Volatile Oils

• Essential oils

• volatilize and distilled in steam

• chemically and physically different from fixed oils – not glyceryl esters of fatty acids

– do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper

– not saponified with alkali

– not become rancid but on exposure to air and light becomes oxidized and resinify

• frequently associated with other substances like gums, resins

Volatile Oils• they are secreted by oil glands, oil cells, secretory

ducts, glandular hairs, modified parenchyma cells, oil tubes (vittae), lysigenous or schizogenous passages

• Use: therapeutically - administered by inhalation (eucalyptus oil), orally (peppermint oil), gargle and mouthwash (thymol oil), transdermal (lavender, rosemary, bergamot - aromatherapy)

• with phenol content - antiseptic, carminative

(clove, thyme) antispasmodic

• anti-bacterial, food preservative

Volatile Oils

• generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds derived from hydrocarbons

• the odor and taste is mainly determined by the oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in water but more soluble in alcohol

• many of them are terpenoids in origin with some containing aromatic derivatives

Volatile Oils

• Evaluation– preliminary examination: odor and taste

• taste, if diluted with a sugar solution in ethanol as prescribed by BP)

– Physical measurements: optical rotation, relative density, refractive index

– to determine individual proportions of components - Gas Chromatography

– volatile oil content in crude drugs - determined by distillation (clavenger method)

Volatile Oils• Methods of obtaining volatile oils

1. Direct steam distillation- disadv: hydrolysis of certain components decomposition at high temperatures

2. Expression - those that cannot be distilled due to decompositiona. ecuelle methodb. sponge method

3. Enfleurage - fat absorbs oil4. Extraction - solvent systems and distilled at 50oC5. Rectification - second distillation in steam and frees oil from resin and other impurities

Volatile Oils• volatile oils’ chemical constituents are divided

into 2 classes based on their biosynthetic origin:

– 1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acid pathway

– 2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenyl propanoid pathway

• many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids and others phenylterpenoids

• constituents are responsible for their characteristic odor, taste, flavor and therapeutic properties

Oil of TurpentineSynonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of

turpentineOrigin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the

oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)Constituents: terpene ((+), (-)α,(-) β – pinene,

camphene)Use: externally – counterirritant, rubefacient

- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticideNote: - rarely given internally

- for inhalation – terebene is preferred (terebene is prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid --- converts pinene to inactive diterpene (±limonene)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Hydrocarbons

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Hydrocarbons

Canada turpentineSynonym: Canada balsam

Origin: oleoresin from the stem of Abies balsamea (Pinaceae)

Constituent: contains 23 – 24% volatile oil

Use: use as microscopic mount

Note:

Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and large cavities

Pumilio Oil

Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oilOrigin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Pinus

mago var. pumilio (Pineaceae)Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-

camphene, β – pinene, dipentene, borneol, cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate

Use: - decongestant inhalant- prep. of compound thymol glycerin- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder

Oil of Cade

Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation of the woody portions of Juniperus oxycedras (Cupressaceae)

Constituent: sesquiterpene – cadinene

- phenolic compounds – guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol and cresol

Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)

Cubeb NF X (1955)

Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubebaOrigin: dreid nearly full – grown but unripe fruit of

Piper cubeba (Piperaceae)Constituents:

- 20 – 28% volatile oil containing terpenes and sesquiterpenes- cubebin – inodorous crystalline substance- cubebic acid – white amorphous substance- Amorphous resin

Use: stimulant, carminative, condiment

Pepper NF V (1926)Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, PamintaOrigin: dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum

(Piperaceae)Constituents:

- terpene – limonene, sabinene, camphene, β – bisabolene, β – caryophylene, β – pinene, thujone- alkaloids – piperine and piperitine (pungency)

Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea and chronic bronchitis

- condiment

Pepper Note:

- stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretion of saliva and gastric mucosa- may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during

smoking

white pepper – removal of the outer part of the pericarp

Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile, lupulin (drug), common hopsOrigin: glandular hairs separated from the

strobile of Humulus lupulus (CannabinaceaeConstituents:

- humulene – α – acids (phlorogluctinol derivative)- lupulone – β - acid - 2 – methyl – 3 – butene – 2 ol (sedative – hypnotic property

Lupulin Use:

- bitter tonic, mild anti – bacterial (gm +)- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tension etc.)- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid- Preserve beer

Adverse Effect: CNS – sedation; Resp. – bronchial irritation; Skin – contact dermatitis

Interactions: CNS depressants – additivePhenothiazine – type antipsychotic - additive

