) devices, physical shock

indicators and leakage, microbial spoilage


Fig. 2. Time-temperature indicator on food package

Fig. 3. Freshness indicators.

379


indicators. The active packaging devices include

some active agents within the package for several

functions as oxygen scavenging, anti-microbial

effect, CO scavenging, CO emitting, eethylene 2 2

scavenging, odour and flavour absorbing/ releasing,

moisture absorbing, etc. Some natural antimicrobials

or antioxidants are also used as active agents in food

packages. Many a times the terms intelligent, smart

and active packaging are used interchangeably.

Smart packaging is a newer technology and its

application in food has gradually gained popularity

in western countries and in countries like Japan. It

has potential to emerge as an appreciable and

accepted packaging technology in today's scenario.

It is very promising to protect the consumer from

being supplied with low quality food. The cost of the

material with smart packaging may be little higher

and may not be affordable to all classes of people. It

has to pass the legal standards and food related laws

also. Still the major beneficiaries of smart packaging

are the consumers, as there can not be any

compromise on the quality and safety of food. Smart

packaging is based on consumer needs and therefore

packaging in the future could indeed be 'smart by

name, smart by nature!’

CONCLUSION

Smart packaging is a device that can tell the

consumer about the quality of food without opening

the package. Different smart packaging devices such

as time temperature indicators, microbial indicators,

freshness indicators, etc. are available. The cost

effectiveness is dependent on the perceived benefits

derived from such system. Development of the

system has enhanced the performance of package

systems. Active packaging have proved to improve

the shelf life of perishable commodities by different

modes as scavenging of oxygen, moisture or release

of ethanol, antioxidants, etc. It is already in widely

use in different forms in many countries and a huge

scope exists in India also. However, the specific type

of smart package should pass food safety/legislative

regulations.

REFERENCES

1. A.L. Brody, Commercial uses of active food

packaging and modified atmosphere packaging

systems. In: Innovations in Food Packaging (ed.

Han, J.H.), Elsevier Ltd, London, UK, 457–474,

2005.

2. P. Butler, Smart Packaging, IDTechEx,

Cambridge, UK, 2005.

3. S. Dawange, S. K. Dash, S.B. Patil, Indian Food

Industry, 29, 31-36, 2010.

4. R. Ahvenainen, E. Hurme, Food Additives

Contaminants 14, 753–763, 1997.

5. J. D. Floros, L. L. Dock, J. H. Han, Food,

Cosmetics and Drug Packaging, 20, 10-17,

1997.

6. G.L. Robertson, Active and intelligent

packaging, In Food packaging: Principles and ndPractices, 2 ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton,

Florida, USA, 285-312, 2006.

7. Sandhya, LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 43, 381-392,

2010.


380


bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalks, coconut

shells, oil seed cakes, jute wastes and sawdust are

widely used as fuel for power generation in various

industries. In addition to wood, modified briquettes

and pellets with more energy density are also used

widely as source of energy.

Standard parameters for wood pellets for house hold

use as fuels;

Moisture content : <10%

Ash content : <0.7%

Sulphur content : <0.05%

Net calorific value : 18 MJ/kg

The main disadvantage of using biomass directly

is the generation of pollutants such as particulates

and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

However, considering the life cycle assessment and

level of sequestering carbon dioxide, burning of

biomass is less contributing to the global warming

potential.

Many technologies have been developed for

effective utilization of biomass, of which pyrolysis is

the important. Pyrolysis is a thermal processing of

biomass, in an inert condition, over a wide

temperature range (200-600°C) and depending on

the temperature range the initial biomass is

converted into a liquid (bio-oil), solid (charcoal, bio-

char), or gases (non-condensable gases or waste

gases).

COMPARISON OF BIOMASS AND FOSSIL

FUELS

The oxygen content of biomass materials are in

the range 30-45%, which is much higher than that of

conventional fossil fuels such as coal. In the liquid

fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel, the oxygen

content is practically nil. The high oxygen content of

biomass lowers the calorific value compared to that

of fossil fuels.

The calorific value of biomass materials are

nearly 18 MJ/kg, much less compared to coal (25-35

MJ/kg) or petrol (44.0 MJ/Kg).

GASEOUS BIOFUELS

Biogas: The biogas is produced by the anaerobic

digestion of biomass. Anaerobic digestion is the

process by which naturally occurring bacteria that

thrives without oxygen break down biodegradable

organic material to biogas. Raw biogas produced

from digestion is roughly 60% methane and 29%

CO with trace quantity of H S. The process is 2 2

considered as one among the energy efficient and

environment friendly technology for bio-energy

production. The digested material from anaerobic

digestion that retains most of the nitrogen is

considered as a valuable fertilizer.

LIQUID BIOFUELS

Among biofuels, liquid fuels are of special

interest as substitute for petrol and diesel. The major

types of liquid biofuels are alcohols, plant seed oils

and biocrude. The common liquid biofuels are

bioethanol, biomethanol, biopropanol, biobutanol

and biodiesel.

Biomethanol: Major share of methanol comes from

fossil fuels whereas biomethanol, known as 'wood

alcohol', is produced from biomass by the thermo-

chemical degradation of ligno-cellulosic material.

Glycerin, a by-product from biodiesel production

and black liquor from the paper industry are also

sources of biomethanol. Like ethanol, biomethanol

can also be blended with petrol.

Bioethanol: Bioethanol can be made from sugar

containing biomass such as sugar cane, sugar beet,

sweet sorghum; starch crops such as corn, cassava

and also from cellulosic biomass such as bagasse,

wood waste, agricultural and forestry residues.

Starch, cellulose or hemicelluloses in biomass is

broken down into simple sugars which are

subsequently fermented to form bioethanol. In

addition to fermentation, pyrolysis also gives

bioethanol, while, enzymatic hydrolysis is the

preferred path for obtaining cellulosic ethanol.

Among the different sources of bioethanol, cellulosic

ethanol, made by converting cellulose found in plant

cell walls, has the advantage of being made from

non-edible parts of plants such as corn stalks, citrus

peels, and grasses.

Ethanol has roughly one-third lower energy

content per unit volume (26.9MJ/Kg) compared to

petrol (44.0 MJ/Kg). Though bioethanol can be used


382


as a substitute for petrol, usually it is used as an

additive with petrol and 10% mix with petrol is

recommended in most countries. Through the

'Ethanol Blending Program (EBP)', 5% ethanol

blend in petrol is recommended in India.

Ethanol is produced in India mainly from

sugarcane molasses. In the year 2008, the country

produced nearly 2.15 billion litres of ethanol, of

which an estimated 280 million litres of ethanol were

blended with petrol.In India, biogas produced from

the anaerobic digestion of manure and house hold

waste is called 'gobar gas' since livestock waste is a

major input.

Biobutanol: Compared to ethanol, butanol is less

corrosive and easily blend with gasoline. Biobutanol,

generally produced from ligno-cellulosic biomass,

can be used directly in a petrol engine like the direct

use of biodiesel in a diesel engine.

Biodiesel: Biodiesel is the mono alkyl esters of long

chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or

animal fats. Biodiesel can be used as an additive or

substitute to petroleum diesel and provides power

comparable to petroleum diesel.

The diesel demand for India for the year 2011-

2012 was 66.9 million metric tons and for a 5%

biodiesel mix 3.4 million metric tons biodiesel

required, that demands 2.75 million hectares of

biofuel plant cultivation. Though the demand for

biodiesel is huge, the biodiesel industry in India is

not equipped to meet the demand.

MAJOR SOURCES OF BIODIESEL

Edible oils: In European countries biodiesel is

produced mainly from edible oils such as rape seed

oil, sun flower oil, soybean oil and palm oil.

Rapeseed oil is the most common oil used in

biodiesel production in Europe, where 4.7 million

tonnes (64% of the total rapeseed oil produced) were

used for biodiesel production in the year 2007-2008.

Non edible oils: In developing countries, where the

edible oils cannot be utilized for fuel purposes due to

scarcity of nutritional foods, non-edible oils are

preferred for the production of biofuels. According to

the National Policy on Bio-fuels, in India bio-diesel

production will be taken up from non-edible oil seeds

cultivated in waste lands.

Non-edible seed oil production in India: There are

over 400 species of trees bearing non-edible oil

seeds in the country. The 'National Policy on

Bio-fuels' aims at exploiting the potential of these

species for production of biofuels.

Major non-edible seed oils produced in India

Botanical name Common name Oil content (%)

Jatropha curcas Jatropha 50–60

Ricinus communis Castor 45–50

Madhuca longifolia Mahua 35–40

Shorea robusta Sal 10–12

Linum usitatissimum Linseed 35–45

Azadiracta indica Neem 20–30

Pongamia pinnata Pongamia 30–40

Hevea brasiliensis Rubber seed 40-50

Gossypium hirsutum Cotton seed 10-15

Jatropha curcas: Jatropha curcas L. is a drought

resistant large shrub, which is widely distributed in

the tropics. It is the most viable source of biodiesel in

India. Five year old Jatropha plant can yield seeds at

7.5 to 12 tonnes per hectare per year. According to an

estimate, if crude Jatropha oil is available at Rs.

22/litre, the biodiesel can be sold at Rs. 32/litre. Out

of the 6,00,000 km² of wasteland with adverse agro-

climatic conditions in India, Jatropha can be grown

easily over 3,00,000 km² area.

Ricinus communis: The dried seeds of Ricinus

communis (castor plant), contains 48% oil. The plant

has 1.2 tonnes seed yield per hectare, which can give

550 litre oil per hectare. India is the world's largest

producer and exporter of castor oil.

Hevea brasiliensis: The rubber tree can yield

annually about 150 kg seed per hectare and the seed

kernels contain 40-50% oil. It is estimated that about

5000 tons rubber seed oil can be produced from

nearly 30,000 tons of rubber seeds available annually

in India, which will yield an additional income to the

rubber growers.


383


PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

Biodiesel is produced from plant oil by trans-

esterification process. Raw vegetable oil consists of

triglycerides of long chain fatty acids, which can be

converted to straight chain molecules of methyl

esters of fatty acids through trans-esterification

process.

Vegetable oil and biodiesel:In principle the raw

vegetable oil (pure plant oil) can be used in diesel

engine and is being used in several countries as

transportation fuel. The first diesel engine was built

by Rudolf Diesel in 1885 with the intention of

running it in vegetable oils and he used peanut oil as

the fuel. However, raw vegetable oil consists of

triglycerides of long chain fatty acids and possesses

about ten times higher viscosity compared to diesel

causing problems to the engine. The high viscosity

can be overcome by trans-esterification of the oil to

straight chain molecules of methyl esters of fatty

acids.

Petroleum diesel and biodiesel: Diesel forms

nearly 40% of the energy consumed in the form of

hydrocarbon fossil fuels and biodiesel is the most

common biofuel. Biodiesel is more environment

friendly compared to the petroleum diesel due to the

lower carbon content and higher hydrogen and

oxygen content that gives lesser carbon emission.

Biodiesel is more safe as they possess high flash o opoint (148 C) compared to petroleum diesel (52 C).

BIO-CRUDE

In addition to oils and fats some plants may

contain hydrocarbons such as terpenoids, steroids

and other isoprenoids in plenty that can be extracted

directly from biomass and can be upgraded to

biofuels through pyrolysis or catalytic cracking.

These non polar, low molecular weight

hydrocarbons that can be directly extracted from

biomass is known as bio-crude. Plants rich in such

hydrocarbons are an alternative source for fossil

hydrocarbons. Laticiferous species belonging to the

families Euphorbiaceae, Asclepiadaceae,

Apocynaceae, Moraceae and Convolvulaceae are

important as potential candidates for biocrude

development. The high biomass production of

Euphorbia plants even at adverse climatic conditions

make it ideal candidates as energy crops for the arid

zones of India. The latex of these plants is rich in

hydrocarbons belonging to the C triterpenoids 30

category, which can be converted to petroleum like

hydrocarbons by catalytic cracking. Moreover the

crude biomass of these plants, considering its high

energy content, is a possible substitute for

conventional fuels such as charcoal and other fire

woods.

OTHER SOURCES OF BIOFUELS

Myco diesel: The endophytic filamentous fungus

Gliocladium roseum, widely distributed in soil and

decaying vegetation, converts cellulose into medium

length hydrocarbons typically found in diesel fuel.

The diesel like hydrocarbons produced by such fungi

directly from cellulose is called mycodiesel.

Algae diesel: Algae, being a fast growing

group of plants, have the potential of high

biomass productivity. The marine microalga

Nannochloropsis sp. with high content of lipids

(27% dry weight) is a potential source of biofuel.

Energy Crops: Energy crop is a plant cultivated to

make biofuel. Commercial energy crops are high-

yielding crops that are densely planted and can be

grown at low cost. Energy crops can be used mainly

in electricity generation sectors, considerably

reducing the dependency to fossil fuels. Woody crops

such as willow or poplar as well as temperate grasses

such as Miscanthus spp. and Pennisetum spp. are

widely utilized energy crops. Carbohydrate rich

crops such as maize, Sudan grass, and millet are also

cultivated as energy crops.

