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1) To f ind new d ign i ty and p r ide i n being Asian i n Canada.

2) To proimte an understanding between Asian Canadians and. o t h e r Canadians.

3) To speak out a g a i n s t those condi t ions , i nd iv idua l s and i n s t i t u t i o n s perpetuat ing racism i n Canada.

4) To s t and up a g a i n s t the d i s t o r t i o n s of our h i s t o r y i n Canada, s t e r eo types , economic e x p l o i t a t i o n s , and che general tendency towards i n j u s t i c e and inequa l i t y p rac t i s ed on mincr i ty groups.

5) To provide a Eorum f o r Asian Canadian writers; a r t i s t s , musicians, e t c .

6) To promote un i ty by br idging the gap between Asians with roo t s i n Canada and recent immigrants.

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I Margaret Chang 3 CARTOONS 8

DUBIOUS AWARD 11 HOW THE NOON MEAL GOT ITS, NAME

Lise Waxer 9 POETRY 12

FACE TO FACE 18 AN ONION AMID STRAWBERRIES

Richard Fung 14 INTERNATIONAL FORUM 22

- COMMUNITY NEWS 27

BRIDGING EAST AND WEST Daniel C. Lee 17 LETTERS 28

The A~ianad ian : An Adian Canadian Magazi- ne i s p u b l i s h e d q u a r t e r l y b y t h e A s i a n a - d i a n R e s o u r c e W o r k s h o p . P .O. Box 1 2 5 6 , S t a t i o h Q , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o M4T 2 P 4 , Ca- n a d a . C o p y r i g h t ( c ) 1 9 8 1 . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . C o n t e n t s may n o t b e r e p r i n t e d w i t h o u t p r i o r w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .

ISSN# 0 7 0 5 - 8 8 6 1 . S e c o n d C l a s s M a i l R e - g i s t r a t i o n Number 4 4 3 8 , T o r o n t o , C a n a d a . T h e W o r k s h o p i s r e g i s t e r e d a s a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . A l l d o n a t i o n s , t a x - d e d u c t i b l e . P r i n t e d b y t h e W e l l e r Pu- b l i s h i n g .

E d i t o r i a l t h i s i s s u e : A. R a h i m . P r o d u c t i o n t h i s i s s u e : Momoye S u g i m a n , , D i a n e Y i p , R i c h a r d F u n g , C a r o l M a t s u i , K a t h y A d a c h i , I l l u s t r a t i o n t h i s i s s u e : T i n Kam Kuo , H i n g Mak. P h o t o g r a p h y t h i s i s s u e : R i c h a r d F u n g ( c o v e r - C h i n a t o w n , L i m a , P e r u ) , a n d V i t .

The o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d i n t h i s i s s u e a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h o s e o f t h e e d i t o r i a l c o l l e c t i v e .

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T h i s i s s u e m a r k s t h e t h i r d a n n i v e r - s a r y o f A s i a n a d i a n . We c r e a t e d t h i s ma- g a z i n e t h r e e y e a r s a g o w i t h a n a i m t o p r o v i d e a f o r u m f o r A s i a n C a n a d i a n s t o v o i c e t h e i r o p i n i o n s , t o e x p r e s s t h e i r t a l e n t s , a n d t o u s e i t a s a ' m e a n s t o b u i l d up a common u n d e r s t a n d i n g a m o n g o u r s e l v e s . To p u t i t i n a h u m b l e m a n n e r , we h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n f u l f i l l i n g t h i s a i m p a r t i a l l y . .

F o r t h o s e o f y o u who h a v e b e e n r e a d i n g A d i a n a d c a n f o r t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s , y o u may n o t e t h e d i v e r s i t y o f a r t i c l e s , p o e m s , s t o r i e s , a r t w o r k s , e t c . w h i c h h a d b e e n p u t f o r w a r d , i n o u r m a g a - z i n e . ' T h e y may b e s a r c a s t i c , h u m o r o u s , a n g r y , b i t t e r , s e r i o u s , . . . b u t t h e y n e - v e r t h e l e s s r e p r e s e n t e d t h e v i e w s a n d f e e l i n g s o f s o m e C h i n e s e , F i l i p i n o s , I n - d i a n s , K o r e a n s , J a p a n e s e , a n d S o u t h A s i a n s . T h e y may n o t a g r e e w i t h e a c h o t h e r a n d , i n s o m e c a s e s , a c t u a l l y o p p o s e o n e a n o - . t h e r . I n f o r m a l l y , s o m e r e a d e r s h a v e t o l d u s t h a t we d o n o t h a v e o n e l i n e o f t h o u - g h t . I n d e e d , we d o n o t . A s i a n C a n a d i a n s h a v e v a r i o u s c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e s a n d c l a s s b a c k g r o u n d s , a n d i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t we h a v e d i f f e r e n t p e r s p e c t i v e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , o u r l e v e l o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s n o t t h e . s a m e a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , o u r p r o p o s a l s f o r s o c i a l c h a n g e a r e d i v e r s i - f i e d . We c h e r i s h s u c h d i v e r s i t y b u t , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , we h o p e t h a t we c a n come t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f e a c h o t h e r a n d a r e a b l e t o s t a n d w i t h e a c h o t h e r o n a common f r o n t i n f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t r a c i s m a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f s o c i a l i n j u s t i c e .

T h e r e a r e t w o t h i n g s w h i c h we s t i l l r e g r e t e v e n a f t e r t h r e e y e a r s o f e x i s - t e n c e : F i r s t , we f e e l t h a t we h a v e n o t q u i t e m a k e a n i n r o a d i n t o t h e F i l i p i n o a n d K o r e a n c o m m u n i t i e s . A r t i c l e s f r o m t h e m a r e r a r e . S e c o n d , we h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e t o c o n v i n c e A s i a n C a n a d i a n s t o s t a n d w i t h e a c h o t h e r t o e i g h t a g a i n s t s o c i a l i n j u s t i c e . Maybe t h r e e y e a r s i s n o t l o n g e n o u g h t o s e e a n y c h a n g e o f t h i s m a g n i t u d e . M a y b e , we h a v e n o t d o n e e n o u g h i n t h e s e a r e a s .

T h e f r a g m e n t a t i o n a m o n g A s i a n C a n a ' d i a n s i s d i s t r e s s f u l . We t e n d t o ' m i n d o u r own b u s i n e s s . F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n t h e a n t i - W 5 (CTV) c a m p a i g n w a s l a u n c h e d a y e a r a g o ' t o f i g h t a g a i n s t r a c i s m i n t h e

m e d i a , h a r d l y a n y S o u t h A s i a n s o r J a p a - n e s e u e r e i n v o l v e d i n i t i'n g r e a t d e p t h . I t w a s m i s c o n c e i v e d a s a " C h i n e s e " i s s u e . When I n d i a n s w e r e h a r a s s e d b y t h e w h i t e s o r m i s t r e a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r i t y , n o C h i - n e s e o r K o r e a n s o p e n l y s p o k e a g a i n s t t h e m . I t w a s , a g a i n , m i s p e r c e i v e d a s a n " I n d i a n " p r o b l e m . When t h e F i l i p i n o s , w e r e f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f d o m e s t i c w o r k e r s f r o m P h i l i p p i n e s , we h a r d l y s a w a n y o t h e r A s i a n C a n a d i a n s i n - v o l v e d i n t h e f i g h c . A g a i n , we t e n d t o v i e w - t h a t i t w a s a " F i l i p i n o " c o h c e r n . T h e s e a r e o n l y a f e w e x a m p l e s , b u t t h e y s u m m a r i z e p r e t t y w e l l t h e l e v e l s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a m o n g A s i a n C a n a d i a n s a t t h i s s t a g e o f h i s t o r y . T h i s , we h o p e , w i l l b e c h a n g e d .

Some C h i n e s e s t i l l t a l k o f t h e " s t i n k y u s m e l l o f c u r r i e d I n d i a n f o o d . Some S o u t h A s i a n s s t i l l c o m p l a i n o f t h e " s e l f - i n d u c e d " s e g r e g a t i o n o f t h e C h i - n e s e . Some J a p a n e s e s t i l l s e e t h e I n - d i a n s a s " t o o v o c a l " a n d " t o o o u t s p o k e n " . T h e r e i s a l o t o f p r e j u d i c e i n t h e w o r l d o f A s i a n C a n a d i a n s .

W h e r e d o we l e a r n a F 1 t h e s e p r e j u - d i c e s ? A r e we r e p e a t i n g w h a t t h e m e d i a o r o t h e r p e o p l e h a v e s a i d a b o u t u s ? W h a t i s t h e v a l u e o f t h e s e p r e j u d i c e s o n t h e s o c i a d i n t e f a c t i o n s a m o n g o u r s e l - v e s ? Why d o a l l t h e s e b i a s e s p e r s i s t ? W h a t c a n o n e g a i n i n h a v i n g t h e s e d i s - t o r t e d v i e w s o n o t h e r p e o p l e ? How d o t h e y s e r v e t h e d o m i n a n t m a j o r i t y g r o u p s ? T h e s e a r e s o m e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s we h a v e t o a s k o u r s e l v e s s e r i o u s l y .

A s i a n a d i a n , b y i t s e l f , c a n n o t e f f e c t a n y s i g n i f i c a n t s o c i a l c h a n g e . We a r e t h e s t r u g g l i n g f e w who t r y , i n o u r s m a l l w a y s , t o s h o w p e o p l e t h a t A s i a n C a n a d i a n s a r e n o t . d o c i l e a n d dumb -- we h a v e t a l e n t s , a b i l i t i e s , f e e l i n g s , a n d s p i r i t s . So - c i a l c h a n g e w h i c h r e m o v e s p r e j u d i c e s a n d s o c i a l i n j u s t i c e r e q u i r e s t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f , n o t o n l y A s i a n C a n a a d i a n s , b u t a l s o o t h e r c o n c e r n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a n d o r g a n i z a - t i o n s . We n e e d y o u r h e l p . I f y o u s u b - s c r i b e t o o u r s p i r i t o f f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t s o c i a l i n j u s t i c e , t e l l p e o p l e a b o u t o u r m a g a z i n e , c o n t r i b u t e a r t i c l e s , s t o r i e s , e t c . , a n d d o n a t e money g e n e r o u s l y t o h e l p u s t o c o n t i n u e o u r w o r k . T h e c o n t i n u a - t i o n o f A s i a n a d i a n d e p e n d s o n Y O U .

V o L . 3, N o . . 4

CHINESE PIONEERS

by Margaret hang T h e 6oLLowing a t t i c L e i~ t e p t i n t e d w i t h

pehhminnion dhom t h e a u t h a h . I t d i h n t ap - pea ted i n T h e E v e n i n g T e l e g r a m , S t . J a h n ' n , NewdaundLand, S a t u t d a y , Feb. 1 1 , 1978.

A l t h o u g h t h e C h i n e s e h a v e b e e n i n New- f o u n d l a n d f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f a c e n t u r y , m o s t N e w f p u n d l a n d e r s know v e r y l i t - t l e a b o u t t h e m .

T h i s i s a n a c c o u n t o f t h e f i r s t d e c a d e o f t h e C h i n e s e i n N e w f o u n d l a n d , f r o m t h e y e a r t h e y f i r s t ' d i s c o v e r e d ' N e w f o u n d l a n d t o t h e y e a r w h e n N e w f o u n d l a n d c ~ p i e d t h e r e s - t r i c t i v e a n t i - C h i n e s e l e g i s l a t i o n o n t h e , b o o k s i n C a n a d a .

I t s h o u l d a l s o b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t a t t h e t i m e N e w f o u n d l a n d e r s w e r e a n i s o l a t e d g r o u p o f p e o p l e , a n d t h a t e v e n p e o p l e o f ' t h e i t own k i n d ' h a d c e a s e d t o i m m i g r a t e

^ i n a n y s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r s . T h u s , w h e n t h e C h i n e s e a r r i v e d , t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e N e w f o u n d l a n d e r s , b o t h r a c i a l l y a n d l i n g u i s - t i c a l l y , many f e a r s w e r e r a i s e d . And i n a c o m m u n i t y w h e r e p o v e r t y a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t w e r e w i d e s p r e a d , t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f l a r g e g r o u p s o f t h e s e s t r a n g e r s w a s b o u n d t o d e e - p e n e x i s t i n g f e a r s .

I t s h o u l d b e a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e f o l l o - w i n g t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e s o f b o t h g r o u p s h a v e c h a n g e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y . T h e C h i n e s e h a v e b e - c o m e a t r u e , i f s o m e w h a t s m a l l , f a c e t o f N e w f o u n d l a n d l i f e .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r h l h i s t o r i e s o f mem- b e r s ' o f t h e c o m m u n i t y , t h e f i r s t C h i n e s e t o a r r i v e i n N e w f o u n d l a n d w a s F o n g C h o y f r o m o n e o f t h e v i l l a g e s o f H o i P i n g d i s t r i c t i n C a n t o n ( K v a n g t u n g -- e d i t o r ) p r o v i n c e i n s o u t h e r n C h i n a .

T h e s t o r y g o e s t h a t F o n g C h o y w a s v e r y a d v e n t u r o u s a s a y o u n g man . A f t e r l e a v i n g C h i n a , h e m a n a g e d t o b o a r d a s h i p f o r Eng- l a n d a n d t h e n s e t o u t f o r C a n a d a --- t o Mon- t r e a l a n d H a l i f a x . I n a l l t h e s e p l a c e s i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t h e s e t u p l a u n d r i e s , s o l d t h e m t o o t h e r s , a n d e v e r r e s t l e s s , moved o n t o new o p p o r t u n i t i e s .

L e a v i n g H a l i f a x , h e d e c i d e d t h a t New- f o u n d l a n d p r e s e n t e d y e t a n o t h e r e c o n o m i c o p - p o r t u n i t y . He a r r i v e d i n S t . J o h n ' s w h e r e

h e s e t u p a l a u n d r y . R e s t l e s s a g a i n , h e b r o u g h t i n a r e l a t i v e t o r u n i t o n a l o n g - t e r m b a s i s a n d s e t o u t f o r B e r m u d a w h e r e t h e F o n g f a m i l y b e c a m e v e r y p o w e r f u l . I t i s i n t h i s way t h a t t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f F o n g C h o y who r e s i d e i n N e w f o u n d l a n d a r e t h o u g h t t o b e r e l a t e d t o t h e F o n g s o f H a l i f a x a n d B e r m u d a .

T h e a b o v e s t o r y i s v e r y i n t r i g u i n g , f o r v e r s i o n s o f i t s h o w F o n g Choy a s a s o m e w h a t l a r g e r - t h a n - l i f e f i g u r e , t h e s o r t o f h e r o who i s o f t e n m e n t i o n e d a s t h e f o u n d e r o f a c o m m u n i t y . '

T h e f i r s t d o c u m e n t e d e v i d e n c e o f t h e C h i n e s e p r e s e n c e i n N e w f o u n d l a n d i s t h e a p - p e a r a n c e i n t w o r i v a l S t . J o h n ' s n e w s p a p e r s o f a d v e r t i s e m e n t s a b o u t t h e o p e v i n g o f a C h i n e s e l a u n d r y a t 3 7 New Gower S t r e e t o n A u g u s t 2 4 , 1 8 9 5 . B o t h a d s a n n o u n c e d " S i n g L e e a n d Co. C h i n e s e l a u n d r y w i l l b e r e a d y t o r e c e i v e w o r k o n Monday a t t h e i r l a u n d r y , 3 7 New Gower S t r e e t , c o r n e r H o l d s w o r t h S t r e e t . ' ' T h e a d s r a n i n t h e p a p e r s t h r e e t i m e s d u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g w e e k a n d t h e l a u n d r y w a s a p - p a r e n t l y f a i r l y w e l l l a u n c h e d .

T h e e x a c t i d e n t i t i e s o f t h e v e r y e a r l y i n d i v i d u a l s i s s o m e w h a t v a g u e a l t h o u g h F o n g Choy i s d e f i n i t e l y o n e o f t h e v e r y f i r s t . T h i s Cs s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y h i s s t o r i e s t q l d w h i l e h e w a s v i s i t i n g N e w f o u n d l a n d d u r i n g t h e e a r l y t h i r t i e s . M r . W i l l i a m P i n g remem- b e r s h i m w e l l . I n t h e b o o k NatabLe Eventn i n NewdoundLand H i n t c h y , h e i s m i s t a k e n l y

e n t e r e d a s Tong T o i . T h a t e n t r y s t a t e s "The f i r s t C h i n a m e n i n t h e c o u n t r y , Tong T o i a n d Wang C h a n g , o p e n e d t h e f i r s t l a u n d r y o n Aug. 2 4 , 1 8 9 5 . "

T h e i d e n t i t y , t h e p r o p e r C h i q e s e name, e t c . o f Wang C h a n g i s s t i l l unknown. T h e r e s e e m t o b e n o m e m o r i e s o f Wang C h a n g , w h i l e Fong Choy ( t h a t i s , Tong T o i ) i s v e r y w e l l r e m e m b e r e d . T h i s i s i n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t s i n c e F o n g Choy moved o n a f t e r a s h o r t t i m e , Wang C h a n g may h a v e b e e n t h e o n e t o b u i l d u p a s o l i d b u s i n e s s o n t h e i n i t i a l s t a r t made by F o n g Choy. T h e l a u n d r y a n d p r e m i s e s a t t h e c o r n e r o f H o l d s w o r t h S t r e e t a n d New Gower S t r e e t r e m a i n e d a C h i n e s e *

s t r o n g h o l d f o r y e a r s . A t p r e s e n t l i t . t l e i s known o f t h e c o n -

s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e e a r l y e f f o r t s o f F o n g Choy a n d Wang C h a n g . T h e two e p i s o d e s t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e up t o 1 9 0 0 a r e b o t h u n h a p p y o n e s . T h e y b o t h r e f e r t o f r i c t i o n w i t h i d l e l o c a l s a n d t o a v i g o r o u s C h i n e s e r e a c t i o n i n s e l f - d e f e n c e .

The f i r s t e p i s o d e w a s i n t h e f a l l o f 1 8 9 7 , a b o u t two y e a r s a f t e r t h e i r a r r i v a l . On S e p t . 2 1 , t h e C h i n e s e r e a c t e d t o c o n t i - n u i n g a g g r a v a t i o n t h r o u g h n a m e - c a l l i n g a n d p e t t y v a n d a l i s m by l o c a l y o u t h s .

T h e r e p o r t i n t h e Evening HehaLd was n o t u n s y m p a t h e t i c t o t h e ' c e l e s t i a l s ' : " T h e Chinebe hehe now ahe n o t t o be tam- pehed w i t h and uneedd t h e poLice put a d t o p t o t h e p e t t y p e h b e c u t i o n 0 6 t h e m a 6 a t a L i t y m i g h t be p o d b i b l e . Chowdn 0 6 uhch inb addem- bee hound t h e i h phemihen and t o h m e n t them beyond enduhance. Yen tehday even ing boyd . pieed mud a t t h e i h windowd and t h e c e l e 4 - t i a & i 4 4 u e d d o h t h i n a l l t h e i h g l o h y and a4 t h e boyb deed t h e h e wan a hegueah d u d i l a d e 0 6 6Lat ihond n e n t a6Zeh t h e m . l1

T h i s may h a v e h a p p e n e d a t S i n g L e e L a u n d r y a t New Gower S t r e e t , o r i t may h a v e o c c u r r e d a t t h e n e w e r J i m L e e L a u n d r y a t 214 ~ u c k w o r t h S t r e e t . B o t h o f t h e s e l a u n d r i e s a r e l i s t e d i n t h e c i t y d i r e c t o r y f o r 1 8 9 8 . T h e s a m e d i r e c t o r y i m p l i e d t h a t S i n g L e e a n d J i m L e e w e r e t h e n a m e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s . T h e o n l y o t h e r C h i n e s e i n d i v i d u a l m e h t i o n e d i n t h e c i t y d i r e c t o r y i s Won Tong who l i v e d a n d w o r k e d a t t h e J i m L e e L a u n d r y . E v i d e n t l y t h e r e i s some d e g r e e o f c o n f u s i o n among t h e l o c a l s a b o u t C h i n e s e n a m e s .

A r o u n d t h i s t i m e , t h e r e came t o New- f o u n d l a n d a man who became v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o t h e C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t y f o r a l m o s t t h e n e x t h a l f c e n t u r y . T h i s w a s Au K i m L e e , a n ama- z i n g l y a d a p t a b l e man. who e v e n t u a l l y a c t e d a s l i a i s o n b e t w e e n t h e g r o w i n g C h i - n e s e c o m m u n i t y a n d i n d i v i d u a l l o c a l s , a n d b e t w e e n t h e C h i n e s e a n d t h e l o c a l Newfound- l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h a s t h e j u s t i c e s y - s t e m , t h e c u s t o m s , e t c .

A n a t i v e o f Tong Wu v i l l a g e i n t h e H o i P i n g d i s t r i c t o f C a n t o n , K i m L e e s p e n t s e v e - r a l m o n t h s i n C a n a d a b e f o r e a r r i v i n g o n t h e i s l a n d t o w o r k a t o n e o f t h e l a u n d r i e s . H i s l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t i e s s o o n made h i m a c o n v e - n i e n t v e h i c l e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h t h e l o c a l r e s i d e n t s . He o b v i o u s l y was q u i t e a w a r e o f

t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a f f o r d e , d by l o c a l l e g i s l a - t i o n , f o r a t t h e e n d o f f i v e y e a r s r e s i d e n c e ( 1 9 0 5 ) h e became t h e f i r s t n a t u r a l i z e d C h i - n e s e i n N e w f o u n d l a n d .