Peppermint NF18(1995)Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta InglesaOrigin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)Constituents:

- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves, partially or wholly dementholized

- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethylsulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone

- 2 – acetyl – 4 – isopropenyl pyridine - odorUse: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative,

stimulant, counterirritant- commercial importance, flavor for confectionery(chewing gum)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Alcohol

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Alcohol

Peppermint– Antibacterial, antiviral– Enteric – antispasmodic, antiflatulenceInteractions: Cal. Blockers - effect

• Adverse: – gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation,

severe liver damage– Face and nostrils of infants and children

Note:

Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var. piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol

- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor compared to peppermint oil

Peppermint

Menthol

- used as topical antipruritic in burns and sunburn preparations

- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant

- internally, depressant effect to the heart

Cardamon NF 14 (1985)Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamonOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria

cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)- dried ripe seeds recently removed from the capsules of Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)

Constituents:- volatile oil – linalol and terpenes- cineol , - terponyl acetate

Use:- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of liqueurs- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon - anti- viral

Sage Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadow

sageOrigin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae)Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol,

diterpenes, camphorUse: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic and

astringent)- topical – itching – insect bite, herpes lesions, shingles, psoriasis- vaginal douche – yeast infection- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color

Sage

– Has cholinergic activity – treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

– Mild antioxidant property

• Adverse: seizure

• Interaction: disufiram– Those with epileptic history

Savin

Synonym: Savin Tops, Horse Savin Tops

Origin: young shoots of Juniperus sabina (Cupressaceae)

Constituent:

- terpene alcohol – sabinol

- podophyllotoxin, coumarin, savinin

Use: powerful irritant both internally and externally

Sandalwood Oil NF 7 (1942)

Synonym: white sandalwoodOrigin: heartwood of Santalinum album

(Santalaceae)Constituent:

- sesquiterpene – α, β – santalolUse:

- mainly used in perfumery- urinary antiseptic, stimulant, treatment of bronchitis

Note: chemoprotective action on liver carcinogenesis (mice)

Juniper NF 10 (1955)

Synonym: Horse savin berries, juniper berriesOrigin: dried ripe fruits of Juniperus communis

(Cupressaceae)Constituents: volatile oil contains α - pinene,

camphene, sesquiterpene – cadinene, terpin –4-ol

Uses: diuretic, atiseptic, UTI, kidney stones- falvoring agent – gin, bitters, liqueurs

Note: prolonged use of commercial oil causes kidney damage due to high terpene and low proportion of terpin - 4-ol

Juniper NF 10 (1955)

Adverse: kidney failureInteractions:

Antidiabetics – potentiationantihypertensives – interfere with blood pressurediuretics – potentiation – hypokalemiaginseng, fenugreek – additiveCucumber, dandelion, horsetail - additive

Coriander oil NF 11(1960)Synonym: culantro, Uansoy, Fruto de Cilantro,

Chinese parsleyOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum

(Apiaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains (+) linalool (coriandrol),small amts of α - pinene, γ- terpinene, limonene, p-cymene

Use:spice, flavoring agent, carminative, enhance appetite, treat dyspepsia, diarrheatreatment of cough, chest pain, fever and measles

Coriander oil

- aromatherapy – soothing effect, improve blood circulation

Note:unripe fruit has a mousy odor

Adverse: anaphylactic reactionsInteractions: sun exposure - risk of photosensitivity

Otto of Rose NF 8 (1947)

Synonym: Rose oil Attar of Rose, Oleum RosaeOrigin: dried fresh flowers of Rosa gallica, R.

damascens, R. centifolia (Rosaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains geraniol, (-) citronellol, nerol, 2-phenylethanol

Use:perfume

Note: oil id semi – solid, liquid portion - alcohols

Geranium Synonym: MalvarosaOrigin: the whole plant except the roots of

Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains geraniol, citronellol, limonene

Use: antidepressant, antiseptic, fingicidal, stypticflavoring agent

Note: - Indian or Turkish geranium (Palmarosa)

- citronella oil- freshly cutted or partially dried leaves of Cymbopogon

winterianus, C. nardus (Poaceae)- citronellol, geraniol

- perfume, insect repellant

Lavender Oil NF XVI (1985)

Synonym: Lavanda, Espliego , Foreign oilOrigin: fresh flowering tops Lavandula officinalis, L.

augustifolia (Lamiaceae)Constituents: volatile oil contains linalyl acetate,

linalool, cineol, terpin-4-olUse: perfume, toiletry (to mask disagreeable odor)