Renewable energy crops is a fast growing

biofarming sector and proper research support is

essential to develop crops that suits the biogeography

of each country.


CH OCOR2

CH OH + 3RCOOR’2

CH OH2

CH OH2

CH OCOR + 3R’OH2

CH OCOR2

GlycerinOil/Fat Alcohol Biodiesel

384


CONCLUSION

The depletion of fossil fuels demands an urgent

need for identification and cultivation of promising

plants as source of biofuels. To meet the target of

20% of fuel demand with fuel derived from plants,

the 'National Policy on Biofuels' give thrust to

research, development and demonstration with focus

on energy crop plantations, processing and

production of biofuels. Though India possesses a

rich floristic diversity, the biofuel potential of the

endemic plant wealth has seldom been studied and a

systematic evaluation may lead to the discovery of

potential species as energy crops of future.

REFERENCES

1. National Policy on Biofuels, Ministry of New

and Renewable Energy, Government of India,

New Delhi 2009.

2. Report of the Committee on Development of

Biofuels, Planning Commission, Government of

India, New Delhi, 2003.

3. P. Shinoj, S. S. Raju, R. Chand, P. Kumar and S.

Msangi. Biofuels in India: Future Challenges.

Policy Brief 36, ICAR, National Centre for

Agricultural Economics and Policy Research,

New Delhi, 2011.

4. P. Vasudevan, S. Sharma and A. Kumar, J. Sc.

Ind. Res., 64, 822-831, 2005.

5. V K. Bhattia, Res. Ind. 33, 154-161, 1988.

6. H C. Joshi, Bioenergy News, 6, 4, 4-5, 2002.

7. S P. Singh and D. Singh, Renew. Sust. Energy

Reviews 14, 200-216, 2010.


385


he modern civilisation is dependent upon

the use of various gadgets, the mobile

phone being one of them. We cannot spend even a

single day without using a mobile phone. Among

these, many of them emit harmful radiations: either,

ionising or non-ionising. Non-ionising radiation

is also called Electromagnetic radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation refers to any type of

radiation that does not carry enough energy per

quantum to ionise atoms or molecules.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from artificial

sources like power distribution networks, cell phones

and their base stations, radars, microwave ovens and

other sources in our daily life exceeds that produced

in natural electromagnetic fields by thousand folds.

Use of cell phones by members of the general public

is responsible for 'Electropollution'.

Cell phone is a very useful gadget and is also an

absolute necessity in modern times in our society.

Nowadays, mobile phones are not only used for

making and receiving calls, but it has also many other

applications, such as banking transactions, social

networking and web browsing.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer

(IARC) of the World Health Organisation (WHO)

issued a press release on May 31, 2011 labelling cell

phone radiation as “possibly carcinogenic to

humans” and added it to the list of other group 2B 1agents .

NON IONIZING RADIATION

Non ionizing radiation refers to any type of

electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough

energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules –

that is, to completely remove an electron from an

atom or molecule. Instead of producing charged ions

when passing through matter, the electromagnetic

radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation of

electrons, the movement of an electron to a higher

energy state. Similar to electromagnetic radiation,

photons of low energy ultraviolet, visible light,

infrared, microwaves and radio waves do not have

enough energy to cause ionizations. Heat flow by

thermal radiation typically involves an infrared 2electromagnetic wave, so it is so called non ionizing .

IONIZING RADIATION

Ionization is the process by which electrons are

removed from their orbit around a particular atom,

causing that atom to become charged or ionized. This

process can occur when radiation of sufficient

strength interacts with normal atoms.

Ionizing radiation refers to those types of

radiation that carry enough energy to cause

ionizations in atoms. There is no strict agreed upon

cut off value for energy that we can use to

discriminate between ionizing and non ionizing 2radiation type .


MOBILE PHONE RADIATION EXPOSURE INDUCED DAMAGES-

TECHNOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

IN SEARCHING REMEDIES

1 2 Debajyoti Bhattacharya , Somnath Gangopadhyay and 1*Mausumi Sikdar (nee) Bhakta

Mobile phones have now become an essential gadget for all the citizens of this world. These phones emit

non- ionizing or electromagnetic radiation, causing various physiological hazards. These adverse effects

may be minimised by the use of various nutritional supplements.

INTRODUCTION

T

1Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency 2

University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta; 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, Email: [email protected]

386


DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IONIZING AND

NON IONIZING RADIATION

l

ionizing radiation.

lTherefore, ionizing radiations can emit electrons

or other particles from atoms when they collide.

However, non ionizing radiation can only excite

electrons from a lower energy level to a higher

energy level upon encountering.

lUV (Ultraviolet radiation), Visible rays, IR

(Infrared radiation), microwave and radio waves

are categorized as non ionizing radiation,

whereas, alpha, gamma, and X rays can be 3categorized as ionizing radiation .

NON IONIZING RADIATIONS EMITTED

FROM MOBILE PHONES

Mobile phones first became widely available in

the United States in the 1990s. Since then, their use

has increased dramatically. The wide spread use of

cell phones has led to the erection of cell phone

towers in residential areas. These towers called base

stations have electronic equipment and antennas that

receive and transmit radiofrequency (RF) signals.

Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the

microwave range (450 – 2100 MHZ).

Cell phones communicate with nearby cell

towers mainly through RF waves, a form of energy in

the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio

waves and microwaves. When a person makes a call

through cell phone, a signal is sent from the phone's

antenna to the nearest base station antenna. The base

station responds to this signal by assigning it an

available radiofrequency channel. RF waves transfer

the voice information to the base station. The voice

signals are then sent to a switching centre, which

transfers the call to its destination. Voice signals are 4

then relayed back and forth during a call .

THE DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES USED

IN MOBILE PHONES

There are mainly two basic technologies used in

the mobile phones:

1. GSM technology

2. CDMA technology

Ionising radiation has higher energy than non

1. GSM technology

GSM (Global system for mobile) is a “time

division” system. The voice is transformed into

digital data, which is given channel and a time slot.

2. CDMA technology

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

requires a bit more processing power. It's a “code

division” system. Every call's data is encoded with a

unique key, and then the calls are all transmitted at

once.

The GSM technology is much faster than the

CDMA.

3. Some new advanced technology in mobile

phones

CDMA technology was modified into a more

powerful and flexible technology '3G GSM' which is

called WCDMA (Wide band CDMA). WCDMA

requires wider channel than the older CDMA

technology.

The CDMA versus GSM gap will close

eventually as everyone moves to 4GLTE. LTE or

'Long Term Evolution', is the new globally accepted 54G wireless technology .

MOBILE PHONE RADIATION EXPOSURE IN

HUMANS – A FEW CONSIDERATIONS

When cell phones are used for various purposes,

such as to make and receive calls, net surfing, and

banking transactions, the RF waves produced at the

base station are given off into the environment,

where people may be exposed to them.

The energy from a cellular phone tower antenna,

like that of other telecommunication antennas, is

directed towards the horizon (parallel to the ground),

with some downward scatter. Base station antennas

use higher power levels than other types of antennas.

When a cellular antenna is mounted on a roof of a

building, it is possible that a person on the roof could

be exposed to RF levels greater than those typically

encountered at the ground. But even then, exposure

levels approaching or exceeding the US Federal

Communication Commission (FCC) safety

guidelines are only likely to be found very close to

and directly in front of the antennas. If this is the case,


387

SAR= 1-V

Sample-( r ) E (r)2

( r)


access to these areas should be limited.

The electromagnetic radiation is being absorbed

by the biological systems and causes various

hazardous symptoms in the different systems. The

amount of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by

human body is measured by Specific Absorption

Rate (SAR).

SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR)

Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure of

the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human

body when exposed to a Radio Frequency (RF)

electromagnetic field. Although it can also be

referred to as the absorption of other forms of energy

by tissue. It is defined as the power absorbed per

mass of tissue and expressed in units of Watts per

Kilogram (W/Kg).

CALCULATION

SAR for electromagnetic energy can be

calculated from the electric field within the tissue as:

SAR measures exposure to fields between 100

KHz and 10 GHz. It is commonly used to measure 5,6power absorbed from mobile phone .

D I F F E R E N T G O V E R N M E N T

LEGISLATIONS REGARDING SAR

Different Governments have defined maximum

SAR levels for RF energy emitted by mobile phones:

lUnited States (US): The FCC (Federal

Communications Commission) requires that

phones sold have a SAR levels at or below 1.6

(W/Kg) taken over the volume containing a mass

of 1 g of tissue that is absorbing the most signal.

lEuropean Union (UN): CENELEC (The

European Committee for Electrochemical

Standardisation) specify SAR limits within

. . . . .

the EU, following IEC (International

Electrotechnical Commission). For mobile

phones, the SAR limits is 2W/Kg averaged over

the 10 g of tissue absorbing the most signal (IEC

62290 - 1)

lIndia: India switched from the EU limits to the

US limits for mobile phones in 2012. Unlike the

US, India does not rely solely on SAR

measurements provided by manufacturers,

random compliance tests are done by a

government – run Telecommunication

Engineering Centre (TEC) SAR Laboratory on 7handsets and 10% of mobile base stations .

EFFECT OF MOBILE PHONE RADIATION

ON HUMAN HEALTH:

Inspite of the existence of various Government

legislations regarding permissible SAR of

electromagnetic radiation, such electromagnetic

radiation exposure from mobile phones can cause

various health hazards on different biological

systems.

lElectromagnetic radiation as carcinogens:

The National Institute of Environmental Health

Sciences (NIEHS) has carried out a large scale

study in rodents exposed to radio frequency

energy. The preliminary results from the study

were released in May 2016. Researchers

suggested that there was a possibility of a

relationship between cell phone use and the risk

of malignant (cancerous) brain tumours, such as

gliomas, as well as benign tumours. In 2011, the

International Agency for Research on Cancer

Society (IARC) appointed an expert group. They

classified cell phones as “Possibly Carcinogenic

to humans”. The American Cancer Society

(ACS) states that IARC classification means that

there could be some cancer risk associated with 1,8RF but the study needs further investigation .

lEffects on haematological parameters:

Researches proved that various studies had been

done on rodents and it indicated that RF affected

the haemoglobin level, total R.B.C. and W.B.C.

count. Studies also showed that electromagnetic

radiation causes the changes in the R.B.C. 9surface structure .


=Tissue electrical conductivity=RMS ( Root means square) of electric field= Sample Density=Volume of the sample= Radius of the circular current path

V

E

r

388


l

electromagnetic radiation exposure:

It was observed that the generation of ROS in the

blood platelets exposed to electromagnetic

radiation was substantially and proportionally

dependent on the exposure time and the field

intensity10.

The levels of various antioxidant enzymes like

Malon-di-aldehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase

(SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxide (GSH

- Px), Xanthine oxidase (XO) in erythrocytes, heart,

liver and kidney were significantly increased due to 11electromagnetic radiation exposure .

lEffects on male reproductive systems:

As most of the males keep their mobile phones in

their trouser pockets which is at the vicinity of

their scrotum, so, the male reproductive system

is especially affected by electromagnetic

radiation. The male reproductive system shows

following changes due to mobile phone

radiation:

lThe total sperm count is significantly

decreased.

lThe rate of sperm motility and sperm

viability is decreased.

lIn the histological study, the testis show

atrophied structure in seminiferous tubules 12,13and Leydig cells .

lThe DNA damage is observed in the sperm 14cells .

lSignificant number of apoptotic sperm cells

is observed, as the Protein Kinase C activity 12increased significantly .

PROTECTION OF THE RADIATION

HAZARDS BY VARIOUS NUTRITIONAL

SUPPLEMENTS

Herbal and natural supplements are generally

helpful for protection against various hazards caused

by different chemicals and technological agents.

Casein is a major component of milk and high

casein diet may enhance cell growth. As a result, the

decreased R.B.C. count and altered differential

W.B.C. count due to mobile phone radiation

Antioxidant stress markers during exposure can be restored by high casein diet. Even

the R.B.C. surface structure damaged by radiation 9exposure can be restored by high casein diet .

Alcoholic extract of Prunus domestica, a large

shrub or a small tree (English name Plum) is useful

for the correction of haematological changes caused 15by electromagnetic radiation .

The liver is the major organ attacked by ROS

(Reactive Oxygen Species). Silymarin and Vitamin

E have both antioxidant properties used for the

treatment of liver cirrhosis and non - alcoholic fatty

liver disease. Animals exposed to mobile phone

radiation are prone to liver damage, which is a

reflection of the increased activity of various ROS

activated enzymes. Ameliorative actions are

observed after supplementation with Silymarin and 16

vitamin E .