I n t h e summer o f 1 9 0 1 , a n t i - C h i n e s e . s e n t i m e n t was s t i m u l a t e d a l m o s t d a i l y by d e - t a i l e d n e w s p a p e r r e p o r t s o f a t r o c i t i e s com- m i t t e d i n C h i n a a g a i n s t E u r o p e a n f o r e i g n e r s . T h e Evening HetraLd a g a i n r e p o r t e d t h e .con- t i n u i n g a g g r a v a t i o n o f t h e C h i n e s e by l o c a l y o u t h s , a n d a g a i n t h e n o n - p a s s i v e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e C h i n e s e t o t h i s s i t u a t i o n . At t h e s a m e t i m e , . i t a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d a move t o - w a r d s a n t i - C h i n e s e s e n t i m e n t a s t h e t e r m " p i g t a i l s " r e p l a c e d t h e t e r m " c e l e s t i a l s " .

"CHINESE BOXERS I N O U R MIDST--- About e i g h t l a n t e v e n i n g d ome Chinene coming down New Goweh S t h e e t chaoed nevehae boy^, who wehe it i d d a i d , t o h m e n t i n g t h e m . One Lad. . t u h n e d hid L e d t d o a t undea h i m , t h e Leg bf ieaking . . . One 0 6 t h e c e l e d t i a l n ... it LA d a i d , b e a t and k i c k e d him ... [ T h e b o y ) wad t a k e n i n a cab t o t h e h o d p i t a l . . . Oveh 1 0 0 0 anghy men and boyd adsembLed neah t h e wed t - end l a u n d t y , whehe t h e windowd wehe 6mabhed i n w i t h d tonen and o t h e h damage done . T h e g a t h e k i n g Ma4 a i p e doh a h i o t b u t doh Head CunbtabLe Vawc who handled t h e mob w i t h t a c t abzd p h u d c ~ c e . The anghy chowd, i n - c h e a s i n g a4 it w e n t , boon a t t a c k e d t h e o t h e h la[cndhy neah t h e Chuhbie , and AmaAhed i n t h e doohd. Pawe w e n t down i n t h e s t h e e t c a t s , heading c : 6 6 t h e mob, b u t doh w h i c h . d o h e ~ i g h t , t h e Chinamen would C e h t a i ~ l y have been h iLLed . Two, named Kam Lee and Kong Wing wehe bhought t o t h e Lockup. Thche wehe no p o l i c e i n t o w n , owing t o t h e BeLl 1 4 l a k ~ d t h o u b L e 4 , and Dawe w i t h M4. Geuhge CoughLan, phumptLy enhoLled a num- b e t 0 6 ' 4 p e c i a L s ' .'

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n c i d e n c e w e r e d i s - F o r t h e C h i n e s e , 1 9 0 6 w a s t h e e n d o f t h e t u r b i n g . T h e t w o l a u n d r i e s h a d b e e n h e a v i l y e r a o f t h e t o p e n t N e w f o u n d l a n d . l-he an t i - d a m a g e d . he two ~ h i n e s e , Kam L e e a n d Kong C h i n e s e l e g i s l a t i o n w h i c h h a d b e e n u n s u c c e s s - , Wing, w e r e a r r e s t e d , a n d a s e r i o u s r i s k t o f u l i n 1 9 0 4 w a s r e i n t r o d u c e d , a n d t h e C h i n e s e l i f e h a d b e e n e n d u r e d . A g r e a t d e a l o f r e - b e c a m e v e r y c o n s p i c u o u s a g a i n . I t b e g a n i n s e n t m e n t h a d b e e n s t i m u l a t e d by t h e a l l e g e d l a t e March when Wah Lung c r e a t e d a p r o c e d u r a l b e a t i n g o f t h e 1 o c a l ' ~ o u t h by Kam L e e a n d a p r o b l e m f o r t h e g o v e r n o r by a s k i n g f o r a - g r e a t d e a l o f e m o t i o n h a d come o u t i n t o t h e p a s s p o r t w h i c h w o u l d e n a b l e h i m t o pass o p e n . T h e r o l e o f Head C o n s t a b l e Dawe i n t h r o u g h C a n a d a w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y o n h i s way q u e l l i n g a p o s s i b l e a n t i - C h i n e s e r i o t s p e a k s b a c k t o v i s i t c h i n a . . wah L~~~ h a d been in f a v o u r a b l y f o r t h e c i t y p o l i c e f o r c e . N e w f o u n d l a n d l o n g e n o u g h t o h a v e b e c o m e n a -

f he e v e n t w a s summed up by t h e Evening t u r a l i z e d e a r l y i n 1 9 0 6 a n d h e b a s e d h i s r e - Hetrald' : "Such a bcene 0 6 exc i tement hab q u e s t o n t h i s f a c t . H o w e v e r , i t a p p e a r s , not been witnebbed i n t h e c i t y dutring t h e d o o b t f u l t h a t h e g o t h i s p a s s p o r t . pabt 20 yeatrb.. ." T h e r e s u l t i n g a r r e s t o f By l a t e A p r i l , t h e b i l l a g a i n s t C h i - b o t h Kam L e e a n d Kong Wong ( s i c ) o n a c h a r g e o f assaul t l e d t o t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e i n m a g i - nese immigration had passed t h e h o u s e of

s t r a t e m s c o u r t some f i v e d a y s l a t e r where . a s s e m b l y a n d c o p i e s w e r e b e i n g p r i n t e d f o r

t h e y w e r e d e f e n d e d b y E . P . M o r r i s . T h e c a s e t h e l e g i s l a t i v e I t c o p i e d t h e was a d j ' o u r n e d u n t i l t h e b o y was r e l e a s e d C a n a d i a n l a w a l m o s t v e r b a t i m , e x c e p t t h a t t h e

f r o m h o s p i t a l . h e a d t a x w a s t o b e $ 3 0 0 , i n s t e a d o f $ 5 0 0 a s

I n s p i t e o f s p o r a d i c i n c i d e n t s l i k e i n C a n a d a . W h i l e t h e b i l l w a s b e f o r e t h e

t h i s , t h e C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t y s l o w l y g r e w a n d H o u s e , t h e M i n i s t e r o f J u s t i c e p r e s e n t e d a

b y 1 9 0 4 t h e r e w e r e t h r e e l a u n d r i e s . T h e p e t i t i o n f r o m t h e L o n g s h o r e m e n ' s U n i o n o f l a u n d r i e s were original S i n g Lee L a u n d r y S t ' p r a y i n g t h e e n a c t m e n t o f le- a t 37 N e w S t r e e t , t h e Lee Wah L a u n d r y g i s l a t i o n r e s t r i c t i n g t h e i m m i g r a t i o n o f

' a t 238 New Gower S t r e e t a n d t h e Kam Lung C h i n e s e p e r s o n s . A s t h e m o n t h o f May b e g a n

L a u n d r y a t 41 C o c h r a n e S t r e e t . a n d i t b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e l e g i s l a t i o n O f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s who had a r r i v e d be t - w o u l d g o t h r o u g h t h i s t i m e , i t b e c a m e a s o r t

ween 1 9 0 0 a n d 1 9 0 6 , t h e f o l l o w i n g c a n b e o f r a c e b e t w e e n t h e o f f i c i a l s who w i s h e d t o

l i s t e d : L e e Tom, Wah L u n g , J i m L e e , Wee a t l e a s t c o l l e c t $ 3 0 0 a h e a d f r o m t h e i n -

Hong, Hong G o i n , J o h n O t G a y , Au J i n , J a m e s c o m i n g C h i n e s e , a n d t h e C h i n e s e who a t t e m p t e d

L e e , C h i n g L e e ( l a t e r J o h n s o n ) , Hop Wah, t o b e a t t h e d e a d l i n e a n d t h e t a x . Some o f

Hung Wing , Cha L i e F o n g , C h i n Chow, Ton Chew, t h e m dia make i t '

Tong J i n , Bank Hong, Fong J i m , a n d Fong L e e . D u r i n g t h e m o n t h o f May, t h e n e w s p a p e r s

V e r y l i t t l e e l s e i s known a t p r e s e n t v i e d f o r t h e s l i g h t e s t news a b o u t t h e C h i -

a b o u t t h e p e r i o d f r o m 1 9 0 0 a n d 1 9 0 6 e x c e p t n e s e . On t h e f i r s t o f May t h e good c i t i z e n s

t h a t b y 1 9 0 4 t h e N e w f o u n d l a n d g o v e r n m e n t mem- o f St-. J o h n ' s , who h a p p e n e d t o b e i n t h e

her M r . Howley had i n t r o d u c e d a Pi l l b e f o r e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f t h e r a i l w a y s t a t i o n when t h e

t h e h o u s e o f a s s e m b l y t h a t w o u l d p r o h i b i t t r a i n p u l l e d i n , g o t a n a w f u l s h o c k . O f f t h e

t h e i m m i g r a t i o n o f Ch ine se o r J a p a n e s e l a b o u r t r a i n m a r c h e d f i f t y - o d d C h i n e s e men- T h e y

i n t o t h e c o l o n y . T h i s b i l l . p a s s e d a l l t h r e e had come O v e r S y d n e y O n t h e Reid r e a d i n g s by A p r i l 6 , a n d w a s t h e n o r d e r e d t o b o a t , t h e B r u c e , a l o n g w i t h a b o u t 25 o t h e r , b e s e n t t o t h e l e g i s l a t i v e c o u n c i l a s k i n g l e s s n o t e - w o r t h y p a s s e n g e r s . On t h e i r a r r i -

f o r t he i r c o n c u r r e n c e in i t s p rov i s ions . I t v a l i n P o r t - a u x B a s q u e s t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g t h e

s e e m s t o h a v e d i e d a f t h i s p o i n t a n d n o t h i n g local d o b u t look

f u r t h e r w a s d o n e b e f o r e 1 9 0 6 , a t t h e m s a d l y a n d t h i n k o f t h e o v e r $ 1 6 , 0 0 0 w o r t h o f h e a d t a x e s t h a t h e was m i s s i n g . T h e

******************* C h i n e s e , n o d o u b t , c h e e r f u l a n d much re- l i e v e d , c o m p u t e d much t h e s a m e f i g u r e s .

T h a t m u s t h a v e b e e n a n i n t e r e s t i n g t r a i n r i d e a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y f o r t h e l o c a l s , l i s t e n i n e i n b e w i l d e r m e n t t o C h i n e s e c o n v e r -

asian hut -

s a t i o n s . T h e m e m o r i e s m u s t h a v e r e m a i n e d v i v i d f o r some t i m e . A t t h e . e n d o f t h e l i n e , t h e c i t y w a s d i s t u r b e d a b o u t b e i n g o v e r r u n b y t h e C h i n e s e .

I t w a s r e p o r t e d by b o t h p a p e r s t h a t 1 5 0 m o r e w o u l d a r r i v e b y t h e n e x t e x p r e s s . I t w a s

ORIENTAL CARVINGS JEWELLERY f e r v e n t l y h o p e d t h i t ~ e w f o u n d l a n d w o u l d a r r i v e SHELL-BAMBOO-RATTAN. t o e n f o r c e t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s a l r e a d y i m p o s e d CRAFT, ETC. by C a n a d a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

Grace ~ishide6 T h e Telegtram's a c c o u n t o f t h e m a t t e r s e e m s t o h a v e h i t t h e c o r e o f t h e m a t t e r - e c o -

~ ~ ~ Q U E E N S T R E E T W E S T . T O R O N T O . O N T A R I O M ~ V ~ A ~ n o m i c s : "Soof l theY wif!l b e i n v a d i n g oxhen. BUS Tel 368 0290 Res2910983 domain^ 0 6 Laboua ab w e l l ad laundtry wotrh.

Altready beveaaL aae wokking ao coohb and d o m e ~ t i c o e t r van t~ i n c i t y Kouo eb . . . ( I t wab 6uLey e x p e c t e d > t h a t t h e y w i l l boon be

The A ~ i a n a d i a n 5

c o u n t e d i n t h e t h o u n a n d n . . ." ( T h e r e a r e s t i l l , t o t h i s d a y , l e s s t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 C h i n e s e i n t h e p r o v i n c e . )

A s f a r a s c a n b e s e e n , t h i s w a s t h e , o n l y l a r g e g r o u p o f C h i n e s e t o come i n t o t h e c b u n - c r y s p e c i f i c a l l y t o b e a t t h e h e a d t a x . T h e e x p e c t e d a d d i t i o n a l 1 5 0 o n t h e n e x t e x p r e s s w e r e 5 4 p i e c e s o f t h e i r b a g g a g e w h i c h c a m e i n o n c o n d u c t o r K e l l y ' s e x p r e s s t w o d a y s l a t e r . Two d a y s a f t e r t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e f i r s t g r o u p , t h e D a i l y Newo w a s s t i l l a n n o u n c i n g t h a t " n e u e n t y Ch inamen ahe e x p e c t e d t o ah - h i v e o n t o n i g h t ' n eXpheAA and a n o t h e h b a t c h 0 6 t h e m a h e d u e t o a h h i v e o n Sunday . " T h e o t h e r b a t c h e s n e v e r d i d show u p . Up t o t h i s t i m e , t h e n e w s p a p e r s e s t i m a t e d , t h e r e h a d b e e n r o u g h l y 1 2 0 o r 1 3 0 C h i n e s e i n t h e c i t y , m o s t o f t h e m e m p l o y e d a t t h r e e o r f o u r l a u n - d r i e s . T h e s e t h r e e o r f o u r l a u n d r i e s o b - v i o u s l y w o u l d n o t b e a b l e t o a b s o r b a l l f i f t y - o d d o f t h e new a r r i v a l s a n d m o s t o f t h e m s e t o u t t o s c o u r t h e t o w n f o r o t h e r em- p l o y m e n t , much t o t h e c o n s t e r n a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l s .

T h e g o v e r n o r e v i d e n t l y a l s o r e a d t h e p a p e r s a n d i n d i s p a t c h e s t o E n g l a n d c o n v e y e d t h e l a t e s t d e t a i l s o n t h e " y e l l o w i n v a s i o n . " He r e p o r t e d t h a t C h i n e s e i m m i g r a t i o n h a d o n l y b e g u n t o s p e e d u p d u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r o r t w o s i n c e C a n a d a h a d p a s s e d a n e v e n m o r e r e s - t r i c t i v e b i l l a g a i n s t t h e C h i n e s e i n 1 9 0 3 . T h i s i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g . He e s t s i m a t e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e a b o u t 1 0 0 C h i n e s e a l r e a d y i n t h e c i t y b e f o r e t h e l a t e s t a r r i v a l s , w i t h t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n f i n e d t o l a u n d r y w o r k , w h i c h d i d n o t c o m p e t e d i r e c t l y w i t h - a n y l a r g e n u m b e r s o f l o c a l s .

He r e p o r t e d c h e e r f u l l y t h a t a l a r g e new s t e a m l a u n d r y ( a s o p p o s e d t o C h i n e s e h a n d l a u n d r i e s ) h a d j u s t o p e n e d u p w h i c h w o u l d d e p r i v e t h e C h i n e s e o f m o s t o f t h e l a u n d r y w o r k a v a i l a b l e i n S t . J o h n ' s . He a l s o men- t i o n e d t h e l a r g e n u m b e r s o f N e w f o u n d l a n d men l e a v i n g t h e i s l a n d a n d g o i n g t o C a n a d a , l o o k i n g f o r w o r k .

T h e G o v e r n o r f r e t t e d o v e r a t e c h n i c a l i t y w h i c h d e l a y e d t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e a n t i - C h i n e s e b i l l a s l a w , b u t c o n s o l e d h i m s e l f w i t h t h e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e now e x p e c t e d i n m a k i n g t h e b i l l l a w " w o u l d n o t b e s o g r e a t a s w o u l d a l l o w f r e s h a r r i v a l s f r o m C h i n a . 'It wouvd i n a l l r e a s o n a b l e l i k e l i h o o d o n l y p e r - m i t t h e l i m i t e d n u m b e r t h a t w o u l d come h e r e f r o m A m e r i c a t o l a n d i n N e w f o u n d l a n d b e f o r e t h e a c t c a m e i n t o o p e r a t i o n , a n d p r o b a b l y t h e g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f t h a t c l a s s t h a t w o u l d d e - s i r e t o come h e r e h a v e a l r e a d y a r r i v e d . " He w a s s u r p r i s i n g l y r i g h t .

T h e f i f t y - o d d who h a d i n d e e d s o c o n s p i - c u o u s l y a r r i v e d t o g e t h e r o n t h e t r a i n a s s i - d u o u s l y b e g a n t o s e a r c h f o r w o r k . No d o u b t a n y o n e w i t h r e l a t i v e s g o t f i r s t c h a n c e a t w o r k i n g i n t h e l a u n d r i e s . Of t h e r e s t , s e - v e r a l o b t a i n e d a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e e m p l o y m e n t a s d o m e s t i c s e r v a n t s o n L e M a r c h a n t R o a d . As 7 0 m o r e C h i n a m e n w e r e e x p e c t e d o n t h e e x p r e s s a f t e r s u p p e r on May 3 r d n o d o u b t a n u m b e r o f s p e c t a t o r s g a t h e r e d a t t h e s t a t i o n , o n l y t o

b e d i s a p p o i n t e d , i f s o m e w h a t r e l i e v e d . T h e C h i n e s e w e r e n o t t h e o n l y o n e s

l o o k i n g f o r w o r k . T h e D a i l y N ~ W A r e p o r t e d t h a t " t h e h e i n a l a c k 0 6 wohk i n t o w n a t phen e n t and conn e y u e n t l y many a b l e - b o d i e d m e E a h e u a l k i n g a b o u t . S i n c e t h e h e a l i n g n t e a - mehn h a v e d i n c h a h g e d , l i t t l e emplo yment i n g i v e n . I' T h e C h i n e s e w e r e p r o v i d i n g t h e s e men w i t h d i r e c t e c o n o m i c c o m p e t i t i o n .

By t h e s e v e n t h o f May, o u t o f t h e l a r g e g r ~ u p t h a t h a d come t o g e t h e r , t h r e e h a d o b - v i o u s l y d e c i d e d a g a i n s t s t a y i n g a n d t h e y l e f t t o g e t h e r f o r C a n a d a . A n o t h e r l e f t t h e n e x t d a y f o r V a n c o u v e r ; a d o z e n o f t h e o t h e r s l e f t b e f o r e t h e m o n t h w a s o v e r . By now t h e C h i n e s e s e e m e d t o b e a l l o v e r t h e c i t y . They w e r e a n i n e - d a y s - w o n d e r a n d s t o r i e s a b o u t t h e m a b o u n d e d --- some m e r e l y a m u s i n g , o t h e r s s a d l y r e v e a l i n g a l a c k of u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f o n e g r o u p b y t h e o t h e r . By now a l s o , t h e s t i r r e d u p h o s t i l e f e e l i n g s a b o u t C h i n e s e im- m i g r a t i o n w a s e v i d e n t l y s p i l l i n g o v e r t o o t h e r g r o u p s .

A r o u n d t h e c i t y , t h e C h i n e s e s t i l l h u n - t e d f o r w o r k , a s g a r d e n e r s , c o o k s , e t c . F i v e w e r e h i r e d by a M r . Thompson t o w o r k o n h i s p l a c e i n t h e w e s t e n d . A n o t h e r d i d s i m i l i a r w o r k i n G e o r g e b a w n , a n d y e t a n o t h e r w a s em- p l o y e d by o n e o f t h e p o l i c e m e n t o w o r k o n h i s p l o t . O t h e r p o l i c e m e n w o r k i n g t h e i r p l o t s '

i n t h e v i c i a i t y w e r e r e p o r t e d l y n o t a m u s e d . By mid-May , m o s t o f t h e j o b s i n t h e s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s h a d b e e n f i l l e d u p , a n d s t i l l a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f C h i n e s e r e m a i n e d t o

b e a b s o r b e h . T h e o n l y a r e a s o f w o r k re- w e r e t o d o g e n e r a l w o r k a r o u n d h i s p r e - m a i n i n g w e r e t h e B e l l I s l a n d m i n e s a n d t h e m i s e s o n t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e h a r b o u r . He f i s h e r y i t s e l f . a p p a r e n t l y w a s s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e m , a n d a c -

Many o f t h e l o c a l s w o r k i n g a t t h e B e l l c o r d i n g l y m a d e p l a n s t o h i r e a n a d d i t i o n a l I s l a n d m i n e s q u i t i n o r d e r t o r e t u r n t o t h e f i v e o r s i x . f i s h e r y . T h i s l e f t Nova S c o t i a S t e e l Co. Wages w e r e g o o d i n t h e f i s h e r y a n d d e s p e r a t e f o r b o t h s u r f a c e a n d u n d e r g r o u n d f i s h e r m e n w e r e h a r d t o g e t , s o some o f t h e l a b o u r e r s a n d i t w a s s t a t e d t h a t t h e y w o u l d l o c a l f i s h e r m e n w e r e o u t o f w o r k b e c a u s e o f o f f e r 1 5 c e n t s a n h o u r e v e n t o u n s k i l l e d t h e C h i n e s e . T h i s u n u s u a l s u p p l y o f l a b o u r l a b o u r . On May 2 1 , two d o z e n C h i n e s e l e f t w a s t h e r e f o r e n o t u n w e l c o m e i n t h e h a r b o u r , t h e c i t y i n t h r e e c a r r i a g e s h e a d e d f o r P o r - f o r f r o m t h e f i s h e r m e n ' s p o i n t o f v i e w , t h e t u g a l C o v e , a n d t h e n o n a c r o s s t h e T i c k l e r e a l money w a s t o b e made i n t h e f i s h i n g i t - t o B e l 1 , I s l a n d w h e r e j o b s w e r e w a i t i n g f o r s e l f , n o t i n s h o r e w o r k f o r w a g e s .