- pharmaceutically in the anti-arthropod prep. (Gamma Benzene Hexachloride)

- treatment of flatulent dyspepsia- topically - rheumatic pain - aromatherapy

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Ester

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Ester

Lavender

oil exert sedative effect orally, topically and inhaled doses (non-toxic – up to 5g/kg)

Adverse – respiratory depression

Interaction: CNS depressants – potentiate

alcohol - potentiate

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Ester

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Ester

Rosemary Synonym: Hoja de Romero, Romero, compass

plant, polar plantOrigin: Flowering tops of leafy twigs of

Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)Constituents: fresh sample, the volatile oil contains

cineole, borneol, camphor, bornyl acetate, linalol- leaves contain triterpene alcohols (α, β - amyrin), rosmarinic acid, diosmin

Use: perfumery, component of soap liniment- aromatherapy- insect repellant

Rosemary Oil – NF XII (1985)

Rosemary

Note:

oil is adulterated with Spanish eucalyptus oil, camphor oil, turpentine fractions

Adverse: seizures at high dosesInteractions: sunlight – topical cream

Valerian Synonym: Summer Heliotrope, All Heal RootOrigin: dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana

officinalis (Valerianaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, bornyl isovalerate, valerenic acid, valerenolic acid, acetoxyvalerenolic acid, bornyl valerate valeric acid- lipo - iridoid principle - valepotriate

Use: tea, carminative, antispasmodic (nervous disorders, perfume

Allied drugs:1. Indian Valerian - Valeriana wallichii

2. Japanese Valerian - Valeriana augustifolia

Valerian

Interactions:

barbiturates, benzodiazepine – additive

hops, kava, passion flower - potentiate

Oleum Valerianae USP VI (1882)

Gaultheria

Synonym: Wintergreen, Boxberry, TeaberryOrigin: dried leaves of Gaultheria procumbens

(Ericaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains methyl salicylateUse: diuretic, astringent, stimulant, rheumatoid

arthritis- used in diarrhea

Note: - methyl salicylate can be obtained from Betula lenta

(Betulaceae)

- enzymatic hydrolysis of gaultherin – methyl salicylate

Gaultheria Methyl salicylate NF 18 (1995)

Adverse: pulmonary edema and collapse, renal failure, liver failure, metabolic acidosis

Intrerations:

Anticoagulants, antiplatelets - bleeding

Antidiabetics, salicylates - hypoglycemic

Bergamot Synonym: Origin: rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus aurantium

var. bergania (Rutaceae)Constituent: linalyl acetate, linalolUse: used aromatically for stress related conditions

- anti-depressant, antiseptic- combined with eucalyptus and carrier oil to relieve symptoms of shingles and cold sores

- suppresses irritation caused by chicken pox

Note:- oil is phototoxic

Bergamot oil NF XI (1960)

Cinnamon NF XVI(1985)Synonym: Corteza de CanelaOrigin: dried bark of the stem and branches of

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon), C. cassia or aromaticum (Cassia Cinnamon), C. Laureirii (Saigon Cinnamon) (Lauraceae)

Constituents: volatile oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, limonene, p-cymene, linalool, β - caryophylene, eugenol and mannitol

Use: flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic, antiseptic, powerful germicide against Aspergillus

Cassia oil – NF 14(1985)Ceylon oil – NF 11 (1960)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Aldehyde

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Aldehyde

Sweet Orange USP 15(1955)

Synonym: Naranja Dulce, Naranja de ValenciaOrigin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially

colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. sinensis (Rutaceae)

Constituents:violexanthin, D - limonene, citral, citronellal

Use: flavoring agent, carminativeCaution: do not use oil with terebinthinate odor

Orange Flower Oil – C. aurantium partially expanded flower

Bitter OrangeSynonym: Neroli Oil

Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. amara (Rutaceae)

Constituents:

flavone glycosides – naringin, neohesperidin

Vol oil – limonene, jasmone, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate

Uses:

Stimulate appetite and digestion,

relieve flatulence, Antifungal, gargle

Lemon PeelSynonym: limon

Origin: yellow outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae)

Constituents:

terpene (limonene), aldehyde (citral, citronellal)

Coumarins, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin)

Use: flavor, stimulant, stomachic, perfume

Note: oil is prepared from hand method, machine or distilled

adulterant: oil of turpentine

Lemongrass BPC 1968Synonym: tanglad, citronella, fevergrassOrigin: whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus /nardus