Mobile phone radiation also induces oxidative

stress in corneal and lens tissues. This is reflected by

increased MDA (Malon-di-aldehyde) concentration,

increased serum SOD (Superoxide Dismutase), CAT

(Catalase) activity. Due to the oral administration of

Ascorbic acids (Vitamin C) significant corrections of 17

the oxidative stress are obtained .

The biological effects of electromagnetic

radiation including that emitted from mobile phone

has been linked to reactive oxygen species lead to

increased free radical productions and lipid

peroxidations in tissues. Due to electromagnetic

radiation exposure iron and copper show significant

increase in their concentration. This may be due to

oxidative stress results from electromagnetic

exposure. As a result various malignancies are seen

in various mammalian tissues like brain, spleen,

kidney and intestine. Kombucha, a fermented tea

product contains mainly amino acids that produces

antioxidant enzymes and glutathione which provides

protections due to electromagnetic exposure and the 18

trace elements homeostasis becomes restored .

CONCLUSION

From this study, it may be concluded that,

nowadays people can't refrain themselves from the

various uses of mobile phones. These mobile phones

and their base stations are continuously emitting


389


electromagnetic radiation which causes various

hazardous effects on different biological systems.

The Governments are aware of the situation and they

have implemented various laws to check the doses of

radiation in the environment. But for providing better

quality of service and to cater to the various needs of

customers, the mobile phone service provider

companies cannot always follow the law and order

meticulously. As a result, humans are exposed to

various biological hazards caused by radiations,

which are often life threatening. Good nutritional

supplements can ameliorate these harmful effects to

some extent, but further research needs to be carried

out in this field.

REFERENCES

Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

7. F. Hoque, S. Hossain, A. Mollah, American

Journal of Physics and Applications, 3, 104 –

110, 2013.

1. K. Nageswari, , 59,

125 – 135, 2015.

2. E. Schmid, and T. Schrader, Advances in Radio

Science,5, 1-4, 2007.

3. A. Zamanian, C. Hardiman, High Frequency

Electronics, 3, 16-26, 2005.

4. S. F. Syed, A. S. Nurullah, Trends in

Information Management, 7, 1 – 18, 2012.

5. A. Nath, and S. Mukherjee, International

Journal of Advance research in Computer

Science and Management Studies, 3, 294 – 302,

2015.

6. M. Dubey, Advance in Electronic and Electric

Engineering, 3, 355 – 364, 2013.

8. A. Abdolmaleki, F. Sanginabadi, A. Rajabi,

R. Saberi, International Journal of Hematology-

Oncology and Stem Cell Research, 6, 13-6, 2012.

9. D. Bhattacharya, N. Ghosh, M. Sikdar,

Biomedicine, 36, 121 – 127, 2016.

10. M. Lewicka, G. A. Henrykowska, K. Pacholski,

J. Śmigielski, M. Rutkowski. M. Dziedziczak-

Buczyńska, A. Buczyński, Archives of medical

science: AMS, 6, 1330 – 1339, 2015.

11. E. Devrim, İ. B. Ergüder, B. Kılıçoğlu, E.

Yaykaşlı, R. Çetin, İ. Durak, Toxicology

mechanisms and methods, 18, 679-683, 2008.

12. J. Behari, K. K. Kesari, Embryo Talk, 1, 81 – 85,

2006.

14. S. Sarkar, S. Ali, J. Behari, Mutation

Research/Genetic Toxicology, 31, 141 – 147,

1994.

13. M. Sallmen, C. R. Weinberg, D. D. Baird,

M.L.Lindbohm. & A. J.Wilcox, Epidemiology,

16, 494-494, 2005.

15. F. Rifal, V. K. Saxena, P. Srivastava, A.

Sharma, R. Sisodia, International Journal of

Advanced Research,2, 386 – 397, 2014.

16. S. Li, H. W. Tan, W. Ning, J. Zhang, L. Lo, C.

Wong, Y. Feng, International Journal of

Molecular Sciences, 16, 26087-26124, 2015.

17. M. Balci, E. Devrim, I. Durak, Current Eye

Research, 32, 21-25,2007.

18. A. Ola, Gharib, Journal of Radiation Research

and Applied Sciences, 7, 18-22, 2014.


390


acrotyloma uniflorum previously known as

Dolichos biflorus is one such legume

variously known as horsegram (English), Kulattha

(Sanskrit), Kurti-kalai (Bengali), Kollu (Tamil),

Ullavallu (Telgu), Muthira (Malyalam), Kolatha

(Oriya), Gahot (Kumaon and Garhwal).

Etymologically Gahot means “which destroys stone 1in initial stage” .

Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) is an

underutilized warm season food legume, mainly

grown as pulse crop in India, while as a forage crop in

semi-arid regions of the world (Figure 1). In

Uttarakhand it is grown in large extent in both the

region Kumaun and Garhwal. It is cultivated as

major pulse crop in villages of Almora, Bageshwar,

Nainital, Pithoragarh and Chamoli. Macrotyloma is a

nutritious food legume cultivated for its seed and 2mostly eaten as a dal . Different varieties of

Horsegram released in Uttarakhand are VL- Gahat-1,

VL Gahat-8, and VL Gahat-10 (Seednet GOI, Min. of

Agri. & FW, & ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur).

Horsegram (Fabaceae) is a slender herb grown

in drought prone areas and is considered as a poor

man's pulse as it offers a relatively cheap source of

protein, carbohydrates, iron, calcium and

antioxidants for human consumption and livestock

production. Horsegram is adapted to a wide range of

soils from sand, gravels to clay loams and heavy

clays. It is relatively tolerant too low to moderate 2salinity levels with pH up to 8 . Being a drought

resistant crop, moderately warm, dry climatic

conditions are suitable for its optimum growth.

Tropical and subtropical climate with the

temperature range of 25-30°C and relative humidity

between 50 and 80% is considered optimum for its

growth. In Uttarakhand it is widely distributed up to

500-2000 m above sea level. It withstands annual

rainfall of 200-1000mm. It is very drought tolerant,

but does not tolerate flooding or waterlogging. It is

propagated by seed. The sowing time of the seed is

last week of June to first week of July. The plant

attains flowers and fruits between August to October

and harvested during November. In Kumaun it is

grown as a kharif crop mixed with maize or finger

millet. It is a component crop in traditional mixed

cropping “Barah Anaaja” practised from centuries in

Uttarakhand hills of India in which seeds of twelve 3food grains are mixed and grown . Horsegram is a

potential grain legume having excellent nutritional

and remedial properties with better climate resilience

to adapt harsh environmental conditions.

N U T R I T I O N A L C O M P O S I T I O N O F

HORSEGRAM

Horsegram is utilized for making many


HORSEGRAM: NUTRITIONAL AND REMEDIAL PROPERTIES

Smita Rana and Vasudha Agnihotri*

stIn the 21 century water scarcity and continuous increase of world population are creating threat to food

security worldwide, especially for the poorest section of the society. Cereal grains are the important source

of the world's food and have significant role in human diet. Among the drought resistant crops,

Horsegram have highly nutritive and medicinal properties.

INTRODUCTION

*G.B.Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, E-mail: [email protected]

M

Fig.1. a. Field view of Horsegram crop.

1.b. seeds of Horsegram.

1a 1b

391


mouthwatering recipes in Uttarakhand, which are

having very high nutrient values due to its raw

ingredient. utritionally, it is very rich and

equivalent to other commonly grown pulse crops in

all aspects. Horsegram seeds are consumed as whole

seed as well as in dehulled form. Carbohydrate

content varied in both the form, whole seed contains

51.9-60.9% while dehulled seed contain 56.8-

66.4%. Carbohydrate of raw horsegram seeds

comprises 36±1. 17g starch per 100g dry matter in

which approximately 85% digestible, 14.47%

resistant and 3.38% resistant starch associated to

insoluble dietary fibres. Horsegram seed contains

28.8% total dietary fibres, mainly insoluble dietary

fibre (IDF) 27.82% and soluble dietary fibre (SDF)

1.13% with IDF: SDF 24.6 whereas horsegram flour

contains 16.3% total dietary fibre (14.9% insoluble

and 1.4% soluble and 2.2% resistant starch).

Horsegram seeds contain more insoluble dietary

fibre required for normal lower intestinal function in

humans. The dehulled seeds exhibit higher

protein content (18.4–25.5%) than the whole 4,5(17.9–25.3%) .

The fat content of horsegram ranges from

0.6–2.6%. Dehulled horsegram seeds exhibit higher

crude fat content (0.81–2.11%) than the whole

(0.70–2.06%) seeds. Horsegram seeds are a good

source of essential fatty acids and contains 27.5%

saturated fatty acids (21.97% palmitic, 2.85%

arachidic, 2.32% stearic acid and 0.36% myristic),

72.49% unsaturated fatty acids (42.78% linoleic,

16.15% oleic and 13.56% linolenic acid). Among

unsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid is useful for the

treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Horsegram lipids have anti-ulcer activity due to

presence of phytosterol ester which imparts

protective and healing effect on acute gastric 4,5

ulceration produced by alcohol .

Taking into account the mineral content in

horsegram, the mean concentrations of macro

minerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, and S) ranges from 1.3–14

mg and micro minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn)

ranges from 1.0–95.0 µg per gram dry weight. It is a

fairly rich source of calcium which is 238mg inwhole

seed and 223 mg in dehulled seed per 100g

N

seed. In raw horsegram, the calcium and iron content

ranges from 244–312 mg. Horsegram contain several

antinutritional factors that reduce the bioavail-

ability of nutrients. Its flour contains trypsin

inhibitor activity (9246±18 TIU/g), phytic acid

(10.2±0.4mg/g), polyphenols (14.3±0.4mgGA/g) 10,11and oligosaccharides (26.8mg/g) .

Remedial properties: Plant species of the Himalaya

as medicine has been known for a long time due to

their inherent capacity to produce several secondary

metabolites which serve to cure several diseases. As

per Charak Samhita, the seed of horsegram are

useful for the cure of piles, hiccup, abdominal lump,

bronchial asthma, in causing and regulating

perspiration. In the Sushruta Samhita, it is mentioned

that the seed powder is useful in stopping excessive

perspiration. Horsegram seeds as well as extracts 7has excellent hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic ,

therapeutic properties and traditionally used to cure

kidney stones, piles, urinary troubles, acid peptic

disorder (gastritis), constipation, sun-burn, female

diseases (leucorrhoea, menstrual troubles, bleeding

during pregnancy, post-partum excessive

discharges), colic caused by wind, rheumatism,

hemorrhagic disease, intestinal worms, bronchitis,

leucoderma, asthma, inflamed joints, sudation

therapy, fever, musculoskeletal disorder, breast milk

purifier, sinus wounds, tumours, ascites and 8localized abdominal tumor . Besides, it also

possesses high tolerance against salinity, drought,

and heavy metals, horsegram species possess

different medicinal properties such as anti-diabetic,

anti-ulcer activity antimicrobial, antioxidant activity,

and also helps in dietary management of obesity due

to the presence of beneficial bioactive compounds. It

is prescribed for persons suffering from jaundice,

water retention, as part of a weight loss diet, iron

deficiencies and also helpful for maintaining body 9temperature in the winter season . Linoleic acid,

present in the plant, is useful for the treatment of

diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Horsegram

lipids have anti-ulcer activity due to presence of

phytosterol ester which imparts protective and

healing effect on acute gastric ulceration produced

by alcohol.


392


CONCLUSION

The present review describes the comprehensive,

nutritional value and medicinal properties of

Macrotyloma uniflorum. Based on the results of

studies carried out, we have observed that

Horsegram contain many health-promoting

components such as dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins,

and they also have various potential health benefits

such as anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, kidney stones etc.

REFERENCES

1. A. Bhartiya, J.P. Aditya, L. Kant, J. Ani. Plant

Sci, 25, 4, 908-920, 2015.

2. A. Mehra, M. Upadhyaya, Int. J. Agric. and Food

Sci., 3, 4, 148-150, 2013.

3. V. Zhardhari, Leisa Magazine, 19, 2001.

4. L. Bravo, P. Siddhuraju, F.C. Calixto, Food

Chem., 64, 185-192, 1991.

5. N. Sudha, J.M. Begum, K.G. Shambulingappa,

C.K. Babu, Food Nutr. Bull., 16, 1, 100, 1995.

6. H. Mishra, S. Pathan, Adv. J. of Food Sci. and

Tech., 3, 6, 410-412, 2011.

7. E. Senthil, J. Cell Tissue Res., 9, 1, 727-1730,

2009.

8. C.K. Pati, A. Bhattacharjee, Int. J. Med. Plants

Res., 2, 1, 152-155, 2013.

9. C.K. Ramesh, A. Rehman, B.T. Prabhakar,

B.R.V. Avin, S.J.A. Rao, J. App. Pharm. Sci., 1, 7,

99-103, 2011.

10. Y.N. Sreerama, V.B. Sashikala, V.M. Pratape, V.

Singh, Food Chem. 131, 462–468, 2012.