Weeks r a n a b i g e s t a b l i s h m e n t f r o m h i s p r e m i s e s o h t h e n o r t h s i d e o f Bay B u l l s s u p - p l y i n g a l l t h e l o c a l f i s h e r m e n f r o m Bay B u l l s t o Witless Bay w i t h f i s h i n g g e a r a n d p r o v i s i o n s , u s i n g t w o h o r s e t e a m s t o m a k e

I d e l i v e r i e s . He e m p l o y e d t h e C h i n e s e o n - - s h o r e , a b o u t t h e p r e m i s e s , a n d m a k i n g f i s h o n t h e f l a k e s , e t c .

M r . N i c k R y a n o f Bay B u l l s w a s a y o u n g man o f 1 0 o r 11 a t t h e t i m e a n d h e r e m e m b e r s t h e m w e l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e s u m m e r , d o d - g i n g a b o u t t h e h a r b o u r w h e n t h e y w e r e n o t w o r k i n g , a l w a y s t o g e t h e r .

M r . J a c k i e Tom M a l o n e y , who t o g e t h e r w i t h h i s f a t h e r w o r k e d f o r t h e Weeks ' e s t a - b l i s h m e n t , a l s o r e m e m b e r s t h e m v e r y w e l l . He r e m e m b e r s t h a t t h e y w o r k e d o u t v e r y w e l l f o r t h e w h d l e s u m m e r , s m a l l m e n , w e a r i n g re- g u l a r f i s h e r m e n ' s c l o t h e s , m o s t l y m a k i n g f i s h o n t h e f l a k e s , a n d l i v i n g t o g e t h e r 'in a l i t - t l e h o u s e w h i c h Weeks p r o v i d e d .

I t w a s e r r o n e o u s l y r e p o r t e d i n o n e o f t h e p a p e r s t h a t t h e Bay B u l l s f i s h e r m e n p r o - t e s t e d t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f t h e C h i n e s e a n d i n - s i s t e d t h a t Weeks n o t o n l y s t o p h i r i n g i t h e m . b u t d i s m i s s t h e o n e s h e a l r e a d y h a d . B o t h

men r e m e m b e r a b s o l u t e l y n o ill f e e l i n g s a g a i n s t t h e C h i n e s e f r o m t h e f i s h e r m e n , t h e o n l y o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e m c o m i n g f r o m F a t h e r R o a c h e , a n I r i s h m a n . Anyway , Weeks c o n t i - n u e d t o e m p l o y t h e m f o r t h e r e s t o f t h e sum- m e r ; b e i n g a n E n g l i s h m a n a n d a P r o t e s t a n t , M r . Weeks c o u l d p r e s u m a b l y a f f o r d t o i g n o r e t h e g o o d F a t h e r R o a c h e . T h e r e p o r t i n t h e p a p e r s t h a t M r . M.P. C i s h i n , C a t h o l i c a n d p o l i t i c a l , h a d h i r e d C h i n e s e b r o u g h t a s w i f t d e n i a l f r o m t h e g e n t l e m a n i n q u e s t i o n .

By t h e summer o f 1 9 0 6 , t h e C h i n e s e h a d b e e n i n N e w f o u n d l a n d f o r a d e c a d e . T h e y h a d fo 'und i n t h e v e r y b e n i n n i n n a n i c h e t h a t

t h e m . T h e s a m e d a y a g r o u p o f s t u d e n t s f r o m M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y i n M o n t r e a l a l s o t r a v e l - l e d t o B e l l I s l a n d t o g a i n some p r a c t i c a l k n o w l e d g e o f t h e i r o n o r e i n d u s t r y . T h e C h i n e s e s t a y e d s o m e w h a t l o n g e r , a n d w o r k i n g w i t h t h e i r s h o v e l s . n o d o u b t a l s o a a i n e d

- - w o u l d p r o v e f o r s e v e r a l d e c a d e s t o b e p e r h a p s t h e i r m o s t c o m f o r t a b l e n i c h e , i n t h e l a u n d r y f i e l d , w h e r e t h e y w e r e i n d i r e c t c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h a m i n i m a l n u m b e r o f l o c a l s . As l o n g a s t h e n u m b e r s w e r e l o w , t h e y b l e n d e d ' i n r e a - s o n a b l y w e l l . -

s o m e p r a c t i c a l k n o w l e d g e o f t h e i r o n o r e i n - d u s t r y .

C h i n e s e l a u n d r y m e n , c o o k s , g a r d e n e r s , s e r v a n t s , a n d e v e n m i n e r s w e r e t o l e r a t e d . B u t , c o u l d N e w f o u n d l a n d e r s c o p e a t a l l w i t h C h i n e s e f i s h e r m e n ? By mid-May, M r . Weeks M a r g a r e t C h a n g , a n a h c h i v i d t w i t h t h e New- o f Bay B u l l s s e t s o m e t h i n g o f a p r e c e d e n t d o u n d e a n d A h c h i v e h , h a d b e e n d e c h e t a h y ad b y h i r i n g s e v e n ~ h i n e s e who h a d b e e n s t a y i n g t h e C h i n e d e A d b q c i a t i o n 0 6 N e w d o u n d X a n d a n d w i t h f r i e n d s a t t h e W e s t End L a u n d r y . T h e y L a b h a d o h .

T h e A ~ k n a d i a n

EMPEROR CHIN & HIS PEOPLE by stephen won,

W3W T ! NOON lYlTiAL

f.8irytal I

e by LISE WAXER. /-

, L o n g , l o n g a g o , i n t h e l a n d w e s t o f t h e s e t t i n g s u n b u t e a s t o f w h e r e i t s e t s , l i v e d a man b l e s s e d w i t h maqy d a u g h t e r s . H i s name was Ho L i - C h a n g , a n d h e l i v e d i n a g r a n d p a - l a c e f i l l e d w i t h many s e r v a n t s , f o r h e w a s G o v e r n o r o f h i s p r o v i n c e .

He h a d t e n d a u g h t e r s , a n d t h e y o u n g e s t , named D i m Sum, was s o b e a u t i f u l h e a l m o s t d i d n ' t m i n d t h a t h e h a d n o s o n s . H i s f a m i l y l i v e d i n p e a c e a n d p r o s p e r i t y u n t i l o n e d a y , when h i s w i f e t o o k s i c k .

T h e g o v e r n o r r u s h e d t o h e r b e d s i d e a n d s a w w i t h a l a r m t h a t s h e w a s d y i n g . But s h e t o l d h i m n o t t o w o r r y , g o o d 'woman t h a t s h e w a s . "Do n o t l a m e n t o v e r my p a s s i n g , my n o b l e h u s b a n d , " s h e s a i d . " O n l y p r o v i s e me o n e t h i n g , a n d I s h a l l b e h a p p y . "

''What i s y o u r w i s h ? " a s k e d t h e g o v e r - n o r .

" P r o m i s e me t h a t v h e n I am g o n e , o n e o f o u r d a i g h t e r s s h a l l m a r r y t h e E m p e r o r ' s s o n . '

But my g o o d w i f e , t h e E m p e r o r i s a c r u e l man. He b e h e a d s a l l t h o s e who f a l l i n t o h i s d i s f g v o u r , " s a i d t h e g o v e r n o r .

" P l e a s e , my h u s b a n d , t h i s i s w h a t I w i s h . " And w i t h t h a t , s h e p a s s e d a w a y .

T h e w h o l e p a l a c e , f r o m Ho L i - C h a n g t o t h e s c u l l e r y m a i d , g r i e v e d a t h e r d e a t h , f o r s h e h a d b e e n a k i n d s o u l . But when t h e m o u r n i n g h a d e n d e d , Ho L i - C h a n g s e t a b o u t f u l f i l l i n g h i s w i f k ' s l a s t w i s h .

"My d a u g h t e r s , " h e s a i d . "When y o u r m o t h e r l e f t t h i s w o r l d f o r t h e n e x t , s h e made me p r o m i s e t h a t o n e o f y o u w o u l d m a r r y t h e E m p e r o r ' s s o n . "

T h e d a u g h t e r s g a s p e d w i t h s u r p r i s e , a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f e l l t o t a l k i n g a b o u t t h i s n e w s , b e c a u s e , o f c o u r s e , e a c h g i r l t h o u g h t t h a t s h e h e r s e l f w o u l d b e t h e P r i n c e ' s w i f e . A l l e x c e p t p r e t t y D i m Sum. S h e knew s h e h a d n o c h a n c e of b e c o m i n g t h e P r i n c e ' s w i f e , b e c a u s e s h e was t h e y o u n g e s t .

T h e n e x t d a y , t h e g o v e r n o r s e t o f f t o v i s i t t h e E m p e r o r . " P o o r D i m Sum," h e t h o u - g h t t o h i m s e l f . "How much s h e w a n t s t o m a r r y t h e E m p e r o r ' s s o n . But s h e c a n ' t . I m u s t g i v e B e a u t i f u l J a d e , a s s h e i s t h e e l d e s t . S e c r e t l y , h e w i s h e d t h a t t h e E m p e r o r h a d n i n e s o n s , s o h e c o u l d m a r r y t h e n i n e o l d e s t d a u g h t e r s , who w e r e r a t h e r mean a n d v a i n , a l l a t o n c e , a n d k e e p D i m Sum a t home w i t h h i m .

When h e g o t t o t h e r o y a l p a l a c e , Ho L i - Chang t h e g o v e r n o r w a s i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e Em- p e r o r was n o t a v a i l a b l e , b e i n g i l l w i t h a s t o m a c h a c h e . "Then how c a n I t e l l h i m t h a t I w i s h my d a u g h t e r t o m a r r y h i s s o n ? " a s k e d t h e g o v e r n o r . -

"My g o o d m a n , " s a i d t h e E m p e r o r ' s p r i - v a t e a d v i s o r , a man w i t h a g r e a t b l a c k r o b e . " I t i s n o t s o s i m p l e a s t h a t . To m a r r y P r i n c e H ' s i - C h o , y o u r d a u g h t e r m u s t p r e p a r e a m e a l . I f t h e E m p e r o r f i n d s b o t h t h e m e a l a n d y o u r d a u g h t e r s a t i s f a c t o r y , h e w i l l m a r r y h e r t o h i s s o n . I f n o t , s h e w i l l b e b e h e a d e d . We d o n ' t w a n t h e r c o m i n g b a c k a s e c o n d t i m e ' t o o f f e n d t h e t a s t e - b u d s o f o u r E m p e r o r . ' '

H p L i - C h a n g . w e n t home w i t h a h e a v y h e a r t . Of c o u r s e h e w a n t e d . h i s d a u g h t e r s o u t o f t h e h o u s e , o r p a l a c e , a s t h e c a s e h a p - p e n e d t o b e , b u t h e h a r d l y w a n t e d t h e m k i l l e d . I f o n l y h e h a d n ' t p r o m i s e d h i s w i f e . . .

S u r p r i s i n g l y , when h e b r o k e t h e s t o r y t o h i s d a u g h t e r s , t h e y w e r e n o t a t a l l d i s - m a y e d . "Do n o t w o r r y , o h h o n o u r a b l e f a t h e r , " s a i d B e a u t i f u l J a d e . "When t h e E m p e r o r s e e s me, h e w i l l l i k e my l o o k s s o , m u c h , h e ' l l f i n d t h e m e a l d e l i c i o u s , a n d I w i l l m a r r y h i s s o n . "

A l l t h e d a u g h t e r s f e l t t h i s way , a n d i m m e d i a t e l y r u s h e d o f f t o t h e k i t c h e n s .

D i m Sum s t a y e d b e h i n d , h o w e v e r . S h e knew i t w a s no u s e t o h o p e . " Y e s , my d a u g h - t e r , " , s a i d Ho L i - C h a n g , " i t i s b e t t e r t h a t y o u s t a y h e r e w i t h me. To g o t o t h e k i t c h e n s w o u l d o n l y , d e p r e s s y o u . I ' m a f r a i d . P e r - h a p s when t h e E m p e r o r c o m e s t o t a s t e t h e m e a l s , y o u c a n e n t e r t a i n h i m w i t h o n e o f Y O U r S t o r i e s . "

T h r e e n i g h t s a n d t h r e e d a y s l a t e r , Ho L i - C h a n g r e c e i v e d a m e s s e n g e r . T h e E m p e r o r a n d h i s s o n w o u l d b e c o m i n g t o t a s t e t h e m e a l .

T h e g o v e r n o r p r e p a r e d f o r t h e o c c a s - s i o n . T h e p a l a c e was mopped c l e a n . T h e

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s t a t u e s a n d v a s e s w e r e s h i n e d t i l l y o u c o u l d s e e y o u r f a c e i n t h e m . A f r e s h c o n t o f p a i n t w a s a d d e d t o t h e p a g o d a i n t h e g a r d e n . And g a y p a p e r l a n t e r n s w e r e s t r u n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e e s t a t e , a l o n g t h e b a l c o n i e s , a n d i n t o t h e c e n t r e c o u r t y a r d . I t w a s a b i g o c c a s s i o n i n d e e d

T h e E m p e r o r a r r i v e d , i n a v e r y b a d m o o d . T h e P r i n c e f o l l o w e d . He w a s v e r y h a n d s o m e , a n d l o o k i n g t h r o u g h h e r w i n d o w , D i m Sum f e l l i n l o v e w i t h h i m a t o n c e .

T h a t e v e n i n g , t h e f i r s t o f t h e n i n e m e a l s w a s b r o u g h t o u t . T h e E m p e r o r r u b b e d h i s h a n d s t o g e t h e r , f o r a l t h o u g h h e w a s v e r y b a d - t e m p e r e d , h e l o v e d f o o d . " P e r h a p s t h i s i s t h e m e a l t h a t w i l l d o i t , " h e t h o u g h t .

I t w a s a g r e a t p i g , o n a p l a t t e r h e a p e d w i t h n o o d l e s a n d - v e g e t a b l e s . On t h e s i d e w e r s t e a m i n g b o w l s o f r i c e , a n d c u p s o f t e a .

T h e E m p e r o r s w a l l o w e d h i s f i r s t m o u t h - f u l , a n d c h o k e d . "What i s t h e m e a n i n g o f t h i s ? " h e s t o r m e d . " I t i s s o o v e r c o o k e d i t t a s t e s l i k e d u s t . G i v e me s o m e t e a b e f o r e I d i e . " He d r a n k . " ( G a s p ) T h i s t e a i s m a d e o f d i s h w a t e r . And t h i s r i c e , i t l o o k s l i k e g l u e . O f f w i t h h e r h e a d . "

B e a u t i f u l J a d e w a s t a k e n a w a y t o b e e x e c u t e d . "No. D o n ' t k i l l h e r , " y e l l e d Ho L i - C h a n g . " P l e a s e , y o u r E m p e r o r s h i p ," h e s a i d i n a q u a k y v o i c e . " P l e a s e , d o n ' t k i l f h e r now. J u s t . . . j u s t l e t s t a y h e r e u n t i l l a t e r , a n d . . . a n d t h e n . . . I p r o m i s e y o u t o - m o r , r o w l s m e a l w i l l b e a l o t b e t t e r . " T h e E m p e r o r r e l e n t e d , a n d s t o r m e d o f f t o n u r s e h i s s o r e s t o m a c h .

T h e n e x t n i g h t , F l o w e r i n g B l o s s o m , t h e s e c o n d d a u g h t e r , b r o u g h t o u t h e r d i s h . I t w a s a t e n d e r - l o o k i n g d u c k s e t i n a mound o f s t e a m i n g v e g e t a b l e s , a n d d r i p p i n g w i t h t h i c k s a u c e s . " T h i s l o o k s a l i t t l e b e t t e r , " g r o w - l e d t h e E m p e r o r . B u t a g a i n h e c h o k e d o n h i s f i r s t m o u t h f u l , t h i s t i m e c o m p l a i n i n g t h a t t h e d u c k w a s u n d e r c o o k e d , a n d t h e s a u c e s t a s t e d l i k e b u r n t p e r f u m e .

Apd s o i t w e n t , n i g h t a f t e r n i g h t . Thl E m p e r o r ' s t e m p e r g r e w w o r s e . He w o u l d h a v e b e h e a d e d t h e p o o r g i r l s r i g h t o n t h e s p o t i f Ho L i - C h a n g h a d n o t i n t e r v e n e d .

F i n a l l y , c a m e t h e m o r n i n g w h e n t h e Em- p e r o r a n d h i s s o n w e r e t o d e p a r t . T h e n i n e s i s t e r s w e r e w i t h t h e p a r t y , a s t h e E m p e r o r w a s t a k i n g t h e m w i t h h i m t o b e b e h e a d e d . D i m Sum, who h a d b e e n h i d i n g i n h e r r o o m f o r t h e e n t i r e v i s i t , c a m e down t o w a t c h t h e p r o c e s - s i o n l e a v e .

T h e P r i n c e , n o t i c i n g h e r , a s k e d Ho L i - C h a n g i f s h e w e r e h i s d a u g h t e r . "Why y e s s h i t , y o u r H i g h n e s s , " r e p l i e d t h e g o v e r n o r . .

"I b e l i e v e s h e h a s n o t p r e p a r e d a m e a l y e t , " s a i d t h e P r i n c e . " I f i t p l e a s e my f a - t h e r , I w o u l d l i k e t h a t s h e d o s o . "

T h e E m p e r o r , s - e n s i n g t h a t h i s s o n h a d m o r e i n t e r e s t i n t h e k i r l t h a n j u s t i n h e r c o o k i n g , a s s e n t e d g r u m p i l y . " B u t i t b e t t e r b e r e a d y s o o n , o r I ' l l h a v e h e r b e h e a d e d t o o I w a n t t o b e home b e f o r e d a r k --- I ' v e h a d e n o u g h o f t h i s . "

Dim S u m ' s h e a r t s k i p p e d t w o b e a t s , a n d e e i n g t l i e a p p r o v a l i n h e r f a t h e r ' s e y e , s h e a c e d down t o t h e k i t c h e n s . B u t w h e n s h e g o t h e r e , h e r h e a r t f e l l . T h e r e w a s n o t h i n g e f t . J u s t a l i t t l e s e a f o o d , a n d l e f t o v e r i t s o f m e a t , a n d s o m e r i c e f l o u r . Dim Sum e s p a i r e d , a n d t h e n s e t a b o u t e x p e r i m e n t i n g ' y t h t h e m e a g r e s u p p l i e s s h e h a d .

A t n o o n , Dim Sum a p p e a r e d w i t h a m o d e s t r a y . On i t w e r e s m a l l p l a t e s c o n t a i n i n g i n y m o r s e l s o f f o o d --- s h r i m p b o i l e d i n r i c e l o u r , b u n s f i l l e d w i t h s p i c e d m e a t , f r i e d )ark o f e g g a n d p o r l a n d b e a n - s p r o u t s . " I ' m o r r y , y ,ou r M a j e s t i e s , b u t t h e r e w a s n o f o o d e f t , " s h e w h i s p e r e d .

" A l l t h e b e t t e r , " s a i d t h e E m p e r o r . We c a n e a t t h i s a n d b e o n o u r w a y . " T h e Em- l e r o r p i c k e d ~ u p h i s c h o p - s t i c k s a n d s t a r t e d 0 e a t . H i s e y e s l i t u p . "?tmmmm," h e s a i d , t h i s i s g o o d . "

He p i c k e d u p a n o t h e r m o r s e l a n d a t e h a t . And a n o t h e r , a n d a n o t h e r , u n t i l t h e r a y w a s e m p t y . T h e E m p e r o r l a y b a c k w i t h a

; i g h a n d s a i d , " w e ' l l t a k e h e r w i t h u s , G o v e r - l o r Ho L i - C h a n g . We n e e d a n o t h e r c o o k i n t h e l a l a c e , a n d i f we d o n ' t , s h e c a n a l w a y s m a r r y ~ y s o n . "

D i m S u m ' s h e a r t f i l l e d w i t h h a p p i n e s s , ~ n d s h e f l e w i n t o t h e a r m s o f h e r f a t h e r . ~ n d t h e n , s u m m i n g u p a l l h e r c o u r a g e , s h e u r n e d t o t h e E m p e r o r . " B u t b e f o r e I g o ,

, o u r N a 3 e s t y . y o u m u s t l e t my s i s t e r s f r e e . " ' h e E m p e r o r , f u l l w i t h t h e d e l i c i o u s m e a l a n d , e f y c o n t e n t e d , a g r e e d .