(Poaceae)Constituents:

citral, citronellal, myrcene, geraniolcymbopogol

Use:flavor, antispasmodic, analgesic, treatment of nervous and GI disordersMosquito repellant, mask fishy odorFood additive

Bitter Almond oil NF X (1955)

Origin: dried ripe kernel (deprived of fixed oil) of Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Rosaceae)

Constituents:

benzaldehyde, HCN

Use:

sedative, cough remedies

- not taken internally

Bitter Oil is intended for medicinal use and neither it or its solution be used or sold as flavoring agent

Spearmint NF 14 (1985)

Synonym: ordinary garden mint, Lamb or Mackerel Mint, Hierba buena (Mentha arvensis)

Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata (M. viridis), M. cardiaca (Lamiaceae)

Constituents:(-) carvone, (-)limonene, phellandrene

Use: carminative, stimulant, nervine, corrective, flavoring agent

Note: oil formation depends on age, time of collection, chemical varieties or hybridization

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Ketone

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Ketone

Caraway NF 14 (1985)

Synonym: Alcarahueya, Karawya, Carum

Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Carum carvi (Apiaceae)

Constituents:

(+) carvone, terpene (d-limonene or carvene)

dihydrocarvone, carveol, deihydrocarveol

Use:

culinary purpose, flavor, carminative, weak antispasmodic

promote lactation, stimulate appetite

Dill

Synonym:dill herb, dill weed

Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae)

Constituents:

carvone, limonene

Use:

carminative, flavor, used in infant’s gripe water

antispasmodic, bacteriostatic

- avoid sun exposure

Buchu NF X (1955)Synonym: Bucco, Bucha

Origin: dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B. crenulata, B. serratifolia (Rutaceae)

Constituents:

volatile oil contains pulegone, limonene, menthone, diosmin

in distilled oil - diosphenol (buchu camphor) formed at room temperature

Use:

diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, cystitis

Adverse: stomach, bowel and kidney irritation

Interaction: anticoagulants - enhanced

Absinthium NF 4 (1916)Synonym: green ginger, absinthe, Wormwood

Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae)

Constituents:

volatile oil contains thujone anf flavones

bitter principles: absinthine, artabsin (lactone sesquiterpene)

artabsinolide A,B,C

Use: promote appetite, strengthening effect in the treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of roundworms

LovageSynonym: lavose, maggi plant, sea parsleyOrigin: dried rhizome and roots of Levisticum

officinale (Apiaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains, Ligusticum lactone, ligustilide, 3-butylphthalide

Use:herbal remedy, antimicrobial, treatment of

dyspepsia, cystitis, mouthwash (tonsilitis)stimulates salivation and gastric secretiondiuretic (pedal edema)

Interaction: anticoagulants, warfarin – potentiatesunlight

MatricariaSynonym: Flor de Manzanilla, Rosas de Japon,

German or Hungarian ChamomileOrigin: dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita

(Asteraceae)Constituents:

contains a blue volatile oil mainly of sesquiterpenes α - bisabolol, chamazulene and farnesene

Use:anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic property, ulcer - protective propertyTea – sedation and relaxation

Interaction: warfarin

Matricaria

Allied drug:

Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthenum parthenium or feverfew USP 7 !894)

- also known as bachelor’s button

- parthenolide (germacronolide)

- inhibits protaglandin synthesis, platelet aggregation, release of

serotonin from platelets etc.

Thyme NFX (1955)

Synonym: Common or Garden Thyme, Tremocillo

Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)

Constituents:

thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid

Uses:

antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, spasmolytic, condiment, antibacterial

Oil – NF 12(1965)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Phenol

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Phenol

Clove NF 11 (1960)Synonym: Clavo de Especia, Clavo aromatico,

Clavillo

Origin: the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) (Myrtaceae)

Constituents:

volatile oil contains eugenol(phenol) with acetyleugenol, sesquiterpene (α, and β - caryo - phyllene), eugenyl acetate

Use: flavoring agent, stimulant, aromatic and antiseptic

dental analgesic, antibacterial (gm + and - )

Clove NF 11 (1960)• store in well – filled, air – tight container

protected from light and heat

Adverse: liver failure, pulmonary toxicity

Interactions: inhibit platelet aggregation

Myrcia Oil NF 11 (1060)

Synonym: Bay Oil

Origin: leaves of Pimenta racemosa (Myrtaceae)

Constituents:

eugenol, methyl eugenol, chavicol

Use:

perfume, Constituent of Cpd. Myrcia Spirit (Bay Rum), pharmaceutical necessity

Ajowan

Synonym: Carum capticum

Origin: dried seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae)