11. J.B. Morris, M.L. Wang, M.A. Grusak, B. Tonnis

(2013). Agriculture 3, 157-169, 2013.


393


logarithms, both of which are hard problems for

digital computers to solve. This algorithm reduces

the factoring problem to the classical problem of

finding the group order and subsequently finding the

period using quantum Fourier transform. Another

algorithm for searching a value for a specified key in

an unsorted database, a fundamental problem of 6computer science, was proposed by Grover in 1996,

which provided a quadratic speedup over the best

possible conventional solution.

The development of quantum algorithms has

given rise to another class of decision problems

solvable by quantum computers in polynomial time,

with a maximum error probability of 33%, known as

bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP)

problems. This class is the quantum analogue of the

classical bounded-error probabilistic polynomial

time (BPP) problems.

PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM COMPUTERS

The fundamental unit of computing in digital

computers is a bit, an abbreviation for binary digit,

which can exist in only two states, 0 and 1. Quantum

computers have quantum bits or qubits, which can

exist in 0, 1 and also as a superposition of 0 and 1

states. When existing in superposition, the qubit can

be thought to be valued at 0 in one universe and 1 in

another. Any operations on qubits operate on these

two values at the same time. Fig.1 illustrates this

comparison.

Fig.1. Comparison of states of classical and

quantum computers.

QUANTUM PARALLELISM

Four values can be simultaneously manipulated

by operating on two qubits, eight values while

operating on three qubits and so on. This property of

parallel manipulation of multiple qubit values at the

same time is known as quantum parallelism.

Parallelism is the so-called magical element of

quantum computers, the reason behind an

exponential growth in the number of computations

performed per unit time over that of a conventional

computer.

QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION

The commonly used notation to denote qubits

and their operations is the Dirac notation, or the bra-

ket notation. Anything specified inside | > denotes a

column vector. A single state of a qubit is represented

as

α|1> + β|0>

This is written as a linear combination of the states

|1> and |0>, known as the basis states of the qubit. α

and β are said to be the probabilistic amplitudes of the

respective basis states. If a qubit is measured, then 2the answer will be 1 or 0 with probabilities | α | and

2| β | respectively. These probabilistic amplitudes sum

to 1, implying that these are the orthonormal basis

states for the given qubit. This property of qubits by

which they exist as a linear combination of two basis

states is known as quantum superposition. This

coherent superposition continues to exist until there

is no external interference in the system.

ENTANGLEMENT

The entanglement property of qubits is the basis

of all quantum calculations. An entangled system is

one in which the state of a single particle depends on

those of all other particles. The state of the system is

always expressed as a function of all the constituent

states.

QUANTUM GATES

Any operation, called a quantum gate, performed

on an entangled quantum system is reversible.

Operand qubits are represented as column vectors

and quantum gates as unitary matrices. Thus, the

states of resultant qubits can be calculated

through simple matrix multiplication. However,

measurement of qubits is an irreversible operation

and causes the entanglement of quantum states to


Classical Bit

1Quantum Bit

395


break. Thus, no intermediate measurement of quantum states is possible.

DECOHERENCE

The phenomenon where the entanglement of the system and all the computational data is destroyed is called decoherence, which prevents the physical realization of large scale quantum computers. The qubits must not have any physical interaction with the outside environment, as the superposition of states and quantum parallelism, exists only when the system is left isolated. Any interaction with the external surroundings, even with air molecules, can cause the entanglement of quantum states to collapse and leading to the loss of all useful data. The fragility of the system increases with the increase in the number of qubits.

QUANTUM COMPUTERS

Physical Realization: All simulations of quantum computers have only been performed on a small number of qubits so far. Presently, there exists no method of developing a quantum computer, suitable for commercial use, without the internal states becoming very fragile and collapsing. However, several technologies are being explored for physical realization of quantum computers.

Superconducting qubits are small electrical circuits which behave like artificial atoms. The discrete energy states of these atoms can be controlled by electrical excitations. So far, nine fully controllable qubits have been demonstrated through superconductivity. Quantum computers can also be realized through the trapped ion technology, where ions are suspended in free state using electromagnetic fields and qubits are stored in their stable electronic states. The fundamental quantum operations have been demonstrated with greatest accuracy in trapped ion systems.

APPLICATIONS

All possible applications of quantum computers are yet to be discovered. Currently it has been established that quantum computers provide many advantages over conventional computers and can potentially transform many domains of present-day technology. Some possible applications are

discussed below.

1) Modern-day cryptosystems, which form the

fundamentals of computer security, are based

on the mathematical problems of integer

factorization and discrete logarithms, and the

inability of digital computers to solve them in a

reasonable amount of time. Shor's algorithm

showed that quantum computers will be able to

decrypt many of these rapidly. Schemes like the

public key based RSA scheme, used to secure

WiFi, bank and email accounts, can easily be

decoded by quantum computers. These

computers will also be able to provide

unbreakable security schemes, since any

interception of intermediate quantum data

destroys it completely and the source knows

about the data breach.

2) Quantum computers provide a considerable

advantage in problems of searching through huge

amounts of data, which is crucial in the age of Big

Data. Air travel could be further secured, by

testing jet software which was too complex for

digital computers. Distant planets could be

discovered by processing large amounts of

astronomical data and possibly, medicine could

also be revolutionized by mapping entire

genomes to create more effective therapies.

Scientists could easily simulate quantum

processes and chemical reactions to study

behavior of particles and atoms under special and

unusual conditions which are difficult to

replicate physically.

3) Artificial intelligence is currently in its nascent

stages and quantum computing might enable machines to become truly intelligent. Training artificial intelligence systems with the help of quantum computers will enable more accurate reflection of human thought processes and may even help develop something similar to intuition in machines. Such a training will be far more accurate than that carried out by conventional computers, due to minimum data losses and high data processing capabilities of quantum computers.


396


4) Quantum computing has a special significance in

speeding up several key problems in machine

learning and has led to the emergence of

Quantum Machine Learning, for solving

quantum information problems like linear

systems of equations in polynomial time,

clustering, pattern-matching and principal

component analysis.

5) Quantum computation is fundamentally based

on the computing paradigm of reversible logic,

which is essential in designing low power VLSI

circuits beyond the thermodynamic limits of

computation.

6) The major disadvantage of classical super-

computers is their huge power consumption.

Tianhe 2, the world's fastest supercomputer

consumes almost 17.6 MW. However, quantum

computers with their quantum tunneling effect

will reduce this by 100 times. Thus, quantum

computers will outperform the fastest

supercomputer in terms of speed, while actually

reducing the power consumption.

Quantum Neural Networks – A Case Study

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computational

models which simulate the working of the human

brain, for solving complex problems. Just like the

brain, they consist of several layers of artificial

neurons, each of which is connected to several others

and can either enforce or inhibit the final output,

depending upon predefined mathematical functions.

Quantum neural networks (QNN) are the next

natural step in the evolution of neurocomputing

systems, with some scientists believing that such

networks will enable the modeling of brain functions

like understanding, awareness and consciousness,

along with providing massive information

processing capabilities. 8Ricks and Ventura proposed a QNN model and

its corresponding training method. The following

QNN can be used to compute AND operation of two

input registers.

Similar to ANN, there is an input layer, one or

more hidden layers and an output layer, each of

which is fully connected to the previous layer. Every

node of the input layer is qubit register |α>. Each

hidden layer, used for intermediate calculations

denoted by |β>, computes a weighted sum of the

outputs of the previous layer. If this sum is above a

certain threshold weight, which is input separately,

then the node goes high, otherwise it remains low.

The output layer checks accuracy of the computed

value against the target value |Ω>. The QNN is

trained with a set of input registers and a performance

register maintained.

This is a small example of the power of quantum

computing and its role in transforming artificial

intelligence.

CONCLUSION

The possibilities of building and harnessing the

power of quantum computers has gathered the

interest of the entire technological community.

Quantum computers could be the answers to many

difficult problems, which otherwise could not be

addressed by conventional computers at all, or could

only be solved in very unrealistic amounts of time. It

is expected that in the near future, R&D in algorithm

design, artificial intelligence and quantum

computing will make it possible to realize

commercial scale quantum computers, which could

solve several industrial and research problems,

which remain unresolved due to the computational

limitations of conventional computers.

Fig.2. Simple QNN to perform AND opertation on

two input qubit registers.


397


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author thanks Dr. Pinaki Chakraborty for

reading a draft of this article and his constructive

criticism.

REFERENCES

1) R. P. Feynman, Int. J. Theor. Phys., 21, 6, 467-

488, 1982.

2) E. Fredkin and T. Toffoli, Int. J. Theor. Phys., 21 ,

219-253, 1982.

3) D. Deutsch, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 400, 97-

117, 1985.

4) D. Deutsch and R. Josza, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A

Mat., 1907, 439-553, 1992.

5) P.W. Shor, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 26, 1484-1506,

1997.

6) L. K. Grover, Proceedings STOC, 212-219,

1996.

7) K. Bimpikis and R. Jaiswal, Univ. of California,

San Diego, pp. 1-15, 2005.

8) B. Ricks and D. Ventura, NIPS, 16, 1019-1026,

2003.


398


ree Bean, Parkia roxburghii G. Don

belonging to family Leguminoseae is one of

the most popular multipurpose tree species in the hill

states of North-East of India. It is popularly known as

Yongchak in Manipur and Zawngtah in Mizoram. It

is a large tree (up to 25 m height) with spreading

branches, generally found in lowland rainforests and

often along streams. The inflorescence head or

capitulum arises terminally with clusters of

yellowish-white tiny flowers, hanging at the top of

long stalks from the branches. The fruits in early

stages are soft, tender and bright green in colour.

They turn blackish when fully mature in

March–April. Pods are formed in clusters of 10–15,

each measuring 25–40 cm in length and 2–4 cm in

breadth. At the age of 6 years, the plant starts its

production; however, full bearing stage is only after

10 years. During favourable season, a full-grown

plant bears 10,000– 15,000 pods. A single pod

fetches up to Rs.50/- in local market (Figure 1 and

figure 2). Thus, on an average, one can earn Rs

30,000 to Rs.40,000 per annum from a single plant. It

is mostly grown in the home garden, Jhum lands and

also found in the forests throughout the North

Eastern states of India.

The immature tender pods are consumed during

its developmental stages and are one of the favourite

foods among the people of Manipur as well as the

USESneighbouring North Eastern states for its unique taste

and flavour. Tree bean is having a variety of uses, viz.

human food, medicine, insecticide, pesticide,

antibacterial, alleopathy, tanning, face wash,

shampoo, .1firewood and paper pulp


CULTIVATION OF TREE BEAN (PARKIA ROXBURGHII G. DON), A MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES OF NORTH EAST INDIA

Parkia roxburghii G. Don, the tree bean, popularly known as Yongchak in Manipur is one of the culinary

delights of the hill tribes of North East India. Flowers, tender pods and seeds of this plant are edible and are

a good source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Of late, mortality of tree bean is a

major concern for the farmers of North East. Scientific cultivation practices and plant protection

measures against this malady are described in this article.

Rajib Kumar Borah*, Jimi Borah and Mazda Sultana

INTRODUCTION

Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, P.B. No. 136, Pin- 785001 Email : [email protected]; [email protected],

T

Fig.1. Healthy Parkia Tree with bunch of pod.

Fig 2: Woman Selling of Parkia pod in the

local market.

399


As human food: Flowers, tender pods and seeds of

this plant are edible and are a good source of proteins,

fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals compared

to other legume. From flowers and tender pods to the

mature seeds of this plant are edible and it is a good

source of ascorbic acid (26.0 mg/100 g), fat

(20.28%), proteins (32.82%), minerals (4.45%), Na

(51.0), Mg (34.7) and P (160 mg/100 g), Ca (97.47),

K (2400), Cu (2.3) and Zn (2.77 mg/100 g), Fe (57.1

mg/100 g) and Mn (35.0 mg/100 g)².

(Singju

ometimes they may be mixed with fish and in

preparation of local delicacy Iromba.

Tree bean is commonly propagated by

seed. Mature pods should be collected from healthy,

productive and disease free mother plants during

March-April. Mature seeds are extracted from the

pods, dried for 10 days and soaked in water for 48

hours and treated with fungicide (Carbendazim

12% + Mancozeb 63%) @ 2 g/lit of water for 2

The flowers

and pods are used in the preparation of salads

), curries, chutnies or in frying items and

s

The seeds are

used as flavouring and nutritive additives to

soups/stews.

As medicine: The pungent smell in the species is

due to the presence of thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid

(TCA, thioproline), acyclic sulphur-containing

amino acid known to be anti-carcinogenic and

inhibits the formation of squamous cell carcinomas

in the fore-stomach. Pods and seeds are widely

utilized, especially in the villages for curing

toothache and diarrhoea. The seeds as well as the

tender pods are known to cure stomach disorder,

abdominal colic, bleeding piles and regulate liver

function. The bark and leaves of Parkia are used in

lotions for skin diseases, eczema and ulcers. The

leaves and roots are used in preparing lotion for sore

eyes.