And s o Dim Sum w e n t a w a y t o t h e r o y a l l a l a c e , w h e r e s h e m a r r i e d t h e E m p e r o r ' s s o n . , ) f c o u r s e , e v e r y d a y a t n o o n , s h e s e r v e d h e r i n y p e r f e c t m e a l s , a n d t h e s e d i s h e s s p r e a d h r o u g h o u t t h e l a n d . When s h e d i e d , t h e y

lamed t h e s e d i s h e s D i m Sum, a f t e r h e r . And h a t i s w h y , Co t h i s d a y , t h e n o o n - . t i m e m e a l

.n C h i n a h a s b e e n c a l l e d Dim Sum, w h i c h m e a n s ' l i t t l e h e a r t s t ' .

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l i t I',J~~I ~ I P I 1 3 ~ ~ 5 1 ~ 1 ? " o b v i o u s l y u n o r i g i n a l a d v e r t i s e m e n t w h i c h o c - - c u p i e d a l m o s t a f u l l p a g e i n T h e G L o b e a n d

~ a i L ( A p r i l 2 1 , 1 9 8 1 : p a g e B 5 ) .

T h e a d , a s y o u c a n c l e a r l y s e e n , n o t o n l y i m p l i e s t h a t t h e " p l a i n ( N o r t h A m e r i c a n ) Eng- l i s h " l a n g u a g e i s s o m e h o w s u p e r i o r i n c l a r i t y

T t o t h e l a n g u a g e s o f t h e F a r E a s t , b u t i t a l s o r e i t e r a t e s t h e n e g a t i v e , h a c k n e y e d s t e r e o - t y p e o f t h e " I n s c r u t a b l e O r i e n t " --- i n b o l d , c a p i t a l l e t t e r s . I m m e d i a t e l y , t h e r e a d e r ' s m i n d l e a p s t o a l l t h o s e h o r r i d , H o l l y w o o d - m a n u f a c t u r e d a s s o c i a t i o n s o f t h e p h r a s e , " I n s c r u t a b l e O r i e o t a l " , t h a t i s , t h e O r i e n t a l a s s o m e m y s t e r i o u s , i m b e n e t r a b l e --- a n d 5 t h e r e f o r e s i n i s t e r a l i e n n o t t o b e t r u s t e d . T h e O r i e n t a l --- t h a t w h i c h c a n n o t b e c o m p r e - h e n d e d e v e n t h r o u g h s c r u t i n y .

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a n a d f o r a n e s t a b l i s h e d a n d r e s p e c t e d com- p a n y . Thub,, s ! ince i t i s CP A i r w h i c h i s p l a y i n g u p o n a s t e r e o t y p e i i g r a i n e d i n t h e

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B e f o r e I l e f t o n my t r i p , my l o v e r w a r n e d me t h a t t r a v e l l i n g a s a n " A s i a n q u e e r " i n L a t i n A m e r i c a w a s n o t g o i n g t o b e e a s y . My i d e n t i t y a s a g a y t u r n e d o u t t o b e s i m p l e e n o u g h t o m a n i - p u l a t e , s l i p p i n g i n a n d o u t o f t h e c l o s e t d e p e n d i n g o n w h e t h e r I w a s t a l k i n g t o a . P e r u v i a n b o r d e r o f f i c i a l o r a C o l u m b i a n g a y l i b e r a t i o n o r g a n i z e r -- a n d t r y i n g x o t t o f e e l t h a t I w a s c o m p r o m i s i n g my- s e l f t o o m u c h . H o w e v e r , t r y i n g t o c o n - c e a l my A s i a n i d e n t i t y w h e n n e c e s s a r y w a s n o t s u c h a s i m p l e t a s k . I c o u l d n ' t p u t my f a c e i n t o my s h o u l d e r b a g a s I w o u l d w i t h my c a m e n a w h e n I d i d n ' t w a n t t o b e s i n g l e d o u t a s a t o u r i s t . G r a d u a l l y , I d i d m a n a g e t o d e v e l o p s o m e s p y - l i k e t a c t i c s t o r e m a i n i n c o g n i t o . I n a n a t t e m p t t o b l e n d i n w i t h t h e s h r u b b e r y I w o r e n o n - d e s c r i p t b r o w n a n d g r e e n . I p u l l e d my h a t o v e r my t i n t e d g l a s s e s t o c o n c e a l my t e l l - t a l e e y e s . And w h e n I w a s n ' t s t a n d i n g i n s h a d o w s , I s a t down a l o t t o h i d e my g i v e - a w a y 6 ' 2 " s t a t u r e . I t ' s n o t t h a t I w a s u n c o m f o r t a b l e o r a s h a m e d o f e i t h e r my g a y n e s s o r my A s i a n n e s ' s . B u t c o n t i n u a l l y b e i n g s i n g l e d o u t a s d i f f e - r e n t --- v e r y d i f f e r e n t --- c a n b e t i r e s o m e , p e r h a p s e v e n d a n g e r o u s .

I n a c i t y l i k e T o r o n t o , I c a n n e v e r t e l l r e s i d e n t s f r o m t o u r i s t s . B u t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a , e s p e c i a b l y o u t 2 i d e t h e l a r g e r c i t i e s , f o r e i g n e r s s t a n d o u t l i k e o n i o n s i n a b o x o f s t r a w b e r r i e s . T h i s

\ a n a l o g y b e c o m e s o b v , i o u s w h e n y o u t h i n k t h a t f o r e i g n e r s a r e f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , w h i t e r a n d l a r g e r t h a n L a t i n A m e r i c a n s . T h a n k g o o d n e s s I ' m n o t b l o n d .

Th'e v e r n a c u l a r t e r m f o r f o r e i g n e r s i n S o u t h A m e r i c a i s ' g r i n g o ' . I n M e x i - c o ' g r e e n g o ' r e f e r r e d t o t h e u n i f o r m s o f i n v a d i n g A m e r i c a n s s o l d i e r s a n d i s s t i l l u s e d a s a n i n s u l t . I n S o u t h Ame- r i b a , h o w e v e r , ' g r i n g o ' a p p l i e s t o a l l n o n - l a t i n f o r e i g n e r s a n d i s u s e d i n a p u r e l y d e s c r i p t i v e , o f t e n f r i e n d l y m a n n e r . T h e d i m i n u t i v e ' g r i n g i t o ' i s a l s o common. A c t u a l l y , a l l r a c i a l l y d e s e r i p t i v e t e r m s s u c h a s ' n e g r o ' ( b l a c k ) , ' m o n o ' ( b l o n d ) o r ' c h i n o ' ( C h i n e s e ) a r e u s e d f r e e l y w i t h o u t t h e s l i g h t e s t h i n t o f a d e r o g a t o r y c o n n o t a - t i o n . his t o o k s o m e t i m e g e t t i n g u s e d t o o n my p a r t .

U s u a l l y , ' c h i n o ' w a s t h e t e r m u s e d t o d e s c r i b e m e . B u t a g a i n , ' c h i n o ' r e f e r s n o t o n l y t o t h e C h i n e s e b u t t o a n y o n e o f E a s t A s i a n a n c e s t r y . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , a n y S o u t h A m e r i c a n man w i t h s m a l l e l o n g a t e d e y e s i s c a l l e d ' c h i n o ' b y h i s f r i e n d s . I n N i c a r a g u a a man t a l k e d t o me o f t h e J a p a n e s e I ' c h i n o s ' who w o r k e d a t H o n d a . I f o u n d t h a t I w a s c a l l e d ' j a p o n e ' o r ' c o r e a n o ' i n t o u r i s t s i t u a t i o n ? l i k e h o t e l s b e - . - c a u s e C h i n e s e t o u r i s t s d o n ' t v i s i t L a - t i n A m e r i c a i n a n y n u m b e r s . When I t o l d p e o p l e t h a t I a c t u a l l y l i v e d i n C a n a d a t h e y w e r e i n c r e d u l o u s . Why t h e y ' d n e - v e r ' s e e n a n C a n a d i a n c h i n o . Some p o n - d e r e d a b o u t t h e p r o x i m i t y o f C a n a d a t o C h i n a . A t t h i s p o i n t , I w o u l d e x p l a i n t h a t I w a s b o r n i n T r i n i d a d . T h i s a l - ' w a y s s e e m e d t o s a t i s f y my a u d i e n c e --- u n t i l t h e y c o n t i n u e d w i t h : "Is T r i n i - d a d p a r t o f K o r e a ? " o r " D o e s i t b e l o n g t o J a p a n ? " T h i s i g n o r a n c e o f g e o g r a p h y

V o L . 3 , No. 4 - /

o f t e n e x t e n d e d t o t h e s p e a k e r ' s own . c o u n t r y s i n c e w i d e s p r e a d e d u c a t i o n i s

o f t e n l o w e r ' o n t h e l i s t o f governmen t p r i o r i t i e s t h a n arms b u d g e t s . I s a y " w i d e s p r e a d " b e c a u s e mos t S o u t h Ameri - can c o u n t r i e s have a s u r p r i s i n g number o f u n i v e r s i t i e s and i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r h i g h l i t e r a c y r a t e s . " E d u c a t i o n " o f - t e n d e n o t e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a h i g h l y t r a i n e d c l i q u e o f t e c h n o c r a t s .

I n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e p e o p l e would be t h r i l l e d t o h a v e a g r i n g o , f a r l e s s a c h i n o v i s i t t h e i r v i l l a g e , a l t h o u g h t h e y c o u l d be t e d i o u s l y c o v e r t a b o u t o b s e r v i n g me. A f t e r a w h i l e , I began t o t e l l by t h e l o o k on p e o p l e ' s f a c e s t h a t a f t e r t h e y ' d passed me on t h e s t r e e t and would be a b l e t o p i c k o u t t h e word ' c h i n o ' i n t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n . I f I t u r n e d around I would i n e v i t a b l y f i n d t h e m s t i l l s t a r i n g b a c k a t me. O t h e r s w e r e l e s s d i s c r e e t . I remem- b e r a b o y i n a l i t t l e v i s i t e c l town o f s o u t h e r n Ecuador w h o , on s e e i n g me, ran s c r e a m i n g i n t o h i s h o u s e ( g r o c e r y s t o r e ) , " p a p a , papa come q u i c k . T h e r e ' s a c h i n o go ing b y ." I n t h i s town who le s e c - t i o n s o f t h e m a r k e t p l a c e c o u l d drop t h e i r b u s i n e s s t o l o o k a t me w a l k i n g p a s t . T imes l i k e t h e s e proved d i f f i c u l t and u n n e r v i n g . As d i d t h e a d u l t s and ch i ld ' r e n i n N icaragua and Co lumbia who b a i t e d - me w i t h mock C h i n e s e . T h i s i s s o m e t h i n g I ' v e n e v e r l e a r n e d t o h a n d l e w e l l , u s u a l l y , l i k e my p a r e n t s , p ' r e t e n d i n g t o be c o o l and i g n o r a n t , w h i l e I ' m n e a r l y e x p e r i e n c i n g a v o l c a n o i n s i d e .

T h i s t y p e o f r e s p o n s e was d e c i d e l y ,

u n f r i e n d l y . , T h i s was n o t a l w a y s t h e c a s e w i t h p e o p l e who s h o u t e d ' c h i n o ' a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t t o me. I f ound t h a t i f I c o u l d ove.rcome my annoyance and re spond b y s m i l i n g o r s a y i n g s o m e t h i n g , t h e p e r s o n would be v e r y v e r y f r i e n d l y and w i l l i n g t o t a l k . I n t h e e n d , I f i g u r e d o u t t h a t p e o p l e l i v i n g i n r e - mote p l a c e s , and s e e i n g f e w f o r e i g n e r s , l a c k e d th,e s o c i a l s k i l l s t o r e c e i v e them and s o c a l l i n g ' c h i n o ' was j u s t a way o f s a y i n g h e l l o . I t was d i s t r e s s i n g t h o u g h t o h a v e s u c h u n d e n i a b l e p r o o f t h a t o n e ' s c o v e r was n o t w o r k i n g e n t i r e l y .

A n o t h e r way t h a t c h i l d r e n would ac - k n o w l e d g e me was t o s t r i k e Kung Fu p o s e s . Hong Kong m o v i e s a r e i m m e n s e l y p o p u l a r a l l o v e r C e n t r a l and S o u t h America b e - c a u s e t h e y a r e cheap t o c inema owners and you d o n ' t h a v e t o b e a b l e t o read s u b t i t l e s t o f o l l a w t h e m . W i t h l i t e - r a c y r a t e s o f l e s s t h a n 5 0 p e r c e n t i n p l a c e s Amer ican and European m o v i e s , e s p e c i a l l y l e s s a c t i o n f i l l e d o n e s , b e - come f a n s f o r t h e m i d d l e apd u p p e r c l a s s e s o n l y . Mexican pulp9 f i l m s a r e p o p u l a r b u t a r e n ' t s u f f i c i e n t l y abun- d a n t t o s a t u r a t e t h e m a r k e t and i t seems t h a t more Kung Fu m o v i e s r e a c h t h e s m a l l v i l l a g e s t h a n any ' o t h e r s . K i d s grow up

w i t h Bruce Lee and t h e m a s t e r s o f Shao L i n s o t h a t ' c h i n o ' i s t h e r e f o r e a l m o s t synonymous v i t h ' b l a c k b e l t ' . . I c a p i t a - l i z e d on t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n and was n e v e r h a s s l e d o r robbed u n l i k e t h e v a s t majo- r i t y o f w h i t e t o u r i s t s t h a t I m e t . I wa lked around downtown Bogo ta a t n i g h t w i t h o u t t h e s l i g h t e s t f e a r . At t i m e s l i k e t h e s e I wore my A s i a n f a c e l i k e a weapon .

O t h e r t h a n m o v i e s and food ( t h e r e a r e many C h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t s a l l o v e r L a t i n A m e r i c a ) , t h e o n l y c o n t a c t many p e o p l e h a v e w i t h t h i n g s A s i a n a r e Ja- panese c a r s and e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e s . I was c o n s t a n t l y a sked t o f i x b r o k e n T .V.s o r c a s s e t t e r e c o r d e r . One man on Lake T i t i c a c a asked me where he m i g h t f i n d a B73F, w h i c h t u r n e d o u t t o ,

b e a p a r t f o r a J a p a n e s e made T .V . s e t . He was s u r p r i s e d I d i d n ' t i m m e d i a t e l y r e c o g n i z e t h e code number .

As a t o u r i s t i n S o u t h America one s o m e t i m e s h a s a f r i g h t e n i n g amount o f a u t h o r i t y . Peop le b e l i e v e t h a t you are k n o w l e d g e a b l e s i m p l y b e c a u s e you come f r o m a b r o a d . I n Columbia a young man w o r k i n g i n a h o t e l a s k e d me t o g i v e h i m an i n j e c t i o n . I n a s m a l l v i l - l a g e n e a r t h e P e r u v i a n Amazon some g i r l s wanted t o buy t h e soap I was w a s h i n g my c l o t h s w i t h . T h e y i n s i s t e d i t was b e t - t e r t h a n t h e i r and r e f u s e d t o b e l i e v e

t h a t i t was cheap and i n f a c t b o u g h t o n l y a c o u p l e o f hundred m i l e s away on t h e c o a s t . T h i s d e f e r e n c e t o f o r e i g n , e s p e c i a l l y N o r t h Amer ican t h i n g s d i e s away w i t h an u n d e r s t a n d i n g and c r i t i q u e o f I m p e r i a l i s m , b u t i t ' s a l o n g process . '

So f a r I ' v e t a l k e d a b o u t how L a t i n Amer icans v i e w e d me. My own r e a c t i o n s i n s u c h a new s i t u a t i o n were a l s o n o t e - w o r t h y . S i n c e I was b o r n i n T r i n i d a d , . o n l y s e v e n m i l e s f r o m t h e V e n e z u e l a n c o a s t , I w a s n ' t t o t a l l y u n f a m i l i a r w i t h L a t i n c u l t u r e . O f c o u r s e V e n e z u e l a n s a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m P e r u v i a n s and c o a s t a l P e r u v i a n s a r e v e r y d i k f e r e n t '

f rom t h o s e who l i v e i n t h e Andes . Never - t h e l e s s , t h e l e v e l l i n g o f c u l t u r e pro-

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duced b y Spa.nish c o l o n i a l i s m makes La- t i n Amer i ca more a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e o u t - s i d e r t h a n s a y A f r i c a .or A s i a , n o t t h e s m a l l e s t r e a s o n ' b e i n g t h a t w i t h S p a n i s h one can c o n v e r s e w i t h Khe m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n a l l c o u n t r i e s e x c e p t B r a z i l and t h e G u i a n a s .

G e n e r a l l y , I f e l t e x t r e m e l y c o m f o r - t a b l e w i t h L a t i n A m e r i c a n s . I f e l t I c o u l d s t r i k e up c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h p e o p l e i n s t o r e s o r b u s e s o r on t h e s t r e e t and n o t b e -deemed mad. I d i d n o t i c e h o w e v e r t h a t o n c e I c r o s s e d s o u t h i n t o Ecuador and P e r u , t h e r e was none o f a d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n me and t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n . W h e r e a s t h e p r e v i o u s c o u n t r i e s ( N i c a r a - g u a , C o s t a R i c a and C o l u m b i a ) had had a p r e d o m i n a n t l y S p a n i s h o r M e s t i z o ( m i x e d

. S p a n i s h - I n d i a n ) c u l t u r e , Peru and Ecua- d o r h a d - a s t r o n g e r i n d i g e n o u s c o m p o n e n t . I n t h e Andeau, r e g i o n s o f b o t h c o u n t r i e s mos t p e o p l e s p e a k QueAhua ( t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e I n c a e m p i r e ) and some know 'no S p a n i s h , s o t h a t v e r b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n was o f t e n d i f f i c u l t . B u t e v e n when t h e r e was a colmmon l a n g u a g e b o t h par - t i e s were a l i t t e l s t i f f t h o u g h w e l l - w i s h i n g . For t h e n a t i v e p e o p l e I was a l w a y s a c h i n o t o u r i s t w i t h my s t r a n g e e y e s and f a n n y a c c e s s o r i e s ( l i k e d a r k g l a s s e s and a b a c k p a c k ) and f o r me t h e b r i l l i a n t c o s t u m e s and d i s t i n c t c u s t o m s o f t e n f ramed t h e p e a s a n t s a s d i f f e r e n t and e x o t i c . B e s i d e s , many N a t i v e peo- p l e a r e r i g h t l y s u s p i c i o u s o f f o r e i g n e r s g i v e n t h a t t h r o u g h o u t Amer i can h i s t o r y t h e y ha've b e e n c h e a t e d and o p p r e s s e d b y t h e m .

Rac i sm i s p r e s e n t i n a l l L a t i n Ame- r i c a n c o u n t r i e s . I n Co lumb ia t h e r e i s an u n o f f i c i a l b u t p r a c t i c a l s e g r e g a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e n o r t h w e s t w h e r e m o s t A f r o - C o l o m b i a n s l i v e . I n F e r u , r a c i s m o p e r a t e s a c c o r d i n g t o how I n d i a n o n e i s . W h e r e a s i n N o r t h Amer i ca t h e c r u c i a l d i s t i n c t i o n i s w h i t e v e r s u s n o n - w h i t e , s o t h a t someone r e f e r r e d t o a s ' b l a c k ' i s o f t e n f a r f r o m pure i n A f r i c a n gene - t i c h e r i t a g e , i n P e r u t h e c a t e g o r i e s a r e I n d i a n v e r s u s n o n - I n d i a n s o t h a t p e o p l e c l a s s i f i e d a s ' w h i t e ' may h a v e

v e r y o b v i o u s I n c a a n c e s t r y . As w e l l , t h e d i s t i n c t i o n i s n o t r a c i a l b u t c u l t u - r a l ( n a m e l y l a n g u a g e , c o s t u m e , t y p e o f w o r k , e t c . ) C o n s e q u e n t l y , i f someone '

o f pure I n c a a n c e s t r y r o s e i n t h e govern - men t b u r e a u c r a c y he o r s h e wou ld pro- b a b l y b e r e g a r d e d a s ' m e ? t i z o ' and n o t ' c a m p e s i n o ' ( m e a n i n g p e a s a n t b u t u s u a l l y u s e d a s a p o l i t e t e r m f o r n a t i v e p e o p l e ) . By t h e same t o k e n i f a m ixed S p a n i g h - Q u e c h u a woman l i v e d i n an adobe h u t i n t h e m o u n t a i n w i t h h e r I n d i a n h u s b a n d , worked t h e l a n d , s p o k e Quechua and wore a p e a s a n t h a t and e x b r o i d e r e d , w o o l e n s k i r t s h e wou ld b e a ' c a m p e s i n a V o r ' i n d i a ' .