Constituent: Thymol

Uses:

carminative, diuretic, stomach disorder, chest infections, epilepsy, hypotensive

Allspice NF V (1926)

Synonym: pimiento, Jamaican pepper, clove pepperOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta dioica /

officinalis (Myrtaceae)Constituents:

eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, leviphellandreneUse:

condiment (enhance the taste of food)dental analgesic, aid in indigestionmassage oil (aromatherapy)analgesic – arthritis, muscle spasm

Anise

Synonym: Aniseed, Matalahuga

Origin: dried ripe fruits (cremocarp) of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae)

Constituents:

volatile oil contains anethole, chavicol, methyl ether

Use: flavor, aromatic stimulant, carminative, treatment of coughs and colds

Note: allied drug - Star Anise

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Phenolic Ether

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Phenolic Ether

Star Anise

A) Chinese Star- anise

- Sanke’

- dried fruits of Illicium verum (Magnoliaceae - Illiciaceae)

- fruit has 8 follicles

- constituent: anethole

- use: flavoring agent, carminative

Star Anise

b) Japanese Star - anise

- Shikimmi

- dried fruit of Illicium religiosum (Magnoliaceae)

- 2 follicles are smaller like a beak

- anthole, skimmin, skimmic acid

- no use due to its toxicity

Fennel

Synonym: Sweet Fennel fruit, Haras, AnisOrigin: dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare

var. dulce (Apiaceae)Constituents:

volatile oil contains anethole, fenchoneUse:

aromatic stimulant, corrective of purgativesAdulterant: Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum

vulgare var. vulgare) a, small fruit with no anethole but with fenchone and phellandrene

Cajeput

Origin: fresh leaves of Melaleuca leucodendron (Myrtaceae)

Constituents:

cineole, terpineol, terpineol acetate

Use:

used internally and externally as a stimulant

treatment of several parasitic conditions

Camphor

Synonym: Natural camphor

Origin: wood of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae)

Constituents:

volatile oil contains camphor, safrole, borneol, heliotropic

Use:

externally as a rubefacient

internally - mild antiseptic and carminative

formerly used in the manufacture of celluloid

Camphor

Synthetic camphor - American turpentine

Allied drugs:

1. Borneo camphor - Drybalanops aromatico (Dipterocarpaceae)

2. Ngai camphor - Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae)

3. Artemisia - levorotaory camphor

Parsley

Synonym: garden parsley, persely

Origin: the whole plant of Petroselinum sativum (Apiaceae)

Constituents:

apiole (dimethylsafrole), apigenin (flavonol glycoside)

Use:

condiment

treatment of indigestion, flatulence and dyspepsia

Nutmeg

Synonym: Myristica, Nuez de Banda

Origin: dried kernel of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) deprived of its seed coat and arillode and with or without thin coating of lime.

Consituents:

volatile oil contains myristicin, elemicin, safrole, eugenol, d-camphene, dipentene

Use: flavoring agent, carminative, condiment

Indian medicine, used in the treatment of infantile diarrhea

Nutmeg

Mace (Banda mace)

- dried arillus or arillode of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae)

- contains volatile oil similar to nutmeg and phenolic compounds - dihydrodiisoeugenol and 5’ - methoxydehydrodiisoeugenol

- significant antibacterial property

Note: Nutmeg is known for its psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties

Sassafras

Synonym: Agûe Tree

Origin: dried bark of the roots of Sassfras albidum or variifolium (Lauraceae)

Constituents:

safrole, tannic acid --- sassafrid red, terpenes

Use:

carminative, aromatic, stimulant, flavor, corrective

Chenopodium

Synonym: American Wormseed. Alpaseotes

Origin: dried fruit of Chenopodium ambrosoides var. anthelmintica (Chenopodiaceae)

Constituents:

ascaridole, unsaturated terpene peroxide

Use:

anthelmintic (roundworms, hookworms and intestinal ameobae)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Oxide/ Peroxide

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Oxide/ Peroxide

Eucalyptus

Synonym: Blue Gum leaves, Gum wood, Fever Tree

Origin: the dried scythe - shaped leaf of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)

Constituents:

volatile oil contains, cineole, phellandrene

Use:

alleviate symptoms of nasopharyngeal infections, treat coughs and decongestant

internally and externally - expectorant

externally : treat sore muscles and rheumatism

Tea - Tree Oil

Synonym: paperbark tree

Origin: dried leaves and terminal branches of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)

Constituents

cineole and terpin - 4 -ol

Use:

antiseptic (skin diseases), anti-fungal