Insecticidal Properties: The ether extracts

of Parkia roxburghii G. Don seeds are highly

poisonous to the aphids and as little as 2% of the

crude extract can kill all the aphid population within

two days. The seed extract has also been found

effective against termite species.

NURSERY TECHNIQUES

Propagation:

minutes. After that seeds are dried in airy places

under shade for 15 minutes. Sand, soil and FYM

(1:1:1) are mixed together and this mixture is treated

with Carbendazim @1 g/10 kg of mixture. The

polybags are filled with this media and seeds are

sown in polybags. After sowing, the polybags are

arranged in a block (100- 200 polybags/block) and

covered with moist gunny bag for 3-4 days under

poly-house. Nursery may also be raised under the

open field condition with provision of semi shade.

The ideal sowing time ranges from last week of April

to first week of June.

One month old seedlings should

be transferred to a naturally ventilated polyhouse net

for about 6 months for hardening.

Selection of Site: Site should be selected where there

is proper sunshine in the hills. Water logged and

marshy areas should be avoided. Tree bean is usually

planted in the backyard of the houses and along the

boundary as a mark of demarcation of the house. The

soil should not have any hard pan within 1 m depth.

The site should be cleaned from weeds and stones.

On sloppy land, a barrier strip of perennial grasses

can be made to check the soil erosion.

Pit Preparation and Planting: The size of the pit

should be 2 ft x 2 ft x 2ft and it should be prepared at a

spacing of 24-30 ft x 24-30 ft. The pit should be kept

exposed for 10-15 days before planting. The pits are

filled with top soil thoroughly mixed with FYM

(1:1). Before plating, 30 g Lindane 5% dust + 5 mL

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC + 1.5 Mancozeb+Carbendazim

per pit should be mixed with soil and applied in to the

pit. Planting can be done after receipt of pre-

monsoon shower (March-April) or during monsoon

(June) or post monsoon period (September) if

sufficient soil moisture is available. A light watering

is required after planting.

Nutrient and Water Management: The manures

and fertilizers should be applied in a circular trench

(8 inch wide and 6 inch deep) around the tree in three

splits i.e. February, May-June and September-

October³. Though, tree bean is commonly grown as

rainfed crop, watering should be done after

application of nutrients and during the lean period.

Seed germination takes about a

month after sowing.


400


Aftercare: Regular weeding should be done

especially during initial stage of plantation, as weeds

compete for water and nutrients resulting in poor

growth of the plant. The basal area must be kept

clean. Intercropping with vegetables or small fruit

crops should be practised. As tree bean takes about

6-8 years to bear fruits, additional income can be

generated from intercrops during the gestation

period. For full grown plantation, shade loving crops

should be selected as intercrop. The basal area should

be mulched with paddy straw, dry leaves or black

polythene (100 micron) during the lean period.

Pruning is not recommended for tree bean except the

dry, diseased or any unwanted branches. But training

is considered as an important operation; because the

junction, from where primary branches come up

from the main stem, is the most preferred area for

stem boring insects to enter in to the stem. Hence, a

single trunk needs to be maintained up to 5- 6 ft

height from the ground and thereafter the 2-3 primary

branches are allowed to grow. Spraying gibberellic

acid @ 20 mg/lit of water at full bloom stage also

helps in enhancing the yield.

Plant Protection: Plant protection is the most

important aspect for management of tree bean. In

entire North Eastern region in general and Manipur

in particular, a large scale dieback of tree bean has

been observed during the last 6-7 years. Tree bean

decline has emerged as a major threat to its

cultivation in the last decade. A large number of trees

have been wiped out due to the problem of decline in

Manipur and other NE states.

DISEASE AND PEST

Despite a variety of uses, unfortunately the tree

bean plants are under threat and there is vast decline

in their population in some parts of NE India

particularly in Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland.

The diseased symptoms are first noticed as

yellowing of leaves and die back of twigs. Dark

necrotic lesions are noticed all over the main stems

and branches. Subsequently, tree exhibited

symptoms of blister bark. It is also noticed that

affected trees developed vertical cracks and splits in

the main stem (Figure 3).

Fig.3. Drying (DECLINE) of Parkia roxburghii

G. Don trees

Stem Borer: Parkia stem borer; Coptops aedificator

(long horned beetle), Family Cerambycidae; Order:

Coleoptera is increasingly becoming a menace in

the gardens of Parkia roxburghii across the North

Eastern states. The insect pest is a polyphagous

species attack both living and dead trees. It is widely

distributed in the Parkia growing belts of North

Eastern region and other parts of the country (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Coptops aedificator (Long horned beetle).


401


The adult beetle is about 2 – 4 cm in length, lays

eggs on the main trunk of young as well as old trees of

the Parkia. The young ones of the beetles called as

the grub start first scrapping the bark and enter inside

the bark later, making tunnels on the cambium region

of the trees, subsequently boring into the main stem.

The frass coming out of the entry point indicates

the presence of the stem borer in the tree and its

branches. The secondary infection by the fungus

Fusarium oxysporum is noticed resulting in root

decay and rotting of the stem. The damage results in

yellowing of leaves followed by dying of shoots and

branches eventually leading to the death of the whole

tree, if not timely managed. Painting of mixture of

Malathion 50% EC: lime powder (1:10) on the base

of the affected trees followed by soil drenching with

0.1% Bavistin is found to check the further spread of

the disease.

Harvesting and Storage

The tree sheds leaves in the month of May-June

and starts flowering from mid August. A single bunch

is consisted of 8-30 pods and each pod contains 12-

18 seeds. Fresh pods are harvested from mid October

and mature in the month of March. Tree bean bears

500-1500 pods/plant (90-260 kg/plant) depending

upon the age and growing condition.

For long term storage, the pods should be

harvested along with stalk. The pods are washed

thoroughly to remove dirt and other external material

and kept in airy place under shade to remove excess

water. The pods should be wrapped in paper bag or opolyethylene bag and stored at 4-5 C temperature

and 90-95% RH.

3. S. S. Roy, S. Kumar , S.R. Sharma, A. R. Devi,

N.A. Singh, N. Prakash and S.V. Ngachan , Tree

Bean (Parkia roxburghii): A Potential

Multipurpose Tree Legume of North East India.

National Symposium on Vegetable Legumes for

Soil and Human Health, 201-208, 2016.

CONCLUSION

The tree bean, Parkia roxburghii G. Don is the

most popular amongst the hill tribes of N E India.

But, large scale mortality of this tree species has

become a major concern for the farming community

of the region. Because of the complex nature of this

malady, this needs to be further investigated.

Coptops aedifecator (long horned beetle) is being

reported for the first time from Parkia roxburghii

G. Don. However, the result of the present

observation will give a new dimension in the

management of Parkia mortality. The scientific

cultivation and proper plantation management of the

tree bean will not only check the decline of the tree

population in the region but also will give a new

dimension to the rural economy of the hill states of

North East India.

REFERENCES

1. D.M. Firake, A. Venkatesh, P. D. Firake, G. T.

Behere and N. S. A. Thakur, Curr. Sci.-, 104,

1598-1599, 2013.

2. S. J. Singh, P.K. Singh, B.K. Dutta and U.K.

Sahoo, Ind J. Agric Biochem, 22, 87-93, 2009.


402


ndia is a part of South – Asia and is the

headquarter or H.Q. of WHO regional

office [SEARO]. It is also the regional H.Q. of FAO

and UNESCO. Matters of environmental (including

climatic) changes, pathologies, agriculture and

education (science and technology) are within the

domain of these organization. Ecological and

Educational Paradigms in India as in other SEARO

countries are extremely diverse, complex and defy

arrival at any generalization. Health Care issues

relate to changing population dynamics, endemics

and epidemics of microbial, parasitic diseases. These

are further augmented by threats of physical,

chemical, biological pollution of reverie and marine 1ecosystems . Numerous pollutants have been

catalogued, defined, characterized for their

genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and as causes of diverse

neurological, muscular, skeletal, cardio-vascular,

hormonal and fertility disorders. Arrival of viruses

and their mutants have added to the worries of health

care professionals and systems that are targeted to

take care of issues. Food Chains and Food Webs have

been derailed or have been pushed to dangerous state 2of collapse and extinction . Indian rivers, tributaries,

lakes, ponds and anicuts are severely polluted.

Encroachment, Unabated illegal construction,

industrial effluents, domestic wastes and extremely

flexible ways of handling matters of Health, Hygiene 3and Sanitation have added to this . Population

pressure and the need to find Space, Food, Quality

Water, Energy, and Transport are increasing.

Destruction of forests, wildlife has changed the

landscape, scenario of many regions of India.

Ecorehabilation work is still in a stage of

sensitization, discussion and debate. No tangible

vision document has been prepared nor did any

serious effort made to workout a time bind focused


Dept of Chemistry, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur,

Rajasthan, E-mail:[email protected]

Enormous ecological diversity prevails in India and other countries of Asia. Health care programs need to

be developed in a manner which comprise of diagnostics, symptoms, therapies against pathogenic

microbes (viruses and bacteria) and parasites. A study of vectors for these has to be in place. Each region of

India differs in its geography, ecosystem(s) and biodiversity. There is thus, a need to catalogue region-wise

information. Health issues not only concern pathogens but also quality of air, water and food. Numerous

renal, muscular, skeletal, respiratory, immunological, endocrine and fertility disorders occur due to

pollutants that become an integral constituent of air, water and food. A nexus between ecology and

educational processes is needed to sensitize right from rural to urban, Metro populations in India and

other countries. Degradation of biomes is having an adverse effect on health of all sections of the society.

This effects performance, output and other endeavor of humans in all sectors. Domestic animals are

likewise detrimentally affected by poor quality of feed, water, air, therapeutic treatment. These in turn

cause numerous health problems. Health care programs need to have inputs from ecology and from

biomedical and other natural sciences. There can not be a single approach to address the extremely

complex issues of health, hygiene and sanitation. Regional policies have to be developed. Education of

these at school, college and university level is needed as a state policy. Synergy between educationists,

ecologists and others is needed as this is a multidisciplinary issue.

ROLE OF ECOLOGY AND EDUCATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS

Asha Gupta

INTRODUCTION

I

403


plan of action. There are Economic, Social,

Scientific and even Emotional Issues that overwhelm

healthcare strategies and action. Systems need Basic

Change, Multidisciplinary Synergy, Monitoring and

Mentoring.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION IS

TO PRESENT

(a) Holistic View of how soil water and air systems

need to be the prime issue for sustainable

development that can take care of various health

issues across the country. What field work is

necessary? Which diagnostic laboratory set up is

required?

(b) How to involve all sections of the society on

ecology, education intended with resolving

health care issues?

(c) Specific examples where work has been done or

is in process on serious health care issues. What

new problems have cropped up?

A comprehensive appraisal of the current

literature and its analyses which is largely India-4centric forms the pivot of methodology . These

observations are narrated as follows Ecology –

Education – Encompassing Biomedical Sciences and

Diagnostic Biochemistry form the main concepts

and examples:

I: Microbial Diseases – (a) Viral; (b) Bacterial –

Water-Bone, Air-Bone and Soil-Borne.

II: Protozoan Diseases.

III:Parasitic Diseases.

IV: Diagnostics.

Many Diseases such as Malaria, Dengue (Vector

– Mosquito) have been controlled and so has

filariasis in most developing countries (African

Continent exception). This has been due to

sensitization and because of eradication of

mosquitoes and their larval forms by chemical and

biological methods. Similarly, Polio-Virus has been

handled. Attempts are also made for the control of

HIV forms of viruses and ones that cause STD –

Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Diagnosis is of

paramount importance. Health Card for everyone is

one solution. Period immune-surveys; blood testing

is being taken up.

Ecological disturbances are also due to Climatic

Change, Deforestation, CO Emissions, Air 2

Pollution and Quantitative Changes in water bodies 5and soil health . This has affected both Flora and

Fauna. Large numbers of species are vulnerable,

facing extinction or have become extinct.

Synergy between ecological s tudies ,

technologies and dissemination of information via

educational processes is urgently needed. Microbial

technologies are used in treatment of pollutant; Bio-

and Nano –technologies have been provided avenues

for mass production of indigenous and genetically 6engineered fauna and flora . There is now need to put

all the information together to develop protocols for

action.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The enormous and complex problems of

environment and decreasing biodiversity across the

length and breadth of India has become a matter of

great concern in order to find ways and means of

eco-rehabilitation and restructuring of food chains

/food webs in various ecosystems, the use of

technology has become important as indicated

above. Cells and tissue cultures clonal production,

genetic engineering and the use of microbes needs to

be extensively used for this purpose. Its important to

say that India is now on a verge of entering a phase of

skilled youth who can bring about such changes. This

training has to become a part of syllabus in

engineering colleges, research institutes along with

the universities, colligate systems. These are also

areas of new initiative to setup program of

entrepreneurship, for instance – clonal production of

plants based soil. Health card reforest the denuded

areas. Similarly, mass production of rabbits, deers,

chinkaras, goats and other herbivores can sustain and

help in growth of predator populations of big

carnivores like panther, tigers etc. Similarly,

protocols can be established for the healthcare

programs, diagnostic tests for such seasonal diseases

as malaria, dengue, gastro-intestinal disorders

should become the part of the training through kit

method, so that this will help in treatment of diseases


404


7in time and control the epidemics .