A s i a n s i n L a t i n ~ m e i i c a s eem t o b e o u t s i d e t h i s g e n e r a l h i e r a r c h y a l t o g e t h e r b e i n g somewhat l i k e Jews were i n E u r o p e : f o r t h e m o s t p a r t w e l l - o f f b u t n o t q u i t e a c c e p t e d a s k i n . A l l t h e c o u n t r i e s I v i s i t e d had A s i a n , e s p e c i a l l y C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t i e s : i n N i c a r a g u a , a l o n g t h e E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g C a r i b b e a n c o a s t ; a l o n g t h e P a c i f i e c o a s t o f E c u a d o r . O f c o u r s e t h e l a r g e c i t i e s a l l h a v e C h i n e s e , Ja- p a n e s e and Korean r e s t a u r a n t s . I n C o s t a R i c a and e s p e c i a l l y P e r u , t h e r e a r e sub - s t a n t i a l C h i n e s e p o p u l a t i o n s o r i g i n a l l y i m p o r t e d t o b o t h c o u n t r i e s t o b u i l d r a i l - r o a d . I n C o s t a R i c a , d u r i n g t h e b u i l d - i n g o f t h e f i r s t f o r t y k i l o m e t e r s o f t r a c k f r o m Limon t o San J o s e , y e l l o w f e - v e r t o o k t h e l i v e s o f 4 ,000 m o s t l y C h i - !

n e s e l a b o u r e r s . I n Lima t h e C h i n e s e and J a p a n e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a r e l a r g e and p r o s p e r o u s . So much s o t h a t i n t h e c h i n a t o w n t h e s t r e e t c a r t s s e l l i n g pak choy ( w h i t e v e g e t a b l e ) and f r e s h noo - d l e s a r e no l o n g e r t e n d e d b y C h i n e s e b u t m e s t i z o s . I n f a c t , o t h e r t h a n a f e w o l d men l i v i n g i n C h i n e s e a s s o c i a t i o n r o o m s , m o s t C h i n e s e h a v e moved t o t h e s u b u r b s coming i n o n l y t o manage t h e i r b u s i n e s - . s e s . I was t o l d t h a t t h e f ood was au- t h e n t i c b u t I was b u r n t b y my. p r e v i o u s e x p e r i e n c e s e a t i n g i n ' c h i f a s ' ( C h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t s ) i n Ecuador w h e r e my pork i n M . S . G . was s e r v e d o n a bed o f f r e n c h f r i e s , and i n N i c a r a g u a w h e r e ' C h i n e s e s t y l e ' s eems t o mean t h a t you add a b l o b o f m u s t a r d t o w h a t e v e r un- r e c o . g n i z a b l e t h i n g s i s bei'ng s e r v e d . " B e c a u s e i t ' s y e l l o w ? " , a f r i e n d a s k e d .

I n t e r e s t i n g l y , a l l o f t h e s e c o n d and t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n A s i a n P e r u v i a n s I m e t s p o k e S p a n i s h a s t h e i r f i r s t l a n - guage and I was a l w a y s assumed t o b e P e r u v i a n b y n a t i o n a l i t y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e i n t e g r a t i o n i s a l w a y s d i f f i c u l t . A m e s t i z o man t o l d me t h a t " t h e r e a r e some J a p a n e s e h e r e who t a l k p e r f e c t l y P e r u - v i a n ." Many w h i t e t o u r i s t s d i d n ' t e v e n r e a c h t h i s l e v e l o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g . O f - t e n I w a s n ' t s p o k e n t o , p e o p l e a s s u m i n g t h a t I s p o k e o n l y J a p a n e s e . When o n e t r a v e l s one c a r r i e s \more b a g g a g e s t h a n c l o t h e s and m a t e r i a l t h i n g s .

bridging east and west : A LOOK AT MARTIAL ARTS FILMS

daniel c. lee I n t e r c u l ' t ~ r ~ l e x c h a n g e b e t w e e n C h i n e s e

a n d C a n a d i a n s o c i e t i e s i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e h a s o c c u r r e d a t many l e v e l s a n d y e t t h e s t e r e o t y p e s , d i s t o r t i o n s a n d s i m p l i s t i c n o t i o n s h e l d by t h e C a n a d i a n p u b l i c a t l a r g e i n d i c a t e . t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o c e s s i s f a r f r o m c o m p l e t e . P r o h i b i t i v e t i c k e t p r i c e s o f s u c h h i g h - b r o w c u l t u r a l e v e n t s a s a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e x h i b i t s , B e i j i n g ( P e - k i n g ) o p e r a a n d t a b l e t e n n i s c o m p e t i t i o n s p r o f f e r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o o n l y t h o s e who c a n a f f o r d i t . F r e e e v e n t s s u c h a s f e s t i v a l s (Mid-Autumn, ,New Y e a r , e t c . ) i n l o c a l C h i n a t o w n s a r e p o o r l y p u b l i c i z e d ; a n d w h i l e c o l o u r f u l a n d v i b r a n t , o f f e r l i t t l e i n s i g h t i n t o whys a n d w h e r e f o r e s .

A p o t e n t i a l l y r e v o l u t i o n a r y s o u r c e o f c u l t u r a l e d u c a t i o n i s a f o r m o f p o p u l a r c i n e m a c a l l e d t h e m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m . Ra- p i d l y g a i n i n g a c c e p t a n c e among t h e p u b l i c i n C a n a d a a n d w o r l d - w i d e , i t i s n e i t h e r e x p e n s i v e n o r r e s t r i c t e d t o C h i n a t o w n s . T h e s e f i l m s a r e m e a p t a s e n t e r t a i n m e n t b u t t h e y g i v e i n v a l u a b l e i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e " C h i n e s e m e n t a l i t y " w h i c h w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n b y s t u d y i n g e v e n a w h o l e m u s e u m f u l o f S h a n g D y n a s t y w i n e u r n s . T h u s , t o g a i n a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e , o r f o r t h a t m a t t e r a n y e t h n i c g r o u p , i t i s n o t e n o u g h , a t l e a s t a s t h e l a y m a n i s c o n c e r n e d , t o e x a m i n e b r i c - a - b r a c s f r o m t h e p a s t o r t o w i t n e s s i s o l a t e d c u l t u r a l p e r f o r m a n c e s . One t h e c o n t r a r y , some f o r m o f b u i l t - i n m o t i v a t i o n m u s t b e p r e s e n t t o s t i m u l a t e t h e c u l t u r a l a p p e t i t e a n d m a r t i a l a r t s c i n e m a i s t h e s u g a r - c o a t e d p i l l w h i c h f a c i l i t a t e s t h e p r o c e s s .

The f i r s t m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m , The Bukhing 0 6 t h e Red Lotuh Temple w a s made i n C h i n a i n 1 9 2 9 b u t t h e g e n r e w a s u n h e a r d o f i n t h e W e s t u n t i l A m e r i c a n - b o r n a c t o r - m a r t i a l a r - t i s t B r u c e L e e p o p u l a r i z e d i t i n t h e e a f l y 1 9 7 0 s . S i n c e L e e ' s d e a t h i n 1 9 7 3 , m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m s h a v e s p r e a d t o s i x c o n t i n e n t s ( o f t e n i n d u b b e d v e r s i o n s ) a n d w e r e e v e n t h e m o s t p o p u l a r t y p e o f f i l m i n I r a n un- t i l t h e A y a t o l l a h K h o m e i n i b a n n e d t h e m i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 7 9 . They a r e r e g u l a r s o n V a h i e t y ' s "Top 5 0 G r o s s i n g F i l m s " a n d H o l l y - wood w i l l p r o d u c e a t l e a s t 1 4 m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m s t h i s y e a r t o c o m p e t e w i t h F a r E a s t i m p o r t s . H i t s l i k e Khameh Vh Khameh a n d The Empihe SthLkeb Back may h a v e t r o u b l e c r a c k i n g t h e T h i r d W o r l d m a r k e t b u t t h e

m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m h a s u n i v e r s a l a p p e a l . Why a r e t h e s e f i l m s s o p o p u l a r ? Be-

c a u s e t h e r e c u r r e n t t h e m e s a r e t i m e - t e s t e d : H e r o i s m a n d c o w a r d i c e , d u t y a n d b e t r a y a l , l o v e a n d f r i e n d s h i p , l i f e a n d d e a t h . The f i l m s a r e n o t i n t e l l e c t u a l p u z z l e s b u t m o r a l i t y p l a y s f e a t u r i n g t h e e t e r n a l g o o d a n d e v i l . A c t i o n s e q u e n c e s d o n o t c a l l f o r t h e mundane g u n f i g h t s o r c a r c h a s e s b u t t h e u s e o f t h e u l t i m a t e w e a p o n : t h e human b o d y . The k u n g f u f i g h t s c e n e s , w h i c h i n v a r i a b l y c l i m a x t h e m o v i e a r e t h e e p i t o m y o f s p e e d , c o n t r o l a n d g r a c e . T h e y a r e among t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l t h i n g s human e y e s c a n b e h o l d . So i n some r e s p e c t s , t h e . m a r t i a l a r t s m o v i e f i l l s t h e vacuum l e f t by two d e f u n c t H o l l y w o o d g e n r e s : t h e w e s - t e r n a n d t h e m u s i c a l .

T h e r e a r e now t h r e e m a g a z i n e s d e v o t e d t o t h e g e n r e , The Jade Sckeen, F ~ g h t i n g Stakb a n d Maktial Aktb Movie4 . H o w e v e r , i l l - i n f o r m e d i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e m a i n s t r e a m n e w s m e d i a c o n t i n u e t o m a l i g n t h e " f a d " . V a k i e t y , s o - c a l l e d B i b l e o f t h e e n t e r - t a i n m e n t i n d u s t r y , r e f e r s d e r i s i v e l y t o m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m s a s " c h o p - s o c k i e s " , a p i d g e n i z e d e p i t h e t t h e y c o i n e d i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s . C l y d e G i l m o u r , a T 0 h 0 ~ t 0 S tah f i l m c r i t i c i n a r e c e n t a r t i c l e c a l - l e d B r u c e L e e ' s k u n g f u s t y l e a s " a l o t o f s n o r t i n g a n d e y e - b u l g i n g " . S u c h s n i d e r e m a r k s b P t r a y a b a s i c m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e r a t i o n a l e b e h i n d m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m s , t h e f o r c e s d r i v i n g t h e g e n r e f o r w a r d , i t s r o l e a s p o p u l a r c i n e m a a n d i t s p o t e n t i a l u s e a s a c u l t u r a l b r i d g e b e t w e e n E a s t a n d W e s t .

When m a r t i a l a r t s c i n e m a made i t s f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e i n t h e W e s t , s k e p t i c s l a b e l l e d i t a f a d b u t i t h a s made i m p o r t a n t s t r i d e s i n b r e a k i n g a g e , c o l o r a n d n a t i o n a l b a r - r i e r s . More a n d b e t t e r q u a l i t y f i l f n s a r e b e i n g made . A c c e s s i b i l i t y , o n c e a p r o b l e m , h a s b e e n i m p r o v e d . F o r e x a m p l e , M e t r o To- r o n t o h a s e i g h t o r n i n e t h e a t e r s r e g u l a r l y r u n n i n g m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m s i n o r i g i n a l o r E n g l i s h - d u b b e d v e r s i o n s .

I n a n a g e o f h i g h - p r i c e d e n t e r t a i n - m e n t , r a c i a l t e n s i o n , c u l t u r a l m y o p i a a n A m o r a l i n t r a n s i g e n c e , i t w o u l d b e m i s l e a d i n g a n d f o o l i s h t o p r e s c g i b e c u r e - a l l s . B u t f o r a n y o n e w i t h t h e s l i g h t e s t i n c l i n a t i o n i n b r i d g i n g E a s t a n d W e s t , m a r t i a l a r t s f i l m s may p r o v e t o b e h i g h l y e n l i g h t e n i n g , e v e n f u n .

The Ahianadian 1 7

Anven Gahda i n t h e E X Q C U ~ ~ U ~ D i h e c t o h vd t h e I i t d i a k ~ I m m i g h a n t A id S e h v i c e ( I 1AS 1 . A l t h o u g h t h e I IAS camc i k t t v b e i n g v n l y a f,e~d: yeah4 a g o , i f ha4 b e e n p l a y i n g U M

i m p o ) ~ t a n t hvLe .in a a t i c u L a t i n g Rhe pho- beems and phu.specRn v ( 9 0 , 0 0 0 S o u t h A h i a n i m m i g h a n t h i n 1i4ethv T v h v n t v . I n t h e 6 v t l u r u i n g p a g i ~ d , !A%. Gahdu di.5 cub - he5 t h e phub tems and d u t u h e vd S o u t h An.i abz i m m i g t a n t n . -

ASIANADIAI\I: ilre ux~cLed l i k e t o cvncentrrate V W L d h c w - 54cn vki East I i~d ian cvmmunLty and L C 5 pnoblemn i n Cahlada 411 i j e~~e t ia t , artd Tvnunto i n pahticcLeah. BuR be- 61~1c t i i x f , M f i . Gatdu, we ~uU.ed f i b t Y O U Xu . tel l vuh ,teadeh$ abvid ~ C I L L X cv~~nttL(j irl( vh ig in , qvuh wc~nh, YOWL

cc~tce.t ut :iuinl~ ~ind abavad.

GARDA: Y y s e l f ?

My c o u n t r y of o r i g i n i s Canada, but I grew up i n South A t r l c a where my f a m i l y h a s s e t t l e d f o r o v e r s i x o r seven generations. My fami ly o r i g i n s go back t o Guj- r a t . We a r e G u j a r a t i s p e a k i n g ; we have n o t l o s t t h e l a ~ l p u a g e , a l t h o u g h we have been o u t o f I n d i a f o r s i x o r seven g e n e r a t i o n s .... I s p e n t most o f my c h i l d - hood i n South A f r i c a , and my t e e n s i n Murre, P a k i s t a n b h e r e I s p m t n i n e y e a r s of my l i f e . I l e a r n e d Urda, l l i n d i and P u n j a b i when I l i v e d i n l r ~ d i a and P a k i s t a n . I g radud ted from Kdshmlr, came back t o Canada and ea rned my degree i n C h i l d Therapy from a community c o l l e g e . L a t e r I . . . f i n i s h e d my M a s ~ e r ' s Degree i n Bus iness A d n i n l s t r a t i o n . T worked i n a t r e a t m e n t cen- t r e f r o r d i s t u r b e d c h i l d r e n f o r t e n y e a r s where I a l s o s u p e r v i s e d t l l r programming .... bu t today , I am o i t e n r e f e r r e d t o a s a s o c i a l worke r , community wor- k e r and hurnan s e r v i c e s a d m i n i s t r a t o r .

Ate guu 5 f i ? ~ h & ? d ( u i f h youh pheAt& ponLtion UA Rhe cuvnd~r~ccton o j Indian Itnmignard Aid S e n v i c u ?

I o r i g i n a l l y s t a r t e d a s a c o o r d i n a t o r , b u t have now been d e s i g n a t e d a s Execu t ive D i r e c t o r , and I took t h e j o b a y e a r and a h a l f ago - coming o u t of a r e s - i d e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t c e n t r e f o r d i s t u r b e d c h i l d r e n was q u i t e a change, hu t I f e l t t h a t o u r community is a t a s t a g e of growth and m a t u r i t y . Now t h e c h a l l e n g e t o s e t up a bocial s e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s h i g h e s t i n my priorities . . .

YhaR wan t h e mont immediate ptvblem tha f you encoun- tehed when you 6.ihb.t ntahXed?

The immediate problem i n t e rms of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was t h a t most of t h e o r i g i n a l s t a f f members had l e f t . My p r e d e c e s s o r , M r . Panda, wha was r e a l l y t h e backbone of t h e I n d i a n Immigrant Aid S e r v i c e s ( I . I . A . S . ) , l e f t , many of t h e c o r e community worke r s had l e f t , t h e Com- munity S e c r e t a r y had l e f t and t h e f i r s t problem I had was t o b u i l d up a new s t a f f . The second d i f i i c u l t y I had t o f a c e was a community problem ... We a r e n o t a Hindu o r g a n i z a t i o n . I t is j u s t h i s t o r y t h a t t h e name ' " Indian Immigrant Aid S e r v i c e s " came abou t i n t h i s way. These p e o p l e , t h e n , founded t h e d rop- in c e n t r e t o e n a b l e peop le t o i n t e r a c t f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r than r e lL- g ion and c u l t u r e , t o m e e ~ , t a l k , d i a l o g u e a n d d i s c u s s I . I .A.S. was then i n c o r p o r a t e d a s a n o n - p r o f i t , chdr - i t a b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n i n 1972, and t h e f i r s t Board of D i r e c t o r s of t h e Execu t ive Committee was e l e c t e d a t t h a t t ime . The f i r s t p r e s i d e n t of I . I .A .S . was D r . Samir Basu. S i n c e t h e n , i t h a s grown from a drop- in and community i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t r e t o what we a r e today 11 y e a r s l a t e r - a s o c i a l s e r v i c e agency.

Be4ide.s phoviding he& t o t h e Indian cvmmun-ity, .in 1. I .A.S. i ~ v o e v e d i n cvmmun~fq acf ivLtie .b?

Yes! 1 . 1 . A . s . ' ~ major mandate is community development. I . I . A . S . was s t r u c t u r e d o r i g i n a l l y t o c o v e r f o u r o r f i v e major a r e a s : t h e f i r s t p r i o r i t y was t o h e l p new- comers from I n d i a . P a k i s t g n . S r i Lanka. Bangladesh. Burma, t h e F i j i I s l a n d s , A f r i c a and t h e West I n d i e s , T r i n i d a d , Tobago and Guyana. These c o u n t r i e s a r e c l e a r l y r e p r e s e n t e d on my Board of D i r e c t o r s . e spe - c i a l l y i n t h e a r e a of s o c i a l s e r v i c e needs . The foc- u s was on two s e c t o r s o f t h e community: women and s e n i o r s .

Can you t e l l owl headehn bhiedly aboLLt fhe vh ig in and kintohy 0 6 Indian Irnmighant Aid Sehvicen? Who i h e l i g i b l e .to obRain he lp dfiom I.l .A.S?

I . I .A .S . was o r i g i n a l l y founded i n 1970. People who can go back t h a t f a r w i l l r e c a l l t h a t we had a s u i - c i d e o f a young I n d i a n boy on t h e subway i n 1970. He l e f t behind a s u i c i d e n o t e s a y i n g he was i n a s t r a n g e c o u n t r y among s t r a n g e p e o p l e , and he cou ld n o t f i n d h i s own peop le . Due t o d e p r e s s i o n and l o n e l i - n e s s ' h e k i l l e d h i m s e l f . I t was r e a l l y t h i s i n c i d e n t t h a t mot iva ted c e r t a i n p e o p l e i n t h e community ... t o g e t t o g e t h e r . They found a need t o s e t up a drop- in c e n t r e f o r o u r young peop le i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Toron to a t t h a t t ime. P r i o r t o t h a t , i n t h e 5 0 s and 6 0 s , p e o p l e o f I n d i a n o r i g i n were coming t o North America, e s p e c i -

' v v L . 3 , No. 4

,

a l l y t o Metropoli tan Toronto. I w i l l emphasize t h a t l a t e r when I say "people of Indian o r i g i n " because t h e r e i s a broad spectrum. We do not s e r v e only peo- p l e from Ind ia . We have always been c r i t i c i z e d f o r being a Hindu organ iza t ion . Our s e r v i c e s a r e not j u s t India-based.,The term you used e a r l i e r - South Indo- P a k i s t a n i o r South Asian Serv ices would be much more a p p r o p r i a t e . I t i s j u s t by h i s t o r i c a l chance t h a t t h e word "Indian" was used.

What A t h e n i z e 0 6 t h e 'IrzLtian comn~uvcity i n Car~ada?

I am not r e a l l y q u a l i f i e d t o speak f o r Canada, but i n Metropoli tan Toronto, t h e number of people of South Asian o r i g i n i s approximately 150,000 t o 200,000. 72% a r e white c o l l a r workers o r p r o f e s s i o n a l s who have never r e a l l y requ i red our a s s i s t a n c e . The 30% who have come i n t h e l a s t f i v e y e a r s , have been s ~ o n s o r e d by r e l a t i v e s . They were f a t h e r s o r mothers, b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s who could not gain e n t r y i n t o Canada e a r l i e r because of t h e Immigration laws. They a r e b lue c o l l a r workers and s k i l l e d labour: some have d i f f i c u l t y with t h e English language and o t h e r s have s e t t l e m e n t and adapta t ion problems. I c h a r a c t e r i z e South Asian community of Metropoli tan Toronto a s a m i d d l e - c l a s s , v i b r a n t s o c i e t y .

How wuutd you chmac teh i ze tlrq Indiarl commu&~ i n Canada?

In Canada, i t i s es t imated t h a t t h e r e a r e approxim- mately ha l f a m i l l i o n Canadians of Indian o r i g i n s c a t - t e r e d a l l over t h e country.

W h a e m e t h e y Located?

The l a r g e s t group i s on t h e West c o a s t , i n Vancouver and V i c t o r i a . In V i c t o r i a now, t h e descendants of t h e Sikh community, which s e t t l e d i n 1850, a r e t h i r d genera t ion Sikh Indo-Canadians. .. I t h i n k wi th t h e recent census, we a r e encouraging people t o c l e a r l y i d e n t i f y t h e i r mother tongues ...

What m e t h e mont immediate phob~e'mn t h a t have been c,uv~!tonted by Rhe 'Indian commuvLity i n Canada?

Genera l ly , our community has not had d i f f i c u l t i e s i n terms of s e t t l e m e n t o r adap ta t ion . A s T mentioned e a r l i e r : because of t h e immigration laws (because of

The A n i a n a d i a n

t h e b r a i n d r a i n a s we c a l l i t ) , Canada got t h e cream of the crop of t h i s s o c i e t y . We a r e d e a l i n g with peo- p l e who a r e well-educated, speak English w e l l , a r e adap tab le and have s e t t l e d i n very c o m f o r t a b l y That i s why Asian immigration has not followed the p a t t e r n of o t h e r immigrants t o Canada. We do not have ghet- t o e s ; we do not have geographica l ly concentrated a r e a s anywhere i n Metropoli tan Toronto, o r i n Canada f o r t h a t mat te r .