Study groups in even at the Panchayat level and

perhaps as a part of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Gurantee Act. 2005 level should be

setup to give sustainable training to endogenous

people for fish and prawn farms, apiary, sericulture,

poultry, and goat production.

REFERENCES

1. "Niche

conservatism: Integrating evolution, ecology,

and conservation biology"

10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.

102803.095095431 the

original

J. J. Wiens, C. H. Graham, (2005).

(PDF). Annual

Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics.

36:519–539.:

. Archived from

(PDF) on 24 October 2012.

2. J. B. Johnson, K. S. Omland, (2004). Trends in

Ecology and Evolution. 19, 2, 101–108, 2003.

3. P. Craze, ed. (2 August 2012).

. Cell Press, Elsevier,

Inc.

4.

E. Tilley, L. Ulrich, Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph.

and Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

. Swiss Federal Institute of

Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),

Duebendorf, Switzerland.

6. Tilmans, Sebastien; Russel, Kory; Sklar, Rachel;

Page, Leah; Kramer, Sasha; Davis, Jennifer

Environment and Urbanization. 27 1, 89–104,

2015.

7.

. Centre for Affordable Water and

Sanitation Technology (CAWST). March 2013.

"Trends in

Ecology and Evolution"

E. Chivian, & A. Bernstein, (eds, 2008)

Sustaining Life. How Human Health Depends on

Biodiversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

5.

Compendium of

Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd

Revised Edition

"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Poster Set with

Trainer Guide"


405


1. ASUTOSH MOOKERJEE MEMORIAL AWARD

Dr. Vijay Laxmi Saxena,

Former Head of the Department of Zoology,

Dayanand Girls (PG) College, Kanpur

2. C. V. RAMAN BIRTH CENTENARY AWARD

Dr. S. Chandrasekhar,

Director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical

Technology, Hyderabad- 500007

3. S R I N I VA S A R A M A N U J A N B I RT H CENTENARY AWARD

No Award.

4. J AWA H A R L A L N E H R U B I R T H CENTENARY AWARDS

No Award.

5. M. N. SAHA BIRTH CENTENARY AWARD

No Award.

6. P. C . M A H A L A N O B I S B I R T H CENTENARY AWARD

No Award

7. P. C. RAY MEMORIAL AWARD

No Award.

8. H. J. BHABHA MEMORIAL AWARD

Dr. Prakash Chand Jain,

Scientist G Head Structure Dept., Technology

Director Flight Structures, DRDL, P. O.

Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad-500058

Dy.

9. J. C. BOSE MEMORIAL AWARD No Award

10. VIKRAM SARABHAI MEMORIALAWARD

No Award. 11. B. P. PAL MEMORIAL AWARD

No Award

12. M. K. SINGAL MEMORIAL AWARD

No Award

13. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PRIZE

No Award

14. MILLENNIUM PLAQUES OF HONOUR

1.Prof. Ramesh Chandra,

Prof. of Chemistry, University of Delhi,

Delhi-110007

2.Prof. G. Hemanth Kumar,

Department of Computer Sciences, University

of Mysore, Mysore

15. EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARD

Prof. K. L. Shrivastava

Head and Chairman, Department of Geology,

J. N. V. University, Jodhpur-342005.

16. R. C. MEHROTRA MEMORIAL LIFE TIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD

No Award

TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, IMPHAL

LIST OF ISCA AWARDEES FOR 2017-2018

406


TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, IMPHAL LIST OF ISCA AWARDEES FOR 2017-2018

17. B. C. GUHA MEMORIAL LECTURE

No Award

18. RAJ KRISTO DUTT MEMORIAL AWARD

Prof. Gautam Pal,

Professor and Ex-Head, Dept. of Physiology,

Ex-Dean of Science, University of Kalyani,

Kalyani-741235

19. G. P. CHATTERJEE MEMORIAL AWARD

No Award

20. PROF. HIRA LAL CHAKRAVARTY AWARD

Dr. Sudhir Pratap Singh,

Center of Innovative and Applied, Bioprocessing

(CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City ),Mohali,

Punjab-140306.

21. PROF. ARCHANA SHARMA MEMORIAL AWARD

Dr. Suresh Chand,

Professor & Co-Ordinator, Centre of Advanced

Study, School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya

University, Khandwa Road, Indore-452001,

22. DR. V. PURI MEMORIAL AWARD

Prof. Arun Kumar Pandey,

Department of Botany, University of Delhi,

Delhi-110007,

23. PRAN VOHRA AWARD

Dr. Debarati Bhaduri,

Crop Production Division, ICAR National Rice

Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack-

753006, Odisha,

24. UMAKANT SINHA MEMORIAL AWARD

Dr.Arun Kumar Shukla,

Assistant Professor, Department of Biological

Sciences and Bio-Engineering Indian Institute of

Technology, Kanpur-208016.

25. DR B. C. DEB MEMORIAL AWARD FOR SOIL/ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Dr. Md. Sayem Alam,

Scientist, Polymer Science & Technology,

CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute,

Adyar, Chennai-600020.

26. DR. B. C. DEB MEMORIAL AWARD FOR THE POPULARISATION OF SCIENCE

No Award

27. PROF. K. P. RODE MEMORIAL LECTURE

No Award

28. D R . ( M R S ) G A U R I G A N G U LY MEMORIAL AWARD

Dr. Biswajit Maiti,

Assistant Professor, Centre for Science

Education &Research, Nitte University, Paneer

Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018

29. PROF. G. K. MANNA MEMORIAL AWARD

No Award

30. P R O F . S . K . M U K H E R J E E COMMEMORATION LECTURE

Dr. Ashok Kumar Patra,

Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science,

Nabibagh Berasia Road, Bhopal-462038.

407


31. PROF. R. C. SHAH MEMORIAL LECTURE

Dr. Basappa, Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in

Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore,

Mysore-570006, Karnataka.

32. PROF. S. S. KATIYAR ENDOWMENT LECTURE

Dr.Anirban Basu, Scientist VI, National Brain Research Center,

Haryana-122051.

33. P R O F. W I L L I A M D I X O N W E S T MEMORIAL AWARD

No Award


TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, IMPHAL LIST OF ISCA AWARDEES FOR 2017-2018

408


Name of the Awardee Title of the Paper(s)

Agriculture and Forestry Sciences

Animal, Veterinary & Fishery Sciences

Anthropological and

Behavioural Sciences

(including Archaeology,

Psychology, Education

and Military Sciences)

Chemical Sciences

Earth System Sciences

Engineering Sciences

Environmental Sciences

Information and Communication Science & Technology (including Computer Sciences)

Chaitanya Prasad Nath

New Delhi

Conservation tillage with weed and precision

nitrogen management can improve crop

productivity, resource-efficiency and soil

carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse

gases emission in wheat-mungbean cropping

sequence in the north-western Indo –

Gangetic Plains.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, LIST OF ISCA YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARDEES FOR 2017-2018

IMPHAL

SL. No.

Section

Yashika Awasthi

Lucknow

Cr (VI) induced oxidative stress, DNA

damage and transcriptional regulation of

marked genes- p53, bax, bcl-2, apaf-1 and cat

in liver and kidney of fish, Channa punctatus

( Bloch, 1793 ).

Overweight and Waist Hip ratio as a risk of

UCP1 3826 A/G genotype.Nilupher Delhi

Ujla Daswani

Indore

Pratima Gupta

Agra

A Theoretically Corroborated Construction of

Green Pathway for the Synthesis of 2- Amino

Benzoxazoles (2-ABO): Assessment of E-

factors and Dock Score.

Modeling and estimation of concentration

and deposition of black carbon.

Estimation of groundwater recharge from

Integrated Cost-effective model in Hydro-

geological critical areas of rural West Bengal,

India.

Prediction of solubility and transfer of metals

from contaminated soil to human food-chain

through different formulations of free ion

activity model (FIAM).

An elliptical region based approach for yeast

cell segmentation.

Gourab Banerjee

Kolkata

Debasis Golui

New Delhi

Ujjwal Verma

Karnataka

409


Name of the Awardee Title of the Paper(s)

Banavoth Murali

Hyderabad

Robust, Earth Abundant, Non-Toxic

Phase Selective Cu CoSnS Quantum Dot 2 4

Photovoltaics: Solar Cells and infra – Red

Sensing.

12.

13.

14.

TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, LIST OF ISCA YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARDEES FOR 2017-2018

IMPHAL

SL. No.

Section

Rishikesh Dutta Tiwary

Jharkhand

Lissajous orbits in Photogravitational

restricted three body problem in the Sun-

Mars system.

Involvement of retinol metabolism in

development of obesity-linked colorectal

Cancer

Insight into the non-pathogenecity and

Exopolysaccharide production by a novel

Avirulent, Hot water spring isolate of Bacillus

Anthracis

Extremophile life-form survey on rocky

exoplanets.

Barcoding based exploration of marasmioid

and gymnopoid fungal flora of West Bengal

Nabanita Das

Kolkata

Aparna Banerjee

Burdwan (W.B.)

J. M. Kashyap

Bangalore

Arun Kumar Dutta

Kolkata

Materials Science

Mathematical Sciences (including Statistics)

Medical Sciences (including Physiology)

New Biology(including

Biochemistry,

Biophysics & Molecular

Biology and

Biotechnology )

Physical Sciences

Plant Sciences

9.

10.

11.

410


Name of the Awardees

Agriculture and Forestry Sciences 1. Ranjan Paul, Division of Soil Resource Studies, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, Nagpur

2. Sanat Kumar Dwibedi, Orissa Univ. of Agri. & Tech.,Khordha, Bhubaneswar

1 Sreekanth G. B.,

ICAR – CCARI, Goa

1. Tarun Mishra, Cognitive Sc. Lab.,Dept. of Psychology, B.H.U., Varanasi

1. Meenu Verma, Kolhan University, Chaibasa

2. M. Shobana, Dept. of Mol. Biol., Madurai Kamaraj University,Madurai

2. Kshetrimayum Surmala Devi,Dept. of Anthro., University of Delhi, Delhi

2. R. Hemachandran, Maria Homoeopathic Medical College, Kanyakumari

Evaluation of phosphatase adsorption on soil nanoclays by X-ray diffractometry

Effect of differential use of fly ash and vermicompost on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings and carbon sequestration

Fish assemblages on artificial fish habitats in estuaries: A comparison with natural rocky habitats

Effect of cue-target interval and cue validity on visual vigilance task performance

Sewage Water Treatment plant and its benefits to the society

Pilot scale culturing of Lepidocephalus thermalis (V.) – feed formulation, growth efficiency, nutrition quality and aquarium water management for horticulture

Correlates of adiposity and early pubertal development: A study on Meitei females of Manipur, North-East India

Chandran's Universal Theory of Activities of Space

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

S. No. Section Title of Paper(s)

Animal, Veterinary &

Fishery Sciences

Anthropological and Behavioural

Sciences (including Archaeology,

Psychology, Education and

Military Sciences)

Chemical Sciences No Award.

Earth System Sciences

TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, LIST OF ISCA BEST POSTER AWARDEES FOR 2017-2018

IMPHAL

411



1. Sapna Bisht, Dept. of Env. Studies,Kurukshetra University,Kurukshetra

1. S. Geetha, School of Computer Science &Engineering, VIT University, Chennai

1. Ram Kishor, Central University ofRajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan

2. Arti Joshi,G.B.P.N.I.H.E.S.D., Almora

2. Kamlesh K. Pankaj, Dept. of Applied Math., IIT (ISM), Dhanbad

1. Supriya Raja H., Dept. of Pharma., College of Pharma. Sc., Trivandrum

Sustainability of Energy Resrouces in a Western Himalayan Mountainous Watershed

StegoIDS – An Intelligent Light Weight Steganography Intrusion Detection System Using Shapley Ensemble Feature Selection

Computation of Complex Normal Form in the Spatial Photogravitational Restricted Three Body Problem with Oblate Primaries

Indicators of Climate Change in the Himalaya: Presence of woody vegetation above forestline towards Pindari Glacier

Dispersion of Love-type Waves in Reinforced layer over pre-stressed Poroelastic half-space with Corrugated interface

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of Knema attenuata (Hook.f.&Thomson) Warb stem bark extract

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.


No Award.

No Award.