Do you t h i n k hacinm h a ppnobLem t h e SolLth Adian commuvcity i n Canada? 16 no , what kind 0 6 pmoticaP. nuggenLLons c c ~ ~ you g ive t o ~ m i n a t e AX?

We did an i n t e r n a l te lephone survey of approximately four thousand members of our own organ iza t ion - j u s t an opinion p o l l . S u r p r i s i n g l y , t h e major i ty of t h e people f e l t t h a t they had never experienced racism, e i t h e r o v e r t l y o r c o v e r t l y . A much more important i s s u e :hall racism is d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n ,employment, and t h i s i s a s e r i o u s problem. It involves t h e r e - cogni t ion of our s k i l l s and c a p a b i l i t i e s , an accep- t znce of our p o t e n t i a l , not on t h e b a s i s of token- i s m - without handouts. We want an oppor tun i ty t o be a b l e t o f u l f i l l our working capac i ty .

'In othe.4 ~uohd6, tuhat you a t e baying A that i n o t i t u - t ~ o n a l h a c i s r n A pxehent i n Canada.

Sure. A s a recen t s tudy t h a t w i l l be r e l e a s e d from t h e S o c i a l Planning Council ( i n which I was involved a s an a d v i s e r ) c learLy i n d i c a t e s , t h e r e , i s i n s t i t u - t i o n a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e employment market.

Wouf'd qqu Like to makc any comment on potice-minoa- L ty h&L&~ozll Lfl T040&0?

- - - !

p o l i c e . I am working w i t h them a t t h e i r p o l i c e c o l - l e g e l e v e l w i t h r e g a r d s t o t h e d ropp ing of h e i g h t and we igh t r e g u l a t i o n s . The p o i n t t h a t I ' m making i s t h a t

To be h o n e s t , I have l i t t l e o r no d i f f i c u l t y i n d e a l - i n g w i t h t h e p o l i c e . For S u p e r i n t e n d e n t Wright , f o r a v e r y c l o s e f r i e n d of mine, Sea rgen t Pea r son , and t h e members of t h e e t h n i c squad , I have a g r e a t d e a l of r e s p e c t . They have been v e r y h e l p f u l t o me.. . You've n o t i c e d t h a t I ' v e pos t ed p i c t u r e s of t h e e t h n i c squad o f f i c e r s a l l ove r my o f f i c e . I a g r e e t h a t t h e r e a r e o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h e p o l i c e f o r c e , such a s f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o n s t a b l e on t h e b e a t , no q u e s t i o n a- bout i t . But i n comparison t o o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d s e r v i c e s i n t h e a r e a of r a c e r e l a t i o n s , t h e p o l i c e a r e t e n l i g h t y e a r s ahead o f t h e C h i l d r e n ' s Aid S o c i e t y , t h e c o u r t s , t h e e d u c a t i o n sys t em, . . . p e r s o n a l l y I have n o t had d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h t h e p o l i c e .

You have a h i g h o p i n i o n 0 6 -the poLice.

Yes I do.

You d o n ' t 6oMee t h a t any th ing L i k e t h e W x Z o n j n c i - d e n t would o c c w ~ i n Tohonto?

No! I t h i n k a n a lderman touched ,on t h e i s s u e s e v e r a l weeks ago i n t h e newspaper when he posed t h e q u e s t i o n 'what w i l l happen h e r e ? ' I am o p t i m i s t i c enough t o -- -. s a y no.

Do you t h i n k t h a t t h e ~ ~ d a t i o n ~ h i p behueen tize poLice and minohCty ghoupb h a Ltnphoved i n TohollRo b i n c e t h e Mb& Johnbon cane?

Yes. There a r e s e v e r a l i n c i d e n t s t h a t p r e c i p i t a t e d a d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e p o l i c e f o r c e , and changes t h a t con- t i n u e t o t a k e p l a c e . I am i n r e g u l a r c o n t a c t w i t h t h e

- we w i l l have no B r i x t o n happen ing i n Toronto . A l - though m u l t i c u l t u r a l mosaic is changing i n s t r u c t u r e . t h e q u a l i t y of s e r v i c e h a s n o t dropped. There is s t i l l a v e r y h i g h c a l i b r e of s e r d i c e . T h i s is where we do n o t want a quo ta sys tem: we d o n ' t want token- i s m . We want t o m a i n t a i n t h e h i g h q u a l i t y of s e r v i c e and make t h e a p p r o p r i a t e changes .

h e t h e South k i a n communi.tia making &ehp& t o i n t e g h a t e w i t h i n t h e Canadian mobaic?

A r e c e n t s t u d y , t h e 1979 Green Pape r on t h e I n d i a n community, shows t h a t 79% of Indo-Canadians o r South Asian Canadians y i l l become Canadian c i t i z e n s . They

' I a r e a l s o t h e g roup most l i k e l y t o a s s i m i l a t e , f a s - t e r t h a n o t h e r immigrant g roups . . . a s i m i l a r p o l l of M e t r o p o l i t a n Toron to c i t i z e n s showed t h a t 10% d i d n o t want a Sou th Asian f o r a ne ighbour . N ine ty p e r c e n t "said t h e y would n o t mind. The re is no c l e a r accep- t a n c e on b o t h s i d e s , b u t i t is i m p o r t a n t t h a t I p u t t h e s e f a c t s a c r o s s , because I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e y have n o t been d e a l t w i t h i n a n h d n e s t way.

~ h h South A o h n co~nmunity a nuch w o d d n o t l i k e t o /

be connidehed an b o j o w m m i n Canada, b u t w o d d l i k e t o p a h t i c i p a t e i n t h e deveLopneuLt 0 6 Canada.

I n f a c t . t h e most e x c i t i n g phenomenon t a k i n g p l a c e - . - - t h e s e d a y s w i t h i n t h e community t h a t I s e r v e is ,

t h e s e l e c t i o n of a p p r o p r i a t e peop le t o become p o l i - t i c a l f i g u r e s , t o g e t i nvo lved i n t h e p o l i t i c a l pro- c e s s . . . They wan$ t o become pa&t 0 6 t h e decinion-making p a o c a ~ i n Canada?

Very much. We a r e Indo-Canadians.

Do you connideh tkin a h e d X h y b i g n ?

Yes, I c o n s i d e r i t a h e a l t h y s i g n ... Do oecond genehat ion IVIdianb bee paoblemb i n Canada t h o u g h d iddehen t e y a @om 6 h t genehat ion I n - d i a ~ ? ,

Of t h e c h i l d r e n , b o r n h e r e , I am v e r y q u a l i f i e d t o speak ; I b e l i e v e I be long t o t h e second g e n e r a t i o n . The most d i f f i c u l t a s p e c t of t h i s e n c o u n t e r i s t h e i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l one - t h a t means a n y t h i n g - i n t e rms o f v a l u e sys t ems and t h e o l d v a l u e s c l a s h i n g w i t h t h e new. But t h e second g e n e r a t t o n I n d t a n s t e n d t o be much s t r o n g e r i n t h e i r c o n v i c t i o n s of who t h e y a r e . They do n o t have t h e k i n d of d i f f i c u l - t i e s t h a t t h e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n peop le have. They ,

know t h a t t h e y a r e o f Sou th Asian o r i g i n . The re a r e v a r i o u s c u l t u r a l e t h n i c and r e l i g i o u s g roups w i t h i n t h e South Asian community - whether t h e y b e Hindus, Muslims o r S ikhs , Pun jab i - speak ing o r Urdu-speak- i n g ... t h e y seem t o have come more t o t e rms w i t h i d e n t i f y i n g who t h e y a r e . . . Our o r i g i n s can be t r a c e ? back t o t h e s u b c o n t i n e n t , b u t we a r e a l s o v e r y Canadian w i t h a Canadian v a l u e system. And t h e problem now i s t h e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n ' s a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e changed v a l u e s o f t h e second g e n e r a t i o n . The second g e n e r a t i o n i s a l s o i n a p e r i o d of change. I know from t h e f i g u r e s of t h e

I n d i a n S t u d e n t s ' A s s o c i a t i o n s of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f To- r o n t o , York, Ot tawa and McMaster t h a t t h e r e a r e some f i v e t h o u s a n d y o u n g s t e r s of Indo-Canadian background who w i l l g r a d u a t e t h i s y e a r . So it is a l i t t l e t o o ear ly t o t e l l what d i r e c t i o n t h e y w i l l t a k e , a l t h o u g h we a r e t r y i n g t o i n t e r v e n e a t t h i s p o i n t by deve loB ing a c o r e ne twork i n t h i s g e n e r a t i o n .

Do you th ink a n u change i n a t tdudeb pobeb a t h h e d t o t h e .t/Ladition& 6am-iey othutluctwle wiXhin t h e Indian community?

Fami ly s t r u c t u r e i s unde r a v e f y s e v e r e test r i g h t now b e c a u s e t h e one t h i n g t h a t we, a s Indo-Canadians c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o Canada is o u r f a m i l y s y s t e m . I t is a s y s t e m t h a t h a s worked f o r t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s and i n v o l v e s t h e s t r u c t u r e of f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s , t h e e x t e n d e d f a m i l y , t h e c o n c e p t o f c a r i n g i n t h e e l d e r - l y , t h e m o t i v a t i o n o f they younge r g e n e r a t i o n , and t h e q u e s t i o n of r e s p e c t - As I s a i d e a r l i e r , i t i s shaky , b u t i t is s t i l l v e r y s t r o n g .

What .LA t h e ~ d a t i o n n h i p behueen SoLLth h i a u and otheh eAhnic communiLitien i n Toaonto? Should thehe be moat communLcation among h i a n ghoupb?

As t h i s y e a r ' s c h a i r p e r s o n o f , t h e O n t a r i o C o u n c i l o f A g e n c i e s S e r t i n g Immig ran t s - known a s OCAS?, a n um- b r e l l a o r g a n i z a t i o n b r i n g i n g t o g e t h e r a n immig ran t a i d s e r v i c e s i n t h e p r o v i n c e , I ' v e become a i l a r e t h a t we immigrant commun i t i e s s e e o u r p l i g h t and p rob l ems as b e i n g t h e same. T h e r e i s a good s e n s e of d i a l o g u e , a good s e n s e o f a c c e p t a n c e . We i d e n t i f y c l o s e l y w i t h t h e J e w i s h , I t a l i a n and Chinefie g roups . We a r e t h e same s i z e and we e a c h h a v e a s i m i l a r h i s t o r i c a l b a s e t o f a l l b ack on . Communication i s v e r y h e a l t h y , i n t e r m s o f i n t r a - commun i ty o r g a n i z a t i o n . I n M e t r o p o l i - t a n T o r o n t o , we h a v e 102 S o u t h As i an o r g a n i z a t i o n s . T h e s e g r o u p s have been formed on t h e b a s i s o f re l i - g i o u s , l a n g u a g e , c u l t u r a l and t r a d i t i o n a l n e e d s . f o r examp le , t h e B e n g a l i C u l t u r a l A s s o c i a t i o n , S o u t h Af r i c a -Canada O r g a n i z a t i o n , P a k i s t a n i Canad i an C u l t n r - - a 1 Aid C e n t r e . T h e s e are a l l c u l t u r a l and s o c i a l o r g a - n i z a t i o n s . They are n o t s e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The o n l y s e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s . t h e I n d i a n Immigrant Aid S e r v i c e . I . I .A .S . h a s unde rgone a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l change: p a r t o f t h e c h a n g e - i s i n t h e Board of D i r e c - t o r s - t o have r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r om d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i - z a t i o n s s i t t i n g on t h e Bpard. I . I .A .S . h a s a h i s t o r y of t e n o r t w e l v e y e a r s of s u r v i v a l . We have t h e c r e d i - b i l i t y : we have t h e a c c e p t a n c e i n t h e community a s a whole . We a r e now f o r g i n g ahead one s t e p f u r t h e r i n t o community o r g a n i z a t i o n . Our comm~mi ty h a s been i n Canada a l m o s t t w e n t y y e a r s ( s i c ) now. We q e now coming t o a n a g e o f m a t u r i t y . We have t o l o o k a t i n - t e r n a l community communica t ion . S e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n 1 n d o - ~ a n a ' d i a n s b r i n g a l l t h e d i f f e r e n t S o u t h A s i a n l a n g u a g e g r o u p s t o g e t h e r a t l e a s t on one l e v e l - t h a t of a n u m b r e l l a o r g a n i z a t i o q , s i m i l a r t o t h e J e w i s h Congre s s o r I t a l i a n C o n g r e s s t h a t d e a l s w i t h p o l i t i c a l i s s u e s , w i t h i m m i g r a t i o n ... w i t h t h e g r o w t h of o u r community and most of a l l , w i t h e n c o u r a g i n g o u r young p e o p l e . t o become p a r t o f ,the p o l i t i c a l - s p e c t r u m of t h i s c o u n t r y .

I

Whd you m e buggebfing.h tthd d th in btage, doh S o d k Abian Canadianb intRa-communication .ih mOhe impohtant tha13 inta-communication?

I n t e r - commun ica t i on i s a l r e a d y t a k i n g p l a c e . I t h a s been g o i n g on f o r t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s now. It h a s now r e a c h e d t h e c u l m i n a t i o n s t a g e where p rominen t p e o p l e , , w o r k i n g p e o p l e , p r o f e s s o r s , s t u d e n t s , young p e o p l e c a n s i t down and s a y i t i s now t i m e f o r u s t o l o o k one s t e p a h e a d . I t is a shame: we do n o t have a n a l d e r m a n , MPP, MP o r s c h o o l b o a r d t r u s t e e .

Do you th ink t h e b.ituation lm imphover! bince t h e Lime 0 6 Rhe young boy who comtniaXtted butcide becawe 06 kin Lonefirzeclb and alienu-t~on?

Yes, t h e r e i s a phenomenal improvement i n t h e s i t u - a t i o n . We have a b l o s s o m i n g community. We have t a k e n o u r p l a c e i n t h e m u l t i c u l t u r a l mosa i c o f t h i s s o c i e t y . P e o p l e who wanted t o meet t h e c u l t u r a l and r e l i g i o u s n e e d s now have t h e i r mosques , t h e i r t e m p l e s and t h e i r p l a c e s o f a s s e m b l y . The f o o d s , t h e c u l t u r e , e n t e r - t a i n m e n t , c l o t h i n g , s p i c e s and t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f d a y t o day e x i s t e n c e are p r o v i d e d . I d o n o t h a v e t o go more t h a n on; b l o c k f o r my s h o p p i n g - we have Sou th A s i a n s h o p p i n g d i s t r i c t s in t h e w e s t and i n t h e east. The latest s t a t i s t i c s show t h a t 10% of Bramptonrs . p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t s of Indo-Canadians , a l a r g e s e m o r of a v e r y p o w e r f u l , m i d d l e - c l a s s g r o u p of p e o p l e . We b o a s t r i g h t now t h a t i n Canada a s a w h o l e , we have up t o t h i r t y o r f o r t y m i l l i o n a i r e s . S e v e r a l c l o t h i n g compan i e s i n Canada a r e owned by I n d i a n s .

16 not t h e de6irLtion og' mlleticlLetwlUm bhoadm than you have bugged ted?

I see t h a t f ood and d r e s s a r e t h e e x o t i c a s p e c t s o f a c u l t u r e . What I see i n t h e c o n c e p t o f m u l t i c u l t u r a l - i sm i s t h a t Canada t o d a y i s t h e o n l y c o u n t r y i n t h e wor ld - and I w i l l c h a l l e n g e t h a t s t a t e m e n t w i t h any- body - where I have t h e f r e e d o n t o p r a c t i c e b o t h my v a l u e s y s t e m s : my Indo-Canadian v a l u e s y s t e m and my Canad i an v a l u e sy s t em. I t is a p l u r a l i s m . I do n o t c o n c e p t u a l i z e m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m as s t r o n g l y a s I s e e t h e c o n c e p t of a p l u r a l i s t i c s o c i e t y . A p l u r a l i s t i c s o c i e t - y i n my o p i n i o n means I l i v e a p l u r a l i s t e x i s - t e n c e , v e r y c o m f o r t a b l e i n s w i t c h i n g t o my t r a d i t i o n s and my v a l u e s . When I go o u t and e n c o u n t e r t h e w o r l d , I c a n be e q u a l l y as c o m f o r t a b l e a s a Canad i an . I n my o p i n i o n , t h i s i s t h e o n e f reedom: t h i s i s t h e o n l y c o u n t r y i n t h e w o r l d where I c a n e x e r c i s e t h a t com- f o r t a b l y and e n c o u r a g e my c h i l d r e n t o e x e r c i s e i t , and t h a t i s m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m . I t i s s e e k i n g t h e b e s t of t h e v a l u e s y s t e m s t h a t we have .

How wolLed you !Like 20 bee Canada i n t h e 6 d m e ?

I would l i k e t o b e a b l e t o s e e a n Indo-Canadian become P r ime M i n i s t e r of t h i s c o u n t r y someday, and n o t j u s t by b e i n g e l e c t e d by Indo -Canad i ans , b u t e l e c t e d a s a n i n d i v i d u a l . And I b e l i e v e t h i s c a n happen. T h a t i s l t h e f u t u r e I would l i k e t o see i n Canada.

Power Struggle in Bcrngloderh

A. Rahirn

T h e s t a t e o f B a n g l a d e s h w a s b o r n i n i n b l o o d t e n y e a r s a g o . The t r a u m a o f t h e 1 9 7 1 c i v i l w a r h a s l e f t a p r o f o u n d i m p a c t o n a l l l e v e l s o f l i f e . S i n c e t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y , n o p o w e r f u l b l o c o f c i v i l i a n p o l i t i c i a n s h a s e m e r - g e d t o c o n s o l i d a t e i t s p o w e r . As a r e - s u l t , t h e a r m e d f o r c e , a s a c o h e s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n , h a s come t o p l a y a d e c i - s d v e r o l e i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s p o l i t i c s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e a r m y i t s e l f i s d i v i d e d b e t w e e n a h i g h l y p o l i t i c i z e d r i g h t a n d l e f t . T h e f a t a l s h o o t i n g o f . M a j o r G e n e r a l Z i a u r - R a h m a n ( k n o w n a s Z i a ) o n May 3 0 , 1 9 8 1 , w a s t h e r e s u l t o f a l o n g d i s p u t e i n t h e a r m y o v e r t h e

b r o u g h t t o t a l d e s t r u c t i o n t o t h e i n - d i g e n o u s e c o n o m y o f t h e r e g i o n l a n d t u r n e d i t i n t o o n e o f t h e m o s t b a c k - w a r d a r e a s i n t h e w o r l d . F o l l o w i n g t h e p a r t i t i o n o f t h e s u b c o n t i n e n t i n 1 9 4 7 , I n d i a a n d P a k i s t a n e m e r g e d a s t w o i n - d e p e n d e n t n a t i o n s . The a r e a t h a t i s now B a n g l a d e s h b e c a m e E a s t P a k i s t a n . F r o m a g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w , P a k i s t a n h a d a p p r o p ' r i a t e l y b e e n c a l - l e d " t w o n a t i o n s " . T h e g e o g r p a h i c a l a r e a o f P a k i s t a n c o m p r i s e d 3 6 5 , 5 2 9 s q u a r e m i l e s ( E a s t P a k i s t a n w i t h 5 5 , 1 2 6 s q u a r e m i l e s a n d W e s t P a k i s t a n w i t h 3 1 0 , 4 0 3 s q u a r e m i l e s ) .

- l a s t s i x y e a r s . T h e h i s t o r y o f t h i s d i s p u t e i s r o o t e d i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s p o l i t i c s t h a t l e d t o t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f S h e i k h M u j i b u r Rahman I n 1 9 7 5 , t h e f i r s t p r e s i d e n t a n d t h e p r i m e m i n i s t e r o f t h e c o u n t r y .

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B a n g l a d e s h , f o r m e r l y known a s E a s t P a k i s t a n , h a s a n a r e a o f 5 5 , 5 9 8 s q u a r e m i l e s a n d a p o p u l a t i o n o f a b o u t 9 0 m i l - l i o n , m a k i n g i t o n e o f t h e m o s t h i g h f y p o p u l a t e d c o u n t r i e s i n t h e w o r l d . Be- f o r e t h e B r i t i s h c o l o n i z e d B e n g a l i n 1 7 5 7 , i t h a d d e v e l o p e d a w e l l - i n t e g r a - t e d a n d b a l a n c e d e c o n o m y i n c o n j u n c - t i o n w i t h a g r i c u l t u r e a n d a c o t t a g e i n d u s t r y . B u t g r a d u a l l y a l l o f S o u t h A s i a , i n c l u d i n g B e n g a l , w a s made a p r o t e c t e d m a r k e t o f c h e a p g o o d s f r o m E n g l a n d . B r i t i s h r u l e i n S o u t h A s i a

R e p r i n t e d f r o m Fah E a n t e h n E c o n o m i c R e v i e w , ~ u l y 1 9 , 1 9 8 1 .

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T h i s g e o g r a p h i c a l c u r i o s i t y w a s a l s o - - a p o l i t i c a l m o n s t r o s i t y . I t w a s n o t a n a u s p i c i o u s b e g i n n i n g f o r a n a t i o n w i t h t w o w i n g s s e p a r a t e d by a f o r e i g n t e r r i - t o r y o f o v e r a t h o u s a n d m i l e s , a n d a l s o d i v i d e d by l a n g u a g e , c u s t o m , h a b i t , d i e t a n d e t h n i c c o m p o s i t i o n . Amid t h e s e d i v e r s i t i e s , t h e r e w e r e t w o u n i - t i n g f a c t o r s : I s l a m a n d t h e I n d i a n t h r e a t . (One may a l s o c o u n t t h e P a k i s - t a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r l i n e s a n d t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e ) . D u r i n g two d e c a d e s o f u n i o n , E a s t P a k i s t a n w a s s u b j e c t t o t h e h e a v y b u r d e n o f i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d c a p i t a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f W e s t P a k i s - t a n ( n o w P a k i s t a n ) . I t h a s b e e n e s t i - m a t e d b y W e s t e r n s c h o l a r s t h a t s i n c e 194-7, t h e t o t a l t r a n s f e r o f c a p i t a l f r o m E a s t P a k i s t a n t o W e s t P a k i s t a n a m o u n t e d t o 2 . 6 b i l l i o n U.S . d o l l a r s .

An i n c r e a s e d d i s c r i m i n a t o r y , p o l i c y c o u p l e d w i t h t h e c u l t u r a l s u b j u g a t t i o n o f t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t p a v e d t h e way f o r t h e e m e r g e n c e o f B a n g l a d e s h i n a - t i o n a l i s m . . T h i s p o l i t i c a l f o r c e w a s s p e a r h e a d e d b y S h e i k h M u j i b u r Rahman ( k h o w n a s M u j i b ) a n d h i s p o l i t i c a l p a r t y , t h e Awami L e a g u e ( t h e P e o p l e ' s L e a g u e ) . When E a s t P a k i s t a n s e p a r a t e d a n d b e c a m e t h e i n d p e n e n d e n t n a t i o n o f B a n g l a d e s h i n 1 9 7 1 , M u j i b b e c a m e t h e f i r s t P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f t h e c o u n t r y . U n t i l h i s a s s a s s i n a t i o n i n 1 9 7 5 , M u j i b v i r t u a l l y d o m i n a t e d t h e p o l i t i c a l s c e n e o f t h e c o u n t r y . H i s s t y l e w a s u n c a r i n g ; h i s p a r t y , t h e Awami L e a g u e , b e c a m e t h e m o s t c o r r u p t p o l i t i c a l p a r t y i n t h e c o u n t r y . He w a s s u r r o u n d e d b y s y c o p h a n t s . E s s e n t i a l l y , h e c r e a t e d a p a t r o n a g e s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e g o v e r n - m e n t ' s b u s i n e s s a n d p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n b e g a n t o d e p e n d u p o n h i s own w i l l . PO- l i t i c a l l y , h e w a s a m a g i c i a n ; e c o n o m i - c a l l y , h e w a s a d i s a s t e r .

By m i d - 1 9 7 4 , M u j i b a n d h i s s y c o - p h a n t s h a d b a n k r u p t e d t h e c o u n t r y . As a r e s u l t , t h e n a t i o n p l u n g e d i n t o a s e - v e r e f a m i n e i n w h i c h t h o u s a n d s o f p e o - p l e p e r i s h e d . I n t h e w a k e o f t h e f a s t s i n k i n g e c o n o m y a n d t o t a l c h a o s t h a t f o l l o w e d , M u j i b d e c l a r e d a n e m e r g e n c y , s u s p e n d e d a l l c i v i l l i b e r t i e s a n d b a n - n e d a l l o p p o s i t i o n p a r t i e s . B a n g l a d e s h b e c a m e a o n e - p a t t y s t a t e . M u j i b b e c a m e a d i c t a t o r . T h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e w e r e i n c a r c e r a t e d , R a k k h i B a h i n i , a p a r a - m i l i t a r y f o r c e w a s c r e a t e d , w i t h M u j i b ' s p e r s o n a l e n d o r s e m e n t , i t u n - l e a s h e d a r e i g n o f t e r r o r i n t h e c o u n - t r y s i d e , t h a t c o u l d b e c o m p a r e d o n l y w i t h t h e d a y s o f 1 9 7 1 , when t h e m i l i - t a r y j u n t a i n P a k i s t a n i m p o s e d i t s r u l e o n t h e p e o p l e o f B a n g l a d e s h .

On A u g u s t 1 5 , 1 9 7 5 , h i s r e g i m e w a s o v e r t h ' r o w n b y a m i l i t a r y p u t s c h o r g a - n i z e d b y a g r o u p o f j u n i o r c o m m i s s i o n o f f i c e r s who r a n a f o u l o f M u j i b a n d h i s f a m i l y . A t f i r s t t h i s c o u p d ' e t a t w a s b e l i e v e d t o b e a n - i s o l a t e d a c t i o n ,

w i t h n o - c o n ' n e c t i o n t o o t h e r ' s o c i a l g r o u p s i n t h e c o u n t r y . L a t e r , i t w a s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e c o u n t r y ' s s e c u r i t y f o r c e s h a d a c t i v e l y c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h t h e j u n i o r c o m m i s s i o n o f f i c e r s t o o v e r - t h r o w M u j i b . M o s t o f t h e l e a d i n g s e - c u r i t y o f f i c e r s w e r e a l l e g e d t o h a v e b e e n t r a i n e d b y t h e C I A , w h i c h o p e n l y '

e x p r e s s e d h o s t i l i t y a g a i n s t t h o c r e a - t i o n o f B a n g l a d e s h i n 1 9 7 1 . One o f t h e l e a d i n g c i v i l i a n c o l l a b o r a t o r s w a s M u s h t a q Ahmed known a s a n A m e r i c a n s y m p a t h i z e r i n t h e Awami L e a g u e . W i t h t h e a l l e g e d a c t i v e h e l p o f H e n r y K i s s i n - g e r i n 1 9 7 1 , h e a n d P a k i s t a n ' s r u l i n g j u n t a t r i e d t o r e s o l v e t h e B a n g l a d e s h c r i s i s , b u t f a i l e d . T h e r e i s s o m e c o n - , C r e t e e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e v i e w t h a t CIA w a s a c t u a l l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e a s s a s - s i n a t i o n o f M u j i b .

T h e T h r e e M a j o r s F r o m W e s t P a k ' i s t a n ~

F o l l o w i n g M u j i b ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n , a p r o - M u j i b e l e m e n t i n t h e a r m y s t a g e d a c o u n t e r - p u t s c h s p e a r h e a d e d by B r i g a d i e r haled M u s h a r a f f . He a r r e s t e d t h e a r m y c h i e f , o f s t a f f , M a j o r - G e n e r a l Z i a u r Rahman . T h e r e w e r e r u m o u r s t h a t K h a l e d w a s a b o u t t o i n v o k e t h e I n d o - B a n g l a d e s h F r i e n d s h i p T r e a t y s i g n e d b y B a n g l a d e s h a n d I n d i a i n 1 9 7 1 , a n d i n v i t e t h e I n - , d i a n a r m y t o i n t e r v e n e o n i t s b e h a l f . T h i s u n s c r u p u l o u s p o l i c y s i g n a l l e d a p o p u l a r a r m y r e b e l l i o n i n D a c c a g a r r i - s o n , known a s t h e nepay b i b l a p ( s o l - d i e r s u p r i s i n g ) . A c c o r d i n g t o L a w r e n c e L i f s c h u l t z , t h i s nepay b ibeap w a s o r - g a n i z e d ' b y r e t i r e d C o l o n e l T a h i r .

C o l o n e l T a h i r h a d h a d a c h e c k e r e d c a r e e r i n t h e a m r y . I n 1 9 7 1 , t h e M a j o r T a h i r a n d two o t h e r m a j o r s -- Mohammed

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Z i a u d d i n a n d K a n z u r Ahmed -- e s c a p e d f r o m P a k i s t a n , m a d e t h e i r w a y t h r o u g h I n d i a , a n d j o i n e d t h e l i b e r a t i o n w a r i n B a n g l a - d e s h . D u r i n g t h e p o s t - l i b e r a t i o n p e r i o d a l l t h r e e m a j o r s w e r e t o p l a y a s i g n i f i - c a n t r o l e i n t h e p o l i t i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f B a n g l a d e s h . E a c h h a d h a d a b r i l l i a n t c a r e e r i n t h e P a k i s t a n a r m y , a n d , T a h i r ' s w a s t h e m o s t i l l u s t r i o u s o f a l l . He w a s a n h o n o u r s g r a d u a t e f r o m t h e S p e c i a l F o r c e s O f f i c e r T r a i n i n g I n s t i t u t e , F o r t B r a g g , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , s p e c i a l i z i n g i n t h e c o u n t e r - i n s u r g e n c y . A t t h e t i m e o f h i s e s c a p e h e h a d b e e n a s s i g n e d t o a n e l i t e p a r a - c o m m a n d o f o r c e i n t h e P a k i s - t a n a r m y . He w a s t h e o n l y B e n g a l i o f - f i c e r t o b e a w a r d e d a M a r o o n P a r a c h u t e W i n g , a n d h e h a d a l s o b e e n a w a r d e d t h e R a n g e r A w a r d b y t h e R a n g e r T r a i n i n g Command , F o r t B e n n i n g , C o l u m b u s , G e o r - g i a . D u r i n g ' t h e l i b e r a t i o n w a r , h e w a s s e v e r e l y w o u n d e d a n d l o s t a l e g . I t w a s d u r i n g t h e w a r t h a t h e h a d t h e o p p o r - t u n i t y t o w o r k c l o s e l y w i t h s e n o i r o f -

? f i c e r s s u c h a s Z i a u d d i n , M a n z u r , A h m e d , a n d Z i a u r R a h m a n .

A t t h a t t i m e , T a h i r a l s o d e v e l o p e d a n i d e o l o g i c a l w o r k i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h Z i a u d d i n . B o t h a p p r e c i a t e d t h e r o l e o f t h e r a g - t a g M u k t i B a h i n i ( L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t ) i n r e p e l l i n g t h e f o r e i g n a g g r e s - s i o n . I n 1 9 7 2 , b o t h T a h i r a n d Z i a u d d i n w e r e a p p o i n t e d a s c o m m a n d e r s o f t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l C o m m i l l a a n d D a c c a g a r r i s o n s i n t h e c o u n t r y r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e a s - s i g n m e n t s g a v e t h e m a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o i m p l e m e n t t h e t h e o r y t h a t t h e y e s p o u - . s e d i n a c o n c r e t e w a y d u r i n g t h e l i b e r a - t i o n w a r . B o t h b e l i e v e d t h a t a p o o r c o u n t r y l i k e B a n g l a d e s h c o u l d n o t a f - f o r d t o m a i n t a i n a c o n v e n t i o n a l a r m y w h i c h i s t o o c o s t l y i n r e s o u r c e s a n d b e c o m e s a b u r d e n t o t h e n a t i o n . I n - s t e a d , t h e y r e a s o n e d t h e a r m y s h o u l d b e p r o d u c t i v e . T h e a r m e d f o r c e s i n B a n - g l a d e s h s h o u l d e n g a g e i n s o c i a l r e c o n - s t r u c t i o n r a t h e r t h a n s p e n d i n g t i m e i n t h e g a r r i s o n s . T h e a r m y s h o u l d p r o d u c e i t s own f o o d a n d p r o v i s i o n s . E a c h o f - f i c e r a n d s o l d i e r s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d e q u a l l y a n d s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e p r o d u c - t i v e l a b o u r f o r a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f t i m e e a c h d a y . B e c a u s e o f t h e i r r a d i - c a l p h i l o s o p h y , b o t h Z i a u d d i n a n d T a h i r w e r e k n o w n a s " R e d c o l o n e l s " .

T h e c o n c e p t o'f t h e p r o d u c t i v e a r m y w h i c h w a s n e w t o S o u t h A s i a s o o n r a n i n t o t r o u b l e w i t h M u j i b a n d t h e e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l f o r c e s h e h e a d e d . B o t h Z i a u d - d i n a n d T a h i r w e r e f i r e d f r o m t h e a r m y . Z i a u d d i n s o o n w e n t u n d e r g r o u n d a n d j o i - n e d t h e S h a r b o h a r n D a l ( P r o l e t a r i a t P a r t y ) . T a h i r w o r k e d f o r a n a u t o n o m o u s g o v e r n m e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r a w h i l e t h e n q u i t . I t w a s l a t e r r e v e a l e d t h a t h e s e c r e t l y j o i n e d a l e f t - w i n g p o l i t i c a l p a r t y , t h e J a t i y a S a m a j t a n t a r i k D a l ( J S D ) . T h e p a r t y , w h i c h g r e w o u t o f t h e Awami L e a g u e i n 1 9 7 3 , r e m a i n e d c o n - t r o v e r s i a l . H o w e v e r , i t s u c c e e d e d i n

R e p r i n t e d f r o m Fah Eahtexn Economic Review, J u l y 1 9 , 1 9 8 1 .

i n f i l t r a t i n g t h e a r m y , a n d e s t a b l i s h e d a s e c r e t m i l i t a r y w i n g , t h e PRA ( P e o p l e ' s R e v o l u t i o n a r y A r m y ) , w i t h t h e a r m y i n D a c c a . I t w a s r e p o r t e d t h a t T a h i r w a s t h e b r a i n b e h i n d s u c h a n o r g a n i z a t i o n .

M a j e o r - G e n e r a l M a n z u r A h m e d , t h e n a c o l o n e l , w a s a l s o e x p e r i e n c i n g p r o b l e m s w i t h M u j i b ' s r e g i m e . P o l i t i c a l l y , h e w a s c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d a l t h o u g h h e h a d l i t t l e s y m p a t h y f o r t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e a r m y , h e b e c a m e a v o c a l c r i - t i c o f M u j i b . I n 1 9 7 4 , h e w a s i n c h a r g e o f t h e m o v e m e n t o f f o o d a n d g r a i n i n t h e c o u n t r y a f t e r a s e v e r e f a m i n e i n N o r t h B a n g l a d e s h , i n w h i c h t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e p e r i s h e d . I t w a s r e p o r t e d t h a t - s e v e r a l m e m b e r s o f t h e r u l i n g Awami L e a g u e p a r t - - - - i n c l u d i n g Muj i b ' s b r o t h e r S h e i k h

N a s s e r a n d . a n e w p h e w , E l i a s C h o w d h u r y -- w e r e a r r e s t e d b y o n e o f M a n z u r ' s u n i t s f o r a l l e g e d i n v o l v e m e n t i n s m u g g l i n g f o o d a c r o s s t h e b o r d e r t o I n d i a . A l l o f t h e a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l s w e r e s e t f r e e b y M u j i b . T h i s w a s t o o m u c h f o r M a n z u r , a n d b e c a m e d i s i l l u s i o n e d w i t h M u j i b . I n d i s g u s t , h e w e n t o n d i p l o m a t i c a s s i g n - m e n t t o t h e B a n g l a d e s h H i g h C o m m i s s i o n O f f i c e i n New D e l h i . T h e r e h e t i r e d u n - s u c c e s s f u l l y t o r e c o v e r n e a r l y f o u r d i - v i s i o n s o f a r m s , w h i c h I n d i a h a d r e m o v e d f r o m B a n g l a d e s h a s w a r b o o t y . A t t h e t i m e o f M u j i b ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n h e w a s i n New De l h i .

No s o o n e r h a d K h a l e d t a k e n o v e r p o - w e r t h a n h e r a n i n t o t r o u b l e . He f a i l e d l

t o o b t a i n a l l e g i a n c e f r o m t h e D a c c a g a r - r i s i o n . He w a s s u s p e c t e d o f w a n t i n g t o m a k e B a n g l a d e s h a n o t h e r s t a t e o f I n d i a . A t t h i s j u n c t u r e , t h e hepay bbbCop b r o k e o u t i n t h e D a c c a g a r r i s o n a n d l a t e r e n - g u l f e d t h e w h o l e c i t y .

R e p r i n t e d f r o m Fat Eahtehn Economic Revie-w, J u l y 1 9 , 1 9 8 1 .

B u t T a h i r ' s c o u p d e g r a c e w a s n e v e r r e a l i z e d . As s o o n a s Z i a u r Rahman w a s r e l e a s e d f r o m h o u s e a r r e s t b y T a h i r , h e moved q u i c k l y a n d s a v a g e l y . He o r d e r e , d t h e a r r e s t o f a l l l e a d i n g c a d r e s o f t h e JSD i n c l u d i n g T a h i r . T h e r e w a s a s w i f t a n d s u m m a r y t r i a l i n w h i c h T a h i r w a s f o u n d n u i l t v o f s e d o t i o n a n d t r e a s o n , - a n d w a s s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t t i m e i n B e n g a l s i n c e 1 9 1 1 t h a t a p o l i t i c a l P r i s o n e r w a s s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h .

On N o v e m b e r 3', 1 9 7 5 t h e c a p i t a l c i t y ' D a c c a c a p i t u l a t e d t o t h e s o l d i e r s a n d c r o w d . T h e PRA d i s t r i b u t e d h u n d r e d s o f l e a f l e t s , d e m a n d e d t h e a b o l i t i o n o f r a n k , a n d s i n g l e d o u t o f f i c e r s a s t h e r e a l , e n e m y o f t h e p e o p l e . T h e b e p o y a p p e a l e d t o t h e p e o p l e t o j o i n t h e m a s a u n i t e d f r o n t a g a i n s t t h e common e n e m y , t h e o f - f i c e r c l a s s . T h i s w a s t h e way b a v e d f o r a r e v o l u t i o n a r y g o v e r n m e n t i n B a n g l a d e s h .

T a h i r , i n h i s b i d t o c a p t u r e p o w e r t h r o u g h t h e PRA d e v e l o p e d a d o u b l e s t r a - t e g y : t o d i s l o d g e K h a l e d f r o m p o w e r a n d r e s c u e t h e a r m y c h i e f o f s t a f f , M a j o r - G e n e r a l Z i a u r Rahman ( Z i a ) . T h e q u e s - t i o n t h a t r e m a i n s i s why T a h i r d e c i d e d t o r e s c u e Z i a u r R a h m a n , who w a s n e v e r a p r o g r e s s i v e p e r s o n , a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d t h e s a m e f o r c e s a s M u j i b . T h e a n s w e r i s b o t b s i m p l e a n d c o m p l e x . I t i s s i m p l e i n t h a t M a j o r - G e n e r a l Z i a u r R a h m a n , a s t h e c o m m a n d e r o f t h e E i g h t h E a s t B e n g a l R e g i m e n t i n C h i t t a g o n g i n 1 9 7 1 , l e d a r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t . F o r a b r i e f p e r i o d , h i s r e g i m e n t c a p t u r e d t h e p o r t c i t y o f C h i t - ' t a g o n g . H e r e h e made t h e h i s t o r i c a n - n o u n c e m e n t o f i n d p e e n d e n c e f r o m P a k i s - t a n o v e r C h i t t a g o n g R a d i o . He w a s u n - . d o u b t e d l y p o p u l a r a m o n g t h e r a n k a n d f i l e o f t h e a r m y . A l s o , i n t h e m i l i - t a r y p u t s c h t h a t l e d t o t h e a s s a s s i n a - t i o n o f M u j i b , Z i a ' s r o l e r e m a i n e d c o n - t o r v e r s i a l . T h e a n s w e r i s c o m p l e x i n t h a t T a h i r , b e i n g a w a r e o f t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e B a n g l a d e s h a r m y w a n t e d t o e x p l o i t Z i a ' s p o p u l a r i t y t o g a i n a s c e n d e n c y i n t h e p o w e r s t r u c t u r e . And t h e n T a h i r p l a n n e d t o l a u n c h h i s PRA a n d m a s s o r - g a n i z a t i o n s s u c h a s t h e J S D t o c a p t u r e p o w e r . P a r a l l e l s c a n b e d r a w n b e t w e e n h i s p l a n n e d s t r a t e g y a n & t h a t o f N a s s e r , who u s e d t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f G e n e r a l N a g i b t o g a i n u l t i m a t e p o w e r i n E g y p t , a f t e r K i n g ~ a r u k w a s o v e r t h r o w n i n 1 9 5 4 .

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Z i a ' s c o n c e p t o f l e a d e r s h i p r a n c o n - t r a r y t o t h e e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l n o r m i n B a n g l a d e s h . H i s p o l i t i c a l g u r u w a s n o t B e n g a l i , b u t m o d e l l e d o n t h e m o s t s .uc - 0 c e s s f u l m i l i t a r y d i c t a t o r o f P a k i s t a n , Ayub Khan ( 1 9 5 8 - 1 9 6 9 ) . A f t e r b e c o m i n g C h i e f M a r t i a l Law A d m i n i s t r a t o r , i n o r - d e r t o c o n s o l i d a t e h i s p o w e r , Z i a r e - c a l l e d M a n z u r Ahmed f r o m New D e l h i a n d a p p o i n t e d h i m a s c h i e f o f s t a f f o f t h e ,

a r m y . D i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h j u s t m i l i t a r y b a c k i n g , h e d e c i d e d t o l a u n c h h i s own p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t i n t h e c o u n t r y , s t a r - t i n g g r a d u a l l y f r o m t h e v i l l a g e l e v e l t o t h e t o p , a f t e r t h e m o d e l o f Ayub Khan i n 1 9 5 9 . Z i a a n d h i s c i v i l i a n ' t e c h n o c r a t s t h e n l a u n c h e d a v i l l a g e - o r i e n t e d d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e , g e n e - r o u s l y f i n a n c e d b y t h e U .S . g o v e r n m e n t , a n d s u c c e e d e d i n c r e a t i n g h i s p o w e r b a s e a t t h e r u r a l l e v e l . H i s p o l i t i - c a l p a r t y , t h e B a n g l a d e s h N a t i o n a l i s t P a r t y (BNP) c o n s i s t e d o f p e o p l e f r o m o t h e r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s w h o s e common b o n d C a s t h e d e s i r e t o b e c o m e r i c h q ' u i c k l y . L i k e a l o t o f o t h e r m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s , Z i a s a w p o l i t i c s i n t e r m s o f b l a c k a n d w h i t e . H i s p o l i t i c a l s t y l e w a s s i m p l e t o b u y o f f t h e o p p o s i - t i o n t h r o u g h b r i b e r y . H i s s y s t e m o f p a t r o n a g e a n d p a y - o f f s c r e a t e d a n e x - t o r t i o n i s t p o l i t i c a l c u l t u r e w h i c h b r a n c h e d o u t t h r o u g h a l l l e v e l s o f s o - c i e t y . H i s a u t h o r i t a r i a n l e a d e r s h i p a l s o h a m p e r e d t h e g r o w t h o f l e a d e r s w i - t h i n h i s own p a r t y .