Engineering Sciences

Environmental Sciences

Information and Communication Science & Technology (including Computer Sciences)

Materials Science

Mathematical Sciences (including Statistics)

Medical Sciences (including Physiology)


IMPHAL

412



1. Mohit Wadhawan,Dept. of Biochemistry,B.H.U., Varanasi

1. Sadaf Kalam,Dept. of Plant Science.,Osmania University, Hyderabad

2. Urmi Halder, Dept. of Bot., University of Burdwan, Burdwan

1. Nagaraju Pendam, Dept. of Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad

2. Manish Kumar, Amity Instt. of Biotech., Amity University, Gwalior

Identification and characterization of novel Prolyl oligopeptidase from Setaria cervi: A potential drug target

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) induce shift in population densities of indigenous Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia in tomato and black gram crop rhizospheres

Genomics of an exopolysaccharide producing UV-resistant Bacillus altitudinis SORB11 from Indian Sector of deep Southern Ocean

Study of polarization insertion losses in SOI based symmetrical and asymmetrical optical directional couplers

Biodiversity of Pesticides Degrading Microbial Communities: Impact on Agriculture and Human Health

12.

13.

14.


New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology and Biotechnology)

Physical Sciences

Plant Sciences


IMPHAL

413


TH105 INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, IMPHALINFOSYS FOUNDATION – ISCA TRAVEL AWARD 2017-2018

LIST OF AWARDEES

Sl No. Name of Student Name of School

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Anjali Kumari Shine Academy, Kamala Nagar, Secunderabad-5000062.

Tanneeru YurajRajiv Gandhi Univ. of Knowledge Technologies

(Pre Univ.) Basar, Telangana.

Karanam Satya Prasanna Kumar Rajiv Gandhi Univ. of Knowledge Technologies

(Pre Univ.) Basar, , Kukatpally, Hyderabad.

Shikha Tamta Riverain Public School, Dehradun-248171, Uttarakhand.

Yashi Gupta Seth Anandram Jaipuria School, Kanpur-208004

G. Laxmi Priya St. Anns High School, Secunderabad, Hyderabad.

Sapna Dhiman Riverian Public School, Dehradun-248171, Uttarakhand.

Amarnath Reddy

G. Rishita

Sudhiksha

Z. P. High School, Anantapur-515751, AP.

St. Anns High School, Secunderabad, Hyderabad.

St. Anns High School, Secunderabad, Hyderabad.

414

KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS

The National Center for Seismology (NCS) has

been set upby bringing together all Seismology

related activities of IMD (including those of EREC)

under one umbrella. On creation of the NCS, all the

ongoing activities and projects of IMD related to

Seismology (including those of EREC) shall

continue to be operated / implemented through the

NCS. In addition, specific R&D activities will also

be undertaken by NCS, using the data sets generated

by various seismic and GPS networks.

Objectives

Set up a new centre of excellence in Seismology,

the 'National Centre for Seismology', at NOIDA, as a

subordinate office, under the Ministry of Earth

Sciences, by separating and bringing together all

Seismology and earthquake hazard related activities

of India Meteorological Department (IMD), under its

ambit, for deriving the desired scientific

developments in the field of earthquake science.

Implementation Plan

lNew laboratory buildings shall be established

for the National Centre for Seismology (NCS) at

Noida.

lAll the Seismology related activities of IMD,

including those of EREC shall be transferred

from IMD to NCS and new posts shall be created

and filled up.

lSpecific R&D related activities shall be taken up

by the Centre for better understanding

of earthquake processes and associated

phenomena, as detailed below:

1. Crust and upper mantle structure of sections

of Indian shield and Himalayan regions

using receiver function techniques

2. Estimation of expected ground motions for

critical areas from future scenario

earthquakes using empirical Green's

function technique

3. Detailed seismicity and seismotectonic

studies of seismically active areas in the

country

4. Earthquake source characterization in

distinct tectonic environments

5. Carryout earthquake precursor observations

and comprehensive analyses of the data sets

to establish possible relationship with the

earthquake occurrences.


NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SEISMOLOGY, NOIDA

415


6. Standardization of earthquake catalogs, etc.

lAs part of human resource development, state-

of-art facilities shall be established for

organizing periodical training programs in

Seismology and earthquake awareness

programs.

Deliverables

1. Creation of a new centre of excellence, 'National

Center for Seismology', with state-of-art

infrastructure, laboratory buildings and human

resource development, to address all earthquake

science related matters in the country.

2. Better understanding of earthquake processes

under different tectonic environments in the country,

through specific R&D related projects for better

preparedness and mitigation of disastrous impacts of

earthquakes.

The National Centre for Seismology monitors

earthquakes and conducts seismological research.

Specifically, it provides earthquake surveillance and

hazard reports to governmental agencies. It consists

of various divisions:

lEarthquake Monitoring & Services

lEarthquake Hazard & Risk Assessments

lGeophysical Observation Systems

The Seismology Division and Earthquake Risk

Evaluation Centre of the India Meteorological

Department merged with NCS in August 2014 to

more effectively monitor and research seismological

activity. The Centre's objective is to improve

understanding of earthquake processes and their

effects through seismological research and

monitoring.

Earthquake monitoring in India

Earthquakes in Indian subcontinent occur due to

the north-eastward movement of the Indian Plate and

its interaction with the neighboring Eurasian Plate in

the north and the Sondra plate in the east. The

majorities of earthquakes occur in the plate boundary

regions; however, a few damaging earthquakes have

occurred in the plate interior regions as well. A few

damaging earthquakes in the plate-boundary regions

include the following: 1897 Shillong plateau, 1905

Angora, 1934 Nepal-Briar, 1950 Hassan (now

Crunchable), 2004 Sumatra Adamant, 2005 Kashmir

and 2015 Gorki earthquakes. In the plate interior

regions, damaging earthquakes occurred in 1993 at

Millar, in 1997 at Jamal, and in 2001 at BU.

Earthquake monitoring in India started as early

as 1898, with the establishment of an earthquake

observatory at Caliper, Kolkata (Calcutta). This

followed the great Shilling Plateau earthquake in

1897. After independence, the number of

observatories increased to 15, and after the

worldwide seismograph station network in 1964, the

number increased to 45. After the 1993 Millar

earthquake, the arrival of digital instrumentation

allowed NCS to develop observatories across India.

There are currently 84 such observatories. Dense

networks of observatories are present in the N.E.

India and Delhi region because this area has been

given special priority.

A dedicated Real Time Seismic Monitoring

Network provides continuous data to the Tsunami

Warning Centre at NCS. All observatories are

equipped with a SAT communication facility for the

transfer of data in realtime to the Operational Centre.

Continuous seismic data of seismological

observatories at Mimic, Port Blair and Shilling are

shared globally. With the current network,

earthquakes of a magnitude of 3.5 can be located

within five to ten minutes with reliable accuracy. The

information on earthquake guidelines are

disseminated to all concerned state and central

government departments through a short message

service (SMS), fax, or e-mail. India Quake is an

application developed to provide this information to

citizens in real time.

Seismic Microzonation

A priority of NCS is to provide seismic

microzonation of major urban areas in India lying in

seismic hazard zones. This exercise has been

initiated for 30 cities in India, including Delhi.

Seismological Research

NCS is actively involved in seismological

research related to estimating shallow and deep

crustal structures in various tectonic domains of the

India land mass. This research provides insight into


416


earthquake occurrence processes in the Himalayas,

the Burma plate, and the Sumatra trench, as well as

crustal deformation measurements in the plate-

boundary and plate-interior regions.

India Quake

In July 2017, NCS released a mobile app,

"IndiaQuake", that disseminates realtime earthquake

information about the parameters of earthquakes

occurring in India. These parameters include

location, time, and magnitude..

Contact :

Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India,

Prithvi Bhavan, Opp. India Habitat Centre, Lodhi

Road, New Delhi - 110003, Phone : +91-11-

24669578


417

CONFERENCES / MEETINGS / SYMPOSIA / SEMINARS

International Conference on Medicinal Plants and Herbal

Discovery, July 18-20, 2018, Bangalore.

lAdvances in natural products chemistry

lTargeted screening approaches for drugs and

cosmetics

lPhytochemistry, Nutraceuticals and

antioxidants

lImpact of climate change on medicinal plants

lSustainable harvesting of medicinal plants

lInternational legislation for Intellectual

Property Rights

lQuality control and standardization of herbal

products and formulations Challenges

lTechnology developments in industrial

processing of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

lEconomics and marketing of medicinal and

aromatic plants

lNew developments in laws and regulations

for the use of MAPs trade and industry

perspective

lEmerging trends in Ayurveda, siddha, Unani,

Chinese, homeopathy systems of Medicine

lBiodiversity and Bio prospecting of

Medicinal and Aromatic plants

lAgro-techniques and pest control strategies

for medicinal plants

lConservation, Utilization and management

of genetic resources of medicinal plants

lBiotechnological methods for conservation

of medicinal plants

lSafety and efficacy of phytomedicines and

phytocosmetics

lPharmacognosy and ethnopharmacology

lIsolation and characterization of bioactive

compounds

lDevelopment of drugs and commercia-

lization of local knowledge

lMolecular techniques to augment medicinal

plants utilization

lNanotechnology in pharmaceutical and

natural products

lEthnoveterinary practice and Livestock

healthcare

Topics:

Contact :

ICMPDD- 2018 Secretariat: Dr. R. Shubharani (E mail: [email protected]), Dr V Sivaram

(E mail: [email protected]), Dr G. P. Rao (E mail: [email protected]), V Sivaram Research

Foundation # 142, 18th Cross Road, 8th Main, M C Layout, Vijayanagar, Bangalore- 560040, India,

Ph:+91(080)-23400505 ,Fax: +91 (080) 23219295, E mail:[email protected]

website:[email protected]


418

https://www.mypadnow.com/mpdd2018/topics?cplid=8&parent=

Energy

lPower Quality and FACTS

lAdvanced Control in Power Systems

lEnergy Efficient Electric Drives and

Machines

lPower System Stability and Protection

lNon-conventional Energy Resources

lEnergy Audit and Management

lEnvironmental Impact on Energy

lEnergy Regulation and Policies

lSmart Grid

lPower Electronics

lEnergy Efficient Metering

lDistributed generation

Electronics

Signal Processing

lCognitive Radio

lSmart Antennas

lBiometric Applications

Multimedia Tools

lMobile and Cellular networks

lSpace and Satellite Communication

Optical Communication

lEmbedded Systems

lNanomaterials and Fabrication

lRemote Signal Applications

lVLSI Applications

l

l

l

Advanced Computing

Big Data Analytics

lCloud, Cluster and Grid Computing

lInternet of Things

lAlgorithm Development

lArtificial Intelligence, Neural Network

&Genetic Algorithms

lImage Processing

lNetwork and Cyber Security

lHuman Machine Interface

lMachine Learning

lData Mining

lCyber Security

lOperation Research

lBio-medical Applications

lCAD/CAM/CAE/CIM

lAutomation & Robotics

lSmart Cities

lMechatronics

lHouse Effects and Energy

lICT Application in Social Upliftment

lResource Management for Efficient Energy

le-Waste Management

lEducational Technologies

lHumanitarian Technologies

lEnergy and Economics

l

Interdisciplinary

nd2 International Conference on “Sustainable Energy

Electronics & Computing Systems”, 26-27 October 2018,

Greater Noida, U.P.

Topics:

Contact :Prof. Kalpana Hazarika, Prof. Nitin Kathuria, Organizing Chair, SEEMS-2018 ,Department of Electrical &

Electronics Engineering, I. T. S. Engineering College, 46, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Distt: Gautam

Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh PIN: 201308, Email: [email protected] Phone No.:+91-120-2331000

(extn.1025), Mobile: +91-9990733669 , +91-9560589520 Fax: +91-0120-2331037

,


419

http://Email:[email protected],


Health

Enterprises

lPSUs

lMultinationals

lGovt. Depts.

lTraining Insti.

lTherapies

lOccupation

lEducation

lFamily & Relationship

lAssessments & Interventions

lCognitive & emotional areas

lNeuronal & physiological areas

lSocio-organisational areas


Contact :Conference Secretariat , International Stress Management Association, 4-6-22/1/B, 103, Trinity Complex,

Attapur, Hyderabad – 500048, Tel : 040 - 6646 5566, Mobile : +91 9701736007, Email: icsm2018

@isma.org.in

th5 International Conference on Stress Management ICSM thth2018, 10 - 11 November 2018, Hyderabad, Telangana.

Topics:

420

About 13,000 years ago, two shoeless adults and

a child squished their bare feet through wet clay near

the water's edge, leaving footprints that still exist

today.

The footprints, recently unearthed by

anthropologists on an island in British Columbia,

Canada, are the oldest known human track marks in

North America, according to a new study, and

provide more evidence that humans were thriving on

the Pacific Coast of Canada at the end of the last ice

age, said study lead researcher Duncan McLaren, an

anthropologist at the Hakai Institute and the

University of Victoria, in Canada.

The footprints — 29 in all — were so well

preserved that McLaren and his colleagues could

assign modern-day U.S. shoe sizes to the prehistoric

individuals: a junior size 8; a junior size 1 (or a

woman's size 3); and a woman's size 8 or a man's size

7.Researchers made the remarkable discovery on

Calvert Island, located off the western coast of

British Columbia, about 62 miles (100 kilometers)

north of Vancouver Island.

At the end of the last ice age (about 11,700 years

ago), the North American Cordilleran Ice Sheet

ended along the Pacific coastline, leaving "refugia,"

or iceless areas where plants and animals could

survive. Calvert Island fell right into one of these

refugia, prompting modern-day researchers to dig

there, looking for artifacts. However, excavations in

refugia aren't always easy, as today much of the

region is covered with dense temperate rainforest,

the researchers wrote in the study.

Moreover, the geography there was different at

the end of the last ice age because more of Earth's

water was frozen in huge glaciers. This explains why

sea levels were as much as 9.8 feet (3 meters) lower

about 14,000 to 10,000 years ago on Calvert Island

than they are today, McLaren said.

"We were testing this shoreline, below the beach

in the intertidal zone, when the first footprint was

discovered," McLaren told Live Science.

This was in 2014, when the team — which

included members of the Heiltsuk First Nation and

the Wuikinuxv First Nation — unearthed a single

about 24 inches (60 centimeters)

below the beach's surface on Calvert Island. Two

pieces of ancient wood found by the footprint dated

to between 13,300 and 13,000 years ago, according

to radiocarbon analyses, the researchers found.

Encouraged, the researchers returned to the island

during the 2015 and 2016 field seasons, eventually

uncovering 28 more human footprints from the same

period. Normally, footprints last only a moment. But

in this case, "they were impressed into a wet clay that

hardened and then was filled by sand, likely washed

in from the beach below," McLaren said.

The 29 footprints have clear arch, toe and heel

marks, so the scientists are "certain that they were left

by human feet," they wrote in the study. But given

that British Columbia is home to bears, and the hind

paw of black and grizzly bears can leave footprints

similar to a human's, they had to ask the question: Are

these bear tracks?

"The tracks excavated on Calvert Island have a

clearly defined arch, lack characteristic claw marks,

are not triangular in overall shape … lack a long third

[toe] and they are overall narrower than bear tracks,"

the researchers wrote in the study. In addition, they

couldn't find any bear pawprints at the site. In fact,

"overall, nonhuman tracks of any kind are lacking

from the area that was excavated," the researchers

wrote in the study.

Calvert Island was still an island during the last

ice age, indicating that prehistoric people used boats

to reach it, McLaren said. It's possible the footprints

were left "by a group of people disembarking from

watercraft and moving toward a drier central activity

area to the north or northwest," the researchers wrote

in the study.

The oldest documented site of prehistoric people

along the west coast of North America is Manis

Mastodon, on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington

human footprint

S & T ACROSS THE WORLD

OLDEST HUMAN FOOTPRINTS IN NORTH

AMERICA DISCOVERED


421

https://www.livescience.com/48736-stone-age-human-footprints.html


state. At Manis Mastodon, researchers found a bone

point lodged into a mastodon rib that's dated to about

13,800 years ago. The oldest known human-

inhabited site in Canada is younger — a group of

artifacts, including a stone weapon, found at Charlie

Lake Cave in British Columbia dates to about 12,500

years ago, the researchers said.

The new finding is "encouraging for future

researchers who might employ similar methods to

identify archaeological sites along the Pacific

Coast," said Kevin Hatala, an assistant professor of

biology at Chatham University, in Pittsburgh, who

was not involved in the study.

"Ultimately, the data seem to show indisputable

evidence for human presence along the Pacific Coast

of Canada," Hatala told Live Science. "This is

important because archaeological sites from this

time and place have been quite rare.”

The study was published online on March 28 in

the journal PLOS ONE.

Scientists discovered the new organ, which

consists of fluid-filled spaces, in the body's

connective tissue, including in the skin's dermis.

With all that's known about human anatomy, you

wouldn't expect doctors to discover a new body part

in this day and age. But now, researchers say they've

done just that: They've found a network of fluid-

filled spaces in tissue that hadn't been seen before.

These fluid-filled spaces were discovered in

connective tissues all over the body, including below

the skin's surface; lining the digestive tract, lungs and

urinary systems; and surrounding muscles,

according to a new study detailing the findings,

published on March 27 in the journal Scientific

Reports.

Previously, researchers had thought these tissue

layers were a dense "wall" of collagen — a strong

structural protein found in connective tissue. But the

new finding reveals that, rather than a "wall," this

tissue is more like an "open, fluid-filled highway,"

said co-senior study author Dr. Neil Theise, a

professor of pathology at New York University

Langone School of Medicine. The tissue contains

interconnected, fluid-filled spaces that are supported

by a lattice of thick collagen "bundles," Theise said.

The researchers said these fluid-filled spaces had

been missed for decades because they don't show up

on the standard microscopic slides that researchers

use to peer into the cellular world. When scientists

prepare tissue samples for these slides, they treat the

samples with chemicals, cut them into thin slices and

dye them to highlight key features. But this fixing

process drains away fluid and causes the newfound

fluid-filled spaces to collapse.

Rather than using such slides, the researchers

discovered these fluid-filled spaces by using a new

imaging technique that allows them to examine

living tissues on a microscopic level.

The researchers are calling this network of fluid-

filled spaces an organ — the interstitium. However,

this is an unofficial distinction; for a body part to

officially become an organ, a consensus would need

to develop around the idea as more researchers study

it, Theise told Live Science. The presence of these

fluid-filled spaces should also be confirmed by other

groups, he added.

Official designation aside, the findings may have

implications for a variety of fields of medicine,

including cancer research, Theise said. For example,

the findings appear to explain why cancer tumors that

invade this layer of tissue can spread to the lymph

nodes. According to the researchers, this occurs

because these fluid-filled spaces are a source of a

fluid called lymph and drain into the lymphatic

system. (Lymph is a fluid that contains infection-

fighting white blood cells.)

The human body is about 60 percent water. About

two-thirds of that water is found inside cells, but the

other third is outside cells and is known as

"interstitial" fluid. Although researchers already

knew that there is fluid between individual cells, the

idea of a larger, connected interstitium — in which

there are fluid-filled spaces within tissues — had

been described only vaguely in the literature, Theise

said. The new study, he said, expands the concept of


NEW ORGAN DISCOVERED

422


the interstitium by showing these structured, fluid-

filled spaces within tissues, and is the first to define

the interstitium as an organ in and of itself.

The new work is based on the use of a relatively

new technology called a "probe-based confocal laser

endomicroscopy" or pCLE. This tool combines an

endoscope with a laser and sensors that analyze

reflected fluorescent patterns and gives researchers a

microscopic view of living tissues.

Back in 2015, two of the study authors — Dr.

David Carr-Locke and Dr. Petros Benias, both of

whom were at Mount Sinai-Beth Israel Medical

Center in New York City at the time — were using

this technology when they saw something unusual

while examining a patient's bile duct for cancer

spread. They spotted a series of interconnected

cavities in the tissue layer that didn't match any

known anatomy, according to the report. When a

pathologist made slides out of this tissue, the cavities

disappeared — a mystery that was later found to be a

consequence of the slide-making process.

In the new study, the researchers first used pCLE

on cancer patients who were undergoing surgery to

remove the pancreas and the bile duct. The imaging

technique indeed showed the fluid-filled spaces in

the connective tissue. When the tissue samples were

removed from the body, they were quickly frozen,

which allowed the fluid-filled spaces to stay open so

the researchers could see them under a microscope.

Later, the researchers saw these same fluid-filled

spaces in other samples of connective tissue taken

from other parts of the body, in people without

cancer, Theise said. "The more tissues I saw, the

more I realized it's everywhere," he said.

The researchers think that the fluid-filled spaces

may act as shock absorbers to protect tissues during

daily functions, the researchers said.

Theise noted that there may be quite a bit of

information already known about this fluid-filled

space; it's just that researchers "didn't know what

they were looking at." Indeed, the researchers plan to

conduct a review of the scientific literature "for all

the things we know about this [body part] but didn't

know we knew it," Theise said.

The idea presented in the study appears to be "a

completely new concept," said Dr. Michael

Nathanson, chief of the digestive diseases section at

Yale University School of Medicine, who was not

involved with the study. "From the evidence they

presented it's quite possible they're correct,"

Nathanson told Live Science.

Previously, physicians had a somewhat nebulous

understanding of the interstitial space, Nathanson

said. They knew it was a space with fluid found

outside the cells, but no one had ever entirely

explained what this means. The new study "did a nice

job" of trying to define it, he said.

The findings are consistent with what Nathanson

and colleagues observed in a study published in

2011. At that time, Nathanson and colleagues

observed a network of dark fibers, but they weren't

able to figure out exactly what it was. "I was pleased

that they substantiated our impression that this

network exists" and were able to define it, Nathanson

said.

The new finding "allows us ask all kinds of

questions we didn't even know to ask beforehand,"

Nathanson said. For example, could this area become

altered in disease, or play a role in driving disease, he

said.

(Original article on Live Science.)


423


424


425


426


427

All Bank Draft should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association,

membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata. Members are

requested to mention their Membership No. while making any correspondence to ISCA office.

õFÚFU ÙFYk=+ °dFØ© The Indian Science Congress Association =W+ ÎFFÛF õFW ùU PáF&FF ¡FFJc, õF¼õÜF¶FF=W+ PæFðFÜF ÛFWk ÙFYk=+ °dFØ© =+U ÒFPÑ¶F EFYÞ ¡FX =+XáF=+F¶FF =W+ P=+õFU èFF&FF ÛFWk ¼WÜF ùXk—


428

Any Govt. approved ID Card ( Mandatory) :


429

æF¶FaÛFFÎF æFðFa PæFèæFPæFÃFáFÜF ÒæFWèF-ÑF·F / Current Year University Admit Card:


430

õFÚFU ÙFYk=+ °dFØ© The Indian Science Congress Association =W+ ÎFFÛF õFW ùU PáF&FF ¡FFJc, õF¼õÜF¶FF =W+ PæFðFÜF ÛFWk ÙFYk=+ °dFØ© =+U ÒFPÑ¶F EFYÞ ¡FX =+XáF=+F¶FF =W+ P=+õFU èFF&FF ÛFWk ¼WÜF ùXk—

All Bank Draft should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association, membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata.


The Indian Science Congress Association14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street,

Kolkata- 700 017

Telephone : (033) 2287-4530 / 2281-5323

Website : http:/sciencecongress.nic.in

Fax : 091-33-2287-2551E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

ndDate : April 2 , 2018.

REMINDER

Dear Sir / Madam,

1. Kindly fill up the renewal form given on the opposite page and remit 200/- by Bank Draft on a Kolkata Bank in

favour of “ The Indian Science Congress Association” to renew your membership for 2018-2019. No Cheque, Postal

order or Money order will be accepted by ISCA.

2. For exercising Voting Right the enrolment of Annual Membership is required to be made by July 15, 2018.

Subscription received after July 15, 2018 will be treated as Sessional Member.

th3. Last date of receiving full papers along with 3 copies of Abstracts for presentation at the 106 Session of Indian

Science Congress to be held from 3-7 January, 2019 is September 15, 2018.

4. As per the resolution of the Executive Committee in its meeting held on October 15, 2011, all Application forms for

Membership and the renewal of membership must be submitted by providing the address of the applicants themselves

only and not any ‘Care of Address’.

5. While sending your subscription, Please quote your last year (i.e. 2017-2018 only) Annual membership number.

If your subscription is already remitted, please ignore this letter.

Yours faithfully

N.B. ; Sending of membership subscription without the duly filled in renewal form will not be accepted.

TO

ALL ANNUAL MEMBERS (2017-18)

RENEWAL OF ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION FOR 2018-2019

Prof. Gangadhar

General Secretary

(Membership Affairs)

431


The Indian Science Congress Association14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street,

Kolkata- 700 017

Telephone : (033) 2287-4530 / 2281-5323

Website : http:/sciencecongress.nic.in

Fax : 091-33-2287-2551E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

Dated :

Annual Membership Number :

(Last Year i.e. 2017-2018 only)

Name: Middle Name : Surname :

Affiliation:

Present Address (only for persons changing the address)

*If there is any change in the address as given earlier in your application, please state the original address

mentioned previously.

Original Address :

+Enclosed Bank draft No.---------------------------- dt.---------------------------------- of 200 (two hundred only)`

Signature of the Applicant

Contact No:

APPLICATION FOR RENEWAL OF ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION FOR 2018-2019

+in favour of “The Indian Science Congress Association” payable at any branch of Bank in Kolkata.

Date:

432

Date post:	26-Apr-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	4 times
Download:	0 times

Vol. LII No. 6sciencecongress.nic.in/Hindi/Pdf/E-book/Feb18-mar18.pdfArun Kumar 364 What to Consume:...

Documents