M a j o r - G e n e r a l M a n z u r Ahmed h a d p o l i - t i c a l d i , f f e r e n c e s w i t h Z i a o v e r many i s s u e s , s u c h a s n e p o t i s m , c o r r u p t i o n w i t h i n t h e BNP, a n d g r a n t i n g d p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e s t o B a n g l a d e s h i s who a c t i v e l y c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h t h e P a k i s t a n g o v e r n - m e n t i n 1 9 7 1 . He w a s a l s o d i s s a t i s - f i e d a i t h t h e h a n d l i n g o f o p p o s i t i o n . p o l i t i c a l e l e m e n t s a n d t h e c o u n t e r - i n s u r g e n c y a g a i n s t t h e p e o p l e o f C h i t - t a g o n g H i l l , who w e r e d e m a n d i n g m o r e a u t o n o m y f r o m D a c c a . P e r s o n a l l y , h e o p p o s e d t h e m a s s e x e c u t i o n s f o l l o w i n g a n a b o r t i v e c o u p i n 1 9 7 7 . P o l i t i c a l o b s e r v e r s b e l i e v e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o c a u s e M a n z u r t o move a g a i n s t a n d a s s a s s i n a t e Z i a o n May 3 0 , 1 9 8 1 .

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I t s e e m s f r o m t h e o u t s e t t h a t t h e c o u p w a s o r g a n i z e d i n a n a d h 0 c m a n n e r a n d i n d e c i s i v e w a y . M a n z u r w a s c o n s i - d e r e d t o b e o n e o f t h e m o s t b r i l l i a n t s t a f f o f f i c e r s i n t h e a r m y . Some o b s e r - v e r s b e l i e v e t h a t i f h e h a d b e e n i n v o l -

. v e d d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e c o u p , t h e r e s u l t w o u l d h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n t . I t i s n o t k n o w n who k i l l e d Z i a o r w h y , a n d w h e t h e r t h e r e i s a n y c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n h i s d e a t h a n d M a n z u r .

I n t h e r e c e n t p a s t , f a c t i o n a l i s m a n d n e p o t i s m i n t h e a r m y h a v e r e a c h e d a l a r - m i n g p r o p o r t i o n s . T h e a r m y i n B a n g l a d e s h i s c o m p o s e d o f t h e M u k t i B a h i n i a n d r e - p a t r i a t e d s o l d i e r s a n d o f f i c e r s who w e r e s t r a n d e d i n P a k i s t a n d u r i n g t h e l i- b e r a t i o n w a r o f 1 9 7 1 . The M u k t i B a h i n i b o r e t h e m a i n b r u n t o f t h e P a k i s t a n a r m y , a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e p r o f o u n d i m p a c t o f t h e w a r , h a s t h u s b e c o m e h i g h l y p o l i - t i c i z e d . The r e p a t r i a t e d s o l d i e r s a n d o f f i c e r s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , n e v e r p a r t i - c i p a t e d , i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n . T h e y w e r e

, f a r a w a y a n d n e v e r e m o t i o n a l l y e x p e r i e n - c e d t h e t r a u m a s o f t h e c i v i l w a r . T h e y may a l s o h a v e r e s e n t e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e M u k t i B a h i n i t o o k t h e c r e d i t f o r l i b e r a t i n g B a n g l a d e s h , c r e d i t w h i c h i s n o t d e s e r v e d . When Z i a b e c a m e t h e P r e - s i d e n t a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y a f t e r a n u n s u c - c e s s f u l c o u p i n 1 9 7 7 t h a t l e d t o m a s s e x e c u t i o n s , w h i c h w e r e c o n d e m n e d b y A m n e s t y I n t e r n a t i o n a l , h e b e c a m e v e r y s u s p i c i o u s o f t h e M u k t i B a h i n i e l e m e n t i n t h e a r m y . He p r o m p t l y d e m o t e d M a j o r - . G ' e n e r a l M a n z u r f r o m t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e C h i e f o f S t a f f a n d a p p o i n t e d h i m g a r -

. r i s o n . c o m m a n d e r a t t h e p o r t c i t y o f C h i t t a g o n g . He t h e n a p p o i n t e d a r e p a - t r i a t e d a r m y o f f i c e r , L t - G e n e r a l E r s h a d as t h e a r m y c h i e f o f s t a f f . A f t e r t h a t t h e r e p a t r i a t e d o f f i c e r s moved q u i c k l y a n d o c c u p i e d a l l t h e c o m m a n d i n g p o s i - t i o n s i n t h e a r m y . M o s t m e n a c i n g o f a l l i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e D e f e n c e F o r c e I n t e l l i g e n c e ( D F I ) , t h e m i l i t a r y i n t e l - l i g e n c e s e r v i c e , w a s c a p t u r e d b y r e p a - t r i a t e d o f f i c e r s a n d h e a d e d b y a n o t h e r

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o n e , M a j o r - G e n e r a l M o h a b a t J a n Chowd- h u r y . I n o t h e r w o r d s ; t h e r e p a t r i a t e d o f f i c e r s h a v e e x t e h d e d t h e i r p o w e r i n t h e a r m y e s t a b l i s h m e n t , much t o t h e d i s m a y o f t h e M u k t i B a h i n i . A m i d s t t h i s p o w e r s t r u g g l e t h e r e w a s a n o t h e r a t t e m p t made b y s o m e d i s g r u n t l e d o f - f i c e r s t o t o p p l e t h e r e g i m e o f Z i a i n t h e " J u n e 1 7 C o u p " o f 1 9 8 0 . I n m i d - M a r c h , 1 9 8 0 t h e M i l i t a r y t r i b u n a l a t a r m y h e a d q u a r t e r s i n D a c c a h e l d t r i a l s o f t h e a l l e g e d p l o t t . e r s o f , t h e J u n e c o u p ; t h e a r m y p r o s e c u t o r s a s k e d f o r t h e d e a t h s e n t e n c e . T h e c o u p l e a d e r s w e r e f r o m t h e D a c c a g a r r i s o n a n d a l l o f t h e m h a d b e e n d e c o r a t e d f o r t h e i r g a l l a n t r y i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n w a r . T h e r e w a s w i d e s p e - c u l a t i o n i n t h e l o c a l n e w s p a p e r s t h a t t h e D F I , w i t h t h e b l e s s i n g o f Z i a , w a s b e n t u p o n a n n i h i l a t i n g t h e M u k t i . B a h i n i

e l e m e n t i n t h e a r m y a n d t h a t t h e t r l a l s w e r e m e r e l y a p l o y t o w a r d s t h a t e n d . M a n z u r a l w a y s o p p o s e d t h e s e t r i a l s ; h e a l s o v e h e m e n t l y o b j e c t e d t o f u r t h e r p u r g e s i n t h e a l m y b y t h e D F I . On t h e e v e o f Z i a ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e a r m y i n B a n g l a d e s h w a s s p l i t i n t w o .

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b e e n c a r r i e d o u t b y r i g h t w i n g o f f c i e r s , i n t h e a r m y . T h e r e i s e v e n s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t t h e r e may h a v e b e e n a l i n k b e t w e e n t h e A u g u s t c o u p o f 1 9 7 5 a n d t h e a s s a s - s i n a t i o n o f Z i a i n May 1 9 8 1 . T h e s u b - s e q u e n t c o l l a p s e o f t h e c o u p a n d t h e m u r d e r o f M a n z u r h a v e c a s t a d e e p c l o u d o v e r t h e a s s a s s i n h t i o n t h a t t o o k p l a c e i n t h e e a r l y h o u r o f May 3 0 , 1 9 8 1 a t t h e p o r t c i t y o f C h i t t a g o n g . P e r h a p s o n e d a y we w i l l know t h e w h o l e t r u t h . B u t i n t h e m e a n t i m e i n B a n g l a d e s h , t h e r i g h t w i n g a r m y o f f i c e r s h a v e f i r m l y c o n s o l i d a t e d t h e i r p o w e r . T h e r e a l ~ t r u g g l e i s y e t t o c o m e . M o r e a g o n i - z i n g d a y s a r e i n s t o r e f o r t h e p e o p l e o f B a n g l a d e s h .

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I n I n d i a , t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f B a i s a k - h i t a k e s p l a c e o n ' A p r i l 1 3 ; b u t , i n To- r o n t o t h i s y e a r , i t w a s o r g a n i z e d o n A p r i l 11 t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e t i m e c o m m i t - m e n t s o f ' a l l t h e q u e s t s .

F o r t h e s i k h s , B a i s a k h i h a s a s p e - c i a l m e a n i n g b e c a u s e G u r u G o b i n S i n g h -- t h e t e n t h r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r a n d t e a c h e r o f t h e S i k h s -- f o u n d e d t h e K h a l s a ( a g r o u p t o f i g h t i n j u s t i c e ) o n t h i s d a y i n 1 6 9 9 .

B a i s a k h i i s c e l e b r a t e d b y f a r m e r s i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f P u n j a b ( I n d i a ) o n t h e f i r s t d a y o f t h e h a r v e s t . U n d e r moon- l i g h t , y o u n g men g a t h e r a n d p a r t i c i p a t e i n a c o l o u r f u l a n d l i v e l y f o l k d a n c e .

T h e f e , s t i v a l h e r e i n T o r o n t o w a s ' o r g a n i z e d b y t h e S i k h Y o u t h A s s o c i a t i o n a n d t h e R i v e r d a l e I n t e r c u l t u r a l C o u n c i l . I t b r o u g h t f r i e n d s a n d m e m b e r s o f t h e s e g r o u p s t o g e t h e r a n d e n j o y e d t h e m s e l v e s w i , t h P u n j a b i m u s i c a n d s o n g s .

ANTI -KLAN FESTIVAL

May 3 1 w a s a b e a u t i f u l s u n n y d a y . I n G r e e n w o o d P a r k ( T o r o n t o ) , a f e s t i v a l o f u n i t y w a s h e l d t o s h o w t h a t t h e K K K i s n o t w e l c o m e i-n R i v e r d a l e .

T h e G a y a p R h y t h m D r u m m e r s , t h e Red B e r e t s , t h e P e l i c a n P l a y e r s , t h e No F r i l l s B a n d , e t c . c o n t r i b u t e d t h e i r t a l e n t s i n m u s i c , s o n g s , a n d s t o r i e s t o t h e f e s t i v a l . An e x h i b i t i o n o f K K K a c t i - v i t i e s w a s s e t i n w h i c h v a r i o u s K K K own p u b l i c a t i o n s w e r e d i s p l a y e d . S e v e r a l l i t e r a t u r e t a b l e s w e r e a r . r a n g e d a n d f o o d a n d d r i n k w e r e s e r v e d .

I t w a s a t t e n d e d b y rough1 .y a t h o u - s a n d p e r s o n s , f r o m w i t h i n a n d w J t h o u t R i v e r d a l % . H u n d r e d s o f p a r t i c i p a n t s m a r c h e d t o t h e KKK h e a d q u a r t e r s o n Dun- d a s S t r r e t E a s t a n d , t o t h e s u r p r i s e o f s o m e m a r c h e r s , s e v e r a l K l a n m e n a n d o n e K l a n w o m e n w e r e w a i t i n g f o r t h e m . Two o f whom w e r e h o o d e d i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l KKK c o s t u m e , a n d t h e woman h a s " W h i t e P o w e r " t a t o o e d o n h e r b r e a s t s . I t w a s a momen t

o f a n g r y v e r b a l c n n f r o n t a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e d e m o n s t r a t o r s a n d t h e K l a n m e m b e r s a n d s u p p o r t e r s . P o l i c e m e n w e r e s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o g r o u p s t o k e e p p e a c e .

T h e f e s t i v a l w a s a s m a s h i n g s u c c e s s a n d c r e d i t s m u s t b e g i v e n t o t h e R i . v e r - d a l e A c t i o n C o m m i t J e e A g a i n s t R a c i s m a n d i t s s u p p o r t e r s who o r g a n i z e d t h i - e v e n t .

CHOPSTICKS

On S a t u r d a y , J u l y 4 , t h e Gay A s i a n s o f T o r o n t o (GAT) p r e s e n t e d C h u p a Z 4 c h n , a n e v e n i n g o f m u s i c , d a n c e a n d d r a m a a t 5 1 9 C h u r c h S t r e e t C o m m u n i t y C e n t e r .

T h e i d e a f o r a f u n d - r a i s i n g e v e n t f o r t h e R i g h t t o P r i v a c y C o m m i t t e e w a s f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d a t o n e o f t h e GAT b i - m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e F e b . 5 g a y b o t h - h o u s e r a i d s . A f t e r s o m e r e - s e a r c h a n d p l a n n i n g , Chops t 4 c h s l o w l y e m e r g e d .

GAT f e l t t h a t i t w a s i m p o r t a n t n o t o n l y t o r a i s e money b u t a l s o t o v o i c e u n i t y w i t h o t h e r g a y b r o t h e r s a n d s i s - t e r s . T h e g r o u p a l s o w a n t e d t o b e c o m e m o r e v i s i b l e i n o r d e r t o d e m y s t i f y r a - c i s t s t e r e o t y p e s a n d t o s h a r e w i t h t h e a u d i e n c e b o t h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a n d common o p p r e s s i o n t h a t come f r o m b e i n g g a y a n d A s i a n i n C a n a d a .

T h e e v e n i n g w a s i n f o r m a l a n d e a r - n e s t a n d w a s w a r m l y r e c e i v e d b y a s u p - p o r t i v e a u d i e n c e .

ANOTHER ANTI-KKK EVENT

T h e KKK h e a d q u a r t e r s h a d m o v e d f r o m D u n d a s S t . E . t o 1 5 S p r i n g h u r s t ( T o r o n t o ) . t h i s s u m m e r . I n r e s p o n s e t o t h i s m o v e , t h e P a r k d a l e N D P e r s h a d o r g a n i z e d a d e - m o n s t r a t i o n w h i c h w a s p a r t i c i p a t e d b y r o u g h l y t w o h u n d r e d p e r s o n s o n A u g u s t 1 5 , 1 9 8 1 . A .-L

T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o o n w a s t o s h o w t h a t t h e K l a n i s n o t w e l c o m e i n P a r k d a l e .

As t h e y m a r c h e d down S p r i n g h u r s t , t h e m a r c k e r s ' s l o g a n s -- " F o r ' a S t r o n g P a r k d a l e " a n d "No N a z i s , K i c k o u t K l a n " -- w e r e m e t b y a h a n d f u l o f K l a n m e n who y e l l e d " W h i t e P o w e r " a n d " W h i t e S u p r e m a c y " a m o n g o t h e r u t t e r a n c e s .

G e n t l e m e n ,

I r e a d A ~ i a n a d i a n f r o m i t s i n c e p t i o n a n d f o u n d i t a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g m a g a z i n e m o s t h e l p f u l i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g A s i a n c u l - t u r e s a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s f a c e d b y C a n a - d i a n s o f A s i a n o r i g i n .

The l a s t i s s u e h o w e v e r ( v . 3 , No. 3 , A p r i l 1 9 8 1 ) c o n t a i n s a n a r t i c l e b y M a r y k a O m a t s u "The R i s e a n d F a l l o f t h e Ku K l u x K l a n " w h i c h c o n t a i n s c o m p l e t e l y f a l s e i n - - f o r m a t i o n . I f t h e a u t h o r w o u l d h a v e a n y bno~clLedge o f h i s t o r y o r make e v e n a s u p e r - f i c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of f a c t s b e f o r e s t a - t i n g t h a t t h e f i r s t Ku K l u x K l a n d e n w a s f o u n d e d by C o u n t P u l a s k i , a P o l e , w o u l d r e a l i z e t h a t i t i s n o t o n l y a s l a n d e r o u s u n t r u t h b u t a h i s t o r i c a l i m p o s s i b i l i t y , C a s i m i r P u l a s k i , a P o l i s h a n d A m e r i c a n h e r o a n d f i e r c e f i g h t e r f o r e v e r y b o d y ' s . f r e e d o m was k i l l e d i n 1 7 7 9 , He w . n o t m a r r i e d a n d h a d n o c h i l d r e n . The f i r s t Ku K-lux K l a n d e n was f o u n d e d 8 6 y e a r s l a t e r i n t h e c i t y named a f t e r h i m . A l l t h i s i n - f o r m a t i o n i s r e a d i l y - a v a i l a b l e i n EncycLeo- p e d i a B h a t a n n i c a . . .

I i n t e n d t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e i n f o r - m a t i o n g i v e n i s a r e s u l t o f t h e a u t h o r ' s i g n o r a n c e . However t h i s t y p e o f " m i s t a k e " d o e s n o t h e l p i n t e r - g r o u p r e l a t i o n s a n d t a r n i s h e s t h e name of i n n o c e n t p e o p l e . I e x p e c t t h e r e f o r e a c o r r e c t i o n o f f a c t s pu- b l i s h e d i n t h e n e x t i s s u e of A4.i~-nad.ian.

Y o u r s s i n c e r e l y ,

! l a r ie : Z i e l i n s k a ( M r s . )

D e a r E d i t o r s ,

I n y o u r e d i t o r i a l o f A p r i l 1 9 8 1 y o u i

s u m m a r i z e my a r t i c l e o n t h e Ku K l u x K l a n i n t h e s a m e i s s u e a s s a y i n g t h a t h a r a s s m e n t o f t h e K l a n by t h e s t a t e w o u l d b e m o r e e f f e c - t i v e t h a n l e g a l b a n n i n g o f t h i s r a c i s t o r - g a n i z a t i o n . S i n c e t h i s i s n o t w my p o s i t i o n , I w o u l d l i k e t o s e t t h e r e c o r d s t r a i g h t .

My a r t i c l e s u m m a r i z e d t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e K l a n t o show t h a t i t h a s r o o t s .in d e e p s e a t e d r a c i s t a t t i t u d e s i n s o c i e t y w h i c h a r e e n c o u r a g e d among o t h e r t h i n g s by e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s . To t h i n k t h a t t h e r e i s some s i n g l e , s i m p l e s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m o f o r g a n i z e d r a c i s m t h a t t h e K l a n r e p r e s e n t s i s a d e l u s , i o n . L e g a l l y b a n n i n g t h e K l a n w i l l n o t aLone e r a d i c a t e i t o r s i m i l a r o r g a n i z a - t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n t o f o r c i n g t h e g o v e r n - m e n t t o make t h e K l a n i l l e g a l I s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a c a m p a i g n t o make t h e g o v e r n m e n t u s e e v e r y l e g a l m e c h a n i s m a t i t s d i s p o s a l ( i n t h e a r t i c l e t h i s w a s m i s p r i n t e d t o r e a d " i l l e g a l " ) t o h a r a s s t h e K l a n . L e t t h e s t a t e t u r n i t s w e l l t u n e d m a c h i n e r y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e t o w a r d t h o s e who d e s e r v e i t . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e s o r t s o f m e a s u r e s I a l s o l i s t e d s e v e r a l o t h e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , w o r k i n g t o p r o v i d e e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n e m p l o y - m e n t , h o u s i n g a n d s e r v i c e s ; p u r s u i n g a n t i - r a c i s t e d u c a t i o n a l c a m p a i g n s i n t h e s c h o o l s a n d t h e m e d i a ; r u n n i n g a n t i - K l a n c a n c ' i d a t e s i n l o c a l e l e c t i o n s a n d e x p o s i n g p r o - K l a n c a n d i d a t e s a n d o f f i c i a l s i n g o v e r n m e n t , t h e c i v i l s e r v i c e , a n d t h e p o l i c e . R a c i s m r e - q u i r e s a m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d r e s p o n s e t h a n s i m p l y t r y i n g t o p u l l t h e c a r p e t o v e r t h e d i r t .

May I t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y _ t o c o r r e c t a n e r r a t u m t h a t a p p e a r e d i n t h i s a r t i c l e . T h e r e i t was e r r o n e o u s l y r . e p o r t e d t h a t t h e K l a n was f o u n d e d by C o u n t P u l a s k i . T h i s s h o u l d h a v e r e a d t h a t t h e K l a n w a s f o u n d e d i n P u l a s k i , T e n n e s s e e , a c i t y named a f t e r t h e C o u n t .

Y o u r s v e r y t r u l y ,

M a r y k a Omatsu

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